A.Photography
1. Literal Definition:
The word photography us derivative of two Greek words; phos
which means light and graphia meaning write. Therefore
photography best translates to write with light. (Herschel 1839)
2. Modern definition:
Photography is an art or science which deals of the reproduction of
images through the action of light
Upon sensitized materials, with the aid of camera and its accessories
and the chemical processes involved therein. (Aquino 1972)
3. Technical/Legal Definition:
Modern photography may be defined as any means for the chemical,
thermal, electrical or electronic recording of the images of scenes, or
objects formed by some type of radiant energy, including gamma
rays, x-rays, ultra violet rays, visible light and infrared rays. This
definition is broad enough to include not only the conventional
methods of photography but almost and new process that may
developed. (Scott 1972)
PRINCIPLES OF PHOTOGRAPHY:
A photograph is both mechanical and chemical result of
photography. To produce a photograph, light is needed aside from
sensitized materials (film or paper)
Light radiated of reflected by the subject must reach the film while
all other lights are excluded. The exclusion of all other lights is
achieved by placing the film inside a light tight box (camera).
The effect of light on the film is not visible in the formation of
images of objects. To make it visible, we need or require a chemical
processing of the exposed film called development.
The visual effect of light on the film after development varies with
the quantity or quality of light that reached the emulsion of the film.
Too great in the amount of light will produce a transparent or white
shade after development.
The amount of light reaching the film is dependent upon several
factors like lightning condition, lens opening used, shutter speed used,
filters used, etc.
B) Police Photography
Is an art or science which deals with the study of the principles of
photography, the preparation of photographic evidence, and its
application to police work. (Aquino 1972)
C) Forensic Photography
Is the art or science of photographically documenting a crime
scene and evidence for laboratory examination and analysis for
purposes of court trial.
HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
A.The Basic components Of Photography
1. Light
2. Equipment
3. Chemicals
B.True Photography
1839-is generally known as a birth year of photography.
William Henry Fox Tablot explained a process he had
invented (calotype) at a royal society of London.
The Calotype used paper with its surface fibers
impregnated with light sensitive compounds.
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre- made a public demonstration
in Paris. The Daguerriotype in collaboration to Joseph
Nicephore Niepce.
The Daguerreotype formed an image directly on the silver
surface of a metal plate.
With Talbots CALOTYPE the fixation was only partial while
the daguerreotype image were permanent with the use of hypo.
1848 Abel Niepce de Saint Victor introduced a process of
negatives.
Definition of Terms:
1. Light Tight Box. This part of the camera is very essential because
of its capability to exclude all unwanted light that may expose the
sensitized materials or film. It is an enclosure that is devoid of light.
2. Lens. The lens is the only responsible in focusing the rays of light
coming from the subject. It is one of the most important parts of
camera because without lens, it is impossible to form a sharp image
of the film.
3. Film H older. The film holder holds the film firmly inside the
camera. It
is always located at the opposite side of the lens of the camera.
4.Shutter. The shutter served as the barriers of the rays of light that
will enter and effect the film inside the camera. It is usually placed
at the path of the light passing thru the lens.
Other Parts of the Camera
1. Viewing system
2. Film advancer
3. Shutter speed
4. Lens aperture
5. Focusing mechanism
Twin Lens Reflex Camera - has two lenses, one for viewing and
focusing on the subject and for taking lens. In this type of camera, the
image to be photographed is seen as flat surface as the image is
reflected by the mirror behind the viewing lens. This suffers parallax
error.
Parallax - the difference between what the view finder on a point and
shoot camera sees and what the lens sees (and thus records on film).At
close shooting distances, the difference can cause you to crop off the
top of a subject's head.
Parallax error - the image you see through the view finder is different
from the image the lens will capture.
1.Lens plane
2.Front standard
3.Lens axis
4.Base
5.Film holder/Ground glass
6.Rear standard
7.Film plane
Special Cameras - These are cameras that have been devised that
offer unique advantage or serve special purposes. Among the special
cameras are: a. polaroid, b. panoramic cameras, c. aerial cameras, d.
miniature and ultra-miniature cameras e. digital cameras (using
computer processing.
Control of Cameras:
Knowing the controls on camera is necessary to produce a sharp and
normal image and negatives after photographing. There are three
important controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjusted to its
proper setting.
* Focusing control
* Diaphragm/Aperture control
* Shutter speed
Focusing Control
- The camera lens bends light rays to form an image or likeness of the
object. Adjusting the lens to form the clearest possible image is called
focusing. Focusing is defined as the setting of the proper distance in
order to form a sharp image.
Three Types of Focusing
1.Rangefinder Type (e.g. viewfinder, instamatic camera and 35mm
cameras)
2.Ground Glass Type (e.g. twin-lens reflex camera and digital camera)
3.Scale Bed Type (e.g. press and view camera, and Polaroid Evidence
Camera)
Rangefinder Type
In the scale or bed type focusing mechanism, the distance of the object
to be photographed is calculated by means of feet or meter. There are
cameras where estimated distance from the camera to objects is being
indicated in the focusing ring.
Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making
very long exposures:
B (for bulb ) - keep the shutter open as long as the shutter release is
held.
T (for time ) - keep the shutter open until the shutter release is pressed
again.
Types of Lenses
1. Biconvex
2. Biconcave
3. Plano-convex/plane-concave
4. Convex-concave or meniscus
5. Positive or converging lens
6. Negative or diverging lens
Meniscus - A lens with one convex and one concave side is convex-
concave or meniscus.It is this type of lens that is most commonly used
in corrective lenses.
Focal length - is the distance measured from the optical center of the
lens to the film plane when the lens is set or focused at infinity position
or far distance. Focal length is a measure of the light-bending power of
a lens. It is invariably measured in millimeters (mm). The longer the
focal length of a lens, the narrower the angle of view , and the larger
objects appear in the viewfinder without the need to move any closer
to them.
Focal Distance - is the distance from the optical center of the lens to
the film plane.
How Focal Length Affects Image Size - Lenses work on the principle
that light affecting from a subject can be bent using the
refractive properties of glass to form a miniature image of the subject.
Lenses with short focal lengths, such as the wide-angle lens, produce a
small image. Telephoto lenses, with longer focal lengths, produce a
larger image, when taken from the same distance.
Emulsion Speed
a. ASA (American Standards Association) rating. This is expressed in
arithmetical value.
b. DIN (Deutsche Industrie Normen) rating, which is expressed in
logarithmic value.
c. ISO (International Standards Organization) rating. This is expressed
in
the combined arithmetical and logarithmic values.
Spectral Sensitivity
a. Blue sensitive film sensitive to UV rays and blue color only
b. Orthochromatic film sensitive to UV rays, to blue and green color.
It is not sensitive to red color.
c. Panchromatic film sensitive to UV radiation to blue, green, and
red
light or all colors.
d. Infra-red film sensitive to UV rays, to blue, green, red light and
infrared rays.
Granularity or Graininess
- This refers to the size of the metallic silver grains that are formed
after development of an exposed film. Generally, the size of metallic
silver grains are dependent on the emulsion speed of the film and the
type of developing solution that is used in processing.
Rules to remember:
1.The lower the emulsion speed rating of the film, the finer is the
grain.
2. The higher the emulsion speed rating of the film, the bigger are the
grains.
3. A film developer will produce a finer grain that a paper developer
when
used for film processing.
B. Color Films
A color film is a multi-layer emulsion coated on the same support or
base.
Types of Filters
a. Light Balancing Filter
b. Color Compensating Filter
c. Neutral Density Filter
d. Polarizing Filter
Light Balance Filter - A filter used to change the color quality of the
exposing light in order to secure proper color balance for artificial light
films.
Neutral Density Filter - This filter is used when the light is too bright
to allow the use of desired f-number or shutter speed with a particular
film.
Wavelength
Simplistically, we can think of light traveling as a wave. A typical
wave form (e.g., ripples on the surface of water) has crests (or peaks)
and troughs (or valleys). The distance between two consecutive peaks
(or troughs) is called the wavelength, and is denoted by the Greek
letter (lambda).The wavelengths of visible light are measured in
nanometers (nm) where 1 nm = 1 billionth of a meter (10-9 meters).
The wavelength of visible light is between 400-700nm. The combined
effect of the complete range of radiation between 400-700nm appears
as white light to the human eye.
Rainbow Colors:
* Violet - 400 to 440nm
* Blue - 440 to 490nm
* Green - 490 to 540nm
* Yellow - 540 to 590nm
* Orange - 600 to 650nm
* Red - 650 to 700nm
Kinds of Objects
1.Transparent objects - allows sufficient visible light to pass through
them that the object on the other side may be clearly seen.
2.Translucent objects - allows light to pass, however diffuse it
sufficiently that objects on the other side may not be clearly
distinguished. In some cases the objects on the other side may be
recognizable but sharp detail and outlines are obscured.
3.Opaque objects - so greatly diffuse the light that recognizing the
object on the other side is very difficult if not impossible.
Sources of Light
1.Natural Light Source
2.Artificial Light Source
Developer Formulation
Typical component:
1.Solvent (water)
2.Developing agent
3.Preservative
4.Accelerator or activator
5.Restrainer
D-76 Film Developer Formula
1.Water 520 C - 750 ml
2.Elon - 2 gm
3.Hydroquinone - 5 gm
4.Sodium Sulfite - 100 gm
5.Borax (granules) - 2 gm
6.Water to make - 1 li
Dektol - Paper Developer
1.Water 520C or 125 0F - 500 m l
2.Elon - 311 gm
3.Hydroquinone - 12 gm
4.Sodium Sulfite - 4.5 gm
5.Sodium carbonate - 67.5 gm
6.Potassium bromide - 1gm
7. Water to make - - 1 li
Stop-Bath - Stop-bath can be plain water only with 28% glacial acetic
acid.
Photographic Painting
1.Contact Printing - It is a procedure of exposing photographic print
materials while it is pressed in contact with the negative being
reproduced.
General Application
1.Identification purposes
2.Recording and preserving of evidences
3.Discovering and proving of evidences not readily seen by the naked
eye.
4.Recording action of offenders
5.For court exhibits
6.For crime prevention
7.Public information
8.Police training
Specific Applications
1.Identification Photographs
2.Crime-Scene Photography
Sir John Herschel - made the word photography known to the world
in a lecture before the royal society of London on 1839.
History of camera
Mo Ti - 5th century BC Chinese philosopher who noted that a
pin hole can form an inverted and focused image when light
passes through the hole and into a dark area. He is the first
recorded person to have exploited this phenomenon to trace the
inverted image to create a picture.
Aristotle - in 4th century BC, described observing a partial solar
camera obscura
camera obscura