FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR

FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING WIRELESS

SENSOR NETWORK

Prepared By

Name University Roll Number

ANVESH SHAW 16900210006
MOHONA DHAR 16900211028
AARIF HUSSAIN 16900211001
TARANG TAMANG 16900211060
DEBABRATA PAL 16900211020

Under the guidance of

Prof. Mamata Dutta

A Project Report
To be submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirements
For the degree of

Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology

Department of Information Technology

Academy Of Technology

Affiliated to

West Bengal University of Technology, West Bengal.

May, 2015
 Academy Of Technology

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled FUZZY LOGIC BASED

IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE DETECTION USING
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK submitted to WEST BENGAL
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY in the partial fulfillment of
the requirement for the degree of BACHELOR OF
TECHNOLOGY in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY is original
work carried out by the following students under my guidance:

Name University Roll Number

ANVESH SHAW 16900210006
MOHONA DHAR 16900211028
AARIF HUSSAIN 16900211001
TARANG TAMANG 16900211060
DEBABRATA PAL 16900211020

The matter embodied in this project is genuine work done by

the student and has not been submitted whether to this
University or to any other University/Institute for the
fulfillment of the requirement of any course of study.

Prof. Mamata Dutta

Assistant Professor
Department of Information Technology
Academy of Technology, Aedconagar,
Hooghly-712121, West Bengal, India
Dated:

Countersigned By

Prof. Amitava Nag

Head, Department of Information Technology
Academy of Technology, Aedconagar,
Hooghly-712121, West Bengal, India
ii
 STATEMENT BY THE CANDIDATES

Anvesh Shaw, Roll: 16900210006

Mohona Dhar, Roll: 16900211028
Aarif Hussain, Roll: 16900211001
Tarang Tamang, Roll: 16900211060
Debabrata Pal, Roll: 16900211020

B. Tech 8th Semester

Dept. of Information Technology
Academy of Technology

We hereby state that the Project Report entitled FUZZY

LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK
has been prepared by us to fulfill the requirements of IT 892
during the period January 2015 to April 2015.

_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

At the very outset, we would like to convey our sincere

gratitude to our beloved founder-chairman Prof. J Banerjee
and respected director Prof. D Bhattacharya for all the
encouragement and support extended to us during the
tenure of this project and also our years of studies in this
institute.

We are indebted to our guide Prof. Mamata Dutta for

her epitome of guidance, assistance and cooperation that
facilitated the successful conclusion of our project.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our Head of the

Department, Prof. Amitava Nag, who has been actively
involved and very influential from the start till the
completion of our project.

We would also like to thank all teaching and non-

teaching staffs of the Information Technology Department
for their constant support and encouragement given to us.
Last, but not the least, it is our great pleasure to
acknowledge the wishes of friends and well wishers, both in
academic and non-academic spheres.

Anvesh Shaw, Roll: 16900210006, Dept.: IT

Mohona Dhar, Roll: 16900211028, Dept.: IT
Aarif Hussain, Roll: 16900211001, Dept.: IT
Tarang Tamang, Roll: 16900211060, Dept.: IT
Debabrata Pal, Roll: 16900211020, Dept.: IT

iv
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Label Page No.

Fig 3.1 Sensor Network 10

Fig 3.2 Circuit diagram of the Sensor Network 10

Fig 4.1 Fuzzification process 12

Fig 6.1 Screenshot of Rules 1 19

Fig 6.2 Screenshot of Rules 2 20

Fig 6.3 Input and output parameters 21

Fig 6.4 Temperature range graph 22

Fig 6.5 Relative Humidity range graph 22

Fig 6.6 CO2 density range graph 23

Fig 6.7 Time range graph 23

Fig 6.8 Fire probability range graph 24

Different fire probabilities for different fire

Fig 6.9 25
values

Fig 8.1 Screenshot of rule viewer 1 29

Fig 8.2 Screenshot of rule viewer 2 30

Fig 8.3 Screenshot of rule viewer 3 31

Fig 9.1 Screenshot of Gantt table 33

Fig 9.2 Screenshot of Gantt chart 34

v
 LIST OF TABLES

Table Page No.

Table 4.1: Input Fuzzy Variable 14

Table 4.2: Output Fuzzy Variable 14

Table 7.1: Expected Input & Output values 27

Table 7.2: Input & Output values based on real world test values. 28

vi
 ABSTRACT

The detection and prevention of forest fire is a major problem now a day.
Timely detection allows the prevention units to reach the fire in its initial
stage and thus reduce the risk of spreading and the harmful impact on
human and animal life. Because of the inadequacy of conventional forest
fire detection in real time and monitoring accuracy the Wireless Sensor
Network (WSN) is introduced. This project proposes a fuzzy logic based
implementation to manage the uncertainty in forest fire detection
problem. Sensor nodes are used for detecting probability of fire with
variations during different time in a day. The Sensor nodes sense
temperature, humidity, light intensity, CO2 density and time and send the
information to the base station. This proposed system improves the
accuracy of the forest fire detection and also provides a real time based
detection system as all the input variables are collected in real time basis.

Wireless sensor networks appearing in many wireless communication

developments. WSN modules sense a variety of phenomena including
temperature, relative humidity and smoke which are helpful in fire
detection systems. A sensor network deployed in forest reports its data to a
processing center for possible actions, such as alerting local residents and
dispatching firefighting crews. Sensors are deployed uniformly at random
in the forest. Forest fires are disasters which, cause loss of life, property
and destruction of thousands of hectares of forest land in various places
during the summer every year. The project is to address applications for
detecting large scale temperature field monitoring for Forest Fire
Detection. This proposed technique is given for detection of forest areas
which have high probability of catching a fire.

vii
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page No.

Certificate ii

Statement by The Candidates iii

Acknowledgement iv

List of Figures v

List of Tables vi

Abstract vii

Chapter 1 Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Related Works 4

Chapter 3 Problem Definition & Objectives 8

Chapter 4 Proposed Solution for Forest Fire Detection 11

Chapter 5 Software & Hardware Requirement Specification 15

Chapter 6 Project Implementation 17

Chapter 7 User Input & Output 26

Chapter 8 Graphical View of Rules with Input & Output 28

Chapter 9 Project Planning & Scheduling 32

Chapter 10 Future Scope & Further Enhancement 35

Conclusion 37

Bibliography 38
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

INTRODUCTION

1
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

A wildfire is an uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation

that occurs in the countryside or a wilderness area. Other names such as
brush fire, bush fire, forest fire, desert fire, grass fire, hill fire,
peat fire, vegetation fire, and wildfire may be used to describe the
same phenomenon depending on the type of vegetation being burned, and
the regional variant of English being used. A wildfire differs from other
fires by its extensive size, the speed at which it can spread out from its
original source, its potential to change direction unexpectedly, and its
ability to jump gaps such as roads, rivers and fire breaks. Wildfires are
characterized in terms of the cause of ignition, their physical properties
such as speed of propagation, the combustible material present, and the
effect of weather on the fire. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in
wildfire fighting. Early detection efforts were focused on early response,
accurate results in both daytime and nighttime, and the ability to prioritize
fire danger. However, with the increase in global temperatures forest fires
are becoming extremely common. It is therefore necessary that such
dangers be identified early to prevent extreme damage to property and life.
In this project we propose a new real time forest fire detection method by
using wireless sensor networks. Our goal is to detect and predict forest fire
promptly and accurately in order to minimize the loss of forests, wild
animals and people in the forest fire. In our proposed paradigm, a large
number of sensor nodes are densely deployed in a forest. Sensor nodes
collect measured data (temperature, relative humidity) and send to the
respective cluster nodes. It has been shown in the literature that about
20% of CO2 emissions in the atmosphere are due to forest fires. It is also
known that the soil becomes more susceptible to erosion since it is left
bare. WSN has enabled a more convenient early warning system and
secondly, WSN provides a system able to learn about the phenomena of
natural disasters. The losses due to these disasters are increasing in an

1
alarming rate. In order to minimize damage, early detection of forest fires
is a crucial issue. Without a clear and correct understanding of the
distribution and dynamics of forest fires, it is impossible to effectively
manage them. Thanks to the technology that enables the deployment of
devices called motes, in large numbers directly into fire zones, wireless
sensor networks (WSNs) can significantly improve the accuracy and
density of parametric measurement of physical phenomena. It will be
beneficial to detect the pre-cursors of these disasters, early warn the
population, evacuate them, and save their life.

1.1 Purpose Of This Study

A Forest Fire can be defined as a conflagration and the free fire
propagation on vegetation in forests, jungles and other areas. In the area of
the eastern hills in Bogota, are often presented this kind of phenomena.
There are three known types of fires, mainly determined by the nature of
the fuel: the glass or air fires, underground fires and surface fires. There
are forests fires which are caused by the human, nature and man-nature
interaction. Internationally, 48% of the causes of forest fires are the result
of agricultural activities, 17% were unintentional, 16% of bonfire, careless
smoking 8%, 3% forestry activities, 1% rights of way, 1% other activities
production and 6% other causes. In Colombia, according to the Ministry of
Environment, 95% of wildfires are caused by man, either intentionally or
negligently. Fire detection is always been a crucial challenge for human,
moreover detecting fire using automated sensors definitely requires
efficient and accurate ways. Since fire depends on more than one
physical/environmental condition simultaneously, so in this project we
have used fuzzy type-2 logic for fire detection. Fuzzy gives best results in
such cases because there is an uncertainty about how much extent of a
factor like temperature, humidity and light intensity should be involved to
cause a fire. In addition to this interval type-2 fuzzy system is used to make
the results accurate and error free so that there would be no uncertainty in
decision making. Timely detection allows the prevention units to reach the
fire in its initial stage and thus reduce the risk of spreading and the
harmful impact on human and animal life. Because of the inadequacy of

2
conventional forest fire detection on real time and monitoring accuracy the
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is introduced.

1.2 Brief Overview Of The Project Report

In Chapter 2, we review the previous work in sensor network to detect
forest fire. Chapter 3 addresses the question of useful features and
definition of wireless sensor network. We describe experiments with
unsupervised cluster to detect forest fire. Chapter 4 presents the
proposed solution for forest fire detection. In Chapter 5 presents the
software and hardware required for completion of the project. Chapter 6
contains screenshots and illustrations which tracks the stepwise
implementation of the project work. Chapter 7 contains the expected
output with respect to some values for input parameters. Chapter 8
contains the graphical view of the inputs and outputs. Chapter 9 contains
Gantt chart and Gantt table which gives the timeline for the project
activities. Chapter 10 presents the future aspects to detect forest fire.

3
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

RELATED WORKS

2
 CHAPTER 2
RELATED WORKS

Traditionally, forest fires were detected using conventional techniques

such as guard towers located to fire high points and Osborne fire Finder
that is a tool consisting of a card topographic printed on a disc with edge
graduated. Unfortunately these primary techniques are inefficient due to
the unreliability of human observation towers and difficult life condition.
This has allowed some countries to use forest-fire detection systems based
on the satellite imagery. MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro
Radiometer) used in CANADA and AVHRR (Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer) used in CHINA are satellite-based monitoring
systems. These approaches have proven to be limited by terrain, time of
day, and weather conditions such as clouds, light reflections and smoke
from legitimate industrial or social activities. Recently, the technology of
wireless sensor networks (WSN) has emerged and has been adopted by
several countries. This technology must consider important design goals
and features such as: energy efficiency, early detection and accurate
localization, forecast capability and adaptive to harsh environment. Many
research works from literature related to forest fires by using WSN have
been conducted around the world. Other interesting investigations have
also been done in this area. Authors in surveyed fire detection studies from
three perspectives: residual areas, forest fires and contributions of WSN to
early fire detection. South Korean project (FFSS) presented in uses an
experimental approach based on a networked motes but no evaluation has
been made by authors on the proposed detection approach. In authors
have conducted simulation study under Castalia and Farsite fire simulators
to detect and localize forest fires using WSN. A theoretical architecture of
WSN based on Zigbee Technology has been proposed but neither
simulation nor real experiments have been conducted. Research works
presented tried to early detect forest fires by means of cluster tree WSN
using simulation and test-bed based approaches respectively. To enhance

5
the conventional WSN detection approaches by reducing the number of
false alarms, authors proposed an image-based real time fire detection
technique. Unfortunately, most of these studies choose simulating their
proposed solutions instead of doing experiments in real test-bed
environments, since that kind of setup exposes additional difficulties. Even
those using test-bed to carry out real experiments; they have not made a
serious study on which detection methods could be very suitable to their
context. In the context of the above studies, we propose a comparative
study between two forest fires detection methods (Canadian and Korean)
using a real test-bed based approach to choose the one that fits the context
of our country.

2.1 Forest Fire Detection Methods

In this section we present the best-known detection systems of forest fires
used in practice. We focus mainly on those chosen for the comparative
study presented in this project.

Canadian approach
The Canadian study proposed the calculation of the index fire according to
FWI (Fire Weather Index). This eliminates the need to communicate all
the sensor data to Sink, and only a few aggregated index are reported for
reduce energy consumption. FWI system comprises six standardized
index. The three first shows daily variations of water content of three types
of fuel forest with different speeds drying. The other three relate to fire
behavior and are representative of the propagation speed, the quantity of
burned fuel and intensity of the fire. The method is based solely on the
determination noon daily weather: temperature, relative humidity, speed
wind and rain during the last 24 hours (if there was). The month must also
be specified. This method is primarily to solve a set of equations (Van
Wagner and Pickett, 1985), which can be calculated with fast computer.

Korean approach
This approach is implemented on the system FFSS (Forest-fires
Surveillance System). The middleware developed in this study receives and

6
processes packets from the transceiver and displays its results. The results
contain the level of risk of forest fires. This level is calculated by the
formula defined by the following equation:

Y= 6.87 + (0.64 *P) + (0.15 *EF) + (1774,94 / CS) (1)

Where: EF is effective humidity (%),

CS is solar radiation of the day (MJ/m),

P is rain (mm).

Then, the software saves the received packets to database server and
generates emergency alerts by the Note that other systems for detecting
forest fires can be found in practice such as National Fire Danger Rating
System (NFDRS) and D-FLER (Distributed Fuzzy Logic Engine Rule-based
WSNs).

7
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

PROBLEM DEFINITION
&
OBJECTIVES

3
 CHAPTER 3
PROBLEM DEFINITION & OBJECTIVES

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) of spatially distributed

autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions,
such as temperature, sound, pressure, etc. and to cooperatively pass their
data through the network to a main location. The more modern networks
are bi-directional, also enabling control of sensor activity. The
development of wireless sensor networks was motivated by military
applications such as battlefield surveillance; today such networks are used
in many industrial and consumer applications, such as industrial process
monitoring and control, machine health monitoring, and so on.

The WSN is built of "nodes" from a few to several hundreds or even

thousands, where each node is connected to one (or sometimes several)
sensors. Each such sensor network node has typically several parts: a radio
transceiver with an internal antenna or connection to an external antenna,
a microcontroller, an electronic circuit for interfacing with the sensors and
an energy source, usually a battery or an embedded form of energy
harvesting. A sensor node might vary in size from that of a shoebox down
to the size of a grain of dust, although functioning "motes" of genuine
microscopic dimensions have yet to be created. The cost of sensor nodes is
similarly variable, ranging from a few to hundreds of dollars, depending on
the complexity of the individual sensor nodes. Size and cost constraints on
sensor nodes result in corresponding constraints on resources such as
energy, memory, computational speed and communications bandwidth.
The topology of the WSNs can vary from a simple star network to an
advanced multi-hop wireless mesh network. The propagation technique
between the hops of the network can be routing or flooding.

9
In computer science and telecommunications, wireless sensor networks
are an active research area with numerous workshops and conferences
arranged each year, for example IPSN, SenSys, and EWSN.

Fig 3.1: Sensor Network

We can point out 3 main parts in the system:

the Wireless Sensor Network

the Communications Network
the Reception Center

Below is given a general diagram of the whole system:

Fig 3.2: Circuit diagram of the Sensor Network

10
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR

FOREST FIRE DETECTION

4
 CHAPTER 4
PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION

4.1 Fuzzification

Fuzzy techniques for treating tentative qualitative information including

fuzzy arithmetic and mathematics, fuzzy set theory, fuzzy logic, fuzzy
decision making and fuzzy control. Rule based fuzzy operators are a new
class of operators exclusively considered in order to relate the principles of
estimated interpretation as shown in the figure below.

Fig 4.1: Fuzzification process

Fuzzy Logic was introduced in 1965 by Lotfi A. Zadeh, who was professor
in computer science at the University of California in Berkeley. Fuzzy Logic
is a multi-valued logic that allows intermediate values to be defined
between conventional evaluations like true/false, yes/no, high/low, etc.

12
Fuzzy Logic has emerged as a profitable tool for the controlling and
steering of systems, complex industrial processes, household,
entertainment electronics, as well as for other expert systems and
applications. The aim is to use fuzzy sets in order to make computers more
intelligent, therefore. Fuzziness describes event ambiguity and
impreciseness of linguistic terms. Fuzzy logic fits best in applications
where the variables are continuous and/or mathematical models do not
exist or traditional system models become overly difficult. WSN is typically
used to supervise some parameters of an environment process. The
atmospheric events are multifaceted, confusing and imprecision embedded
in their nature. Consequently, a fuzzy based approach is a feasible option.
The model of fuzzy logic system consists of fuzzification, fuzzy rules, fuzzy
inference system and de-fuzzification process. The Fuzzification is the first
step in the fuzzy inferencing process. This involves a domain
transformation where crisp inputs are transformed into fuzzy inputs. Crisp
inputs are the exact inputs measured by sensors and passed into the
control system for processing, such as temperature, position, pressure,
rpm's, etc. Each crisp input that is to be processed by the Fuzzy
Inferencing Unit has its own group of membership functions or sets to
which they are transformed. The group of membership functions exists
within a universe of discourse that holds all relevant values that the crisp
input can possess. In our fire detection algorithm temperature, relative
humidity, CO2 density and time act as input fuzzy variables. The
Probability of Fire is the output variable. The membership functions LOW,
MEDIUM and HIGH are defined on temperature, light intensity, humidity
and CO density whereas BEFORE NOON, NOON, AFTER NOON for.
VERY LOW, LOW, MEDIUM, HIGH and VERY HIGH are defined on
Probability of fire as shown in the table on the next page.

13
 Membership
Variable Range
Functions

Temperature 0 oC to 600 oC VL, L, M, H, VH

Relative Humidity 0 to 100 % VL, L, O, H, VH

Time 0 to 24 Hours EM, M, F, AF, E, N

CO2 Density 500 to 5000 ppm L, N, H

Table 4.1: Input Fuzzy Variable

Membership
Variable Range
Functions

Fire Probability 0 to 100 VL, L, M, H, VH

Table 4.2: Output Fuzzy Variable

Legend:
VL: Very Low, L: Low,
N: Normal, M: Medium, O: Optimum,
H: High, VH: Very High,
EM: Early Morning, M: Morning, F: Forenoon, AF: Afternoon,
E: Evening, N: Night

14
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE

REQUIREMENT
SPECIFICATIONS

5
 CHAPTER 5

SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENT

SPECIFICATIONS

Software Requirements:
Operating System: Windows XP or, Windows 7
Programming IDE: MATLAB 2013

Hardware Components:
Processor: Dual core processor. Preferably, Intel i3.
Hard Drive: A minimum of 10 GB space is required for the
software to run without problems.
Memory: A minimum of 4 GB RAM is required for faster
processing.
A sufficiently fast and reliable internet connection.
A wireless network of connected sensors for data accumulation.

16
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6
 CHAPTER 6
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION

6.1 Implementation

The project required implementation of only the software component. No

hardware component was created as per the requirements of the project.
MATLAB by MathWorks was used for the implementation of the software.
MATLAB was chosen specifically due to the availability of its Fuzzy Logic
Toolbox. The Fuzzy Logic Toolbox provides functions, applications, and a
Simulink block for analyzing, designing, and simulating systems based on
fuzzy logic. The product guides the user through the steps of designing
fuzzy inference systems. Functions are provided for many common
methods, including fuzzy clustering and adaptive neurofuzzy learning.

The toolbox lets us model complex system behaviors using simple logic
rules, and then implement these rules in a fuzzy inference system. We can
use it as a stand-alone fuzzy inference engine. Alternatively, we can use
fuzzy inference blocks in Simulink and simulate the fuzzy systems within a
comprehensive model of the entire dynamic system.

Step-wise implementation of the project:

Analysis of following environmental conditions in forests:

Temperature, Relative Humidity, CO2 density. Analysis was done
based on data available on the internet owing to previous works on
forest fire detection.
Designing of rules based on data analysed.
Creating rules in MATLAB.
Testing of rules using available real world data.
Analysis of output values.
Documentation creation.

On the following pages are rules as implemented in MATLAB.

18
6.2 Rules for Evaluation

Fig 6.1: Screenshot of Rules 1

19
Fig 6.2: Screenshot of Rules 2

20
6.3 Input and Output Parameters

Fig 6.3: Input and Output parameters

In the above image, the left side indicates the input parameters and the
right side indicates the output parameter. Various values of Temperature,
Relative Humidity, CO2 and Time are input on the left side. The middle
portion of the image indicates the Fuzzy Logic Toolbox which evaluates the
input to give the output on the right side, which is Fire Probability.

21
6.4 Range Of Values for Input Parameters

Fig 6.4: Temperature range graph

Fig 6.5: Relative Humidity range graph

22
Fig 6.6: CO2 density range graph

Fig 6.7: Time range graph

23
6.5 Range Of Values for Output Parameter

Fig 6.8: Fire Probability range graph

24
6.6 Testing Of Rules for Output

Fig 6.9: Different fire probabilities for different input values

25
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

USER INPUT AND OUTPUT

7
 CHAPTER 7
USER INPUT AND OUTPUT

Fire probability is the output with respect to input parameters:

Temperature, Relative Humidity, CO2 Density and Time.

Rule Relative CO2 Fire

Temperature Time
No. Humidity Density Probability
1 L H L F VL
2 L O L F VL
3 L L L F VL
4 L L N F VL
5 M VL H AF M
6 M H L F VL
7 M H N AF L
8 M O H F M
9 M L H AF M
10 M VL H AF M
11 H H N F M
12 H O N F M
13 H L N F H
14 H VL H F H
15 H VL H AF VH
16 H H N F M
17 H L N AF VH
18 VH VL H F VH
19 VH VL H AF VH
20 VH VL H AF VH
21 VH O H AF VH
22 VH L H F H
23 VH L H AF VH
24 VH O H F H
25 VH O H AF VH

Table 7.1: Expected Input & Output values

Legend:
VL: Very Low, L: Low, M: Medium, O: Optimum, H: High, VH: Very High,
N: Normal, F: Forenoon, AF: Afternoon

27
RESULT
Relative CO2 Time
Test Temperature Fire
Humidity Density (in 24 hour
Case (oC) format) Probability
(%) (ppm)
1 18 70 1000 22 10
2 18 50 1000 22 10
3 18 30 1000 22 10
4 18 30 2000 22 10
5 30 7 4000 14 50
6 30 60 1600 10 10.00
7 30 60 3000 14 28.43
8 30 50 4800 10 58.31
9 30 30 4800 14 68.31
10 30 14 4800 14 68.31
11 100 60 3000 10 48.43
12 100 40 3000 10 48.43
13 100 30 3000 10 78.43
14 100 10 4500 10 88.43
15 100 10 4500 13 88.43
16 100 60 3000 10 48.43
17 100 20 3000 13 78.43
18 500 10 4000 10 88.42
19 500 10 4000 10 88.42
20 500 10 4000 13 88.42
21 500 40 4000 13 88.42
22 500 20 4000 10 88.42
23 500 20 4000 13 88.42
24 500 40 4000 10 88.42
25 500 40 4000 13 88.42
Table 7.2: Input & Output values based on real world test values.
Based on the input values: Temperature, Relative Humidity, CO2
Density and Time, the output received is the Fire Probability.

Example:
Relative Time
Temperature CO2 Density
Humidity (in 24 hour Fire Probability
(oC) (ppm)
(%) format)
18 70 1000 22 10

28
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

GRAPHICAL VIEW OF RULES

WITH INPUT AND OUTPUT

8
 CHAPTER 8
GRAPHICAL VIEW OF RULES WITH INPUT AND
OUTPUT

Fig 8.1: Screenshot of Rule Viewer 1

30
Fig 8.2: Screenshot of Rule Viewer 2

31
Fig 8.3: Screenshot of Rule Viewer 3

32
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

PROJECT PLANNING AND

SCHEDULING

9
 CHAPTER 9
PROJECT PLANNING AND SCHEDULING

Gantt Chart is a project control technique used for several purposes

including scheduling and planning. Gantt chart is also known as bar chart
each box is used to represent an activity. Gantt Chart allows US to see at a
glance the following information:

(i) What the various activities are.

(ii) When each activities begins and ends.
(iii) How long each activity is scheduled to last.
(iv) Where activities overlap with another activities and how much
overlap is present.

Fig 9.1: Screenshot of Gantt Table

34
Fig 9.2: Screenshot of Gantt Chart

35
FUZZY LOGIC BASED IMPLEMENTATION FOR FOREST FIRE
DETECTION USING WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

FUTURE SCOPE AND FURTHER

ENHANCEMENT

10
 CHAPTER 10
FUTURE SCOPE AND FURTHER ENHANCEMENT

This project only required the implementation of the software component.

We did not implement any hardware component, nor was this software
package tested on any available hardware devices. The project was only
tested on the MATLAB IDE. This project has immense future scope
because of its use of Fuzzy Logic, which is more suited for evaluating
variable input parameters to give a concrete output.

One area which can see lots of improvement is data gathering and
collection. Hardware that makes use of this program for forest fire
detection can be designed to operate based on natural triggers.

Forest fires, man-made or natural, are such catastrophes which boggle the
mind! Controlling, or even predicting forest fires is an immensely difficult
task. This is mostly due to presence of such a large number of parameters
that may speed up the fire, change the direction of the fire, etc. The
temperatures of the local area during a forest fire are so high that there is a
good chance of multiple sensors being damaged or being burnt out!
Therefore, one area of improvement can be the development of fire
resistant and robust hardware.

The software program can also be so implemented that it can take more
number of variables as input, with much vague values, and give very
accurate results.

Energy efficient and versatile hardware can also be very useful for proper
implementation of this project.

37
 CONCLUSION

In this project, we projected an event detection mechanism for detection of

fire and fuzzy approach for calculating probability of fire using multi-
sensors. Our proposed forest fire detection handles the vagueness present
in the statistics successfully and gives the finest results with very low false
alarm rate. The decision based on this approach is more precise as it gives
accurate results with variation of time and other physical parameters. The
membership functions and the parameters can be changed and modified as
required. Rules also could be altered and adjusted according to parameters
for further work on this model. In this project, we have investigated the
effect of fuzzy logic in determining the probability of forest fire using
multiple sensors. Some vagueness related to the different environmental
conditions can easily be handled by the proposed forest fire detection
method. It gives accurate and robust result with variation of temperature,
humidity, etc as all the input variables are defined by real time data.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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