FACTA UNIVERSITATIS

Series: Mechanical Engineering Vol. 8, No 1, 2010, pp. 63 - 76

APPLICATION METHOD FOR OPTIMIZATION IN SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN THE CITY OF NI
UDC 514.863:351.777.61

Danijel Markovi, Dragoslav Janoevi, Miomir Jovanovi,

Vesna Nikoli
Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Ni, A. Medvedeva 14, 18000 Ni, Serbia,
E-mail: danijel@masfak.ni.ac.rs

Abstract. The paper shows the procedure for selecting an optimal solid waste management
system in the city core of Ni. The following objectives are to be achieved by the system
optimization: maximal system efficiency and maximal satisfaction of system services users.
For the selection of the waste management system, due to its complexity and possibility of
variable performance, the multi-criteria method of optimization and decision making,
Analytic Hierarchy Process, is used. In the optimization procedure, the detailed measurement
and analysis of the existing waste management system parameters are first conducted on the
site. Then, three possible system variants are defined. As the first system variant, the existing
solution for the waste management system whose parameters are determined upon the
evaluation and experience without using a mathematical model of the system is adopted. The
other two system variants are defined upon a developed mathematical model of the system by
using the Clarke-Wright savings algorithm and the Geographical Information System. Upon
the selection of the optimal waste management system variant, from a cluster of the
previously defined possible variant solutions, we form a set of five criteria. By the eventually
conducted optimization procedure, the optimal solution is selected with new system
parameters that can correct the existing solid waste management system in the city core of
Ni in order to improve its efficiency.
Key Words: Solid Waste Management, Routing, Optimization

1. INTRODUCTION
In the last decade, several analyses of the environment condition have been carried out
on the territory of the Republic of Serbia (RS). The analyses were made by many state
institutions of the RS (Department of Environmental Protection Ministry of Health and
Environmental Protection (2001), Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protec-
tion (2002-2003)) as well as by some international organizations (World Bank (2002),
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (2002)). The conducted analyses show
that one of the major ecological problems in the RS is the inadequate waste management.

Received January 16, 2010

64 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

With the aim of dealing with the existing and future ecological problems in a planned
and adequate manner, the RS adopted in 2003 the National Strategy for Waste Manage-
ment (NSWM) with the European Union (EU) convergence program [1].
Municipal services and waste management functions in the city of Ni are conducted
by the Municipal Services Company "Mediana" (MSCM). The waste management system
encompasses around 72.000 households and around 1.800 enterprises that generate mu-
nicipal waste [2]. Based upon the conducted analyses, the morphological composition of
waste generated by an average citizen of Ni is determined. The analysis show that the
largest part of waste is organic in origin (food remains) (73,29%), while the inorganic part
of waste is mostly composed of plastic (8,62%), paper (6,70%) and glass (3,83%) [3].
Due to the complexity of the waste management systems, the optimization procedure
is divided into three levels [14]: (1) waste management system optimization through the
selection of waste handling technology, (2) waste management system optimization
through the selection of transfer stations, (3) waste management system optimization
through the selection of waste collection and transportation routes.
There are many studies and methods for the determination of the optimal vehicle
routing for solid waste collection that appeared in the middle of the twentieth century [4].
Depending on the complexity of the model, exact and heuristic methods have been devel-
oped. The application of exact methods of problem solving is limited to simple models,
while more complex models can only be solved by applying heuristic methods. Some-
times, in order to avoid using heuristic algorithms, the problems are rather simplified by
being solved in several phases. The techniques that were used are linear programming,
mixed integer programming, genetic algorithms, inexact quadratic programming, non-lin-
ear multi-objective integer programming, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and
network analysis [5,13].

2. MATHEMATICAL MODELS
In this paper, the method Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) [6] is used for the
selection of optimal solid waste management system solution in Zone 107 of the city core
of Ni, and the Clark Wright savings algorithm is used for the routing vehicle [11].

2.1 Clark Wright Savings algorithm

By far the best-known approach to the
Vehicle routing (VRP) problem is the "sav-
ings" algorithm of Clarke and Wright. Its ba-
sic idea is very simple. Consider a depot D
and n demand points. Suppose that initially
the solution to the VRP consists of using n
vehicles and dispatching one vehicle to each
one of the n demand points. Now if we use a Fig. 1 Graphic view savings
single vehicle to serve two points, say i and
j, on a single trip, the total distance traveled is reduced by the amount (Fig. 1).
s( i , j ) = 2d ( D, i ) + 2d ( D, j ) [ d ( D, i ) + d (i, j ) + d ( D, j )] =
(1)
= d ( D, i ) + d ( D, j ) d (i, j )
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 65

Quantity s(i, j) is known as the "savings" resulting from combining points i and j into a
single tour. The larger s(i, j) is, the more desirable it becomes to combine i and j in a
single tour. However, i and j cannot be combined if in doing so the resulting tour violates
one or more of the constraints of the VRP.
The algorithm can now be described as follows.
STEP 1: Calculate savings s (i, j) = d(D, i) + d(D, j) d(i, j) for every pair (i, j) of
demand points.
STEP 2: Rank savings s(i, j) and list them in a descending order of magnitude. This
creates the "savings list." Process the savings list beginning with the topmost
entry in the list (the largest s(i, j)).
STEP 3: For savings s(i, j) under consideration, include link (i, j) in a route if no
route constraints will be violated through the inclusion of (i, j) in a route,
and if:
a. Either, neither i nor j have already been assigned to a route, in which case
a new route is initiated including both i and j.
b. Or, exactly one of the two points (i or j) has already been included in an
existing route and that point is not interior to that route (a point is interior
to a route if it is not adjacent to the depot D in the order of traversal of
points), in which case link (i, j) is added to that same route.
c. Or, both i and j have already been included in two different existing
routes and neither point is interior to its route, in which case the two
routes are merged.
STEP 4: If savings list s(i, j) has not been exhausted, return to Step 3, processing the
next entry in the list; otherwise, stop: the solution to the VRP consists of the
routes created during Step 3. (Any points that have not been assigned to a
route during Step 3 must each be served by a vehicle route that begins at the
depot D visits the unassigned point and returns to D.)

2.2 Optimization Method

The activities of the municipal solid waste management system can be categorized as
six functional elements which are: (1) waste generation; (2) handling, separation, storage,
and processing at the source; (3) collection; (4) transfer and transport; (5) separation,
processing and transformation; and (6) disposal (8). As the structural bearers of the
aforementioned partial functions of waste management, very complex structural systems
emerge. Apart from its complexity, it is characteristic that one and the same partial
function can be structurally realized in different variant solutions.
Due to their complexity and possibility of variant solutions, it is necessary to use
multi-criteria methods of optimization and decision making when developing and
designing waste management systems [7]. In this paper, the method Analytic Hierarchy
Process (AHP) [6] is used for the selection of optimal solid waste management system
solution in Zone 107 of the city core of Ni.
The AHP Method is one the most known and lately most used procedures for the multi-
criteria decision making on the selection of the optimal solutions to complex systems [8,9].
The fundamental elements of the AHP method are: (1) a set of defined goals of
optimization, (2) a set of possible variant solutions of system E:
66 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

E = {Ei } i = 1, 2,3,...., n (2)

and (3) a set of optimization criteria C:
C = {C j } j = 1, 2,3,...., m (3)
where Ei is a possible variant system solution, n is the number of variant system solutions,
Cj is the optimization criterion, and m is the number of optimization criteria.
The optimal solution of system Eo is abstracted from the set of possible variant solutions
E, according to maximal solution validity index umax :
umax = max {ui } i = 1, 2,3,...., n (4)
where ui is variant solution validity index Ei.
Validity index ui of variant solution Ei is determined by equation:
m
ui = pij c j (5)
j =1

where pij is the priority factor of variant solution Ei, according to criterion Cj, cj is the
factor of optimization criterion importance Cj.
The variant solutions priorities of system pij and the factors of optimization criterion
importance cj are determined by the appropriate mathematical procedure based on the
comparison of variant system solution pairs and the comparison of optimization criteria
pairs using the Saaty scale in Table 1 [9].

Table 1 Saaty Scale

Verbal judgment Degree of importance
Extremely more important 9
Very strongly more important 7
Strongly more important 5
Moderately more important 3
Equally important 1
Intermediate values 2, 4, 6, 8
Inverse comparisons Reciprocals

3. ANALYSIS
In the procedure for selecting the optimal waste management system in Zone 107 of
the city core of Ni, a detailed analysis of the existing system was first conducted. The
analysis was conducted upon the data of technology of work and available resources of
MSCM [2] and measured system parameters.
Measurements with system parameters were done directly on a site by following a
solid waste collection vehicle along the entire movement route. Upon the defined pro-
gram, the measurements were done by the Department of Transport Engineering and Lo-
gistics of the Faculty of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Ni in cooperation
with MSCM. The measurements were done twice, in October 2005 and October 2008.
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 67

The following parameters of the existing system were measured, monitored, assessed
and marked in Table 2: (1) the number and position of location of waste containers where
waste generators (service users) dispose of waste; (2) the assessment of waste containers
location accessibility (expressed in attributes good or bad); (3) the assessment of the in-
fluence of waste containers location on the urban city space (expressed in attributes good
or bad); (4) the number of waste containers on location; (5) the assessment of container
volume fullness with waste on location (expressed in the container fullness coefficient);
(6) the retention time of waste collecting vehicle on location during container unloading;
(7) traffic signals density along route sections between locations (expressed in traffic
lights number); (8) traffic frequency along route sections between adjacent locations (ex-
pressed in attributes small or large); (9) terrain configuration along route sections be-
tween adjacent locations (expressed in attributes even or uneven).
The assessment of location accessibility represents: (1) the assessment of location
distance from waste generators and (2) the assessment of available area on location for
manipulation with containers upon their unloading and returning back on location.
The assessment of container fullness with waste on location is expressed with the
container fullness coefficient. Based on the fullness coefficient, the total volume of waste
on location is determined:

Vwi = nki Vki k ki (6)

where Vwi is the total volume of waste on location, nki is the number of containers on
location, Vki is the declared volume of containers on location, kki is the container fullness
coefficient on location. The assessment of location influence on the urban city space
represents the assessment of container location influence on the aesthetics of urban space
and the architecture of the ambient where it is situated. This assessment is necessary,
since we are dealing with the waste collection system in the city core.
The analysis of the researched parameters of the existing waste management system in
Zone 107 of the city core of Ni shows that the primary waste generators are: households
in housing blocks, trade, hotel and business centers, administrative institutions and
school, cultural and health organizations. Waste is collected every day with one vehicle
operated by a driver and three workers. Vehicle movement route for waste collection is
situated on the traffic network of the observed zone on even terrain configuration. Vehicle
route passes the main and side streets with different traffic frequencies.
The fundamental parameters of the existing system: the position and number of con-
tainer locations, the number of containers on location and the vehicle movement route for
waste collection are determined upon the assessment and experience of MSCM, without
using any mathematical model.
There are standard waste containers with same volume on all locations. The values of
waste container fullness coefficients point to the fact that there are inadequate numbers of
containers in some collecting spots (Table 2).
68 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

Table 2 Solid waste management system parameters in Zone 107 of the city core of Ni
measured in October 2005 and October 2008
2005 2008
Location Number of Container Waste Number of Container Waste
number containers on fullness volume on containers on fullness volume on
I location coefficient location location coefficient location
nki kki Vwi [m3] nki kki Vwi [m3]
1 5 0,7 3,85 5 0,8 4,4
2 12 0,7 9,24 12 0,6 7,92
3 5 0,9 4,95 5 0,9 4,95
4 4 0,3 1,3 4 0,4 1,76
5 2 1 2,2 2 1,1 2,22
6 5 0,7 3,85 5 0,8 4,4
7 5 1 5,5 5 1 5,5
8 3 1,2 3,96 3 1,2 3,96
9 3 0,3 0,99 2 0,5 0,99
10 4 1,3 5,72 4 1,3 5,72
11 4 0,5 2,2 4 0,4 1,76
12 5 0,7 3,85 5 0,7 3,85
13 5 0,6 3,3 5 0,6 3,3
14 3 1 3,3 3 1 3,3
15 14 0,8 12,32 14 0,8 12,32
16 5 0,5 2,75 5 0,6 3,3
17 5 0,7 3,85 5 0,8 4,4
18 4 0,5 2,2 4 0,6 2,64
19 4 0,7 3,08 4 0,7 3,08
20 6 0,8 5,28 6 0,9 5,94
21 26 0,8 22,88 26 0,8 22,88
22 5 1 5,5 5 1 5,5
23 3 0,8 2,64 3 0,8 2,64
24 2 1,1 2,42 2 1,1 2,42
25 7 1,1 8,47 7 1,1 8,47
26 3 0,8 2,64 3 0,8 2,64
27 1 0,9 0,99 1 0,9 0,99
28 4 0,7 3,08 4 0,7 3,08
29 5 0,9 4,95 5 0,8 4,4
30 23 0,9 22 1 1 1,1
31 7 1 7,7
32 7 0,9 6,93
33 8 0,7 6,16
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 69

4. OPTIMIZATION

4.1 Waste Management System Variants

Based on the performed analysis of the measured parameters of the existing waste
management system, the following is determined: area, restrictions and system optimiza-
tion criteria.
The variable system parameters belong to the system optimization area: (1) container
location position; (2) number of locations; (3) number of containers on collecting location and
(4) vehicle movement route for waste collection.
System optimization restrictions represent the characteristics of MSCM available resources:
(1) waste collecting vehicle body working volume Vv=15 m3, (2) declared waste compaction
degree in vehicle body kc=5, (3) waste collection container volume Vk=1,1 m3 and (4) the
demand for daily waste collection in the observed city zone.
With the introduced optimization restrictions and by changing the system parameters in
optimization area, set E of three possible variant system solutions is defined for waste
management in Zone 107 of the city core of Ni (Table 3):

E = {E1 , E2 , E3 } (7)

First system variant E1: The existing waste management system which is applied in
Zone 107 of the city core of Ni is adopted for the first system variant solution E1. The
parameters of adopted variant E1 of the waste management system correspond to the
measured and assessed parameters researched in the field in 2008 (Table 2). The pa-
rameters of the adopted system variant: position and number of locations, number of
containers in situ and vehicle movement route are designed upon the experience and
practice of MSCM without developing a mathematical model of the system.

Table 3 Parameters of possible waste management variant solutions in Zone 107

of the city core of Ni
System Route Number Number Number Number Number
variant length of of of locations of route of locations
[km] locations containers with sections with with good/bad
good/bad small/large influence
accessibility traffic on urban
frequency environment
Variant E1 21,54 33 182 17/15 13/19 14/18
Variant E2 18,67 33 182 17/15 17/15 14/18
Variant E3 17,83 29 179 20/8 15/13 17/12

By monitoring the vehicle using GPS, the system variant E1 route l1=21,54 km in
length is determined.
70 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

Within this variant, the vehicle makes three rounds during the day collecting waste in
the observed city zone along the projected route. During one of the rounds, the vehicle
starts empty from the landfill and covers a section of the route until it is fully loaded with
waste, after which it returns to the landfill. The included container locations and some of
the daily rounds' routes of the first system variant E1 are given in Figs. 2a, 3a, 4a.

Second system variant E2: The second possible system variant E2 differs from the first variant
solution E1 only in vehicle movement route. The other system parameters: position and number
of locations and number of containers on location are the same. However, within the second
variant E2 the vehicle movement route is designed upon a developed mathematical model of the
system based on the Clarke-Wright savings algorithm [11]. The authors have developed
software for optimal vehicle movement route determination based on the mathematical model
of the system. The following information is given as input software data: (1) the database on
waste volume on each location, (2) the database on the distance between container locations
(including the waste disposal landfill) and (3) vehicle body volume restriction.
For system variant E2 the database on waste volumes on each location is determined
upon the data from the 2008 measurements (Table 2), while the database on the distance
between locations (including the landfill) is defined by using GIS [10].

a) b)

3
26
6 3 16
7 4 8 1 17
D
5 11 15 2
D 8 12 1 18 19
10 13 14
11 9 2

Fig. 2 Vehicle Movement Routes in the First Waste Collection Round:

a) First System Variant E1, b) Second System Variant E2

Using the developed software and defined databases, a vehicle movement route
l2=18,67 km in length is determined for system variant E2.
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 71

Due to the introduced restriction in system variant E2, the vehicle also has to make
three rounds to the landfill where waste is disposed while collecting it in the entire city
zone along the projected route. The included container locations and some of the daily
rounds' routes of the second system variant E2 are given in Figs. 2b, 3b, 4b.

Third system variant E3: The third possible system variant E3 differs, from previous E1
and E2 variants, in position change and reduction in numbers of locations and in contain-
ers number reduction. By position change and location number reduction leads to de-
crease in influence of some locations on the urban space and city core architecture. Apart
from that, the introduced changes correct the inadequate container fullness with waste on
some locations based on the field measurements conducted in 2005 and 2008.
Using the developed software and defined input databases, a vehicle movement route
l3=17,83 km in length is determined for system variant E3.
In system variant E3 also, the vehicle has to make three rounds to the landfill where
waste is disposed while collecting it in the entire city zone along the projected route.

a) b) 33
30 32 31
30

28 27 28 27
29 29 7
D 22 10
D
20 9
25 25

Fig. 3 Vehicle Movement Routes in the Second Waste Collection Round:

a) First System Variant E1, b) Second System Variant E2
72 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

a) b)

22

21 23 21
23 20
4
12
16 D 6 5
D 17
15 24
24 18 19
13 14

Fig. 4 Vehicle Movement Routes in the Third Waste Collection Round:

A) First System Variant E1, B) Second System Variant E2

4.2 System Optimization Criteria

Upon selecting the optimal waste management system variant, from set E of
previously defined possible variant solutions, a five-criterion set C is formed:

C = { C1 ,C 2 ,C3 ,C4 ,C5 } (8)

where individual criteria relate to: (1) C1 length of vehicle movement route for waste
collection; (2) C2 - number of container locations; (3) C3 - container location accessibility
to waste generators; (4) C4 - traffic frequency in route sections; (5) C5 - container location
influence on urban city space. The selected criteria significantly determine the fundamental
parameters and set goals for waste management system optimization.
Using the adopted decision making model AHP, and upon the Saaty scale, a criteria
relation matrix is defined:

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
C1 1 5 2 3 2
C2 1/5 1 1/3 1 1/2 (9)
C3 1/2 3 1 2 1
C4 1/3 1 1/2 1
C5 1/2 2 1 2 1

The comparison of optimization criteria pairs shows how many times one criterion is
more important than some other for reaching the given optimization goal.
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 73

Upon the criteria relation matrix, and by using the software Expert Choice [12], the
values of importance factors cj of the set criteria are determined (Table 4).
Table 4 Importance factors cj of optimization criteria Cj

Criterion Criterion importance factor

Cj cj
C1 0,325
C2 0,101
C3 0,326
C4 0,125
C5 0,123

The largest importance factor c3 has criterion C3 that relates to container location accessibil-
ity where the satisfaction of users/waste generators is addressed upon the system variant selec-
tion. The second in importance is criterion C1 which relates to route length, since it has a signifi-
cant influence on the efficiency and costs of waste management systems.

4.3 Priorities of Variant System Solutions

Using the Saaty scale, possible variant system solution relation matrices upon each
optimization criteria are defined (Table 4). Upon the definition of possible variant system
solution relation matrices, it is assessed, according to the observed criterion, how many
advantages one system variant has in relation to another.
Variant solution relation matrices Ei upon each criterion Cj are given in Table 5:

Table 5 Variant solution relation matrices Ei upon each criterion Cj

Possible variant solution
Criterion Ci Possible variant solution Criterion Ci
relation matrices
relation matrices

E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3
Criterion C1 E1 1 1/5 1/6 Criterion C4 E1 1 2 3
E2 5 1 1/2 E2 1/2 1 5
E3 6 2 1 E3 1/3 1/5 1
E1 E2 E3 E1 E2 E3
Criterion C2 E1 1 1 1/2 Criterion C5 E1 1 2 3
E2 1 1 1/2 E2 1/2 1 5
E3 2 2 1 E3 1/3 1/5 1
E1 E2 E3
Criterion C3 E1 1 1/2 4
E2 1/2 1 4
E3 1/4 1/4 1
74 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

Upon the variant system solution relation matrices, and by using the software Expert
Choice, priority factors pij of variant solutions Ei upon each criterion Cj are determined
(Table 6).

Table 6 Priority factors pij of variant solutions Ei upon criteria Cj

Variant solutions Priority factors of variant solutions pij

Ei pi1 pi2 pi3 pi4 pi5
E1 0,081 0,250 0,344 0,508 0,250
E2 0,342 0,250 0,547 0,379 0,250
E3 0,577 0,500 0,109 0,113 0,500

Based on the calculated optimization criteria importance factors and variant solution
priority factors, the validity index for each waste management system variant (Table 7) is
determined using the equation:
ui = pi 1c1 + pi 2 c2 + pi 3 c3 + pi 4 c4 + pi 5 c5 (10)

Table 7 Validity indices ui of variant system solutions Ei

Variant solutions Solution validity indices
Ei ui
E1 0,263
E2 0,391
E3 0,346

5. CONCLUSION
Based on the applied optimization procedure it can be concluded that the second
possible system variant E2 has the largest total validity index ui=0,391 (Table 9), thus it
represents, with respect to the given criteria, the optimal waste management system
solution for Zone 107 of the city core of Ni. In relation to the existing system, that is,
variant E1, optimal system variant E2 has a shorter daily vehicle movement route for waste
collection by 2,87 km, which, on the annual level, amounts to a reduction in route length
of up to 1000 km. The route reduction also implies the reduction of: all accompanying
vehicle movement costs, the ecological effect of vehicle movement on city environment
and route duration time. The third system variant E3 has the shortest route and the reduced
number of waste containers locations. By reducing the number of locations, the
accessibility of the system is also reduced, since the distance between users/waste
generators and waste containers is increased in some locations. Due to these reasons, the
third variant E3 has a smaller total validity index than the adopted optimal system
solution. Further research envisions analysis and waste management system optimization
in all of the other zones of the city of Ni. The aim is to provide the complete research
results to MSCM for consideration and use for the correction of the existing waste
management system.
 Application Method for Optimization in Solid Waste Management Systemin The City of Ni 75

Acknowledgement. Paper is done within the research project Development of the Model and
Technologies of Logistics of the Communal Waste Transport from the Program of Technological
Development, No. 14068, financed by the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Serbia.

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PRIMENA OPTIMIZACIONIH METODA PRI UPRAVLJANJU

VRSTIM OTPADOM U GRADU NIU
Danijel Markovi, Dragoslav Janoevi,
Miomir Jovanovi, Vesna Nikoli
U radu je dat postupak izbora optimalnog sistema upravljanja vrstim otpadom u gradskom jezgru
grada Nia. Pri optimizaciji sistema postavljeni su sledei ciljevi: maksimalna efikasnost sistema i
maksimalno zadovoljenje korisnika usluga sistema. Za izbor sistema upravljanja otpadom, zbog njegove
sloenosti i mogunosti varijantnog izvoenja, korien je viekriterijumski metod optimizacije i
odluivanja Analitic Hierarchy Process. Postupkom optimizacije prvo je izvreno detaljno merenje i
analiza parametara postojeeg sistema upravljanja otpada na terenu. Zatim su definisane tri mogue
varijante sistema. Kao prva varijanta sistema usvojeno je postojee reenje sistema upravljanja otpadom
iji su parametri odreeni na osnovu procene i ikustva bez korienja matematikog modela sistema.
Druge dve varijante sistema su definisane na osnovu razvijenog matematikog modela sistema
korienjem Clark-Wright-ovog algoritma utede i geografskog informacionog sistema. Pri izboru
76 D. MARKOVI, D. JANOEVI, M. JOVANOVI, V. NIKOLI

optimalne varijante sistema upravljanja otpadom, iz skupa prethodno definisanih moguih varijantnih
reenja, postavljen je skup od pet kriterijuma. Na kraju sprovedenim postupkom optimizacije, izabrano je
optimalno reenje sa novim parametrima sistema kojima se postojei sistema upravljanja vrstim
otpadom u gradskom jezgru grada Nia moe korigovati u cilju vee efikasnosti.
Kljune rei: Upravljanje komunalnim otpadom, rutiranje, optimizacija