2013
Abstract
2013
COMMITTEE IN CHARGE OF CANDIDACY:
i
DEDICATION
fianc Jason Waters. His love and support has made me hap-
you.
to me.
forever appreciated.
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
lief.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of Tables v
List of Figures vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1
Vita Auctoris 56
iv
LIST OF TABLES
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
time.3
1
However, this rule is highly variable. Even though
2
to their normal weighted counterparts.15, 16
These findings
peers.17
3
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
es. The growth rate declines after puberty but does not
cease completely.
where the head grows to near adult size first and then
4
to begin orthodontic treatment. Investigators have used
chart.34 Using their sex, age, height, and weight, the body
The BMI growth chart for girls ages two to twenty is seen
5
for Health Statistics, a healthy BMI is between the 5th-84th
boys.34, 38
Mellion et al. found that peak height occurred
with the second stage being peak height velocity around age
lasts about three and a half years for girls. Boys experi-
time than girls. There are four stages for boys, with the
6
hair on the upper lip. The four stages of maturation for
7
Figure 2.1. Velocity curves for adolescent growth depicting the dif-
ferences between girls and boys. The corresponding stages of sexual
development are labeled (I-III for girls and I-IV for boys). Modified
from Proffit. 34
mones.7, 34, 42
protein.13, 14, 45
1964. They found that children who were tall and/or had
9
teeth. Children that were small and/or light had delayed
10
weight children have delayed emergence of primary and per-
11
Mixed Dentition
around age six. The mixed dentition spans the period where
has fully resorbed over the crowns but the teeth do not
erupt into the mouth. The teeth tend not to erupt even if
12
cross-link and contract. This theory relies on the high
tion is multifactorial.52
13
circadian rhythm also plays a role in the eruption
process.34, 53-55
follow suit.34, 53
14
age. According to Proffit, there are specific dental stag-
dentition begins around age six with the maxillary and man-
cessors erupting.
The third stage occurs around age eight when the pri-
15
Ages nine and ten are characterized by the amount of
root has just begun. The maxillary arch lags slightly be-
root formation.4, 34
of the canine.
16
lowed by the eruption of the non succedaneous second mo-
tion that does not allow the needed space for eruption of
17
tion sequences that are very problematic are 1) when the
tion.34
canine for females being 9.86 years by Hurme and 10.5 years
by Proffit.
18
Figure 2.2. Dental eruption timing for girls and boys developed by Hur-
me in 1949. This is a commonly used schematic to determine dental age.
It is most reliable in the mandibular arch. Modified from Hurme.7, 56
I1 I2 C PM1 PM2 M1 M2
Male 6.54 7.70 10.79 10.82 11.47 6.21 12.12
Female 6.26 7.34 9.86 10.18 10.89 5.94 11.66
19
Ethnic Variation
five percent57 and Americans with Asian decent are more de-
Socio-Economic Status
en are more likely to have low birth weight babies for var-
care. This puts the baby in danger from the very beginning
20
that low SES children have delayed dental development com-
Regional Variation
tion of the first and second molars are at least one and a
living in Brazil.62
21
Systemic Conditions
are <5% on the CDCs growth chart, they should have a thor-
Statement of Thesis
22
the developing child to maintain appropriate nutrition for
peers.
23
Literature Cited
24
11. Snchez-Prez L, Irigoyen M, Zepeda M. Dental caries,
tooth eruption timing and obesity: a longitudinal
study in a group of Mexican school children. Acta
Odontologica Scandinavica. 2010;68:57-64.
25
22. Rivera E, Assiri A, Guandalini S. Celiac disease. Oral
Diseases. 2013;10:1-7.
26
33. Ruiz-Maelin E, Parekh S, Jones S, Moles D, Gill D.
Radiographic study of delayed tooth development in
patients with dental agenesis. Am J of Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:307-14.
27
44. Papadimitriou A, Nicolaidou P, Fretzayas A, Chrousos
GP. Clinical review: Constitutional advancement of
growth, a.k.a. early growth acceleration, predicts
early puberty and childhood obesity. J Clin Endocrinol
Metab. 2010 Oct;95:4535-41.
28
54. Kovac J, Husse J, Oster H. A time to fast, a time to
feast: the crosstalk between metabolism and the
circadian clock. Mol Cells. 2009 Aug 31;28:75-80.
29
CHAPTER 3: JOURNAL ARTICLE
Abstract
30
(40%) which averaged 64.3 percentile. There were no sig-
31
Introduction
of time.3
32
However, this rule is highly variable. Even though
33
to their normal counterparts.15, 16
These findings have been
dren with low BMI and delayed skeletal and dental develop-
ment.
34
Sample
years of age.
the year 2011. The patients were then filtered for chrono-
ries, they were excluded from the study. The Hispanic and
Appendix C.
35
Exclusion criteria were congenital tooth anomalies,
36
Demirjian Index
acceleration.
37
rectangular vertical. Stages one through five were given
Statistical Analysis
(2-tailed).
38
alpha correlation was performed on ten percent of the sam-
Results
3.1, the mean BMI percentile for males was 61.7 and females
3.2, the mean BMI percentile for the Caucasian group was
logical age and dental age was 0.23 years or 2.8 months
39
ahead dentally. The dental age difference ranged from -3.2
Standard
Mean Median deviation Range
Body mass index (percentile) 57.9 60 30.6 1-100
tween stages 1-4. Stage 1 had 24% (n=48), Stage 2 had 25%
(n=49), Stage 3 had 28% (n=56), Stage 4 had 21% (n=41), and
40
Table 3.5. Cervical vertebral maturation stage distribution
Cervical Vertebral
Maturation Stage n Total
1 48 (24%)
2 49 (25%)
3 56 (28%)
4 41 (21%)
5 3 (2%)
197 (100%)
correlated.
41
tal age difference (P=0.15). There were no statistically
42
Figure 3.2. Multiple linear regression standardized model
43
The multiple regression model summaries are outlined
Change Statistics
Model R R2 Ad- Std. Error 2
R F Sig. F
justed of the Esti-
2 Change Change Df1 Df2 Change
R mate
1 .295a .087 .073 1.20 .087 6.13 3 193 .001
a. Predictors: (Constant), BMI percentile, ethnicity, chronological age
b. Dependent variable: Dental age difference
Sum of Mean
Model Squares df Square F Sig.
Regression 26.632 3 8.877 6.131 .001b
Residual 279.447 193 1.448
Total 306.080 196
a. Dependent variable: Dental age difference
b. Predictors: (Constant), BMI percentile, ethnicity, chronological
age
44
For reliability testing, twenty subjects panoramic
reliability.
Unstandardized Standardized
Model Coefficients Coefficients t Significance
B Std Error Beta
(Constant) 1.29 .769 1.68 .095
BMI percentile .008 .003 .196 2.81 .005
Ethnicity -.445 .178 -.175 -2.51 .013
Chronological -.071 .058 -.085 -1.23 .221
age
Discussion
45
children with under-nutrition and subsequent low body
mass.15-17, 38, 39
46
ic/Black population had a significantly higher mean BMI
or parental obesity.34
47
chronological age is a poor indicator of maturation, BMI
Conclusions
lated.
casian population.
age.
cally significant.
48
Literature Cited
49
11. Snchez-Prez L, Irigoyen M, Zepeda M. Dental caries,
tooth eruption timing and obesity: a longitudinal
study in a group of Mexican school children. Acta
Odontologica Scandinavica. 2010;68:57-64.
50
22. Rivera E, Assiri A, Guandalini S. Celiac disease. Oral
Diseases. 2013;10:1-7.
51
33. Ruiz-Maelin E, Parekh S, Jones S, Moles D, Gill D.
Radiographic study of delayed tooth development in
patients with dental agenesis. Am J of Orthod
Dentofacial Orthop. 2012;141:307-14.
52
Appendix A
53
Appendix B
54
Appendix C
Sample 1 2 3
BMI 55 25 9
percentile
Gender Male Male Female
Canine F 10 G 11 F 10.3
55
VITA AUCTORIS
56