Constant Strain
Triangle (CST)
Summary:
u ST u4 u 2
v1 2 u2
y v 2
x d=
y u3
Su
u1 v 3
1
v
x x u 4
u v
4
u (x,y) N1(x,y)u1 + N2(x,y)u2 + N3(x,y)u3 + N4(x,y)u4
v (x,y) N1(x,y)v1 + N2(x,y)v2 + N3(x,y)v3 + N4(x,y)v4
u 1
v
1
u 2
u (x, y) N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 v 2
u= =
v (x, y) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N 4 u 3
v 3
u 4
v
u=Nd 4
TASK 2: APPROXIMATE THE STRAIN and STRESS WITHIN
EACH ELEMENT
=Bd
Summary: For each element
Displacement approximation in terms of shape functions
u=Nd
k = e B D B dV
T
V
v1
v3
1 u1
(x1,y1) (x3,y3)
v2 v u3
y u 3
(x,y)
u2
2 (x2,y2)
v(x,y) N1 v1 + N 2 v 2 + N 3 v 3
u1
v
1
u (x, y) N 1 0 N2 0 N3 0 u 2
u= =
v (x, y) 0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3 v 2
u 3
u 21 = N 26 d 61 v 3
N1 0 N2 0 N3 0
N=
0 N1 0 N2 0 N 3
Formula for the shape functions are
a1 + b1 x + c1 y
v1 N1 =
v3 2A
1 u1 a2 + b2 x + c2 y
(x1,y1) (x3,y3) N2 =
v2 v u3 2A
u 3 a3 + b3 x + c3 y
y (x,y) N3 =
2A
where u2
2 (x2,y2)
x
1 x 1 y1
1
A = area of triangle = det 1 x 2 y2
2
1 x 3 y 3
a1 = x 2 y 3 x3 y 2 b1 = y 2 y 3 c1 = x3 x 2
a 2 = x3 y1 x1 y 3 b2 = y 3 y1 c 2 = x1 x3
a 3 = x1 y 2 x 2 y1 b3 = y1 y 2 c3 = x 2 x1
Properties of the shape functions:
1
2 2
x
1 at node ' i '
Ni =
0 at other nodes
2. At every point in the domain
N
i =1
i =1
3
N x
i =1
i i =x
3
N y
i =1
i i =y
3. Geometric interpretation of the shape functions
At any point P(x,y) that the shape functions are evaluated,
A1
N1 =
A
A2
N2 =
P (x,y)
A
1 A3
A2 N3 =
A3 A
y A1 3
x
Approximation of the strains
u
x
x
v
= y = Bd
y
xy u v
y + x
= DB d
IMPORTANT NOTE:
1. The displacement field is continuous across element
boundaries
2. The strains and stresses are NOT continuous across element
boundaries
Element stiffness matrix
t
k = e B D B dV
T
V
Since B is constant
A
f = e N X dV + e N T S dS
T T
V ST
1 4243 1 4
4244 3
f f
b S
Element nodal load vector due to body forces
f b = e N X dV = t e N X dA
T T
V A
t N X dA
f b1x Ae
1 a
fb1y
fb3y f t e N1 X b dA
1 fb1x b1 y A
f b 2 x t e N 2 X a dA
fb2y
Xb fb3x fb = =
A
y
Xa 3 f b 2 y t Ae N 2 X b dA
(x,y)
f b3 x
fb2x t Ae N 3 X a dA
2 f b3 y
x
t Ae N 3 X b dA
EXAMPLE:
t N X dA
f b1x Ae
1 a
tA
t e N1 dA 3
f t e N1 X b dA
0
A
b1 y A 0
f b 2 x t e N 2 X a dA t N dA tA
fb = = = Ae 2 = 3
A
f b 2 y t Ae N 2 X b dA 0 0
f b3 x t N dA tA
t Ae N 3 X a dA Ae 3
f b3 y 0 3
t Ae N 3 X b dA 0
Element nodal load vector due to traction
= e N T S dS
T
f S ST
EXAMPLE:
fS1y
fS3y f = t N
T
T S dS
1 S l1 3 e
along 13
fS1x fS3x
y 3
x
Element nodal load vector due to traction
EXAMPLE:
fS2y f S = t
T
e
N T S dS
l23 along 2 3
(2,2)
2 fS2x
y f S2 x = t N 2 along 23 (1) dy 1
1
e
l 23
TS =
0 1 2
fS3y = t 2 1 = t
1 x
2
3 f
(0,0) (2,0) S3x Similarly, compute
f S2 y = 0
f S3 x = t
f S3 y = 0
Recommendations for use of CST
1 0 3.2 0.8 0
D=
E
1 0 = 0.8 3.2 0 107 psi
1 2 1
0 0 0 0 1.2
2
Node x y
1 3 0 Nodal coordinates
2 3 2
3 0 2
4 0 0
Step 2: Compute strain-displacement matrices for the elements
Recall b1 0 b2 0 b3 0 with
b1 = y 2 y3 b2 = y3 y1 b3 = y1 y 2
B = 0 c1 0 c2 0 c3
1
2A c1 = x3 x2 c2 = x1 x3 c3 = x2 x1
c1 b1 c2 b2 c3 b3
2 0 0 0 2 0
B = 0 3 0 3 0 0
(2) 1
6
3 2 3 0 0 2
Step 3: Compute element stiffness matrices
(1) T (1) T
k = AtB D B = (3)(0.5)B D B
(1) (1) (1)
f1 x 0
f = f2x = 0
f f
2y 2y
f 2 y = 1000 + f S 2 y
3 x
f S2 y = N 3 3 2 ( 300 )tdx N 2 3 2 =
x =0
3
3
= ( 300 )(0.5) N 3 3 2 dx
x =0
x 3 3 2
= 150 dx
x =0 3
3
x2 9
= 50 = 50 = 225 lb
2 0 2
Hence
f 2 y = 1000 + f S 2 y
= 1225 lb
Step 6: Solve the system equations to obtain the unknown nodal loads
Kd = f
Solve to get
4
u1 0.2337 10 in
4
2
u = 0 . 1069 10 in
v 0.9084 10 4 in
2
Step 7: Compute the stresses in the elements
In Element #1
With
= [u1 v1 u2 v2 u4 v4 ]
(1) T
d
[ ]
= 0.2337104 0 0.1069104 0.9084104 0 0
Calculate
114.1
(1) = 1391.1 psi
76.1
In Element #2
= [u3 v3 u4 v4 u2 v2 ]
( 2)T
d
[
= 0 0 0 0 0.1069104 0.9084104 ]
Calculate
114.1
( 2) = 28.52 psi
363.35