FE Review Chemistry

Heather J. Shipley
Assistant Professor
Civil and Environmental Engineering
UTSA
 Basic Concepts
Nucleus of atom
Proton: positively charged particle, 1.00728 amu
Neutron: neutral particle, 1.00866 amu
Electron: negatively charged particle, 0.0005486 amu

neutron

proton

electron
 Definitions
Atomic mass: the total mass of protons,
neutrons, and electrons in a single atom
Atomic number: the number of protons in
the nucleus
Element: a substance only composed of
one type of atom
Isotope: element with the same number of
protons but different atomic masses
Electron Configuration
 Periodic Trends
Electronegativity
Ionization Energy

Atomic Radius
 Electronegativity: is a chemical property
that describes the tendency of an atom or
a functional group to attract electrons (or
electron density) towards itself.
Ionization energy: is the energy required to
remove electrons from atoms or ions.
Atomic radius: the size of the atom
 Molecular Bonding

E.g. CaCl2 = 40.08+2(35.45) = 110.97 g/mole

Elements combine to form molecules in order to fill their shells. Usually an element
has 8 electrons around it, except H which is 2 and B which is 6
Formed by sharing a pair of electrons formed by electrostatic attraction
between positive and negative ions
 Gas Laws
Ideal Gas law
PV= nRT
No intermolecular forces
Gas molecules occupy no specific volume
Standard Temperature and Pressure
0C and 1atm
22.4L/mole
 Gas Laws cont.

P = Pa +Pb +Pc+

Henrys Law: relates gases and solutions

KH=Pgas/C = partial pressure of a gas (atm)/
concentration in solution (M)
Solution Chemistry
Solution Chemistry
 Equilibrium
aA + bB = cC +dD
K = [C]c[D]d/ [A]a[B]b = products/reactants
 pH
Water dissociates into H+ and OH-
H2O = H+ + OH-
Equilibrium
Kw = [H+][OH-]/[H2O] = [H+][OH-]
Kw = 1x10-14
pH = log(1/[H+])
pH >7: alkaline ([OH-]>[H+])
pH < 7: acidic ([OH-]<[H+])
pOH = log(1/[OH-])
pH+pOH = 14
 Example
Calculate the pH of 10g/L NaOH solution
[NaOH] = 10g/L*1mol/40g = 0.25M
[OH-] = 0.25M * 1mol OH/1mol NaOH = 0.25M
pOH = log(1/0.25) = 0.602
pH = 14-0.602 = 13.398
 Chemical reactions
In chemical reactions elements or molecules
rearrange themselves to form more stable
molecules. The reaction is highly favored if
electrons are transferred from an element which
loosely binds electrons to an element that tightly
binds electrons. The element which donates the
electrons is the reducing agent and the element
which receives is the oxidizing agent.
 Reactions
Precipitation/Dissolution Reactions
Dissolved ions react with other ions to form insoluble compounds
AaBb (s) = aAb+ + bBa-
Ksp = [A]a[B]b
Undersaturated if [A]a[B]b < Ksp
Saturated if [A]a[B]b = Ksp
Super-saturated if [A]a[B]b > Ksp

Acid/Base reactions
Substances that influence pH, see earlier slides
Complexation Reaction
Occurs when 2 or more atoms, molecules, or ions combine and
form a stable product
E.g. Fe(H2O)62+
 Reactions
Oxidation and Reduction Reactions (Redox)
Involves transfer of e-; one compound gives up e- the other
takes them up
Compound giving up e- is being oxidized, so reducing agent
Compound accepting e- is being reduced, oxidizing agent
Ex. Corrosion of Fe
Fe0 = Fe2+ +2e-
2H+ + 2e- = H2 (g)
Overall Fe0 + 2H+= Fe2+ +H2 (g)
Combustion Reaction: burning of fuel with
oxygen
Electrochemical cells
 Balancing Equations
2 rules
Mass must be conserved
The number of atoms of an element on the left
hand side of the rxn needs to equal the amount on
the right
The atoms can change what they associate with
but not be created or destroyed
Charge must be conserved
charge on the left must equal the charge on the
right
 Kinetics
Speed of a reaction
Zero order: rxn proceeds at a rate independent of the
conc. of any reactant
C-C0 = -kt
First Order: rxn proceeds at a rate directly proportional to
the concentration of one reactant
C = C0e-kt
Half life
t1/2 = ln2 / k
Second order: proceeds at a rate proportional to the
square of the conc. of 1 reactant or the product of 2
reactants
1/C-1/C0 = kt
 Organic Chemistry
Alkanes
Organic Chemistry