BASIC CONCEPT OF IMMUNITY:

NATURAL AND ADAPTIVE

IMMUNITY
Dewi K Paramita
Dept. Histology & Cell Biology
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Yogyakarta
What is the function of immune system?

The immune system recognizes infection and

induces protective responses
 War against pathogens

Edward Jenner discovered in 1796 that

cowpox, or vaccinia, induced protection
against human smallpox
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 The eradication of smallpox by vaccination.
After a period of 3 years in which no cases of smallpox were
recorded, the World Health Organization was able to announce
in 1979 that smallpox had been eradicated.

We win!

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 Another
achievement Louis Pasteur (18221895)
devised a vaccine against cholera in
chickens, and developed a rabies
vaccine that proved a success upon its
first trial in a boy bitten by a rabid
dog

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 Studying the
enemy

Robert Koch
(18431910) proved that
infectious diseases are
caused by microorganisms

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 What is the components of immune system?

Shibasaburo Kitasato (18921931) in collaboration with Emil von Behring

(18541917) discovered specific antitoxin activity against tetanus and diphtheria
in serum

What kind of weapon we have

to combat pathogen?
 What is the components of immune system?

Our personalized arm forces

Elie Metchnikoff (18451916) was
the first champion of cellular
immunology, focusing his studies on the
central role of phagocytes in host
defense.
 What is the components of immune system?

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 Immune responses

Innate Adaptive
Immune response Immune response
Component
Time
Specificity
Memory
 What is the components of immune system?
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The army
intelligent
Myeloid officer Lymphoid
Three phases of responses to an initial
infection
Innate immune system
Innate immune reponse: First line defense

Physical barrier
Epithelial layers lining the internal & external surfaces of the body
Phagocytes lie beneath the epithelial surface induce inflammatory
response

Chemical barrier (in blood, extracellular fluid, epithelial

secretion)
Antimicrobial enzymes (lysozyme)

Antimicrobial peptide

Complement system
Second phase innate immune defense

Innate immune cells sense the presence of the pathogen by

recognizing molecules typical of microbe and not shared by
host cells pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Recognize by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

The recognition will induce inflammation; recruit and activate

effector cells
 Component of Innate Immune System
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The guards
at the border
of the state The myeloid
lineage comprises
The army most of the cells
intelligent
officers of the innate
immune system
The reserve
soldiers
 Component of innate immune system
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Other
specialized
soldiers
The myeloid
lineage comprises
most of the cells
of the innate
immune system
 Which structures that prevent
pathogens from invading our body?
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 Surface epithelia provide mechanical, chemical and
microbiological barriers to infection.
Infection occur when pathogen colonize and cross
epithelia
Pathogen mostly infect through mucosal epithelia
Epithelia form specialized
physical and chemical barriers
that provide innate defenses in
different locations

Differentiated keratinocytes in stratum

spinosum produce -defensins &
cathelicidines

Type II pneumocyte produce

antimicrobial defensins

Paneth cells in crypt epithelium produce

-defensins (cryptdins) and
antimicrobial lectin RegIII
 Most infectious agents activate
the innate immune system &
induce an inflammatory response
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 Pattern recognition receptors of
the innate immune system provide an initial
discrimination between self and nonself
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PAMPs: Pathogen-associated
molecular patterns

PRRs : pattern recognition

receptors

TLR : Toll like receptors

Adaptive immune system
 Component of Adaptive Immune System
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The lymphoid lineage comprises the

lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system and
the natural killer cells of innate immunity
 Lymphocytes mature in the central lymphoid organs
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Bone marrow

Thymus

The development
and survival of
lymphocytes is
determined by
signals received
through their
receptors
 Bridge between innate and
adaptive immune system
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The army
intelligent
Myeloid Lymphoid
officer
 Where are the places for training and
headquarters of the cellular arm forces?
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Lymphocytes
mature in the
primary lymphoid
organs (bone
marrow or the
thymus) and

then congregate
in secondary
lymphoid organs
throughout the
body
 Adaptive immune responses are
initiated by antigen and antigen-presenting cells
in secondary lymphoid tissues
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 Lymphocytes activated by antigen
give rise to clones of antigen-specific effector cells
that mediate adaptive immunity
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 Clonal selection of lymphocytes
is the central principle of adaptive immunity
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 Immune response

Innate immunity Adaptive immunity

Pathogen type

Intracellular Extracellular

Cellular immunity Humoral immunity

CTL B ANTIBODY
lymphocyte
 The structure of the antibody & T cell receptors
provide specificity of adaptive immune responses
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 The structure of the B cell & T cell receptors
provide specificity of adaptive immune responses
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Immunoglobulins bind
a wide variety of
chemical structures

Antigens: antibody generation

Antigens are the molecules recognized
by the immune response
Epitopes are the sites within antigens
to which antigen receptors bind
 The structure of the B cell & T cell receptors
provide specificity of adaptive immune responses
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T-cell receptor is specialized to recognize foreign antigens

as peptide fragments bound to MHC
Circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in
peripheral lymphoid organs
 Circulating lymphocytes encounter antigen in
peripheral lymphoid organs
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Lymph nodes

Spleen

Mucosa-
associated
Lymphoid
Tissue (MALT)
 Lymphocytes encounter & respond to antigen
in the peripheral lymphoid organs
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 Lymphocytes encounter & respond to antigen
in the peripheral lymphoid organs
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 Lymphocytes encounter & respond to antigen
in the peripheral lymphoid organs
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 The effector mechanisms of
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adaptive immunity
 T cells regulate B-cell responses to most antigens

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 Antibodies protect against extracellular pathogens
and their toxic products
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 T cells orchestrate cell-mediated immunity

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 CD8 & CD4 T cells recognize peptides bound to
two different classes of MHC molecules
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MHC class II is recognized by

CD4+ T cells
(which will be develop into
Thelper cells)

MHC class I is recognized by

CD8+ T cells
(which will be develop into
Cytotoxic T cells)
 Inherited and acquired defects in the immune system
result in increased susceptibility to infection
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Summary
 Summary
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Innate immune responses

Cellular and humoral

Antigen presentation

Adaptive immune responses

Cellular and humoral

Immunological memory
48 Thank you