Fractures

What is a fracture?

A fracture is a partial or complete break in the bone. When a fracture occurs, it is classified as
either open or closed:

open fracture (Also called compound fracture.) - the bone exits and is visible through
the skin, or a deep wound that exposes the bone through the skin.

closed fracture (Also called simple fracture.) - the bone is broken, but the skin is intact.
Fractures have a variety of names. Below is a listing of the common types that may occur in
children:
greenstick - incomplete fracture. The broken bone is not completely separated.

Illustration of greenstick fracture

transverse - the break is in a straight line across the bone.

Illustration of transverse fracture

spiral - the break spirals around the bone; common in a twisting injury.

Illustration of spiral fracture

 oblique - diagonal break across the bone.

Illustration of oblique fracture

compression - the bone is crushed, causing the broken bone to be wider or flatter in
appearance.

Illustration of a compression fracture

comminuted - the break is in three or more pieces.

What causes a fracture?

Fractures occur when there is more force applied to the bone than the bone can absorb. Bones are
weakest when they are twisted.
Breaks in bones can occur from falls, trauma, or as a result of a direct blow or kick to the body.

A child's bone differs from adult bone in a variety of ways:

A child's bone heals much faster than an adult's bone. The younger the child, the faster
the healing occurs.

Bones are softer in children.

What are the symptoms of a fracture?

The following are the most common symptoms of a fracture. However, every one may have
different symtomps
pain in the injured area
swelling in the injured area

obvious deformity in the injured area

difficulty using or moving the injured area in a normal manner
warmth, bruising, or redness in the injured area

How is a fracture diagnosed?

The physician makes the diagnosis with physical examination and diagnostic tests. During the
examination the physician obtains/get a complete medical history of the child and asks how the
injury occurred.

Diagnostic procedures may include:

x-rays - a diagnostic test which uses invisible electromagnetic energy beams/light to

produce images of internal tissues, bones, and organs onto film.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) -

computed tomography scan (Also called a CT or CAT scan.) Treatment for a
fracture:

Specific treatment for a fracture will be determined by physician based on:

age, overall health, and medical history
extent of the fracture

The tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies

expectations for the course of the fracture
your opinion or preference
The goal of treatment is to control the pain, promote healing, prevent complications, and restore
normal use of the fractured area.

An open fracture (one in which the bone exits and is visible through the skin, or where a deep
wound exposes the bone through the skin) is considered an emergency. Seek immediate medical
attention for this type of fracture by calling 118.

Treatment may include:

splint/cast - immobilizes the injured area to promote bone alignment/straight and healing
to protect the injured area from motion or use.

medication (for pain control, to prevent infection)

traction - the application of a force to stretch certain/somethings parts of the body in a
specific direction. Traction consists or pulleys, strings, weights, and a metal frame
attached over or on the bed. The purpose of traction is to stretch the muscles and tendons
around the broken bone to allow the bone ends to align and heal.
surgery required/must be to put certain types of broken bones back into place.
Occasionally, internal fixation (metal rods or pins located inside the bone) or external
fixation devices/instrument (metal rods or pins located outside of the body) are used to
hold the bone fragments in place to allow alignment and healing.

1. how many kinds classified of fracture?

2 .how many types of fracture?

3. What are the symptoms of a fracture?

4. How is a fracture diagnosed?

5. How are fracture to be treatmented?