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P U B L I H D BY H ARP R B ROTH RS ,

NO . 8 2C L I F F S T R E E T
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fav ou re d t e wo rl d wi t h a r e g ul a r a nd c o nti nu ous

history o f t e A r abs T his n e gl e ct seem s t e

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in t e j o u r n als of int e lli ge nt tr av e ller s an d s ci e nti c

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d iv e r si e d e ve nts which t e subj e ct e mb ra c e s , a nd
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t e c e l e b r at e d r e g i ons o f g ol d and fra nkinc e ns e ,
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si ng ul a r instituti ons by which the y ar e g o v e rne d.

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t e r e c o rd s o f t e p a st with t e illustrati o n s o f
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cu ri o u s an d i p ortan t e p is o d e in A r abi a n histo ry ;

as ris e to one o f t e m o s t wo n d e rfu l r e vo
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c ar e fully trans fe rre d to t e pr e xed M a p ; a nd th e i r
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a uth or b e in g chi e y to ill u st ra t e t e m ann e r s and

c u s to m s o f t e p e o pl e whil e d e sc r ibin g t e phy sic al

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structu r e a nd n a t u ral pr o d u cti ons of t e c ou ntry -

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Ignorance of the ir L an g u a ge a nd Li t e ra tur Re ligiou s P r e
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H ere si e s in t e A rabi an and as te rn Churche s

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s 98

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.

m m
C H A P T R V II .

m
m
h m
TH x o nw .

mh

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K oranI t s r e pu t e d

mh
T O ri gin H e ld in gre at Venera tion b y t e

h
M osl e sI t s l it era M eri t s urop e an Transl a t i ons D u
e

h
accis S a e s S a v e ry sS ou rce s whence i t s D oc

h h h
,

R y er s M ar

h
trine s were b orrow e d I t s l e ad ing Art icl e s of F ai thAnge ls
, , ,

h
a n d Ji n o rG enii x a inat i on of t e D e ad by M unk irand
N a kirInte r e d i at e S t a t e o f t e S ou l T e R e s urre ct i on
S igns tha t pre c e d e itC ere oni e s of t e F ina l J u d g e nt
T e J u dic i a l B a l anc e T e B ri d ge A l S ira tT or ent s of t e
W i ck e d Lu x uri e s a nd njo y ent s o f t e H app y S ta te
ed an P arad i seis
W or ne n not e x c l u d e d fro
d e stinatiun
t e Moha
Prayer T e Moha ed an Sabbat Abbi
7 .

V OL . I -B
.
 E
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m
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1
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4 C ONT NT S ;

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i nAl sFast ing F e stiv aLsPro ibitions as

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C ircu c sio
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-

to F ood I nt oxic a t ing L i qu ors an d G a C ivil

'

i in al C od e o f t e M osle sL a w s resp ect ing M ar

m
, ,

a nd C r
riag e T e C ourt s and O f cers of J u stice

m
ed an S ect s
T rad it ion s ;

Mo a T e S onn e e s and S e W T e ir

h
m
7

h
H atred of e ac ot er 2 3

h
m
h hh h
m
C HAP T R VII
I

mE
m
rs

m
CO N Q U ST S OF TH sw a ;

Dispu tes in S u ccessor to M o a ed Ab u B eker

E
oo sin g a

c

h hh
elected C alip Ali refu ses S ub ission T ir b u le n t S t a t e o f

h
ir I v asi f S ri S u ccess of t e S ara cens

t e p e n o n o y a
C ap t ure of B o sraS ieg e of Da ascu s B attle of Aiznadin

h
E
S u rrend er of Da a scu sDea t o f A b u B ekerA cce ssion of

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O arP u rsu it a nd P lu nd er o f t e D a a scene xilesA ct ion

h
E
r o f AbylaB attle of Y e r ou kS ieg e and Ga pitu

h
at t e F ai

h
lation of Je r u sale Jou r ne y of t e C alip to t a t C ap it al

h
S u rrend er of Alepp o T e C astle b esieg ed a nd t ak en b y

m
S tra ta g e R educt ion o f Ant ioc lig t of H e r

m
F ac li
uw
'

m
S ubj u g at ion of S yria and P alest ine Disgrace and De at of
nv a sion of P ersiaB a ttle of C ad e siaO ccu p ation

E
K aledI
of M ad a y nI ense B o otyB at tle of Na avu nd Defe at

m m
r

h
a nd De a t of Y e z d i
j i d F
ina l C onqu e st o f P ersia 3 05

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h
h

C H APT R I
X

m h
.

h
WAR S
'

OF TH CA L IP H S .

m m

h
S ieg e

h
m
nv asion of
I y t R ed ti n F ar a orP elu siu
of

g p uc o

h
an d C ap it u l a t ion of M e p i s S ur e nd e ro f A lexand r
r ia
n g of t e L ibraryC onquest an d De scrip t ion o f

hh hh
Bu r ni g yp t

hh
a nC ap tu re o f

E
A ssassination of O ar Accession of O t

C yprus, A ncy ra , and R od esI

h
nv asion of AfricaDefea t of

h
anA cce ssi

h h
t e Prefect Greg ory M urd er of O t

P olit ical Distu rb ances B attle of S e e inM oay iy a
-
on o f Ali

hh
o under F
of t e O iad an Dyna st y , u surp s t e C alip a te A li a ssa s .

sin ate d Ab dica t ion o f H a ssan

Deat of M oaw iy a ate F
of I a H ossein a t erbelaT e O
K ia d es or C alip s
a scu sT ei rC arac ter x p elled by t e a ily of F
1
of D a

hh hh
Ab b as, w o seiz e t e T rone 35

C H AP T R X .

CO NQ U ST OF A F R IC A A N D S P A IN .

W arin AfricaV ic t orie s of Akb a F

R e new al of
oan
t e
ou nding
.

of C a ir R ev olt o f t e Afr
icans R e d u ct ion of C art ag e
E
hm
E

EE
E
E
h h
E
h h
h hh
C ONT N T S. l5

m
Defe t of t
S ara cens b y t e M oo rs S u cce ss of Mu sa

m

a e

hh h

xp u lsion of t e Greek s and nal S u bj u g ation of Africa In

h
v asion of S p ain b y T ari k Defea t of t e G o t s R ap id C on
render of C ord ov a , S ev ille, and

m
m
q uest s of t e M osle s S u r

T oled o R educt ion of t e C o un try a s far a s t e B a y of

h h


B iscay R ecovery of S ev ill e Descent int o L ang u e d o c P r

h
e

hh
p ar a tions o f t e S ara cen s to su b d ue u ro pe R ec all and Dis
r f M Ar b i S e tt ler i S i Prog re ss o f t e

h
g ac e o u sa a an s n p a n
S ar a cens i n F
rance Defeat of ud es Victory b y C arles
~

M artel at T o urs xp ulsion of t e S aracens fr

-
o F ran oe
ast Sieg e s of C o nst an ti
.

S uccess of t e M osle s in t e no

.

p le R epulse of t e Arab s T eir C onqu es ts beyon d t e

O x u s S urrender of S a arcan d I nv asion of India xtent
of t e M o a edan p ire .383
E
E
E
E
mm
m
m
t
h
hh h
h
hhe
h
h
MA P of Arab ia
VI G N T T M o
K aab at t
ntrance to Pe tra
,

Medina and M osque of t

N GRAV IN G S IN

wi
a
V OL

ed prea c ing ag a st t
e four

e
rst C al i

Prop
p s a nd [

et
.

To f ac e
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ains
I
.

dols
I
t

O
e V ig nette
of

Pa g e 14
4
22
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 E
EE
Em
EE
A R A B IA ;

E
AN CINT AN D M O D R N.

E m
mm
m
C H AP T R I

h h
.

hh h h
h
INT R ODUC T O RY V I W OF A RAB IAN I
H ST O RY

h
.

Pe

h
Arab i a cu liarities in its H ist ory and M ar e r s nte r
I e stin
A sp ect of t e C oun tryI

h
d

h
ts C onn exion W it any S cen es an
vent s i n H oly Writ .

Dist ing u is ed a s t e B irt pl a ce of M o

ed R a p id an d exten si

hhhh
.

h
v e C o n u e st s of t e S ara cens
a q

h m
I n st abilit y a nd Dow nfa ll of t ei r pire T eir singular

P as sion forL e arn in g M u n i ce nt nd ow ent o f S c ools
C au se s W y t eir H ist ory as b een little stu died in urope

hh
Ig nora nce of t eir L a ng uag e an d L it era t u re R eligious P r e

j u dic e s a g a in st t e ir C a r ac t er ffor t s of S c olars and L it

h
er ar y A ss oc ia t io n s t o ill u str a t e A r a b ia n H is t o r
y V alu ab le
Discoveries of recent Trav ellers Unexplored Tract s in t e
C entral Desert sProsp ect s of furt er Discoverie sIncreased

h

Fa cilities forMod ern R esearc Re e ctions on t e P receding
S urvey

h
.

To tho se W o delig ht to study an in is p a stor al

si mpli city to m or alize on the destin y of n ations o r
,

the rise an d fall o f empires t e history o f Ar abi a ,

c annot fail to b e attr a ctive Fr om tim e im m emori al

.

i t a s b een c elebr ated for its preci ous productions ,

a n d di s t in g ui shed as the hom e of lib erty and ind e

p e nd e nc e ; the only l and in all a ntiquity th at never

bowed to the yoke of a forei g n c onqueror It c on .

tinu e s to be inh ab ited at this d ay by a r ac e c oev al

B 2
1
8

with
h
h h IN T R O D U C T I O N
the rst ag es o f m ankind T e ir m anners s t ill
.

m
.

present t at mixture o f rude freedom an d pa tri arch al

simpli city which we nd in the infa ncy o f society ,

before ar t ad t au g ht m en to res tr a in the sentim ents

.O f n ature o rdis g uise the ori g in al fe a tures o f their
ch ar a cter This ext r aordin ary pe ople h ave not only
.

prese r ved inviol ate the dominion o f theirdeserts and .

their p a sture s ; they h ave also , with a sing ul ar ten a -

c ity r et a ined from ag e to a g e and in spite of ch an g e s

h
, ,

and revolutions the vi ce s an d virtue s the h ab its a nd

, ,

custom s o f their a nc e stors witho u t b orrowin g i ,

provement from the pro g ress o f k nowledg e o rtheir

interc ourse with other n a t ions .

The physic al a spect o f this c ountry i s not less

interestin g th an the pe culi ar ch ar a cter o f its in ab .

itants C o v ered with v a st pl ains o f b arren s and s

h
.
,

inte r se c te d b y r ang e s o f m ou nt a ins and fertil e v al

l eys it unites the extreme s o f sterility an d abun

,

d an c e and enj oys a v ar

,
ie ty o f clim a te th at g ives it at
o nc e all the a dv a nt ag es o f the torrid an d the tem

E
er a te re g i ons There smilin g p le nty is o ften found
p .

imbosom ed in the midst o f de sol ation ; and the indi

h
g enous pr oductions O f clim e s t e m ost dist ant an d

mhh
d i e r e nt from e a ch other ourish th er

e in equ al
p erfecti on These g r and and distinctive fe ature s o f
.

Ar abi a h ave Suffered little alter ation from the l apse

o f time o r the contin g encies O f hum an events C e n -
.
,

tu r ie s ave p a ssed over it without le avin g any

ch an g es but tho se produc ed b y the h a nd o f n ature .

It presents few o f those m or al vesti g e s o f servile

de g r a dation orthose m el ancholy ruins o f dep arted
,

S plendour th a t aboun d in alm ost every other kin g

,

h
do in the world It as indeed rem ains o f cities.
, ,

an d towns th a t t ell us o f a we alth and a popul a tion

lon g sinc e v ani shed ; but it a s no m onum ents of ar t
to b e c omp ared with the stupendous and imperi sh
able architecture o f g ypt o rthe cl assic temples o f ,

Gre ece an d It aly .

I t p osse sse s o we ver s cenery o f another d e sc r

, ,
ip
hh
h hhh
2
0

h IN T R O D U C T I O N

m
E
.

Jon,
t g lory o f king dom s , the be auty o f t e
e
C alde es exc e llency, hei g htens the p i cture o f its

u tter desol a tion by a sin g le allusion to the h abits

h
o f t is p a stor al pe ople : N either sh al l the A r abi an
p itch tent there ; neither sh all t e shep e rds

h
m ak e their fold there
Ch ap xiii 2
. 0 N 0 one , in
. . .

m
short , can b e i g nor ant ow m any v alu able ill ustr a

h
tions the inspired penmen h ave derived from Ar abi a,
and ow much lig ht ay be thro w n o n different

h
p arts o f the S a cred S cripture s by an attentive ob

h
servation o f the custom s and institu tions o f t is and
the nei g hbourin g c ountries
In order , s ays the

m
.

le arned Mi ch a elis ,to underst an d properly t e

writin g s o f the O ld Te st a m ent , it i s a bsolutely ne

ce ssar to ave an ac qu a int an c e with the n atur al
y
istory as well a s the m ann ers o f the ast ; forin
th at volum e we nd ne arly thre e hundred n a e s o f

h
v e g et ab les : there ar e m an y also d r awn from the -

an im al kin g dom an d a g re at number which d e sig

,

n ate preci ous stone s . The r em ark o f this gre at

biblic al schol ar is c orrobor ated by an O bserv a tion '

o f the intelli g ent B urckh ardt to the s a e e e ct ;

h
m

th at the s a cred i stori an of the children o f Isr a el

h
will never be thorou ghly un dersto od so lon g a s w e

h
ar e not minutely a cqu a inted with every thin g rel a
tin g to the Ar abi an B edouin s an d the c ountrie s in
which they m ove an d p astur e

f .

B ut the princip al fe a ture in t e h isto r y o f Ar abi a

c onsists in its bein g the birt p l a c e O f th a t e x tr aor
d in ar y person a g e W o se ar tful fan aticism g ave a

hm
new reli g ion t o hi s c ountry an d produc ed a r
,
e v o lu
tion whi ch in its e ffects o n the destinies o f an
,

h hh
kind nds no p ar allel in any ag e a ncient o rm odern
,
.

Prior to the e r a O f their Prophet the Ar abs se em ,

no t to h ave ventured much b eyond their ow n deserts ,

no rto av e m ade an y g ure a s a g re at o r enter

Prefa ce to is Q uestions addressed to t e Danis v :

'

1
e llers
.

L ife and M e .o f J L B urckhar

. . d t P lX X X iV , .
:
p

E
m
ri sin g h
people .Then however
quired a new interest and their n atur
t ook a new di re ction
-
IN T R O D U C T I O N
, their
,
istory ao
al ener g ie s
s teem ed hitherto of no
.

repute by forei g ners exc ept for their we al t h ; an d

.

,
21

mE
hh
,

sep ar ated from all the w orld not more by their p e ,

c uliar mode o f life th a n by a nec essity c o nsequent

o n their si tua tion ; w e nd them suddenly emer g in g
fro their n ation al insig ni c anc e and as sumin g all ,

at onc e the lofty ch ar a c t er o f a po s tle s and le gisl a tors

t o the rest o f m an kin d T e sword o rt e K or a n .

w a s the terrible altern ative they o ffered to the choic e
o f their enemies D oub ly stimul ated by a thirst for

m
.
,

c onquest and a z e a l for m a k in g proselyt e s they per

h
,

form ed e xploits whi ch m a de t heir n a m e t he t error

of t he whole e a r t h for m any c enturie s an d h av e ren ,

dered it fa m ous to all posteri ty

h
.

N othing ind e ed in t he polit ic al a nn als O f m ankind

, ,

pres ents a m ore extr a ordin a ry spec t acle th an t he

h
sudden and overwhelming r evolution w ich ab out ,

the i ddl e of the seventh c entury spran g up in thi s

h
,

Em
O b s cure c orner O f the a st Or ig i ating in the bold
.

b u t imp ious pretensions o f o n e an who a d the ,

ar t to c oncentr ate the s c attere d and impetuou s en .

er g ie s o f hi s c ountry into the ch annel o f is own

am b ition it spre ad with am a zin g c e lerity and in less
, ,

th an a un dre d ye ars c overed an extent o f territory

g re ater th an w as ever own ed by Rom e in the A u
g ust an a g e O f her power All th at w e re ad of the
.

fabled m on archies of Assyri a and B ab ylon O f the ,

b o a sted expedi t ions o f Cyrus an d Al ex ander o rthe ,

v ast re g ions overru n b y the Mo g ul and T a rt ar hordes ,

w ill be ar no c o p arison to the domini on o f Moh am

m ed ; for it embr a ced them all Re a chin g from t he .

Pill a rs of H ercules on the o n e h and to the c onnes

o f Chin a on the other it c omprehended durin g a , ,

c er t ain period thre e four

, ths of Asi a the whole of
-
,

N orthern Afri c a and a c on sider abl e portion of

,

u rope.

It is t rue th at the st ab ili t y o f thi s coloss al powe r

 h
2
2 I NT RO D U C T I ON.

did not equ al its g re atness Reli g ious disputes an d

.
,

the j a rring intere sts o f fa mili es or individu als who

h
cl aim ed an heredit a ry ti t le to t e s u c cession g ave ,

rise to discords an d r e v olts th at soon broke down

h
thi s hu g e p o nti cal m on archy into a v ari ety o f sep
a r a te and i ndependent princip alities At a l ater .

e poch too forei g n inv a sion c ompleted th at over

, ,

throw which intestine divi sions ad b e gun The .

.

qu arre ls o f ri val c aliphs were suc ce eded by w ars

a nd revolutions not less s an uin ary th an ad m arked

m
g

h h
the rise and e st ablishment o f their power Greeks .
,

Turks and T art ars num erous a s the locusts from

, ,

their o w n deserts poure d in t heir wil d an d u ndisci

p lin e d sw a rm s on all sides o f the Mosle m dominions

E
hh h
,

an d in pro c e ss o f tim e w o n b a ck the e x tensive terri

h
tories w ich a w arlike superstition ad wre sted from

mm
them N ew st ates and kin g dom s spr an g from this
.

imperi al wreck and g r adu all y set t led them selve s

,

ove rthe fair a nd ampl e re g ions which the S ar a c en

c onquests ad e mbr a c ed The power an d ag nifi

h h h
.

c enc e o f the cal iphs shr ank b a ck into the s am e o

h hh
scur ity from which they ad ri sen B u t w ile their

h
.

tempor al dominion w as reduc ed to its an ci ent li mits

withi n the se as of Ar abi a the faith an d the fam e o f

h
,

Moh amm ed were left to e nj oy a ll the as c endency

h h
which is rst triu p hs ad g ained T e v ictorious .

na tions w o thr ew o ff the yoke of is feeble suc

ce ssor s ret aine d all their vener ation for is reli
g ion and willin g ly rendered i alle g i anc e a s their
,

spiritu al m aster ; an d at the present d ay is cre e d

rei g ns t rou g hout the ast with ne ar ly as a bsolute
and un disputed authority O ver t e he arts an d c on
sciences O f m en as in the proudest e r a o f S ar ac en
despotism .

Short a s w as thi s c areer o f this milit ary p ag e ant ,

which a chieved such v a st an d ext r aordin ar y ch ang e s

in the mor al and politi c al st ate o f a l ar g e po rtion O f
the world it is replete with events interes t in g to the
,

s t a t esm a n and the philosopher ; unfolding a serie s

of
and rew ard o u r curiosity
I NT RO D U C T I O N

T e vi ctori e s r
.

tions and c apri cious vi cissitude s o f hum an fortun e

,

th at p ass by in r api d suc c ession are without ex a m

ple in any n ation o f an ci ent or m odern
h .

ch ar a cters an d incidents th a t will both en g a g e

e v olu

urope
The c at al o g ue O f the le adin g person ag e s the c aliphs ,
,

E 2
3

m
and c onquerors th a t g ured on this rem ark ab le
the atre presents som e str an g e c o ntr a sts to the or

h
,

d in ar y histo r y o f suc c essful a dventurers an d the ,

m
di strib u t ion o f e a rthly g r andeur Am on g other

m
.

n ations heroes and le gi sl ators g enera lly requir e a

,

proc e ss of tr a inin g and it i s only by slow an d per

,

severin g de g ree s t ha t t he usur per a sc ends t he p in

n acl e of is a m b i t ion H ere w e h ave the r are spe c
.

t a cle of sl ave s m oun te d on thrones ; l aw le ss b an dits

be c omin g the dispensers o f j usti c e and prote ction ;

mE
i lliter at e shepherds an d m erch a nts suddenl y tr ans
for e d into the c omm an ders of armie s or vested ,

w it h the sole n functions o f kin g s an d p o nti s .

h
Yet sin gul ar a s it ay appe ar not a few o f them
, ,

were distin g ui shed for civ il and milit ary t al ents ;

o ther s h ave g ain ed a l a stin g c elebrity by their p at
r o n ag e an d love o f sci enc e ; an d som e of them shed

h
a lustre o n the diadem by the exerci s e o f those
,

pe a ce ful an d princ ely virtue s w ich h ave procure d

h
for the r ulers o f other c ou ntries the vener able title
of fathers of their people .

It w as in the c ourt s of B a g d ad an d Cufa O f D a ,

d

ascu s a nd Cordov a th at le a rnin g found a

, o sp it ;

ab le a sylum when a su c ce ssion O f b a rb arous inro ads

,

ad ne arly quenched t he l a st r ays of Greek a nd

Rom a n liter at ure and sc arc ely left a sin g le monu

hh
,

m ent o f ar t or g e nius in urope N othin g except

.
,

t heir own victories is more surpri sin g th an the pro

,

gr ess whi ch thi s a cute an d in g eni ous people m ade

in the cul tiv ation o f every dep a rtment of hum an
k nowled g e F rom a st a te o f i g nor anc e and b arb a
.

ri sm in whi c they ad b een plun g ed for c entur

, i es ,

they emerg ed with a lustre not m or e rem ark abl e

 h
m h
2
4 I N T RO D U C T I O N .

m
for its brill i an cy th an for the g i g antic e ig ht to

h
which it rose N o rcan we a ccount except from
.
,

the strengt h and vers atility O f their m ent al c ap a ci

t ie s for this sudden bl a z e o f g enius w ich burst
,

m
forth in every corner o f their empire and spre ad it s
.

h
,

in uence as faras their arm s extended M any o f .

t e c aliphs were protectors of le a rning They live d .

sur r o i d e d with poets and or ators and a ssem b led ,

in their p al aces men o f the m ost di stin g uished ac

q uir e e n ts from every qu arter o f the world The
.
.

n a me o f H aroun a l R a schid the hero of t e Thou

- -
,

s and and o n e N i g hts st an d s as soci ated wi t h those

,

ench an t in g c t ions whi ch h ave m a de B a g d a d a fa iry

l and and will c ontinue to diffuse a ch arm until t aste
,

an d i ag in ation sh all becom e ext inct .

U nder hi s suc c essors le a rnin g o f all k inds w as

,

cultiv ated an d prop ag ated with equ al ze al In every .

town from the b ank s o f the Ti g ris to the Atl anti c

, ,

schools a nd c olle g es were e st ablished . The su n

o f sci enc e and philosophy di ffuse d its hum anizin g
inuenc e over the erc e spirits and s av ag e m ann er s
o f Afric a .A ch ain O f a c ademies stretche d alon g .

the whole M editerr ane an shore ; and in the cities

o f C a iro Fe z and Moroc c o the m o st m ag nicent

hh
, , , \

buildin g s were appropri ated to publi c in struction .

Sp ain w a s on e O f t he m ost c elebr a ted se ats o f

Ar ab i an l e arnin g A v a st num b er of em inent n am e s
.

in po etry m e d icine m athem atics and every dep art

, , ,

m ent O f study adorned its ann al s even in the dre ary

,

ni g ht of t e t w e lft century In its scho ols and

hh
lib r arie s the s a cred re s o f orient al kn owled g e
continued to b urn with m ore th an their an cient
splendour w hen the rest o f the world w as sunk in

h
,

Gothi c i g nor anc e .

This a scendency O f the Ar abs in the empire o f

letter s ad followed ex a c t ly the pro g ress o f the ir
ar ms ; but like their other conquests it re sted on an
, ,

insecure b asis an d proved quit e as tr ansitory in its

,

d ura tio n It did not van i s , ew ev e r

, w i th ou t le a v
ing

mmE h h
I NT RO D U C T I O N

m any impo rt ant benets to succ e eding g ener a

tions N ot only were the liter ary tre as ures O f a
.

tiquity preserved an d t r ansfu sed into the copio u s

.

h
2
5

E
,

l ang u ag e o f Ar ab i a ; there w ere also impor t ed new

h
and useful disc overies in arts and m a nufa cture s

E
h
,

which a d lon g enj o yed in t e a st a perfection

then unknown to other n ations v ery br anch o f
study his t ory g eo g r aphy critici sm the belles
.

al science s rec eived

, , ,

le t tres the n atur al and or

, ,

v alu able a c cessions from the enterprise an d e nt u

EE
s ias o f the Ar abs T e num b e rO f com fort s an d
.

even luxuries for which w e ar e inde b te d to the m i s

pro dig io u s ; b u t as they w ere i nt roduc ed grad u al ly
and at a rem ot e period we c on tinue to enj oy the
,

benet of the m u nconsciously and without recog ,

nising their authors : M any a r t s and inven t ions

h
,

whi ch h ave m inistered to hum an h appiness and ,

wrou g ht a tot al ch an g e in the s y stem of hum an

knowledg e were r st c ommunic ated an d t aug ht t o

h
,

us by these a ste r n inv a ders ; a m on g whom they

were well k nown lon g b efore any indic a tions o f
them ad re a ched the d ar k ened shore s of u rope .

In c asting ou reye wit h a r apid g l a nc e over the

g re at and diversied events which o ffer them selve s
t o our

h
c ontempl ation in the study of Ar ab i an i story '

m
it i s m atter of surprise th at u nt il of l ate t e a tt en
, ,

tion of u rope ans should h a ve been so li t t le exc ited -

h
tow a rds thi s p r imit ive and e x tr a or din a ry r a c e ; and

h
tha t so much yet rem a ins to b e explored Of the
c ountry they in ab it a nd t he insti tutions b y which

h
,

they ar e g overned D ist ance no doubt and a r are

.
, ,

interco urse h ave contributed to b lunt th at curiosity

,

which onc e looked with a stonis m ent on the tro

p ies O f their v alour and their le arnin g N ew .

alli a nce s h ave been formed wi t h the

and consider ations of tr a de

as tern world ;
whi ch as long s inc e
ab a ndone d itsanc ie nt rou t e
,

h a ve drawn aw ay our
,

sy p athi es from this rom antic l and .

10
The intere st we t ak e in rem ote or a ncient n ation s
,

T
V OL . 0
-
2
6 I N T RO D U C T IO N .

h
h mh
depends g re atly on the de g ree o f intim acy w it
w hich their m em ory o rtheir a chievem ents ar e a sso
c iate d w ith o urpresent h ab its ,
The prefer enc e is .

n atur ally g i ven to those c ountries whose l an g u ag e

E
a nd m anne r s ar e fa miliar to us an d inc orpor a ted a s

h
,

mE
it Were with our ide a s a nd institutions It is from .
(

t is circum st anc e th at the Gree k s and Rom ans h ave

en g ro ssed so l ar g e a portion of o u rstudy Their
'

E
.

authors ar e the g uid e s an d text b ooks O f o u reduc a

hh
tion From them it
. ay be s a id w e h ave e r
, ,

rowed the rudim ents o f our liter ature our p iloso ,

phy o url aws an d our civiliz a tion

, , .

W ith the Ar ab s t he c a se st ands v e ry di ffer e ntly ;

and they mi g ht not without re a son c ompl a in o f a n

h
, ,

a p athy which a s a llowed a veil o f i g nor anc e and

Em
prej udic e so lon g to rest on t e ir country and their
true ch a r a cter Their l a n g u ag e form s no element
'

ar y p art o f our studies and i s seldom app r , o a ched ,

except from m otive s o f profession al n ece ssity ora ,

t a ste which is more a d i red for its sin g ul arity t an

its usefulness N 0 a stern ton g ue exc ept the Chi
.
,

ne se is so little cultiv ated o ru nderstood in u rope

,

as the Ar ab i c n otwithst a ndin g the e fforts o f tr a n s

l ators and g r amm ari ans
,

Of S chultens R e isk e
, , ,

G oliu s ,
rp e niu s D e S a cy D H e r b e lo t C a siri As
, ,

, ,

sem an Po co ck G ag nier ; O ckley S ale Jones Rich

, , , , ,

ar d so n Pri ce an d v ar
, , ious others who h ave c ontrib ,

u te d by their le a rned l ab ours to cle ar a p a ss ag e for

hh
;

future adve nturers into this v a st tre a sury o f ori ent al

knowledg e .

There ar e cert ain impressions too with which

h
, ,

u rope ans h ave b een wont to a ssoci ate the ch ar ac

h
ter o f this ancient a nd c elebr ated people which h av e ,

ad an u nfavour able e ffect an d a tt a ched a sort o f ,

sti g m a to their very n a me W e ar e a ccustomed to .

re g ard them in the li g ht o f rob b ers and pir ate s .

m erely w ose a nd is ag a ins t ev ery a n

,

W hos e
primev al destiny w a s a sentenc e of impl a cable an d
c e a seless hostility wit their ne ig t ur s ; an d o n
E
E
2
8

c ontroversy an d bound them selve s by solemn vow s

for their extirp ation
,

Milit ary orders were ex

pressly instituted for t he s a m e obj ect who m a de it

h
a work of C h a rity an d mercy to h a r a ss and destroy
them from the fa c e of the e arth Tow ards the clo se
o f the middl e ag e s their n a me w a s detested over al l
urope where they were known only as b arb ari ans
and freebooters

hh
and Goths of the
li c fa ith
,

the burners of libr ari es the H uns

,

a st an d the enemies o f the C at o

I NT R O D U C T ION

,
,
.
.

m m
.

The improv e ment s an d disc overie s of n avi g ation

m
,

whi ch threw a n e w li g ht on the m ost dist ant qu arters

h h
m
of the g lo b e tended for a while r a t her t o prolon g

h
,

m
t h an to dispel the sh ades O f p rej u d ic e t at ad settled

h
h h h
down o n Ar ab i a W hen the n av al enter

m
prise o f the

h hh
m
.

h
m
1

h
h h
m
t t r rod u ced is C r ib ratio Alcor or

ab ou 46 0, p an i

h
e ea

hh
,

S iftin g of t e K ora n as an ant id ote a g a inst t e fal se rel ig ion

h h hh
,

t a t ad ad e su c d isastrou s inroad s in t o t e p ap al d o in ions

In 1

h
487J oannes A nd reas a conv er ted Mu ssu l an wr
.

ot e i

m
n

h h
, , ,

EE
C onfusion of t e M o a ed an S ect in refu t a

mm
S p anis is
t ion of t e creed e ad forsaken S o early as 1 1

h h
m
2
,

0 Friar R ic

hh
.

ar d ad g one to B ag d a d in ord er to confu t e t e M o ar n e d an s

hh h
h
m
out of t eir ow n b ook s : an d is retur ub lis ed is

h
on n e
p

h
h h
m
, ,

Confu tatio L egis S ar T e Jesu it ission a ry X a

ace cae

h h
.

vier a t t e co and of t e M o gul e peror wr ot e a defen ce of

hhh h
m
, ,

m
t e G os p el a g ainst t e S ara cen s called A L ooking gl a ss for

h h
-
,

s ow ing t e Tru t A learned Persian w ro te an a nsw er

to it

h
m
,
.

entitled t e B ru s er of t e L ooking glass in w ic b e e x

h h
-
,

p osed t e er rors an d su per tit ions O f t e C u rc of R o e so as

hh hh
s ,

mm
to alar t e P rop a g a n d ist s w o e ployed a Franciscan friar to
refute it ; and in 1

h
h
62
,

8 e p u b lis ed is C learin g u p of t e

h h
, ,

L o o king g lass in reply to t e P ersian Bru s er A ong o t er

h
-

h
, .

d efend ers of C r ist ianity w o d irected t eir p ole ical fu r y

h h
a g ain st t e S a r acen s ay b e entioned Alp onso d e S p ina

h h h
, ,

w o wr ot e t e Fortalitiu Fid ei orFortress of t e F ait

hh h
,

R ay ond M a r t in w it is P u O F id ei orDa g g er o f t e

, ,

Fa it ; and Pelag iu s w it is O ll y r
iu
, c on tra H e r e ticos ,

or y e S al ve ag a in st t e H e r et ics S o e of t ese prod uc tions .

ar e
p oor e n ou g
x
and g i v e a curio u s
p ic tu re of t e extra vag ant
fancie s of t e w riters A ong t e early sp ec i en s of
. ng lis
t yp ograp y w e nd a b ook printed b y Daye A g ayn st P er
, j u .

r lu s Mu r d er in
y g M a o et
Wa tt s B ibliot B rit P rid ea ux s .

. .

 h INTR O D U CT IO N .

17ope
2
9

h
P ortu guese ad , in 4 9 ,
ed u p a new p assage

m*
n
to India by the C ape of
Go od Hope the geniu s o f ,

an cie nt commerc e ab an do n ed the shores of the R e d

S e a ; a nd its al tered c o u rs e dissolved in a gre a t

h
,

m e a s ure the o nl y rem ain i ng bo n d of co nn e x io n

,
,

which a d hitherto attr a cted the c upidity o f s tr an

gers tow ards the fertile regio ns of gold an d { r an ki n
c e n se .

In proc e ss of tim e however t hese b arriers which

, , ,

ignor an c e and b ig g tr y ad re ared were g r ad ually ,

b roke n dow n Lite r ary . e n both here and o n the ,

C o nti n e nt began to stu dy the works of the Ar abi an

m
,

a u thors ; and to u nlock by m e an s o f their tr, ansla

t io n s a n d c om me nt ari es the se aled tre asu re s o f ,

orie nt al le arni ng P ocock at O x ford spe nt m ore

h
.
, ,

t h an six ty ye ar s in this l au d able toil V ario u s .

foreign schol a rs trod in his footsteps w ith eq u al

e ru diti o n ; a nd to them the world is i n debted as the

rst restorers of Ar abi a n liter at u re S in c e the ir

h
.

time num ero u s soci etie s h ave bee n i nstit u ted for

E E
t e p u rpo se o f collecti n g and givi n g t o the pu blic

E
s u ch i n form atio n re specti n g the E as t as ay lie
s c a ttere d a mo n g the ho arded stores of moder n libr a
ries ; orcan be proc u red by the rese a rch o f indi
vid u als who h a ve vi sited o rresided in t e c o un tri es

h
whose his tory m ann ers and produ cti o ns it is their
, ,

m
obj ect to ill u str ate S e ve r al A rab ian works h av e
.

r uid e r

m
ec e n tly appe ared r the au spice s of the C olleg e

mmmm
m
o f Fort W illi a m in I n di a a n d of the O rie n t al T r a ns

h
,

l ation C ommitte e est abli shed in L o ndo n W ithin

h hh
.

t e l a st two or three ye a rs a p eriodic al w or k in

h
,

h hhh
their o w n l an gu ag e w as proj ected in the c apit al o f
'

h hh
Fr an c e for the be n et o f the Ar abs in order to

h
,

h
,

T e e dwar
ld erP o cock (d ) is a n a e of w ic ng lis

l ite r
a tur e ay w e ll b e p r oud H e s tu die d in t e
. a st , and on

is re tu r
n w as dis isse d b y is as te rw it t is co pli e nt ,
G o t y w ay ; w e r e soe v e r t ou g o e st , t ou kn ow e st or

e

Ar ab ic t an t e Mufti of Al ep p o

O ckley s H is t P r f vol ii

. e . . . ,

P 2 &
C2
m h
30

mha

and n s drew
INTR O D U C TIO N

ke them ac qu ai nted with the lite r

their rst
atu re and FO :
tic s o f E urope ; a nd to reki ndle , as it were , the torch
O f k n owledge in tho se n eglected deserts where t e

rts scie c e b re a
C ommittee O f P ublic I n stru ctio n at C alc u tt a ar
t

the m ost e ste em ed writi ngs of o der n au thors , both

E n glish and S cottish .

The

M u ch w as al so do ne for the el u cid atio n O f orien t al

history by the liber al and e nlighte ned Spirit o f Brit
e
d aily oc c u pied in tr an sl ati ng i nto the E a stern to ng u e s
.

,
E
i sh c ommerc e d u ri ng the l a st c e ntu ry At an e a rly

h
.

period the m erch ants tr a di n g to the L ev ant form ed

h
m
them selve s i nto a c omp any which w a s a ckn ow ,

ledged and protected by the gover n men t Their .

power s were gre at and their i nterc o u rse e x te n sive

, ,

i nclu di n g the st ates o f B arb ary and all the shore s

o f the Mediterr an e an e a st w a rd of S icily T e be ne .

ts c on ferred by t i s a ssoci atio n in the w ay o f

r ese a rch and illu str ati o n w ere imm e n se ; and it i s to
their c o n s u ls ch apl ai n s and a ge nts m any of whom

, , ,

were i n dividu als of very disti n gu ished t ale nts th a t

h
,

1
we o w e ou rbest an d e ar liest k n owledge o f the co u n
tries c o nn e ct ed with their traic
.
'

It i s almost s up er u o u s to re ark th at sever al

h
,

v alu able additi on s to o urstock o f i n form atio n h ave

m m
bee n m ade by the adve ntu re s o f m ode r n tr avellers

m
The j ou r n al s o f N ie b u r and B u rckh ardt a lo n e ,

tho u gh there ar

m
e m any other u sefu l n arr ative s h ave ,

do n e more to ill u str ate the geogr aphy , m ann ers and

hhh h
h
m
,

c u stom s o f Ar abi a th an all th a t as bee n wr itte n

h
,

m
si n c e the reviv al of le tte rs gt

hh
Its bot an y and zo olo gy

ferr
TA

h
hhh
h
A siatic

law ay , & c

h h
on g

i N ie b u r
Bu r
"

ck ar

,
J ou rnal
t e

e ll, S

all inte ll i
t e Danis
,

g e nt tr

111
7
v ols

a g e n ts of
. vi

av e l le r
tr
s
ave lle r
ii and

,
.

L e v an t Co p any w o av e con
e d ob lig ation s o f t is kind , w e
R icau t, M au nd r
t e

nd t e n a e s of R P oc ock e ,
it , S a w t e tw o R u ssels, P o r
,

visited r
.

ab ia i
te r, Dal
n
M u ssul an,
63 ; A
.

1
7
.

17
; and B a d ia , a S pa nis
d t in 8 0-
u nd e rt e na e Of A li Be y , in 80 .
 m
m hh IN TR O D U C TIO N

h ave be r i nve sti ga ted its a n ci e nt r u i ns e x ami ne d ,

,

a nd its prese nt co nditio n described ; so farat le a st

as c a e withi n the r an ge of their O w n O bserv ati o n,
. 3 1

h h
orc o ul d be ga thered fr om their co nverse with the
n atives The rec e n t w arwith t e W a ab e e s O pe n ed
.

up ne w ch ann els o f disc overy , by affordi n g to seve

r al E u rope an s att a ched to the E g ypti a n a rmy an

h hm
mm
O pport u nity o f pe n etr a ti n g farther i nto the Ar abi an
deserts th an ad b e e n deem ed pru de nt orpr a ctic able

by solit ary tr a vellers (The su rvey which thes e
.

e x peditio n s e nabled them to m ake as ill us tr ated

m any c uri o u s and do u btful poi nts and bro u ght ,

u s a cqu a i n ted with e x te n sive p a stor al tr a cts little

k n ow n a n d alm ost tot ally u n e x plored by str an ger s;

h
,

for t e kn owledge O f which we ad to dep en d on

Ar abi an au thors ofte n very i n cor, rect ; oro n the
Greeks a nd R om an s who described these i ,
ea
su r ab le wilds chie y from fan ciful and e x a gger ated
r e p or ts
The e arly pil g ri s from E u rope and Afric a w o ,

a nnu al ly visited the g r and temple at Me c c a , ad

n either m e an s n o r lei sure fo robserv atio n ; they per

E
form ed their devoti on s and however e nlighte n ed a s
, ,

to their spiritu al pro spects , ret u r ned at le a st en tirely

ign or ant o f the co u ntry The C r u s ader s e t the

hh
.

S a r a ce ns o nly a s e nemie s in the eld of b a ttle where ,

they fo u nd them e nthu si a stic ally br ave often ge n e

h
,

m
ro u s in the ho ur o f victory and al w ays fa ithful to the

m
,

l aws o f ho n o u r and hospit ality The Fre n ch and .

Portu gu ese by their sever al e x peditio n s to the R e d

S e a a nd the P ersi an G ulf in the 6t and 7
,

th c e n 1 1

h h
t ur ie s m a de geogr aphers a cqu a i nted with little m ore

h
h h h
,

hh
th an the c o a sts o n some p arts o f which t ey ad
,

h
hhh h h
e ffected tempora ry settleme nts

h
.

T e H er
p en od otu s on ce celeb r
of a te d t is co u ntr y , and
ig t a v e su p p lie d n its e ar
any d e fe cts i ly istory B u t t e .

w or k as long since p e r is e d in t e w r e ck o f c la ssi cal le arning ;

'

a n d t e l oss is t e ore to b e r eg r
e tte d w en w e r e e ct on w a t
e as d on e fort e an tiq u itie s of g yp t .
 h mm
3

h
2 TNT R O DUO TION.

It i s b ut o f late th a t feeli ngs o f an cie nt p r ej udic e

h
ave c e as ed to h au nt the im a g i n atio n o f E urope an

m
tr avellers The Chev alier D A r v ie ux a

co n
1 1
c ,

sul in S yr i a fro m 682to 888 vi sited the c a p o f ,

a n Ar abi an emi rand e ntio n s hi s s ur

h
mh
,
prise at the
p olite civility of these E aster n sav a ges whom the ,

h
p e ople o f Fra n c e ad be e n t au ght to c o n sider as
h avi ng n othi ng hu m an abo u t them b ut the sh ape ;
while the pr i nc e o f the desert and hi s c ou rtiers were
e qu a ll y a sto n ished to nd th a t the Fr ank s who se ,

n a mes t e y u sed to frighte n their childre n were n o t ,

ca iib al s n orqu ite so b arb a ro u s a s ad b ee n r

,
'
epr e
s e n te d

N ieb u hr and B u rckh ardt who h ave e arned ,

s u ch a n ho n ou r able disti ncti o n in thi s i nteresti ng

e ld o f re se arch c o n c u r in their admissio n th at the
,

pict u res dr aw n o f Ar ab feroc ity and the d an gers to ,

be apprehe nded fr o .
it h a ve be e n gre atly over
r
,

ch arged ; and th a t tr avell ers whe n they m eet with ,

i n ci vilities o r i nj u ries h ave u su ally t em selve s to

h
,

bl am e either by affe cti n g an o ste nt atio n o f we alth

,

a nd c o n sequ e n c e which a cts a s an i n citem e nt to

,

plun de r ; o r by e x pecti n g su ch l ux uri es a nd co n

hh h
v e nie nc e s a s a r e u tt erly i n c omp atible with the sim
ple h abits and reso u rc e s o f the c o u ntr y .

B ut with all t i s l au d able and s u c c es sful e nter

prise the l abo ur of Ar abi an disc overy IS farfrom

bei ng c ompleted There is yet S cope for e x ertio n

h
. .

T e pryi n g e e O f ob serv atio n which as m a de ,

import ant di sc o su re s in sever al o f its un frequ e nted

provi n c es a s left v ario u s c e ntr al distr
, i cts n e arly
un e x plored an d as little k n ow n a s they were in the

h
,

d ays o f Ale x an der the Gre at There i s however .

, ,

sm all re a so n to dou bt b u t th at t is O b sc u rity will

gr adu all y dis appe ar Tho u gh there ar
. e few allu re

m e nts to tempt the liter ary a dvent urer comp ared ,

with the d an gers he r u n s and the n ec ess ary qu ali

,

c atio ns o f min d and body ; sti ll t e r e i s e n o u gh o f

'

V o y ag e s d e 1
Arb i D

a e e se r
te P ub , .
p arM De la R oqu e
. .
 m
h
m
I N T R O D UC T I O N 33

m
.

h h
s cie nti c chiv al ry to c arry forw ard if not to c om ,

p le te the disc overies th at h ave bee n so au spicio u sly

,

begun P erseveri ng re se a rch as lifted u p o rr ather

.
,

for ever removed the veil th a t so long hi d the

,

mystic w r iti ngs of an cie nt E gypt A n ew i nterest .

a s d awn ed o n the r uin s o f her tombs and her tem

m
.

ples. Those m o nu e nts o f n a e less k i ngs an d

gods i nste ad of rem ainin g t e obj e cts O f b a rren ad
,

ir ation o rbli n d e nth u si a sm h a ve bee n r estored to

m
,

history and chro nolo gy ; and those primitive fo u n

t ains of le ar n in g to which Gree c e herself owed the
r udime nts o f her kn owledge h ave a ga i n becom e the
or acles o f w isdom to the W ester n world It r e .

qu ired i n defatigable p atie n c e a n d a mu ltit ude of

h
,

fat al attempts to tr a c e the hidde n so urce s o f the

,

N ile and the N iger S imil ar persever an c e ay dis

.

pel the ignor anc e th at c overs the i nterior of Ar abi a ;

and tho u gh it c ann ot m ake the wilde r n ess and the
solit ar y pl a c e to b u d an d blossom as the rose it ay ,

h
restore to geogr a phy m u ch tha t the wreck and t e

h
n eglige n c e o f a tho u san d ye ar s h ave b ur i ed in
oblivion .

The t ask can be appro ached n o w with m an y fa ci

litie s th a t h ave spru n g from the improveme nt of ar t

m
,

o rgro w n u p with the liber al an d e nl ighte n ed p r o

gress of society T e history o f the te r
. r ible S ar a o

ce ns can be disc u ssed w ith m ore c andour and free

dom th an i the reigns o f O m a r an d S al adin A
-
.

recit al of their cr u elties w ill nd in o urda y n o , ,

P eter the Hermit to m ake them a them e of decl a m a

tio n for ro u si n g the pio u s ze al o f kin gs and empe
r or s ; or for letti n g loose a seco nd tim e u po n Asi a
the u ndiscipli n ed fu ry o f a s uperstitio u s m ul titu de

h
.

h
Eve n their religio n ay be spoke n o f witho u t r e viv
ing those a pprehe nsio n s which al armed the pi ety 0 f
Pride aux and the bigotr y of M aracci A fa ir r e r
p e .

sc u t ati o n of its doc tri n es will h a rdly e x pose u s to

the spirit u al att acks of those d ag g ers a nd f ortresses
f t e f a iz with which the Christi an doctors o f y ore
q
 mm h
h h
34 I N T R O DU C T I O N .

were wo nt to a ssail their ant ago nists The tole .

r ant spirit o f o u r ag e a s e ffa ced the prej u d i ce s

a g a i n st a di ffere nce o f belief which ign or an c e a nd
fanatici sm ad cre ated The swordthe gr and ar

.

g u e nt o f the Moslem religi on as yi elded to the

force o f re a so n ; and ou r m ann er s and h abits O f
thi nking h ave tri u mphed in their t u rn over the r e
le ntle ss soldiers o f Moh a m ed

h
.

The s ubj ect embr aci ng s u ch a v ariety o f eve nts

, ,

is ne ce s sarily e x t e n sive we sh al l e nde avo u r to

.

c oll ect withi n a m o d er ate c omp ass every thing

whi ch from its n ovelty orimport anc e deserve s t o
, ,

be rec orded ; and if o u rlimits do no t permit u s to

g ather all the owers th at lie sc attered over t e su r
fa ce o f this ple a s an t l andsc ape we hope at le a st t o

m
,

be able to prod u c e som e o f tho se tre a s u res of solid

i nform atio n which like gold mi x ed with s an d or
,

bu ried in m o unt a i n s h ave bee n al loyed with E a stern

,

fable o rc on c e al ed from the ge n er al re ader by bei ng

h
,

wr apped u p in de a d o rforeign l an guage s W e h ave .

tho u ght it e ssen ti al to ou rpl an to give some a c co unt

h
o f the d ark an d tr aditio na ry epoch th at preceded the
time o f Moh amm ed in order to pre serve a c o nn ected
,

mh
ch a i n o f n arr ative with the m ore brilli ant an d au

h
t e ntic eve nts that followed it B esid e s it is i p o s
.
,

s ible witho u t s u ch aid to u n der st an d either the

h
, ,

liter atu re o rthe religion o f t e Ar abs Thei rt ale s

h
.

and their poetry abo un d with im a ges the origi n o f ,

w hich m u st be so u ght beyo n d the m emory of writte n

rec ords Eve n the Kor an itself as perpet u al allu
.

sio ns n ot o nl y to the fa cts b u t to the fable s an d tr

, , a
d itio n s wh ich the stre a m o f antiqu ity ad mi ngled
an d c arried dow n in its c o u rse W at we sh all say .

o f the gover n ent c u stom s an d i n stitu tio ns o f the

, ,

a n cie nt Ar abs sh all be restricted to wh at i s ab so

lu te ly n ec ess ary to a right u nderst andi n g of their
c ivil and politic al hi story a fter they ad rise n to the
dig nity o f a w arlike and powerful empire .
 36

an

m
h h h
cie nt Idu m ae a still r
DE S CRIP T I O N O F

et a i n s the origi nal app ell atio n ;

an d as these territorie s belo nged to the w anderi n g
I sh a elites the n a me wo u ld g r ad ual ly be e x te nded
,

as they spre a d their c o n qu ests over the rest of the

c o untry By this n am e it i s recorded in the writi ngs
.
A R A B IA .

m
o f the Jewi sh histor i an s and t e l ater prophets w o ,

spe ak O f t e ki ngs of Ar ab ah o f its tr aic and the , ,

differe n t tribes by which it w as i nh abited ; (Josh

11 1
.

x v 5 26 ;
. Ki ngs x 5 ; Jer
, . .

At this remote period were these we stern re gio ns

di sti ngu ished from the m ore fe r tile and po pul o u s '

h
pl ai n s tow ards C h alde a whi ch we nt by the n am e o f
K edem or the E a st
,

a disti n ctio n a s o ld as the d ays

h
,

o f Abr ah a m an d Job This simple pr a ctice o f de

.

rivi ng na me s from territori al reside n c e i s e ntirely in

a c cord an c e with the n otio n s th at regul ated the primi
tive divisio n s o f the e arth whe n ank i nd ad no ,

other geo g r aphy th an su ch as respected their ow n

lo c al situ atio n , o rthe rel ative positio n of the e a
ve n s The an cie nt Greeks c alled It aly Hesperi a o r
.
,

m
the L and o f the W e st ; the It ali an s bestow ed the
s a m e epithet o n Sp a i n ; and the n ame w as at le ng th

m
tr ansferred to tho se fabu lo u s garde n s, whi ch gr ad
nally retired before the d aw n O f k n owledge i nto the
'

Elysi an solit udes o f the Atl anti c O ce an S imil a r

h
.

ide as prev ail in the E a st at the pres e nt d ay Syri a

i s u niformly c al led Sh a m the c o untry to the left
.

m
, ,

o rthe n orth ; while the so u th is t erm ed Yem e n o r

'

m
the Co u ntry to the right The T u rks an d P ersi an s

m
.

c all the whole pe n in sul a Ar

m
ab istan the n atives the
se lves c all i t Je z ir at cl Ar ab (the p e nin su l a o f t e
Ar abs) ; an d it is rem ark able a s one of the few c o u n
tries a o ng the ki ngdoms o f antiqu ity which a m id ,

h
the ch anges and revolutio ns o f 3 000 ye ars still ,

Ap ollinis e t B ab yloniae lio , e t L atinor u p ler

iqu e aSSe runt, se d
ab A rab a , lag a non long e a Me d i
p na si
'

ta, no en sOr tita est

7
.

G ab S io ta , d e MO I e t N at O r ie nt p Univ H ist vol X viii

1
2 G agnie r, a d Ab u lfed G eog Diatn b d e r
. . . . . . . . . .

ab : no A

c ap . . . . . .

sec t . l .
 h h
a few c e ntur
D E S CRI P T I O N
ret ai n s the precise appell atio n which it bore within
ie s o f t e del u ge
T i s v a st tr a ct lies betwee n l atitu de 2
north an d lo n gitu de 3

1
4577 3 4?
60 e a st from Gre e nwich ;
OF A R A B IA .

1
3 7

h
,

Its form is th at of an irre gul ar trian gle s u rro u nded o n ,

three sides by w ater E a stw ard its limit is the P er

.
,

E
si an G ul f and the E u phr ates ; o n the so u th lies the

h
I ndi an O c e an ; o n the west the R e d S e a divides it

m
from E gypt N ubi a and Abys si ni a The n orthern
, , .

fro n tier is no t so well de n ed a nd a s bee n s ubj ect ,

to c o nsider able v a ri atio n s The an cie n ts restri cted .

it to an im a gi nary l in e stretchi n g betwe en the e x

,

trem e po ints of the Ar abi an and P ersi an G ulfs

h
.

T e rest they a tt a ched p artly to E gypt and p artly

to S y ri a . B u t the co n qu ests a nd settleme nts of the

Ar abs h av e lo ng e x te n ded the ir territo r y beyo nd
this ide al bo u nd ary o the authority o f B u rck

m
.

h
.

h
h ardt the northern fro ntier ay be t ake n as a li n e
,

h
ru nn i ng from S u ez across the isthmu s o f th at nam e

m
to the Me diterr an e an n e a r El Arish p a ssi ng alon g
, ,

the borders o f P alesti n e and the D e a d S e a and ,

the n c e wi ndi ng thro u gh the Syri an desert b y P al

h
,

m yra u ntil it re ac hes t e up r

'

ate s above An ah ,

the c o u rse of whi c river it follows till j oi n ed by

1
the Tigris ; at which poi nt their un it e d stre ams t ake
the n a me o f Shu t e Ar ab or bou nd ary o f Ar abi a , .

P art of the n orthern fro ntie r lies now withi n the

p ash al i c of D a a sc u s which e x te n ds a s far so u t
,

as Tor H e s

a a high mo u n t ai n o ne d ay s j our ne y
, ,

hh
The Greek and R om an geogr aphers prescribed a

h
limit somewh at differe nt X e n opho n c arrie s it b e

h
.

h h
yo n d the E uphr ate s i nclu di ng the gre ater p art o f
,

Me sopot ami a orthe Ar abi an Ir ak ; Ptolemy bou nds

,

it by the C h alde an mo u nt ai n s o n this side t e river ,

an d n orthw ard by the city of T ap sacu s n e ar ,

R a cc a . T e s am e is a dopted with little v ari atio n

by D io d o ru s and Str abo Abul fed a an Ar abi an geog ,

ote a bo ut t e be ginnin g of t e four

.

r ap e rwho wr
V O L I D
.
 h
hE P rA R AB IA

mh
38 D S C R I T IO N o .

te e nt c entur y e x tendi ng the northern boun dary

,

somewh at igher th an B u rckh ardt pl a ce s it at Beles , ,

n e arly in the l atitu de of Al eppo The length of

m
.

thi s e x ten sive regio n from An ah to the Str ait o f

1
, .

B ab el M andeb i s recko n ed a bo u t 480 miles ; and

,

its middl e br e a dth from S u ez to B u ssor a above

1
, ,

O n the so u th it pre se nts a b as e o f 2

.
,

900 . 0 0 mile s
,

w ashed by the I ndian O ce an .

In its ge ner al fe at ur e s Arabi a ay be describe d

a s an e lev ated t able l an d slopi ng ge n tly tow ards t e
-

h
,

P ersi an G ulf: The whole of the s ou thern co ast is

a w all of n aked rocks as dism al an d b arre n as c a n ,

well be c o n c eived Here and there they imboso .

a low s an dy be a ch b u t they ar e e ntirely destit u t e

h
,

o f soil o r herb age o ffe r

i n g to the eye of the m arin er
,

a st r iki n g pict u re o f ru in an d desol atio n T e _

.

h
m ou nt ai n s brow n and b ar e ris e in sever al r an ges
1 1
, , ,

to the height of 0 00 or 500

m
o n e behi nd an other ,

fe et S u ch i s the impe n etr able r amp art d a rk

.
, ,

w aste and wild with which na ture a s g u ard e d the

, ,

O n every o the r

fabled l an d o f the Blest .

side this pe nin s ul a i s e n circled with a b elt o f a t

dr y s an dy gro un d ; th a t o n t e n orth is c omposed

h
,

o f the H au ran (A ur anitis) o r Syr i an D esert ; tha t

o n the e a st o f the lev el shores o f the P ersi an
,

m
The i nterior of the c o u ntr y i s chiey b u rn i ng
deserts lyin g u nder a sky al o st perpetually with
,

o ut clo u d s an d stretc in g i nto imme n se and bo u n d

,

less pl ain s where the eye meets n othing b ut the

,

u niform horizo n o f a wild an d dre ary w a ste O ver .

the fa c e o f thi s v a st solit u de the s an d sweeps al on g

h
in dry bill ows o ris w hirled into hills and c olu m n s
, ,

h avin g the appe ar an c e of w aterspo uts and tower ,

ing to a prodigio u s height W he n the w inds le av e .

the at rest they re semble the oc e an ; an d their

,

level e x p an se at a sm all dist an c e i s sometimes mis

, ,

t ake n by t e thirsty tr aveller for a c ollectio n o f

w aters This dec ept io n rec e de s as he j o urneys o n
.
,
 Eh
mm
D S C R I T ION P OF A R A B IA . 39

h
h
k ee pin g lw ays in adv an c e ; while the i nterm ediate
a

S p a c e glows like a fur n a c e o cc as io n ed by the

q u iv
,

ering u n du la ti ng motio n o f th at q u ick s u cce ssio n

o f v ap ou rs an d e x h al ation s w ich ar e ex t r acted
by the sol ar r ays Every obj ec t is m agn ied to the
.

eye i nsom u ch th at a s ru b as the appe ar an c e of a

,
'

tree an d a o ck_ o f birds might be m ist ake n for a

'

c ar av an o f c a m els The m ost s in gul arqu ality o f

.

thi s v apo u r (Sir ab ) o r i r a ge as it i s term ed i s its

p ow er of re e c tio r
n O bj ects ar
,

e see n a s from the

,

m
s u rfa ce of a l ak e and their gure i s someti e s,

c h a n ged int o the most fan t as tic sh apes .

These n aked d ese r ts are e n c ircled or som etim es ,

inters e cted by b a rre n m o un t a i n s wh ich r

, un in al m ost ,

c o n ti nu ou s ridges a nd in differen t di r , e ctio n s fro m ,

the borders of P alesti n e to the sh ores of the I ndi an

O ce an T heir s u mmits tower u p in to r u gged an d
.

i n sul a ted pe aks b u t their inty bosom s s upply no

hu midity to n o u rish the soil ; they co n c e ntr ate no

c lo ud s to scree n the p arche d e arth from the wither

ing in u e n c e o f a tropic a l sky The refresh e nt .

o f c oolin g br ee zes periodic ally enj oyed in other

,

s u ltr y clim ate s, i s here u nkn own The airis d r y .

a nd s uffoc a ti n g Hot and pestil enti al winds fr

. e ~

h
q u e ntly diffu se their n o x io u s bre ath al ike fa t al to

h
, .

a nim al an d v eget able li fe The stepp es of R u ssi a

m h
.

a n d the wilds o f T art ar y ar e de cked by the h an d o f

n a tu re with loft y tree s an d lux u ri a n t herb a ge ; b u t

h
in the Ar abi a n d e serts ve get at io n i s n e a rly e x tin ct .

T e s an dy pl ain s give birth to a str a ggli ng an d

h ardy br u shwood ; whil e the t am arisk and t e aca
c ia str ike their roots i n to t e clefts of the rocks ,

a nd dr aw a prec a rio u s n o u rishm e nt from the nightly

d ews A n i n spired p e n
. a s tr u ly de scribe d this
s te r il c o u ntry as a l and of deserts an d o f pits ; ,

a l an d of dro u ght an d of the sh a dow of de ath ; a

,

l an d th at n o an p a ssed thro u gh (J er ii . . .

This ge n er al a spect of desol atio n is oc c a sio n ally

r elieved by verd an t spots or v all eys w ith little ,
 40

h
D E S CRI P T I O N OF A R A B IA
h

.

s tre amlets lyi n g am on g the hills and form ed b y t e

, ,

all uvi al depo sitio ns o f the w i nter showers The se

m
.

w adys (the o ases Of the Greeks ) which appe ar like

h
,

isl an ds in t e tr a ckless oc e an ar e both fertile and

m
,

p le a s ant Their ri ch verdure and gr oves of d ate

tr ees su pply food and p ast ure for the rovi ng colO
ni es o f the wilder n ess There ar e besides , v ario u s
.
,

wells o rw ateri ng st atio n s p artly n atu r al p artly ar , ,

ti cial o n the ro u te s whic tr averse the de serts in

sever al dire ctio n s ; s ervi n g as poi nts of i nterc o u rse

betwee n dist ant p arts of the c o untry W itho u t .

these reservoirs the gre ater portio n o f Ar ab i a m u st

h
h ave rem a i n ed u npeo pled an d for ever impervio u s ,

to an The ir br a ck ish w a ters afford re fresh e nt

h
.

for the w e ary pilgrim s and e n able sm al l horde s of ,

settlers to c ultiv ate p atche s of gro u nd on which

.
,

s c an t y c rops or a few c omm o n veget ables ar e re are d .

T e se t anks O rre se r voirs ar . e ofte n b u ilt of sto n e ,

and form the u s u al re st i n g pl a c es o f t ra ve ll er s and -

c ar av an s : t e w a ter i s r aised in le ather n b ucket s

by m e an s o f an iro n ch ai n p a ssed over a p ul ley and ,

dr awn by c ow s oro x e n I t i s sold to str angers on

h
.

their j o ur n ey and i s ofte n tr an sported to a con sid

,

c r able di st an c e o n the b a cks o f cam el s Am o ng .

the Ar abs w ater co n stitu tes a gre at p art o f their

we alth It is the m ost v al u able property in di s

.

tr icts o f fty or a hu nd red miles ro u n d The pos

m
.

sessio n o f a spri n g as o c c a sio n ed hot disp u tes a n d ,

eve n be e n the c au se of civil w ar s W e re ad of

h
.

Abr ah a m rebuk i n g Abim elech be c au se his serv ants

ad viole ntly t ake n posse ssio n o f a well ; and
o f the strife betwe e n the herdsm e n o f Ger ar a n d
those o f Is a a c It i s also m e n tio n ed as an i nst an c e
.

o f i ntoler able tyr anny in o n e of the an c ie nt Ar ab

ki ngs th at he wo u ld s uffer no c amels b u t is ow n
,

to be w atered at the s am e pl a c e There ar e e ntire .

districts however where thi s lux ury as it ay well

, , ,

be c alled i s u nk n ow n The gre at so u ther n desert

, .
,

w hich e x t e n ds from six to seve n hu ndred mile s in .

 E
mh m
l e ngth ,

h and as
D P
S CR I T IO N

m u ch in br eadth doe s not posse ss a

si ngle fo u nt ai n o f w ater
.
OF A R AB IA

,
.

h
.

Fro the si ngul ar loc al situ ati on of A r ab ia t e , ,

i n equ al itie s in the natu re o f its soil and clim ate ay

hhh
re ad ily be i n ferred T ou gh the c e n tr al p ortio n
.

co n sists o f arid a nd b u r ni n g w a stes the aspect of ,

the co u nt r y in other p arts is m ate r i ally diff ere n t .

In the so u th m ore espec iall y where t e l an d i s

,

broke n i nto hills and v alleys the re ar e tr a cts o f ,

rem ark able fertility w i ch e nj oy a su c c e ssio n o f

m
,

a lmost perp e t u al verd ur e S o s or t is t e i nter

'

v al b etwe e n the de c a y an d reprodu ctio n of veget a

ble life th at the ch an g e is sc a rc ely perc eptible
, .

Tho u gh n atu re perh aps n owhe r e re alize s those

sple n did l an dsc ape s which borrowed their c olo uri n g

h
from fan cy r ather th an tr u th a nd c o n verted thi s
"
,

h appy regio n in the mi nds of foreigners at le a st

, ,

i nto a n e ar thly p ar adi se still the pictu re o ffers an

,

a g ree ab le c o ntr ast to the c o ntempl a tio n o f dre a ry

s an ds and desol ate rocks The airi s more te p er .

ate ,
while t e r ain s and de vy s des c e n d more co
pio u sly The hills ar
. e w oode d to the tops orc ov ,

e red with a rich al pi n e t u rf From their side s fall .

pere nn i al stre a m s som etim es in be au tiful c a sc ades

un a C o u rse of c o n side r
, ,

which r abl e e x t e n t am o ng

h
c ul tiv ated elds o rl ux u ri an t g arde n s Fr u its of all

h
.

ki nds ar e delicio u s and ab u nd a n t The fertility o f

m
.

the e a rth a t o nc e i nvites and re w a rds the i n du stry

m
o f the hu sb an d m an ; an d n atu re by l avishi ng her ,

choic est favo u rs here seems to h ave c ompe n s ated

hhhhh
,

for her wa nt of hospit ality everywhere else W at .

W al ler s ays in is S u m mer Isl and i s tru e o f thes e

d elightful regio n s

h
T g e n t e sp r
e l ing , t at b ut l
sa u te s u s e e,r
In ab i s t e r
t c our t y e ar

e , an d ts e all t e .

S u ch i s a ge n er al o u tli n e of wh at ay b e termed
t e p hy siology o f this e le b r at e d pe n insul a
g2
.
4 2
The p o litic al divisio n s of Ar abi a ar

h
DE S CRI P T I O N O F

e dif
h fe r
e ntl y
A R AB IA .

m
r eprese n ted by differe n t writers T e knowledge .

ad o f the c o u ntr

w hi ch the an cie n t s y w as impera

mmhh
fe ct, and little reli an ce can be pl a ced o n their d e a

sc r ip tio ns They sc attered a nd

*
.

r iv e rs over its s u rfac e at r andom chi e y it wo uld

h
,

se em to ll up a void in their m aps and to pr

,

,
ese rve ,

h
a ki n d of symm etry Or an alog
'

n this a nd

betwe e

h
y

hh
the other por tio ns of h the e arth with w hich they

h h
w ere b etter a cqu a i n ted Eve n D A nv ille s a cc u s.

to e d ac c u r a c y is here at fau lt ; an d tr a vel lers h a ve

fre quently borrowed fr om other s wh a t they ad no t

the m e an s to verify by a ct u al s u rvey VVit in the .

-

l a st qu arter of a c e nt u ry the t orch o f w ar as t r ow n

a n e w light o n m any p arts o f t e desert w i c

m
.

i ght h av e still rem a in ed un e x plored ad n o t th e se ,

regio n s bec om e the the a tr e o f hosti lities with a

.

fore ign e n emy The T urkish geogr aphe rs divide

h
.

Ar abi a i n to twelve p r ovi n c e s , whil e othe r s limit

E
E
the m to two The divi si o n m ost f amili ar to u s is

h
.

th at int r odu ce d by Ptole y viz the S to ny t e , .

,

D esert and the H appy Ar abi a ; a disti nct io n w hi c

i s applic able to the ge n er al fe a tu r
,

es of the c o untry

h h
r

m
ath e r th an descripti ve o f sep ar a te pro vinc es T e .

Gre eks it is well k now n took gre at lib erti e s with

h
, ,

c o u ntries of whi ch they ad little a cqu ai n t an c e ;

b ut here they o ught no t to be a c c u sed o f i p o si ng
arbitr ary n a m es s i nc e the y m erely tr an sl ated words

h
,

which h ave a sim ilar import in t e origi nal and ad ,

hh
b e e n u sed b y the n atiV e s them selve s

P TRJ A ort e Sto ny Ar ab i a oc c u pied the m o un

, ,

tainou s tr a ct bet w ee n P alest in e a nd the R e d S e a .

It w as the c o u n try allotted to E s au or Edom from ,

whom it took the n a m e of Id um e a It w as t e l and .

of the A alekite s Midi an ites Hittite s Hivites

, , , ,

Ke d ar ene s H a g are n es N ab at aean s and ot e r

, , ,

tribes desc e nd ed from Abr ah a m so O fte n m e n tio n e d ,

in the w ars of the J ews un der Mo ses J oshu a an d

'

D avid To this wild b ut i nte resti ng r

, , ,

. e g io n belo ngs
 Emm
m
mhm
E
h
h
C R I P TI O N orAR ABIA
~

44 D S .

m
h
tione d by P iny Ptolemy and the a ncient g eo gr ap , -
,

er s as se t tled here were the M in aei S ab i Atr a it ,

h
, ,

C atab e ni Mar o nitae Ho er

, itae S ap p o ritze O anitae, , , ,

a nd a v ari ety of others who se n ames and lo c alitie s

it is almo st impossi b l e to identify with any o dern
tribes o rprovinc es in Ar ab ia D ionysius P e r ie g e te s .
,

who wro t e a description o f t e world in Greek

h
m
E
1
v erse as c eleb r a ted this thurifer ous re g io n o f
,
-

lov e y A r 6 s p rsw ns) where the

t e ab ia ( A

hhm
E
< a a
,

elds were decked with undyin g verdure , a n d the

a tmo sphere lo a ded with sp icy o d o ur s O f the forty .

5
two ci t ie s m entioned b y Ab ulfed a an d t he six hun '

dred b y P t olemy t e m o st a ncient and populous ,

were situ ated in Ar abi a Felix The im ag in ation

o f the Greeks e a sily set o n re , pi ctured in g olden

,

dre a ms the ide al w ea lth o f this Ar abi an Temp e ;

but it is evident th a t forei g n n ations knew little

h
.

o re o f t e c ountry t an its n am e , and th at it

hh
a b ounded in g old g em s spices perfu e s with other '

, , , ,

n atur al r aritie s the v alue of whi ch w as g rea tly ,

m
e nh anc ed by their own i g nor ance and cupi dity .

The three divisions introduc ed by Ptolemy a nd ,

s till
adopt ed in m odern g eo g r ap y ar e unknown to

h
,

the Ar abs them selves ; w o like the g yp ti ans , ,

Turks an d P ersi ans wo ul d nd it d i f cult to rec o g

, ,

nise their o w n n am e s in the ton g u es o f u rope .

From tim e imm em ori al thi s pe ninsul a as been p ar ,

mmm
c elle d o u t into v arious independent territorie s ; b u t

mm
a s it never properly spe ak in as formed o n e kin g
g , ,

t he number o rlimits o f t hese provinces ha ve

m
do ,

not b een very e x a ctly dened Re gions ar e so me

h h
.

tim es divi ded from e a ch other by a solit ary shrub ,

hhh
hh h
a n d the extent o f heredit ary pr operty determined

b y the dist a nc e at which a d og c an be he ard to b ark .

C a rei , a t own of t e Mi
ne i, w a s fourt een iles in
p ass ; co
t at a ci ty of t A ga r
e tu r
i w as tw enty ile s ab ou t ; and t at
$ a b o ta le , t cap it al of t e Atr itae, a d sixty te p le s w it in
'

e a
its w alls .
 E
Eh
I
7
D S C R I PT I O N OF A R A B A I . 45

The g r and g eo g r aphic al divisions l a id down by N ie

buhr and mo r
.

, e minutely descri b ed by sub sequent

tr avellers ar e ei g ht ; thou g h c onsider ab le tr a cts o f
,

c o untry ar e not s trictly or po litic a lly incl ude d in

these territori al dep artm ents .

H JA Z the H oly L and of t e Moslems lies on

h
, ,

the middl e c o a st of the Red S e a ; its chief city ,

Me c c a (the M a cor ab a o f t he Greeks ) bein g t he c api
'

tal o f t he Moh a m med a n reli g io n It i s a b a rren .

district c onsistin g o f s a ndy pl ains tow ards the

,

shore an d rocky hi lls in the interior ; and so desti

t ute of provisions as to d epend even for the n e c e s :

h h
s at ie s of li fe on t he supplies o f o t e r Coun t ries .

Am on g its _fer tile spots is W a dy F a t im a whi ch i s

well w atered an d produc e s g r ain a nd ve g et ab l e s

, .

S a fr a ab ou nds in d ate trees T a if seventy tw o

- -
,
.

miles from Me c c a is c eleb r at ed for its g ardens :

,

a n d t e nei g hbo urhood o f Medin a as cul t iv ate d

elds The towns on the c o a st a r
. e Jidd a an d Yem
b o ; the form er bein g c on sidered the port o f Mec c a ,

from which it i s dist ant about fty v e mile s ; and -

h
the l atte rth at of Medin a H ej a z i s bounded e ast
.

w ard by a lo fty fan g e o f m ounta ins whi ch ne ar , ,

T a if t ake the n am e o f Geb el K or a The scenery

, .

there i s oc c a sion ally be autiful an d p icturesque ; t he

sm all rivu lets th at de sc end fro m the ro c k s afford

h
m
nouris m ent to the pl a ins b elow which are clo t hed ,

with verdure an d sh ady trees The vicini t y of

E
.

Mec c a is b le a k a n d b a re for sever al miles i t i s sur

rounde d with thous a nds O f hill s all ne arly of one ,
"

hei g ht their d ark an d n aked pe aks rise o n e behind

another appe a rin g at a dist anc e li k e c oc k s of
, ay .

The most c ele b r ated O f the se are S a fa Ar a fat a nd , ,

Merou a which h ave alw ays been c onnected with

,

the reli g i ous rite s of the Moh a mmed a n pil g rim ag e '
.

The whole o f this territory ay b e c onsidered as

alm ost a n ab solute deser t ; D A nv ille a ssi g ns it an

extent of c o a st of ab out 7 5 0 miles .

T H A M A is t he at s a ndy b elt th at extends alon g

m
hEh h
m
46 D C I
S R PT ON I OF AR A B IA .

h
h
t e Red Se a ne arly from Ak ab a to Aden ; thoug
,

h
it is chi ey restri cted to t e m aritim e pl a ins south
w ar d of H ej a z It stretches b a ckw ards to the
.

o unt ains v aryi ng in b re a dth fr om thirty to ei g hty

m
m iles It b e ars every m ark Of h aving b e en ancie ntly
.

a p art o f the b ed o f the se a from t C it as g r a d

m
,

u ally em er g ed The soil i s interspersed with a

.

rine fossil s and ot e r exuvi ae and c ont a ins l a rg e ,

h
str at a o f s alt which in som e pl a ce s shoot up int o
,

Em
hills As t e se a c ontinue s to re c ede the Teh am a
"
.
,

e xtends its limits in pro ortion The c or al b anks

p .

g r ad u ally incre a sing and the interm edi ate sp a c e

,

being ll ed with a c cumul a t in g s ands new g round i s

h
,

thu s fo r e d and annexed tO t e c o ntinent Bu t

'

, F
.

this c onque st O ver the w atery elem ent is o f little .

a dv ant ag e to an a s the l a nd is a lto g e t her nu sus

,

h
c e p tib le O f cultiv ation Teh a m a i s b y som e i .

cluded in the two adj oinin g provi nc e s and therefore ,

not reckoned a se p ar ate territory B etwe en it an d .

H ej a z lie s the l ar g e district of Ab u Ari sh -

.

Y M N corre sponds ne arly to the a ncient Ar abi a

m
Felix a nd still co p r
,
e e nd s the ne st and m ost
-

fertile portion o f the peninsul a H ali , o n the Red .

S e a divide s it from H ej a z It pre sents c onsider

'

.
,

able diversity o f soil and clim ate tow ards the co a sts

h
it is scorched and b arren but the interior is a hig h ,

l and c ountry full o f precipitous y e t fertile hills and

h hh
, ,

enj oyin g a he althy and temper ate air Its extent i s .

reckoned at sq u are mile s It i s p arce lled .

o ut in unequ al portions into a g re a t number o f

, ,

petty s overei g nties o f which N ieb uhr a s e nu e

,

r ated fourt e en ; the princip al bein g Aden K au k e

h h
,

b an, K au lan (supposed to b e the H avil ah of S crip

ture ) S ah a n N ej e r
, an , K a tan H e sc id u B ekil , ,
- -
,

Jo f o rM are b an d J a fa , S om e o f these ar e sub d i

.

v id e d into thre e o r four m inor st ates , whi ch ar e

o ften ruled by independent princes S an aa Moch a .
, ,

L o e ia, T aas , H odeid a , Z ebid , and Dam arar e t e

c
r
x 2

tr em
m
.
h
D E S CR I P T IO N
hief towns ; all o f which h ave been visit e d by u
o p e an t r av ellers .

H ADRA M A U T (t e H a z arm aveth of S criptur e Gen

6) lies e a st w ard of Ye men which it g re a tly r
semble s in its soil and surfa c e The hills ar
e ly fertile and inters ected with well Watered
,

v ales Its towns were more c el ebr ated and per

.
e ex
e
OF A RABIA

.
.

,
E
m
-
,
4 7

h
h aps better known in the tim e o f Str abo and P to l
,

e y th a n they a r
, e at present It w as fa o us in .

the d ays of Aug ust us for the br avery o f its inhab it

a nts , a nd still more for b ein g the c ountry wh os e
mount a ins produced fr ankincense Thi s extensiv e .

h h
provinc e w a s included in Ar ab i a Fe li x ; its h arb our s

ar e K e shin Merb a t D a far an d H a se c i

, n t e g re a t
, , ,

g ulf o f Kuri a Muri a whi ch is surrounded with i sles

m
, .

D e an an d Aida n ar e towns in the interior ; but o f

,

their situ a tion we h ave no a ccur ate knowled g e

m
.

Shib am which se ems to be t e S ab a O f the anc i ents

E
, ,

i s describ ed as the se a t of a powerful pr inc e e ig ht

d ays j ourney from S an a a and ten from M arc

h
, .

N iebuhr he ard m ore t h a n twenty cities m ent ion ed ,

o f w hich he c ould le ar n nothin g b eyond the n a m e s ;

but these he ob se r , ves bore a strikin g re se mbl anc e
,

to thos e recorded by the mo st a ncient histori ans

a c ircu s t anc e which re nders it prob able th a t thi s
re g ion a s un derg one little ch ang e sinc e the r e
o te st ag e s The mo unt a inous tr acts c alled S e g er
.

(or S ah ar )" and M ahr ah a re c omprehended in this

pr o v in c e

hh m
O M A N oc cupie s the e a stern an g le o f the p e n insul a
between H ad r a m a ut and the m outh o f the P ersi an
Gulf It i s ll ed with m ount ains which almo st
.
,

everywhere extend to the se a Musc at (the Mosc a .

of Ar rian) is the c apit al and the b e st known to ,

u rope ans O f all the Ar abi an citie s on the Indi an

O ce an The wh ole c o ast in this qu arter exhibit s
.

t e s am e ble ak a nd steril a spect alre ady notice d ;

Nieb u r
, De script . Arab . to . iii p
. . 1
60
24 5 .
 E
E m
48 D S CR I P T IO N OF ARABIA :
resentin g In m a ny pl a c es a p r e cip itou s rocky w all
p , ,

t ow ards t he se a a lon g side of which ships mi g ht

,

o at in s afety The n a me o f O m an implie s a lan d

.

o f pe a c e or se curi t y as c ontr a sted with the un c iv

,

h
iliz e d and inhospi t ab le c ountries by which it i s
b ounded It is s aid to ex tend from ne ar C ape Mus
.

on the no r

E
se nd o ,
th we st to the i sl and of M azeir a
-
, ,

south of R as e l H u d which i s liter al ly the L and s ,

nd o f Ar abi a Its bre a dth is reckoned six d ays

h
.

j our ney tow ard s the sou t h we st T r ou ghout this

mE
m
-
.

sp ac e ar e sc attered towns vi ll a g e s a nd h amlets in , , ,

The m ount a ins ar

g re at abund anc e e in g ener a l

E
.

ru g g ed an d b ar e b u t v ery loft y H enc e the dews

,

a nd clouds which t hey a rrest g ive a mild a nd ag ree

ab le temper at ure to t e a ir ; while the showers ,

w a shing down t he de c ompos e d surfa c e of the e arth ,

a d d to the soil of the v alleys, an d a lso o c c a si on rills

h
a nd torrents to fertilize t hem The pe ople from .
,

their si t u ation on the Persi a n Gulf h ave been c ele ,

br at e d from the e arli est d a w n of c om e rc e Their .

ch ar a c t er a n d t he di fferent posi t ions on their c o a st

, ,

ar e describ ed w i t h c onsider ab le minuteness in the

a nc ient per iplus of t e r ythr aea n S e a N orthw ard

o f C ape M u sse nd o lie the territories o f S eher an d

Julfar; neither o f which ar e properly included in
the provinc e o f O m an .

L A H S A o r m ore properly
,
L H AS S A stretche s ,

alon g the P ersi a n Gulf as far a s the m outh of the

u phr ates This district is also denomin ated H aj ar
.
,

a nd sometim e s B ahr ein ; but the l atter a ppell ation

i s now restricted to the isl ands of th at n am e in the
a dj a c ent g ulf The c o a st i s at an d dre ary diver
.
,

si e d here and there with g roves O f p alm trees th at -

,

indic ate the site o f towns or vill a g e s o f which the ,

number c ont aine d in the provinc e i s re ckone d

"
twenty . Its b re adth inl and i s only ft y or si x ty
mile s It i s c eleb r ated for its num erous w ells som e
.
,

O f which ar e c overed over with v aulted roofs sup ,

p orted by t all white m a rbl e c olumns see n at a gr e at ,

 E
E E
E
dist ance

c oun try su e r s fe arful

'
D
R ic clover p astures abound w i c sup
.

ply food to a ne breed of Arabi a n horses The

rivulets ar e fr
h h
encro a chments from the
driftin g s ands by which whole c antons a r ,

t ime s inv ad e d The princip al to w n is l H a ss a a

.
h
ing ed w ith lilies an d prive t s ; but the

e som e

pl a c e o f som e note as o n e o f t he strong holds o f the

A r ab s in their l ate w ars with the p a sh a s o f

hh
and B ag d ad
SC

g yp t
Another c onsider able town i s K o n e it
or Gr a en s a i d to c ont ain
,
.

inha bit ants

R I P T I ON OF A RAB IA

,
.

.
49

E
K atif i s suppo sed to be the ancient Gherr a which ,

w as a fam ous e n tr ep t for the spic es an d perfum es

h
T ar
1
o f the sou t h o o t a sm all town to the e a s t o f

*h
.
,

K ati f as excell ent viney ards whi ch a r

, e som e ,

time s ooded by the tide s It i s here we must pl a c e .

the Re g io M acin a o f the Gre ek g e o g r aphers where ,

the vine s r aised i e ar t hen po ts or b a skets o f

,
'

h
rushe s were subj ect to be c ar r
, ied o ff by the w aters
o f t e se a The inl and bounda rie s of these m ari

h
.

ti me provinc e s ar e far from being a c c ur ately de

ned N ature how ever aS set lim its to them in
.
, ,

the imm ens e c entr al desert o f S outhern Arabi a

E
,

c alled A k af which extends from the m ount ains

h
,

b ehind Teh a m a to the frontiers o f O m an and i s per

ap s o n e o f the m ost drea r

1
y re g ions o n the fa c e o f
the e arth The Ar abs g ive it the n a m e o f Rob a e
.

Kh ali orthe ,
m pty This v ast exp anse
o f s and c ont a ins ne arly squ are mile s and

h
,

as no supply o f w a ter e x c ept fro m the clouds .

The sk irts of this fri g h t ful wilderness produc e herb

m
ag e when refreshed by the w inter r a ins ; but its
depths h ave never been explored O ne sing le sta

h
in 0 11the route to H adr am aut
.

tion the W ady Je b r

h hh h
, , ,

dive r si e s thi s solit ar y tr a ct ; it as w ells and d ate

h
S trab o, lib x vi p 52 8
1
. . . .

r k r t
f Bu c a d s T ravels in Arab ia App end ix, N o v Accord

. . .

ing to t e tra d it io n of t e A r
ab s, t is d e sol a te rg ion w a s o nce
.

e
a t er
rest rial p ara d ise , w ere dw el t a r a ce o f g iants , w o , for

V OL I . .

t eir i piety, w ere sw allow ed u p b y a delug e of sand .
 E
Eh E
hhm
50

m
E
EE
D S C RI P TI ON
trees b ut its noxious clim ate renders it un t for
,

h ab it ation .

N J D i s the l arg est provinc e in Ar abi a oc cupy

ing the g re at c entr al de sert (the Ar abi a D eser t a )
from H ej a z o n the west to t e n arrow strip o f l
H a ss a on the e a st Until within the l a st twenty
v e ye ars it w as ne arly a bl ank in the m aps o f
.

u
,
o r A R A B IA .

h
rope ; o rlled with n a m e s at r andom a c c ording to ,

the recit al o f tr avellers who ad never visited it .

Its bre adth a c cording to C apt ain S adlier w o tr av

*
11
, ,

er se d the whole peninsul a from se a to s e a in 8 9

c anno t b e less th a n 7
,

5 0 miles A c c ordin g to J o ar d .
,

the di st a nc e b etw e en t he two g ulfs in a str ai g ht line

h
7
,

from l K atif to Yem b o ay be e stim ated at 2 0 ,

le ag ues ; the extent O f the N ej e d from north to ,

south he reckons at 2
, 60 The surfac e i s diver
si e d with m oun t a ins and pl a ins ; b u t it i s by n o
m e ans th at b arren an d desol ate re g ion whi ch it as
been hitherto represented O n the north from t e .
,

H aur an to the b anks o f the u phr ate s the whol e

h
,

tr a ct is o n e imm ense level c a lled l H am ad without , ,

the sli g htest elev ation and Showin g no tr a c e of town

h
,

o rvill ag e ; but affordin g vi g orous g rowth to a few

E
thorny shrubs by which the tr aveller s eye is som e
,

times relieved X enophon s description o f thes e
.

E
re g ions which were suc c essively trodden b y t e

h
,

armies O f Cyr us and Juli an i s a s applic able at t e

m
,

present d ay as it w as ne arly 2

m m
3 0 0 ye ars ag o T e

m
.

c ountry s ays the Greek histori an w as a pl ain
, ,

mh
throu g hout as at as the se a and full O f wormwo od ;

m
, ,

and if any other shrubs or reeds g rew there t hey

h
mm
,

ad all a n a ro m a ti c smell ; but no trees c ould b e

seen B ust ards ostriche s antelopes and wild asse s

.
, , ,

h
a ppe ared to be the only inh abit ant s ? S outhw ard

Me oi s o fr t e b ay, to
L it S oc
. uI N ot ice G eo
. of B o . .

gr
11
a plu qu e , p a r M J o ar d , M e ng in , v ol ii A pp end ix
1 7
. .

9 5v # 51
. .

7671 1 1n ed iov 3 1 1 6 0 g 3 Aa rr
3{
w Ona
'
'
u a, .

n a i
1
d r v9 9 v d x p ec i5

i i
i ! k t -
w e J aav

11
0 v x uo ( a
: a q v , a
t pa a r d 6 6
d udv ap v X ea op A nal) b

(bu p c

a en/
90 v cap .

. . . . .
 E
hm m
5

m2
as

Em
b een

S a c y J o ar
,

E
mhm
D S CRI P T IO N
done however , tow ards the elucid ation o f
,
,

this provinc e by the industry O f Burckh ardt D e

d and M e ng in i s enou g h to enli g hten the

and mi g ht be re g arded as unknown to

g eo g r aphy .
,

i g nor ance o f P inkerton who c onfounded Y e a a

with Yem en , and thoug ht th at N ej e d (whi ch si g i
es the Hi g hl ands as disting uished from Teh a a
o rthe Lowl an ds ) w as so n am e d from a m ount ain

The P N I NS UL A o rSINA I ay be c onsidered a p r

,

inc e o f Ar abi a thou g h no t reckoned o ne o f its polit

i c al division s N o p art o f th at c oun t r
,
u rope an

y as be en so
,

ov
,
OF A R ABIA .

h
.

minutely e x plored o r so elabor ately described a s

h
m
this interestin g re g ion Its g ener al a spect i s sing u

h
.

lar ly wild and well , e rite d the n a me o f P etr aea .

A rec ent tr aveller describ es it as a se a of de sol a

tion It would se em
. s ay s he as i f Ar abi a P e
, ,

tr aea ad onc e be en an O c e a n o f l av a and th at whil e ,

its w ave s were liter ally runnin g m ount a in s i g h it ,

w as c omm anded suddenly to st and still T e .

whole o f this wilderness is a c ollection o f n ake d

h h
E
rocks and cr ag g y precipic es interspersed with n ar

E
,

row d e le s and s andy va ll eys whi ch ar e seldo ,

refreshed with r ain o r adorned with ve g et ation .

Fount ains o rsprin g s o f w a ter ar e extrem ely r are ;

and those th at do exi st ar e either br a cki sh O rsul
'

p ur o u s but o f a wholesom e qu ality

, S om e o f t e .

pl a ins ar e c overed with loo se ints an d peb b le s .

Few shru bs o rpl ants ar e to be m et w ith an d thos e

h
,

th at ar e found ar e ind ebte d to the clefts o f som e

b arren rock ora thin mi xture o f cl ay in the soil for
, ,

their support The rid g e O f m ount a ins c alled S eir

h
.

h
an d H o rin S cripture stret che s from the borders o f

h
the De ad S e a tow ards Ail ah O n the we ster n sid e .

r uns the lon g v alley W a dy Ghor and W a dy Ar ab a ,

S irFred erick H ennik er s N o tes on gyp t (St e S e e also

, .

B urck ard t s Travels in S yria P ocock e s Descr

ip tion of t e a st ,

,

S aw s T ravels Fazake r ly s Journey to S inai in Walp ole s

, ,

Tr a vels & c , .
 D E S C R I P T ION
from three to twelv e mile s in bre a dth ; thi s wit o ut
doub t formed the ancient bed O f the Jorda n which
,

mus t have emptied itself in t o the Ar ab i an Gulf b e

for e the terrib le overthrow O f t e C ities o f the Pl ain
OF

h h
AR A BIA .

,
53

arrested its w aters in the pitchy l ake o f S odom and

h

Gomorr ah O n the e a stern side i s W ady Mous a the
.
,

si t e o f t he ancient Petr a which g ave its n am e to the ,

d istrict Mount H or i s the hi g hest o f the ch ain

.
,

o n the summit of which i s poin t ed out the tom b o f

A aron (N um xx sti ll held in g re at vener atio n
. .

by t e Ar abs

h
.

N e ar the centre of the peninsul a st ands the g roup

o f the S in a i Mount a ins the upper re ion O f which
g ,

form s an irre gul ar circle of thirty o rforty mile s in

E
d i a meter It is di f c ult to im a g ine a scene m ore
.
. .

desol ate and terric th an th a t which i s disc overe d

h
from the top of Sin a i N ot i ng is to b e se en but .

hu g e pe aks and cr ag s o f n a k ed g r an ite c ompo sing , ,

as faras the eye can re a ch a wilderness o f steep ,

a nd sh ag g y rocks and v alleys de stitute o f verdure .

Yet in the hi g hest p arts o f t hese re g ions w ater i s

to b e found and fertile spots w i ch produc e fruit
,

tre es This s a cred m ount a in c onsi sts of two ele va

E
.

tions Gebel Mous a an d Gebel K ate r

, in which ar e ,

g ener ally identied with S in a i an d H oreb B oth .

t ermin ate in a sh a rp pe ak , the pl anes O f which do

not e xc eed fty or sixty p a c es in circumferenc e .

The l a t ter is t he hi g her O f the two and its summ it ,

c omm ands a ve r y e x tensive prospect of the a dj a cent

c ount r y the two arm s o f the Red S e a a p art o f

h
, ,

g ypt a nd no rthw a rd to within a few d ays j ourney

h
,

of Jerus alem There is some doubt however a s to

.
, ,

which of these the appell ation is to be a ssi g ned ;

h
some c onj ecturing th at t he low er emin enc e is Sin ai ,

while others are of a c ontr ary belief .

Thi s c onfusion as arisen fro m the circumst anc e

t at the sever al n ame s h ave b e en indiscrimin ately
a pplied to thi s m ount a in The m anner in whi ch .

Moses use s them , as convertible term s , as led to the

2
54 E
h m
h
D S CRI P T IO N o rARA B I A .

s upposition th at the two must be twin summits o f t e

m
s a m e hill ; an opinion for which there does not ap
pe ar to b e any solid foun d ation , sinc e H oreb ay
be interpreted and seem s to ave be en used , a s the

'

E
,

n am e o f a rocky district o rdesert c ountry r ather

m
,

th an the proper n am e o f any p a rticul ar e minenc e

m
.

The l an g u a g e o f S cripture w ould le a d us to suppos e

th at S in ai w as a det a ched m ount ain in the m idst
o f a pl a in and th at the I
, sr a elites enc amped around
it Its imm edi ate vi cinity a o r
. d e d p a stur ag e for
their c attle otherwi se it would h ave been i p o ssi
,
.

b le fo rthem to h ave r em a ined so lon g in th a t qu ar

ter ; and its n a m e su gg ests th at it abounded in som e

h
specie s o f ac a ci a Josephu s describes it as an ex

h
.

tr e e ly ple a s ant pl a c e an d the di scontented I

, sr a el
ites soj ourned here twelve o nths wi thout murm u r
ing . These incidents c ert a inly do not well c orre s
pond w ith the steril nei g hb ourhood O f G ebel Mous a .

It i s n ot e a sy to c omprehend
s ays N ieb u r , ,

ow such a multi t ude a s a c c omp a nied Mose s o u t

of g ypt c ould enc a mp in the se n arrow g ullie s and ,

h
fri g htful and pre cipitou s rocks ; but perh aps ther e
ar e pl a ins th at w e know not o f on the other side o f
the m ount ain
There ar
. e v alleys howe ver at no , ,

g re at dist anc e where their ocks mi g ht nd p a sture

,

an d Sh a w spe aks O f a b e au tiful pl a in m ore th an a

le ag ue in bre a dth and three in len g th closed to t e

, ,

southw ard by som e O f the lower eminences o f Sin ai .

In this dire cti on likewise (he a dds ) the hi g her p arts

, ,

o f it m ak e such encro achm ents upon the

p l ain th a t

hh
they divide it into tw o e a ch o f them c ap a c ious ,

enoug h to re c eive the whole enc ampment O f the

Isr aelites . S ome tr a veller s h ave ob served th at ,

w ere this the re al S in ai it would be found to exhibit,

tr a c e s o f the stupendous phenom en a whi ch attended

t e m a ni fest ation o f the D ivine pre senc e in the visi ,

ble symbols o f re and e arthqu ak e and app arent

, ,

volc a ni c erupti on B urckh ardt however could not

.
, ,

det e ct the sli g t est vesti g e o f the se supern atur al

.
ap

tions suc as the se ar

Eh h
h hh
pe aran ce s thou g ther e ar
S CR IP TION 0 F

e isl ands in t e R e d S e a
,

which ret a in m arks O f volc an i c a ction B ut obj e c

e entitled to l ittle wei ht
W e do not re ad o f any a ctu al disc ar g e from t e
g
A RAB IA .

.
55

h h

m ount ain It i s de scribed ind e e d as aving qu ake d
.
, , ,

g re atly as h avin g
, b urned with re and emitted ,

h

sm oke like a furn a c e but thes e appe ar anc e s
were not the effect o f an y n atur al convulsion ; they
were the a wful emblem s whi ch the D eity chose to
m ake t e h a rbing ers o f is presenc e the cloudy

hh
,

rob es of his divine m aj e sty To lo ok therefore for .

, ,

t e ordin ary re sults of such phenom en a in the site

o f thi s wonderful and mir a culous tr an s a c t ion were

h h
a s re ason able as to exp e ct to nd the nig htly pill ar
t h at enl i g htened the H ebrew c a mp o rthe fo unt ains ,

w hich followed them o n their m arch t r oug h t e

w ilderness .

Another still more elevate d summit westw ard

h
,

c alled Mount S erb al a s be en c onsidered as h av i

, ng
riv al pretensions to the honours cl aimed for t e
Mount o f Mose s ; but these do no t see m to b e b etter
founded It exhibits no volc ani c a ppe ar anc es ; and
.

its ve p e aks a c c ording to the g ener al the o r y on

m
,

t e subj e ct milit ate ag ainst the ide a th at it i s the

,

H oreb and S in ai O f S cripture : Th at it w as rst se

mm
le cte d as the represent ative o f S in ai w as prob ably
,

owing to its gre at elev ation ; but the hyp othesis is

a l t o g ether g r atuitous which c onsiders th at s a cred
m ount ain a s pre eminen t ly hi g h N otwithst andin g
-
.

the m a ny theories an d c onj ectures o f tr avellers the ,

prob ability rem a ins strong er in favour o f Gebel

K ate r in a nd G ebel Mous a th an o f any other ; how

h h
e ver d iic u lt it ay be to rec oncile their sc ene r y or
po sition with the sever al events recorded in H oly
W rit There i s yet room for future inve sti g ation ;
.

and it i s possible th at by ex a i nin g the di ffer e nt

,

lo calitie s with o r e atten tion to the S acr e d R e cord

t an to the leg ends O f monks an d Be douins , furt e r
56

m
h
li g ht
p ic al pro b lem
ay
D E S CR I P T IO N
yet b e thrown on this interesting g e ogr
.

Little dependenc e c an b e pl a c ed on loc al tr adition

B urc k h ardt e x presses hi s dis appointment a t being
a
OF ARA BIA .

h
able to tr a c e so v ery few of the ancient H eb rew
n a mes o f the Old Te st a m ent in the m o d ern g e o gr a .

phy of the peninsul a W ith the e x ception o f S in ai .

a n d a few others the appell ative s ar ,

e all of Ar abi c
deriv ation ; a nd the inc on g ruous a sso ci ati on o f ,

Moses and S t C atherine i s a proof o w little reli

.

a nce i s to b e pl a c ed upon them S in a i i s two or .

three times m entioned in the K or an ; but in neither

m
inst anc e is there any referenc e to its rel ative loc al

ity . C all t o m ind s ays M oh amm e d (ch ap

,
.

when we a c c epte d your c oven ant and lifted up ,

the m ount ain o f S in ai over you a lluding to a ridi

h
c ulo u s le g end th at w hen the I sr a elites refused to

h
,

rec e ive the law of Mose s G od tore up the m ount ain ,

by the roots and sho ok it over their he ads to terrify

, ,

them into c ompli anc e

h
.

The thre e hi g hest em inenc es in this peninsul a

ar e St C atherine S erb al and S o ar To the

m
.
, , .

two l atter as al so been a ttrib uted the distinction

o f h avin g witnessed the promul g ation o f the dec a
lo g ue B urckh ardt asc e n d e d M o un t S erb al thou g h
.
'

he a d no m e ans of a sc ert ai nin g its elev ation The .

Upper re g i on is described a s al m ost perpendicul ar :

it i s appro a ched from b elow over sh arp roc k s with ,

o u t any p ath an d clim b ed by m e a ns o f steps in s ev

,

er al p arts o ut throug h the ro ck with g re at l abour ,

h
,

o rre g ul arly formed with l ar g e loos e stones The .

summit o f the e a stern pe ak c onsists of one i

m ense m a ss o f g r anite the sm oothness o f whi ch i s ,

broken only by a few p arti al ssures presenting an ,

a ppe ar anc e not unlike the ic e covered summits o f -

the Alps W e n se e n from the b ottom it looks as

.
,

sh a rp as a needle but it termin ates i n a pl atform of

1
,

ab out 3 0 feet in circumferenc e The surfa c e o f .

e very blo ck presented inscriptions w r itten in ch a r

 E
h h
h
m
D S C R I PT I ON OF AR A BI A . 5 7

h m
r
a cte s o f a foot in lengt h t e g re ater p art of w ic ,

ar e ille g ible These fa cts to g ether wi th the ro a d

.
,

le ading up to the top afford str ong g roun ds to pre,

s u me th at thi s si ng ul ar eminenc e w as an ancient

pl ac e o f devotion From the se c irc u m st anc es

m hh
m
.
,

s ays our inte llig ent tr av e ller Ia persu ad ed th at ,

Mount S erb a l w as at o ne period the chief pl ac e o f

h
pil grim age in the pe ninsul a ; and th at it w as thus

h
c o nsider ed as the m ount ain wher e Mo se s re c eived

h
the T ab les o f t e L aw ; thou g h Ia equ ally c on
vin c e d fro m a perus al o f the S criptures th at the
, ,

Isr aelites enc a m pe d i the Upper S in a i and th at

'

e ither G eb el Mous a o rM ount St C atherin e is t e ~

.

r eal H oreb .

O S o ar lie s m ore tow ards t e s ou t and ,

ne a rer the point where the two g ulfs sep ar ate It .

rises in a m as s o f almost pe r pendicul ar cliffs in a ,

country the aspect o f which is th at o f the m o st sav

m
ag e w il d ness The dev as t a tions o f torrents ar

. e
e verywhere visible the sides of the mount ain be ing
,

rent by them in numb erless directions The sur .

fa c e o f the n ak ed rocks i s bl ackened by the sun ;

all ve g et a tion is dried an d withered an d the whole ,

E
s c ene presents nothin g but utter de sol ati on an d

hopel ess b arrenness The hi g hest pe ak t apers to
.

a point and a ppe a rs to be in a c c essible ; but at 2

, 00
feet below a b e autiful view O pens o n the Gul f o f
,

Suez Whether Sin a i ay be identied with this

'

h h
.

eminence or not it is p r ob ab ly the s a me r an g e o f

,

m o u nt ains ; a nd the ide a is not extr a v ag ant th at

m h
would c onsider t he b old promonto r y o f R as Moh a m
m ed the se aw ard front o f the Mount o f God This .

r u gg e d and lofty ch ain is visib le from both arm s o f

t e gul f ; and perh aps as a lively tr ave ller as r e ,

m arked the sherm an in his b ark mu st h ave he ard

,

the thunder and seen the cloudy p avilion when t e

God O f Isra el spoke to hi s chosen people .

S cenes and I pressions in gyp t , p 63

4'
. .
E
58

fr
tation
l Ty h .
D E S CRI P T IO N
The wh ole o f this ru g g ed tr a ct is interse cted
with innumer ab le w adys som e of which ar
a s b arren as the rocks ; while others nourish shrubs
e ne arly

uit trees and o cc a sion ally a m ost lu x uri ant v e g e

-
,

The v alley of the m ount ainous r an g e c alled

.

which form s the northern b ound ary o f the

,
,
OF A RA B I A .

,
,

m
S in ai g roup affords exc ellent p a stur ag e and ne
'

spring s thou g h not in g re at num b ers W ady Lej a

,
.
,

ne ar Gebel Mous a i s represented by B urckh ardt as

h
,

m ost deli g htful It is sm all ; but so b rilli a nt w as the

.

v erdure and so arom atic the perfum e of the or an g e

,

trees th at g rew in an orch ard th at he fancied him ,

s elf tr ansported from the cli ffs of the wilderness

h
to the delicious g roves o f Antio ch It i s supposed .

to be t e v all ey of Rephidim an d O pens into an ,

e xtensive pl ain tow ards the north e a st -

.

W a dy Sheik an d its c ontinu a tion W ady Feir a

m
h
, ,

which sep ar ates Mount S erb al from the Upper Sin ai ,

is c onsidered the nest v alley in t is p art o f the
Ar ab i an peninsul a From the hig her extremity a n
.

uninterrupted succ essi on o f g ardens and d ate pl a nt a -

h
tions extends downw ards for sever al miles ; and
almost every one o f these a s a well by m e ans of ,

which the g rounds ar e irri g ated durin g the whol e

ye ar The w a ters colle cted from the l ater al r avine s
.
-

empty them selves throu g h Fe ir an into the G ul f o f

Suez W ady Kyd between S o ar and the Gulf
.
,

o f Ak a b a is a very rom antic spot and o n e of the

h
, ,

m ost famous date v all eys in the district It is tr av

-

h
.

er se d b
y a sm all rivulet oversh a dowed by trees , ,

with ne verdure o n its b anks The rocks th at .

o verh an g it almo st m e et and g ive to the whole the

appe ar anc e of a g rotto S imil ar descrip t ions mi g ht

.

be extended to numerous other v alleys ; b u t enou g

as been s aid to convey a toler ab le ide a o f the n a
ture o f thi s rem ark ab le peninsul a .

A re gion so extensive a s Ar ab i a v aryin g in ele ,

v ation in clim ate and soil must n atur ally be sub

, , ,

j c e t to c onsider able irre g ul aritie s o f temper ature ,

 E
h h hh
mm
60 D SC RI PT I O N OF ARAB IA

h
.

t e 1
ten t, and 56 w e n exp osed to t e su n s r ays

h
.

The hi g hl ands o n the c o ast and in som e p arts o f t e,

interior enj oy a m ore temper ate atmosphere N e a r

, .

S an aa , about 2 0 0 mile s inl a nd from Mo ch a N ie ,

-

buhr w as inform ed th at ice ad b e en seen S torm s .

o f b ail ar e n o t unc omm on at T aif and snow som e

times falls o n the hills ne ar Medin a In win ter t e

h
.

whole o f the Upper S in ai is O ft e n c over e d with

snow ; any of the p a sse s ar e cho ked up s o th a t

m
,

the m ount ains o f Mo se s and St C atherine ar e in ac .

c essible Mr F a z akerley who a scended the in

. .
,

the m onth o f Febru ary fo un d it very d eep ; thou g h

,

he fared b etter th an Pi etro dell a V alle ,w o went up

h
h h
in a violent snow storm and g ive s a l a m ent ab le a c
-
,

c ount o f his a dventures o n th at oc c a sion For thi s .

p eculi arity of clim ate Ar abi a is p artly indebted to its

po sition hem m ed in betwe en the continents of Asi a
,

and Afri c a , an d e ffect u ally deb arred by the l atter

from t e inuenc e o f t e south we st o nso on -

hh
,

w i ch blow s d ur ing summ e ro n the c o asts o f India ,

and ushers i n the perio dic al r ains .

m
O ne gr

m
e at ch ar a cteristic o f this V ast c ontinent al de
sert i s aridity W hole ye ars oc c a sion ally p a ss aw ay
.

without r ain ; the drou g ht i s c o nsequently extrem e

h
,

and destructive o f al l ve g e tatio nz All t e hi g hl an d x

mm
tr a cts and the different ridg es w hich shoot fort

h
mhh
,

m
into the interior , by attr a ctin g clouds a nd v apours ,
enj oy the a dva nt ag e o f frequent an d ce p io u s showers .

Those r ains o ccur at di fferent times o f the y e ar , a c

h
c ording to the position of the m ount ains O n t e .

w estern declivity o f Yemen and al ong the shore s ,

o f t e Re d S e a they c ommenc e in June and ter

, i
n ate in S eptember This distri ct i s also refreshe d
.

by a sp rin g r ain ; while o n the e a stern de clivity o f

the s am e m o unt ains the w et s e a son is between t e
i ddle o f N o ve b er and the middle o f Feb ru ary
n Had r
.

I a a ut and O an a nd o n t e coas t s o f t e ,

1
Ta l
isi
n Arabia , p 3 84
. .
 E
m hh
h
P ersi an Gul f, it exte n ds from t
D S CRiP TfO N

middle of Februa ry
to the i ddle o f Ap ril Thus it would seem t at :

the r ains m ak e the tour o f the peninsul a ev e ry se a

son a cc ording to t he prev al enc e o f the winds T ey
.
rAR ABIA
o

e
'
. 6 1
.

h
.

oft en fall however in storm s r ather th an show e rs ;

, ,

and inste ad of irri g a ting the g round ar

,
e dr unk up ,

by the thirsty s ands o r c o lle c t ed in sudden p ools , .

In the v alleys ne arT a if B u rckh ardt w as overt aken

,
_
,

by a tempest of t hunder h ail and r ain whi ch c ov

h
, , ,

ered W a dy N om a n t re e fe et deep ; innum er ab le

'

E
c asc ades imme diately t umbled from the sides of th e

hh
.

hills and the inund atio n b ec a m e g ener al so as to

, ,

render t r avelling for a time impossi b le The histo .

ri ans o f Mec c a re c ord v arious inst ance s in whi ch

1
-

th a t town w as c ompletely delu g ed In 62 6 a tor

E
.

rent rushed so r apidl y into t e pl ain th at ve hun

hh
dred of t e inh abit ants were dro w ne d ; the g re at
m osque w a s ll ed ; thre e side s o f it were swept
a w a y ; and eve r y u m an being within it perish e d .

There a ppe ars to be no g eneral o rxed law b y which

h
the se periodic al r a ins ar e determine d ; au d it i s only
the skirts a s it were o f t e Ar abi an p eninsul a th a t

h
, ,

h
enj oy thi s ne c ess ar y provi sion o f n ature for sust ain

h
ing the productive powers o f the e arth T e s a me

h
.

l atitud e s in Asi a and Afric a present the s a m e p e c a

liar
,

itie s P ersi a except where it i s w atered by t e

h
.
,

uphr ate s and the Indus exhibits all tha t fri g htfu l '
,

whi ch as b e en depicted by t e hi stori ans

o f Al e x a nder in rec ordin g t e perils and su ffe r ing s

m
is a rmy while tr aversing G e d r o sia (Me k r
_

of an ) .

h
Bu t for the N ile g ypt were a desert ; and i f B ar

h
, ,

b ary i s m ore fe r tile t h an S ah ar a it is b e c ause t e

h hh
,

Atl a s rang e attr a cts the m o istur e o f the clou d s .

P erh aps the m ost S ing ul ar fe ature in the Ar abi an

c ontinent is its e ntir e w ant o f ri v ers o rpere nnial
stre a ms This deciency as inde ed b e en g e n e
.

t ously supplied b y the indu stry of g eo g r a phers w o ,

av e tr a ced windi ng lines in v ario u s dire ctions ter ,

inatin after a lon g c o urse , on t e m ar g i n of t e

V OL .
F
 6 2 Eh
D S C RI PTI O N
c e an Ptolemy reckoned four rivers in Ar abi a
o .

Feli x ; Di0 d or ~
u s and Str ab o descri b e sever al ne
OF ARA B IA
'
.

m m
stre a ms ; an d H erodo tus spe ak s o f o ne tr aversing

h
the desert at the dist anc e of tw elve d ays j ourney
,

.

B y the time s of D A nv ille and N i eb uhr the se ad

gre atly d iminished ; and m odern tr avellers h ave di s

c ov er ed tha t n a me s which h ave so iong ourished
as pompous rive r s are either quite im ag in ary or ,

only temp or ary currents wh ic a r e a bso rb ed in

* h
,

the s and an d n ever re a ch the se a exc ept a fter c o

,

p iou s r ains The g r eat Aftan o f Ptolemy o n which

.
,

sto od the c ity of Y e a a and which is still m a de ,

to roll its tr ib u tary w aters in t o the P ersi an Gulf i s ,

m
,

now found to b e a very m ode st b r oo k nourished by ,

the clouds and h avin g no existenc e but durin g o ne

,

se a son o f the ye ar Those a t Aden Moch a and

h
.
, ,

other pl a c es a r e O f the s ame descript ion T e

hh
.

Jews an d poorer inhab it ants erect their huts o f

wicker work in the dusty ch annels In som e o f the
-
.

w adys th ere are Stre a m s o f co nsider ab le size th at

run a c ourse o f si x ty o rei g hty le ag ues ; b ut they
ar e g ener al ly drunk up in the s a ndy belt before re a c
ing either g ulf The l akes in t e inte rio r entio n e d

.
, ,

b y the Greek and Turkish g eo g r aphers must h av e

'

E
,

be e n tempor ary c ollections o f w ater form ed by t e

r ai ns .
A

The winds ar
- e extrem ely v ari able , an d their r e
freshin g inuenc e i s b u t p arti ally fel t During sum .

m er the he at in the low er pl ains on the c o a st i s so

,

ste ad y and e qu ab le th at the atm osphere rem a ins in

h
a s tate of repose N o ch ang e o f temper ature t ak e s
.

pl ac e to set the airin m otion ; he nc e de ad c alm s

oc cur which som etime s c ontinue for sixty d a ys with

h
o u t interruption The n ature O f the winds d i ffers
.

a c c ordin g to the p oint o f the c omp a ss from whi ch

they blow , o rthe tr act ov e r w i ch they respe c tively

"

N ot ice G ograp ique su rl Ar n sH is

1 abie C en trale ; M e n i

g
1
.

ton e d e gyp t e, v o l ii p 55 D An ville , G eog A ncr

. . e nn e
. . .
 mEh D S CRIP TIO N o r A R A B IA 63

mm m
p ass On
the sh or es o f the P ersi an G ul f the

h
.
,

s o u th e a st win d is a c comp anied wit a degree o f

-

oistur e whi ch whe n the hea t is i nten se o cc a si ons

m
, ,

h
v iole n t perspir a ti on and o n that a c co un t i s de em ed
,

m ore dis a gree able th an the n orth we st , which is -

m ore torrid and he ats m et als i n the sha de W ater

h
,
.

pl a c ed in j ars e x p osed t o t e c urre n t o f this hot

m
,

w i nd is re ndered v e r y c_ool by the e ffe ct o f the su d '

d e n ev apor a tio n ; b u t its bl a sts ofte n s u ffo c ate both

e n and an im als
'

In the lower p art of t e R e d S e a , -

the wi nds blow fr

hh
.

om the s am e qu arter abo ut n i n e ,

m o nths in t e y e ar or from the e nd o f Ang u st till

,

M ay ; b ut fro C o sse irto S u ez the O pposite o n

soo n o rn orth wi n d prev a ils .

Ar ab i a is frequ e n tly visited b y the terrible si o om ,

c alled by t e n a tives s a ial or the wi n d o f S yri a

h
, _ ,

u n der whose p e stile ntiaL i nu en c e all n at u re seem s

to l ang u ish and e x pi r e This c u rre nt prev ails chie y

.

o n the fro ntier s a nd more r arely in the i nterior ? It

h
,

is _in the ar id p lains abo u t B u ssor a B a gd a d Al eppo , , ,

an d i n the en viro n s of Mec c a th at it i s m ost dre a ded ; ,

and o nly d u ring the i nte n se he a ts of s u mmer T e .

Ar abs , bei ng ac cu stom ed to an atm osph ere o f gre at

p urity are s aid to perceive its appro a ch by its sul
, .

p ur ou S od O I ir an d by an unu s u a l re d ness in the

qu arterwhe n ce it c om es The sky at other tim e s

.

m
,
.

sere n e an d cl ou dless ap pe ars lurid and he a vy ; the

,

sun lo s e s his
splendo u r and appe ars of a violet

h
c olo u r The a ir s at u r a ted with p articles of the
\

.
,

n est s an d bec omes th ick ery an d un t fo rre sp i

, , ,

r atio n The Cold est s u bst an c es change th eir n at u r a l

.

qu alities ; m arble iro n and w ater ar , e hot a nd d e

, ,

c e iv e the h an d th at to u ches them E very ki nd of .

m oist ure i s absorbed ; the skin i s p arched a nd s r iv

e lle d ; p aper cr a cks a s if it were in the m o u th of an
ove n W he n i nh al ed by e n or anim als the simoom
.
,

produ c es a p a i nful feeli n g a s of s u ffo c atio n The , .

lu ngs ar e too r areed for bre athi ng and the body i s ,

c o n s u med by an i nte r nal he a t which ofte n termi ,

 m
h E h
mm
hh
64 SN o
PT IC
D SCR I rAR A BIA

h
.

nates in co nvulsio ns and

de ath T e c arc asse s o f .

t e de ad e x hibit symptom s o f imm ed i at e p u t r e fac

tio n si il ar to w at i s observed to t ak e pl a c e o n
,

bo d ies d ep rived o f li fe b y t un d e r o rthe e ffe ct o f

'

electricity :

W e n this pe stile nc e visits town s o rvill a ges th e ,

i nh abit an ts shut them selve s u p the stre ets ar e de

,

se rte d and the sile n c e o f n i ght everyw here reigns

, .

Tra ve llers in the de sert som etime s nd a crevi c e in

the ro cks ; b ut if rem ote fro shelter th ey u st

hh
,

a bide the dre ad ful c o n sequ e n c es The o nly m e an s

h
.

m
o f e sc api ng from these de stru ctive bl a sts i s to lie at

m
o n the gro un d u n til they p a ss over a s they alw ays ,

m ove at a c er t ai n height in the atm o sphere I nstin ct

h
.

te a che s eve n anim als to b o w down th e ir he ads and ,

b u ry their n o strils in the s an d T e d anger is m ost

h
"
im mi n e n t whe n they blow in squ alls w ic r ais e
'

m h
,

u p clo u ds o f s a n d in s u ch qu an titie s th at it b ec om e s
i mpo ssible to see to the dist anc e o f a few y ards In .

these c a ses the tr aveller ge n e r a ll y li e s dow n on t e le e

side o f his c a mel ; b ut a s the d ese rt i s soo n b lo w n u p

to the level o f its body bot ar

,
e obliged frequ e nt ly
to rise an d repl ac e t e r nse lV e s in a n ew positio n in
' '

o rder to avoi d bei ng e ntirely covered In m any .

in st anc es howev er fro w e ari n e ss fa i ntn ess or

h
, , , ,

sle epi n ess o c c asio ned by the gre at he at an d ofte n

m
, ,

fro a feeli ng o f desp air both , e n an d an i m al s

rem ain on the gro u nd an d in tw e nty mi nu te s the y
,

ar e bu ri ed under a lo ad o f s an d: C ar av ans ar e s om e

tim e s sw allowed u p ; and whole armie s h ave per

is e d miser ably in the se i nhospit abl e de sert s .

S uch ar e the e ffe cts of the se resistless whirlwi n ds

b u t the n o x io u s qu a litie s a scribe d to them tho u gh ,

pern icio u s to he alth h ave cert a i nly bee n e x ag g e r

,

a ted by credulo u s o rill i n form ed tr ave llers

-
Their .

de ad ly i n u en c e seem s to arise solely fo he at

c o ntr a cted in p a ssi n g a cro ss b u rn i ng w a stes he n c e ,

whe n s u dde nly i nh aled they oc c a sio n sick ness and

,

su ffo ca tio n and eve n tho se liv id app e a r an ce s th at

'

,
 E
h m
h
a
D SC R IPTI

ve _bee n ascribed to at o spheri c poi son

simoom u s u ally l a sts th r
ON O F

Th e
ee d ays b u t if it e x c eed th at
A R A B IA .

.
65

m
ti m e it b ec om es in s u pport able It blow s from the .

e ast and the n orth and is of su ch e x c essi ve a ri dity

,

th at w ate rsprinkl ed o n the gro un d ev apor a te s in a

.

fe w m i nu tes W e n the wi nd ch ange s to the so u th

every thin g i s in the O ppo site e x tr e m e the airi s
.
,

h
h
_ ,

d a mp and s ub st an c e s whe n h andl e d feel cl a mmy

,

and wet to the to u ch

_ The predomi nat ing w i n ds in .

the Nej ed ar c the gh arbi or so u th w est which is d r y ,

-
, ,

a nd per ni c io u s to c ultiv a tio n a n d o c c a sio n ally blows ,

.

fro the s a m e poi nt seve n mo nths in s u cc essio n ;

m
the e sia or west w in d i s of a b u r nin g he at an d

m
, , '
,

p rev ails in J un e J uly a nd Au gu st , The sh a m al or ,

.
,

n orth is c ool a n d refreshi n g ; the j e no ub an d sh ark i

,

(so u th and e a st ) , the fathers of the r a i n s ar

e the ,

welcom e h a rbi n gers of cl o u ds which so o n dissolve ,

E
in gr ateful showers .

m
A descriptio n of Arabi a n ece ss aril y i ncl u de s the

h
two gulfs th at form its e ast ern a nd we stern b o u nd a a

ri es B oth of these se a s gure in the e arly ann als
.

of ori e nt al c omm erc e ; they ar e lled with

h
m
rocks s andb ank s , and s m all isl ands which thr ow
, ,

i p e dime nts in the w ay O f fre e and s a fe n aviga tio n .

Pli ny as rem arked th a t n owhere ar e the depositio n s

,

from rivers o re perceptible th an at the mo u th o f

h
the E u phrates H e me ntions the f a mo u s reservo ir ,
1
.

which he c alls B arar nalc u (B ahr e M ale c i e , . .

the R oy al L ake ) form ed by N ebu ch ad nezz a r who

h
, ,

r ai sed a m o und or w all to c o n n e the w aters at the

, ,

m o u th o f the Tigr is The P ersi an G ul f is i n cluded .

by N e ar

c us Arri a Str abo an d Other Greek

writers u nder the n a m e of the Erythr ae an S e a so
, , ,

, ,

de nomi n ated a s they all ege from a c ert ai n kin g

, , ,

r yt r u s who reign ed and w as b u ried in o n e of the

,

i sl an ds a t its est u a ry 0 rm u z st an ds a ssoci ated .

with the a ncie nt we alth of In di a ; and Tyru s and

Ar a d u s ar e s u pposed to be the cr a dl e of the Tyr i ans
a nd Phenic i an s The B ahrei n gro u p on the A r
. a ,
.

F 2
66

hhhh E
m
m

D S CR I
P TION O F
bi an c o ast ha ve alw ay s be e n and still ar e , c eleb r ate d
AR A B IA ;

h
m
, ,

for their pe arl s e r y. I n the n e ig b o ur o o d o f

-

the se isl an ds fresh sprin gs a r

1
e fo un d in the id

m
d e of the s alt w ater T e P ersi an co a st is s a fer

h
_ .

and m ore elev ated th an the Ar abia n Ne a r the

h
.

E
u pper e nd the g u lf is forty le agu e s in bre adth and
b u t t e str a it a t bape

a bo u t s eve n ty ii I the mid dl e

h h
m
Mu sse nd o do es not e x c eed fty v e mile s

-
.

The R e d S e a oc c u pie s a d e ep rocky c avity e x

te ndi ng a bo u t 1
1
60 m iles in le ng t an d its m e an
'

,
,

br eadth ay be t ake n at abou t S tr abo a s c om

p ared its sh ape to th at O f a bro a d rive r; and as
,

a s alre a d bee n n otic ed it doe s n ot receive the ,

.

w aters 0 a s ingle tribu t a ry stre am The n a m e .

gre atly p u z zled the an cie nts and as oc c a sion ed in ,

l ater ti e s a d is pl ay Of m uch sup er u o u s le arni n g to

' '

h
determi n e whether it w as derived fro the c olo u r
o f the w a ter the ree ctio n of the s andb anks and the
,

n eighbo u ri ng mo u nt a in s o rthe sol a r rays stru ggli n g ,

thro u gh a de n se a tm osphere The se v ari o u s co n .

j e ctu r es ar e set a t re st ; both the airan d w ater ar e

u nu s u ally cle ar ; the theory o f K ing ryt r us i s

h
;

e x ploded ; and the n a m e is no w ad mitt ed to be merely

h h
a Gr e e k tr an sl atio n o f the S e a O f E dom (a Hebre w

word de n oti ng R e d ) ,so frequ e ntly me ntio ned by the

s a cred writers The s urfa c e i s diversied with a
.

nu mber o f isl an d s s om e O f which s u ch as K otem

h
.
,

bel and G ebel T ar n e a r L o e ia e x hibit volc anic

, , ,

appe ar an c es T e w e ste r n co ast i s bold and

m
. as _ ,

m ore depth o f w at er th an the e a stern , where the

h
,

c or al rocks ar e gr ad u ally e ncro a chi n g o n the i r na

h
tive elem e nt Thes e ree fs ar
. e fo un d dispersed over
t e whole gu lf risi n g in som e pl a c e s te n fa thoms
,

above the w a ter The bottom i s c overed with an

.

ab u nd an t h arve st o f this s u bst an c e a s well as o f c er ,

t a i n pl an ts ; and i f e x ami ne d in c alm we ather it as

, ,

t e appe ar an c e o f verd ant m e a dows and su bm ar in e

forests ph en om e n a which proc u red this gul f the
,

a p pell atio n o f Y a Z u ph from the J ews and B a hr ,

 E
m
68 D S CR IP TIO N O F A R A B IA

m
.

the gulf d uri ng the sp aw ning p eriod th at 1 8 be

-

, ,
.

twee n the l atter e n d o f D ec ember an d the e nd o f

Febru ar y The c or al b ank s are less n u m ero u s in
,

the so u thern p arts It deserves n otic e th at Dr

Sh aw an d MrBru c e h ave st ated wh at c o uld o nl y
.
,
.
i

h
be tru e so fara s their o w n e x p erie n c e w ent th a t
.
,

, ,

they O b served n o spec ies o f w e e d or ag ; and the

h
.

l atter propose s to tr a nsl ate Y a Z u ph the S e a o f

1
C or al a n a m e a s appro pri a te as th at of Edo

h
, .

B ab e Mau d e b the n arrowest p a rt o f the gulf is

, .

the str ait at its e n tr an c e w i ch i s betw e e n twelve ,

an d fo u rtee n miles a cros s ; it is divided by the i sl an d

o f P er im w i ch st an ds abo u t t hree m ile s from the
,

Ar abi an shore S trab o r e late s th a t the E gypti a n

E
.
,

m erch ants who ad posse ssio n o f this se a use d t o

dr aw a ch a in a cro ss to the Afric an side to p r eve nt ,

the i ntru sio n O f foreign ers ; an assertion which i s

p rob ably to be cl a ssed am o ng the other m arvels of
the an cie nts The high l an d of Afric a and the P e ak

h
h
h
.

o f Ass ab ar e disti n ctly visible altho u gh the latter i s

h
,

r ec ko n ed seve n ty m iles dist an t from Moch a Thi s .

p rove s th a t there i s a g re a t degr e e o f refr a ct io n in

the a tmosphere In fu rther c o nfirm atio n of thi s

h
.

fa ct L ord V ale nti a m entio ns a si ngul ar p he nom en on

,

m
which Oc c u rred and w ic a s also b e e n n oti c ed b y
,

the a ncie nts The setti ng sun ad the appe ar

. an c e
o f a ami ng c ol u m n h avi ng tot ally lost its u s u al ,

r o un d form ; a s le n d id te stimo n y in favo u r of A g a ,

m
t ar c id e s who so s ays th at it rose l ik e a pill ar o f

m
,

The n o r

m
m
r

m m
e

ther n p a rt O f the R e d S e a sep ar ates
i nto the tw o gul fs of Ak ab a or Ail ah and S u ez ,

m
c all ed by the Greeks an d R om ans the lan itic a nd
Her O O olitan from the citie s th at stood at their e x
p

h
,

tr e itie s The former i s d an gero u s o wi ng to its

hh
.
,

sho al s an d c or al ro cks ; the c ommo n O p inio n th at it

Ne c sol ad disci for

V ale ntia s Tr av e ls, v ol


p 3 59 . . .

ab e t , se d c r t colu na p r p Io
e fe r
r
1

a se a ssa C I H ud
11
11
.

son . G eag p M inorA g a t a r D iod ar b

. . cap 3 . . . . . .
mE
mE
tom
h
m h
.

O n the
,
,
D S CR I TIO N

ter i nates in tw o poi nts as be e n corrected b y

P

B urckh ardt n o s u ch bifu rc ati on bei n g foun d to ex ist

The G u lf o f S u e z e x t e nds abo u t 60 m iles in
le ngt h and i s o f s afer navig atio n ; its depth v ary ing
fro n i n e to fo u rte e n fathom s w ith a s an dy bot
lanitic si d e the whole c o a st f ro m
R as Moh a mm ed to Ak ab a co n si sts o f a s u c c essio n
b F rA R A B IA

,
,
.

,
69

.

3

m h
,

o f b ay s bo un ded by ro cky he adl an ds Here as in

m
,

h h
.
,

other p arts the shore s h ave u n dergo n e a m a teri al

mh
,

ch a nge O n the Ar abi an c oa st the w ater as r e

h
.
.

tired so th at town s an cie ntly en tio n ed as se aport s

,

m
ar e no w sever al le a gu es i nl an d The l an d at S u e z

h h
.

pres e n ts eviden c e that the se a ad the n e x tend e d

m u c farthe r n orthw ardappe a r anc e s whi ch te n d
.

to favo u r the hyp othesi s th at the Ar abi an G u lf w as

h
a t som e rem ot e p eriod a str a it w ic un it e d the

h
,

I n di an an d Mediterr an e an S e a s ; an d th a t the istha

u s whi c n ow divides them a s bee n s u bsequ e ntly
.

lled u p with s an d T e tides and m edi u m level o f

.

this gul f ar e s u bj ect t o gre a t v ari atio n fro the i

u e n ce of the periodic al wi n ds ; so m u ch so th at ,

h
N ieb uhr te lls us the poin t ne ar S u ez ay b e som e

m m
tim e s crossed o n foot

h
.

This we stern ar O f the R e d S e a as be e n r

g

,
en
der ed famo u s by the mir a c ul ou s p a ss age O f the

m h
'

I sra el ites The e x a ct spot where this eve nt o c

m
.

c u rred as well as the li n e o f m arch and d iffere nt

,

e nc a mpm e nts of the chose n r ace h ave becom e to o

h
_ ,

obsc u re t ro u gh tim e a nd ch an ge to be tra ced wit

a c c u r a cy Sh a w and P o co ck e h ave give n ro utes of
.

their j ourneyi n gs prob abl y copied from o lder m aps ;

,

b a t any of t e ir st a tio n s m u st , of ne c essity be at ,

ter o f c o nj e ct u re The native s of the c o a st poi nt o u t

.

i ndi ffere ntly the v alley of B aid e a n early seve nty ,

i les down ; the p ass age from S u ez a cro ss the n ar

row ar th at r u n s u p to the port ; an d other poin ts
o n the shor e farther so u thw ard O pposite Ayo un ,

Mo u s a an d the H amm am F arao un N iebu hr x e s

, .

u po n S u e z as the spot at which they c rossed The .

 m
7
0 D E S C RI P T I O N O F A R A B IA .

n arrow gulf before th a t town he O bserve s appe ar

m
s
, ,

a t rst sight to be o nly the bre a dth o f a river i n c om

p ariso n with the O pe n se a and therefore to o sm all ,

to h ave bee n chose n by the Almighty a s the sc e n e

o f the m an ifest ati o n o f his po w er This led hi m to .
,

m
su ppose th at the I sr a elite s m u st h ave p a sse d at

h
so e l e ag u e s so u thw ard of S u ez ; an O pi n io n whi ch

h
he ch anged on m e a s u ri ng the bre adth o f the g ulf at

th at p l a c e which he fo un d to be 3 500 fe et a nd far
If the childr
, ,

ther n orth it w as still w ider e n of

.

h

I sr a el he c onti n u e s
,
p a sse d the se a at K o lz o u
, .
,

the mir a cle wo u ld i ndeed be less th an if t e y cr o sse d

'

it n e ar B aid e a B u t it i s a mi st ake to s u ppose th a t

hh
.

the m u ltitu de c o u ld cross here witho u t a prodigy ; .

for eve n in the pre se nt d ay n o c ar av an cro sses here

in goi n g from C a iro to Mo u nt S i n a i n otwith st anding

h
,

th at it wo u ld m ateri ally s o rte n the dist an c e l t .

h
F

m u st n a tu r ally h ave be e n o re di f c ult to the I sr ael

ite s tho u s ands o f ye ars ag o w e n the gu l f w as prob

h
,

ably bro a der an d de eper a n d e x te nd e d far t er

h h
, north

w a rd . This su ppositio n o f the D ani sh tr aveller
fairly m eets the O bj ectio n th at if the I sr a elite s ad
,

m
crossed at S u e z Ph ar a oh m ight e asily h ave do uble d
,

the p oi nt and overt ake n them witho u t riski ng t e

-
,

loss o f his army by e nteri n g t e ch ann el in pu rs uit .

W he n B u rckh ardt left S u ez the tide w as at ood ,

and e w as obliged to m ake the to u r O f the w o le

cre ek which he s ays can be forded at low w ater ;
,

b u t in wi nter tim e an d im medi ately a fter the r a i ny

se a son the c irc u it i s re n dered sti ll gre ater be c ause

, ,

the low gro u n ds to the n orthw ard fo rm any m iles , ,

ar e the n i nu n d ated and bec om e so sw a mpy th at the

,

c a e ls c ann ot p a ss them .

The i nge nio u s Dr Sh aw obj e cts to the/ O pi nion

.

which x es the p a ss age O pposite A you n Mo u s a o n ,

the gro u nd th at the w ater there m u st h ave bee n too

sh allow to drow nso m any E gypti an s a nd th is o bj e c
tion applies still m ore stro ngly to the theory of
N ieb uhr Ac cordi n g to the r st o f the se le arne d
.
 E
h
1

m
D P
S C R I T IO N OF A R A B IA . 7
tr avell ers the Isr a elites m u st h ave cro ssed lowe r

hh
, ~

do w n opposite the desert o f Shu r

,
S upposi ng R a .

m eses to a ve bee n C a iro th er e ar e tw o ro a ds he , ,

mm
rem arks by which the y m ight h ave be e n c o n du cted
,

to Pih ahiroth on the c o a st ; the o ne thro u gh v al leys

hh h
which ar e bo un ded on e a ch si d e b y the m o u n t a i n s .

o f t e L ower Th eb ais the oth er m o re to the n orth ,

w ard h aving t e se o un t a in s fo rsever al le a gu es

'

o n the r ight and the d esert On the left till it tu r ns

h
, ,

thro u gh a si ng ular r a vin e in the n orthernm ost r an ge

i nto t e v alley of B aid e a T e l atter he pres u m e s .

t o h ave be en the c o u rse t ake n by the I sra elite s .

S u cc oth the rst st atio n signie s o n ly a pl a c e of

, ,

te nts an d Eth a the s ec o n d st a tio n h e co n sider s

h
, ,

a s prob ably o n the edge O f t e o u n tain o us district r

j u st a llu de d to Here the I sr a elite s were ordere d

.

t o tu r n from their li n e O f m arch and e n c a mp before ,

P ih ahiroth in the m o u th of the gullet o r dele

,

betwee n Migdol and the s ea Thi s v alley he su p

h h
.

po se s to be ide ntied with th a t O f B aid e a which ,

signies mir a c ulo u s and which also be ar s the n am e ,

of Ti ah B e n i Isr a el o rthe P ath o f the I sr a elites

- -
, .

B aal zephon over a g a i n st whi ch they e n camped is

-
,
-
,

a lleged to b e the m o u nt ai n sti ll c alle d G ebel Att a ~

h
ka , o rthe Hill o f D eliver an c e an d at the dis an c e
t
o f t e n mile s from this i s the de sert O f Sh u r where ,

the I sra elite s l anded T e gu lf in thi s qu a rt er wou ld

hm
.

be c ap a cio u s e n o ugh to c over a nu m ero u s a rmy and ,

yet might be tr averse d by the Hebrew fu gitive s in a

n ight ; where a s lowerdo wn from W ady G ar e nd e l ,

t o Tor the ch annel i s from te n to twelve le a gu e s

,

bro a d which i s too gre at a dist an c e to h ave be e n

,

tr avelled by a m u ltit u de w ith so m any e nc u mbr an c e s

as they c a rried with them H a vi ng o n c e e n tere d .

this v alley it m ight well be Sa id th at the wilder n es s

,

ad shu t them ina sm u ch a s the m o u nt a i n s o f

M ok atte wo u ld de ny them a p a ss a ge to the so uth
'
.

w a rd while tho se ne a rS u ez wo u ld be a b ar
, rier
tow ards the n o r th .
 E
m
m
m
7
2 D S CR I T IO N P OF A R A B IA .

B u rckh ardt se e s in clin ed to foll ow the O pin ions

h h
o f Sh aw an d N iebu hr R eferri ng to the dist an c e

h
.

betwee n Ayo un Mo u s a and the W ell o f H ow ar a he ,

c onj ect u res th at this is the desert o f thre e days sa i d

h h
,

to h ave be e n crossed by the I sr a elit es imm e dia tely

m
a fter their p a ssi n g the R e d S e a and at the e nd o f , ,

w ich they arrive d at M ar ah In o vi ng wit a .

na tio n t e m arch (ne arly fort y mile s )

, ay
well be s u ppo sed to h a ve o c c u pied thre e d ay s ; an d

hh h
t e bitt er well at M ar ah whic Was swe ete n e d b y
, .

Mo se s c orrespon ds e x a ctly with th at o f H o w ar

, a .

This is the u su al ro u te to Mo u nt S i nai and w as

m
m
_ ,

prob ably therefore th a t which the Isr a elites took

, ,

o n their e sc ape from E gypt ; prov i ded it be admitted

th at they cr o sse d t e gul f n e ar S u ez a s N ieb u r

h
,

with g O O d r
,

e a so n c o nj e ctu res There is no other .

ro ad o f three d ays m arch on t e w ay fro Su ez
tow ards S i n ai nori s there any other well absol u tely
,

bitter on the whole o f thi s c o a st a s faras R as M O

E
.
_
,

h a mm ed The c ompl a i nts o f the bittern e ss o f the

.

water by the childre n o f I sr a el who ad b e en a c c u s ,

t o e d to the swe et w ater o f the N ile ar e s u ch as ,

ay be d aily he ard from the E gyp ti an serv an ts and

p e a s ants who tr avel in Ar abi a .

hh
W ith respect to the m e an s employed by Mo se s
to swe ete n the w ater s B urckh ardt f req u e n tly in
,

qu ired am o ng the Ar abs in di ff ere nt p a rts whether

m
,

they possessed any me a s O f e ffe cti n g s u ch a ch ange

m
n

h
,

by throwi ng w ood i nto it o rby a ny other proc ess ; ,

.

b u t e n ever c o uld le arn th at s u ch an ar t w as

h
kn own F o r sk al w o tr a ve lled with N ieb u hr as

h
.
,

bot an i st i n di c ate s a pl a nt havi ng this property

, ,

which is s a id to b e kn o w n in the E ast Indies ; and

h
B u rckh ardt s u gge sts the red berry o f the g ar k ad a ,

h
shr ub which grows in the n eighbo urhood , an d which
he tho u ght might p e rh ap s e ff e ct thi s ch an ge in t e ,

sa e m a n n er as i s d o n e jb y t e j u ic e o f pom egrana te
gr ai n s If H o w ar
. a is the M ar a .
o f E x odu s (ch ap .

xv . the n W a dy G ar e nd e l is pr o b ably li
 Eh
m
7

h
D S CR I P TIO N O F A R A BIA 3

h
.

w ith it s twelve spri ngs and seve nty p alm t r

e es B ut
-
.
,

a s we h ave al re a dy observed it is v a i n to re a so n ,

fro m m odern appe ar an ces T e retirem e nt o f the

m
.

se a and the in cre as e o f c or a l sho al s a s s o m u ch

'

, ,

altered the g ulf t at n o de c isive a rg u me nts c an be

,

b u ilt on the present sh allo w nes s of the w aters or ,

br ea dth o f the ch ar m el W e kn ow th a t in form er

E
.

h
tim es ships e ntered the h arbo u r o f K olz ou (the
Clysm a or Arsi n o e of the Greeks ) b u t inc o n sequ e nc e
'

O f the retre at of the w a ters th at pl a ce Was de serted .

S u ez which w a s n ot in e x isten c e tow ards; the e nd

,

o f the fte e n th c e ntu ry ro se o n its r u i ns B esides

h
,
.
,

those who en de a v ou r to a c c o unt for this p eno e

h
n o n by na t u r al c au ses forget th at the tr an s a ctio n
w as mir a c ul o u s Even if we s u ppose th at the
.

a ge n cy of the tides w as employed by Provide n c e in

h h
favo u ri n g the p ass age of the I sr a elites the e as t ,

wi nd whi ch blo w i n g all night div ided t e wa ters

, , ,

of the g ul f in the middl e l ayin g t e ch ann el b are , ,

r s per
as betwe e n two w alls w as cle arly u n a t u r al

, ,

si nc e the m o n soo n there bl ows co n st antly from the

h
n orth and t e so u th And as this Unpre cedented
.

ebb o f the w aters m u st h ave bee n super natu r al, n o t

less so w as the s u dde n reux by which t e g yp

h
ti an s were c ompletely overwhelmed

C o ntr ary to the ge n er ally re c eived opi nio n On this

hh
s ubj ect L ord V al en ti a as st arted a theo r
, y, th at the
I sr a elite s m u st h ave crossed to the n orthw ard o f
S u ez ; as the presu mption is th at the m arshe s -

which e x ten d for abo u t twe nty v e mile s in th at -

directio n were t e n ov e r
, o w e d w ith w a te r Thi s .

s upposition con t ai ns n othin g i n c o ns i sten t with S crip

'

tu r e history or: wit n atu r al app eara nc e s ; and it

rem ove s a d iiculty which Dr Sh aw c o u ld n ot r e .

c o ncile e x cept by alleging th at Josephu s ad bee n

,

gu ilty o f m aki n g too h a sty st atem e n ts in c an s ,

ing the chil d re n o f J a cob e n c u mbered as they were ,

with their familie s c attle b aggag e and kne adi ng

, , ,

V OL . I
.
-
G
 m
7
4

Em
hh
m
m
ants

st r

h
.
,

in three d ays

E

D E S C RI P T I O N
tro u ghs to perform a m arch O f nin e ty R o an mi le s
.

The rem embr an c e O f this e m or able tr an s acti o n

i s pre ser ved in the loc al tr ad itio n s of the i nh abit

The W ells O f Moses (Ayo un Mou s a) , and

the B aths of Ph ar aoh (H amm a Far

c al l the gu lf the B ahr of K o lz o u
a ou n) , ar
so c iate d with t e n a me s o f the Jewi sh deliv erer and
t e
e as

hh
g ypti an m o narch ; an d the s u perstitio u s Ar ab s
o rS e a of D e
u ction, in whose ro ari n g w at e rs they still prete n d

to he ar the crie s a nd w aili ngs o f the ghosts o frthe

d row n ed g yp tian s f
O f the navig atio n of t e Ar abi an se a s t e an cie nts
OF

.
A R AB IA
' '

,
.

-
.

J
.

.
,

m
u niformly spoke with aw e a n d a pprehe n sio n
_ as ,

everywhere full o f peril and d iffic ul ty Ar r

ian, .

A g at ar cid e s Str abo and Ab u lfed a un ite in dr aw

, ,

in g the s am e terric p ict u re o f tempe sts W hirlpools ,

m
_ ,

h h
and s unk m ou nt a i n s with which these i nho spit able
,

w aters were i n fested The storm s d a she d their .

_

ships o n the rock s an d the rocks c ut thei r c able s;

, _
"

W hile the i nh abita nts were m ore ter r ible than either ,

h
for they pl u ndered and ate o rm a de sl aves o f all

mm hh
,

w o esc aped the wre ck s a nd the w a ves The r st

mm
.

navig ator s n ever ve n t u red to e n c o u nter the se c o

mm m
ad i n stit u te
p lic a ted d angers u ntil they d solem n
fe stiv als o r perform ed s a cric e to N eptune ; and

h hh
h
,

t ie to ret ur

m
those who ad the fo r

h
n in s a fet
y were

h
h hh
h h
.

h h
reg arded as prodigie s an d adorne d with g arl ands ,

h
m hh hh
Diod or s distin ctly to allu d e to t e p assag e o f t e

h
u s se e

h
Is rae lit e s :

It a s b e en an ancie n t r e p or t a ong t e I c t y

h h
.

O p a g i, co n ti nue d d o w n to t e fr t eirfor e fa t e rs, t at by

h
o
ig ty r e flu x of t e w ate r ap p e ne d in for e rd ay s,

h
s, w ic

h
a

h
t e w ole g u lf b e ca e d r y land , a nd app e ar ed g r e e n all ove r

hh
.

t e wate rOv e r ow ing t e opp osite s or e ; a nd t at , all t e

gr ou nd b e in g t u s l e ft b ar e to t e ve r y l ow e st b otto of t e .

g u lf, t e sea , b y an e x tr a ordin ary ig tid e , r etur n e d a g ain into

its an cient c ann el (L ib . Cap [ t ie not u ni p or
. . tant to
nd a e at e n w r ite ru nconsciou sly b e ar ing te sti ony to t e
trut of S crip tu r e istory .
Eh
E
7
'
6

h h
D

te nded to aggr av ate th ese ide al horrors The R o

m
SCR IP T IO N OF

bi an se a s Av aric e and spe c u l atio n s in c omm erc e

m an s and Egyp ti an s ad e n grossed the tr ad e o f t e.

a st : willi n g to ret a i n the prots o f t is i nterc o u rse

them selve s , a nd anx i o u s to e x cl u de fore igners from

h
their p orts they c u nni ngly S pre a d e x aggera ted ac
,

c o un ts o f the perils to be e nc o u ntered in v isiti ng

th ose mysterio u s regio n s from which they dr ew
their we alth ; as if natu re hers elf by the impe n etr able
A R AB IA

h
.

h
,

d eserts and o c e an s with whi ch she ad s u rro u n ded ,

th em ad set bo u nds to the c u pi dity o f other m or

t als The terro r

. s o f a ntiqu ity h ave be en pe rp etu ated
in the m odern n o en cl at u re o f the co u ntry H adr a .
~

m au t the L and o f I n ce n se m e an s the R egi on of

, ,

D e at h T e str ait so fo r
'

mid able to the early n avi

1
g ators and ofte n i ndeed so fat a l to their in e x p e

h
,

r ie n c e the Ar abs c all B ab e M a ndeb o rthe G ate

, ,

o f Te ars while the O ppos ite c o a st bl a ck an d r u gged , ,

they styled the C ape of B u ri als o n w hos e ro ck y ,

'

steep their fan cy he ard the shrill spirit o f the storm

h h
,

a s he sat in clo u ded W r ath an d e nj oyed the de ath of

the m ari n er The light o f sci enc e a s dispe lle d
'

these s u perstitio u s fan ci es The n avig atio n o f th at .

m
gulf i s still intric ate its sho als nu m ero u s an d fat al

h
, ,

m i st ake s ar e o c c a sio n ally m a de ; b u t n au tic al skill

a s re n dered these dis a sters less freq u e nt

h
.

From the m ou th o f t e str a it to G ebel Tar the ,

sou ndi ngs ar e from twelve to fty fathom s and

m
,

there is a good l an dm ark in the gre at m os qu e at

T e e ntr

Mo ch a an c e to B ab e l M an deb s ay s

e
.
,

Mrs L u shi ngto n

. affords a sight eq u ally un iqu e
,

h
a nd g r a nd A ru s o f the se a appe ars to h a ve

h
.

d ivided a bed o f h ard bl a ck ro ck and th u s to h a ve ,

forc ed a c h ann el for itself o f tw o orthree i le s in

b re a dth This ro ck rise s on e a ch side d ark b arre n

.
, , ,

and che erless ; th at o n the left is Perim ; in som e

pl a c e s a few b l ade s o f gr ass e n de avo u r to forc e them
se lv e s t r oug the crevi ce s ; b u t eve n fresh w ater
u st be bro u ght from th e Ab y ssi n i an shore , the -
 D E P
S C R I T IO N OF AR A B IA . 7
7

hh
s c arcity o f thi s m o st n e c ess ary a rticle be ing th u s
-

a d ded to m any othe rpr iv atio ns 3e

O n thi s de sol ate

.

spot C olo n el M ur r

m
,

a y an d a det a chme n t o f British

'

troops w er e st ati on e d d uri ng the Fre n ch i n v a sio n o f

E gy p t at the be g i nn i ng o f the pre se nt c e ntu ry .

L ord V ale nti a a s m e n tio n ed sever al errors di s

hh
c overed by C apt ain C o u rt , w o c ompleted his su r
,
1
vey in 80 6 H e st at es th at the a ctu al dist an c e
.
,

betw ee n the i sl an d o f P erim and the ne arest p art o f

Afri c a i s o nly te n m iles and a h alf i n ste a d o f six ,

tee n as la id down in the ch art o f S ir H om e P op

,

a ; th at the dist a nce b et w ee n the tw o shores in ,

h
latit u de i s o nl y thirty ve mile s i n ste a d Of fty -
,
-

tw e ; and th at ther e e x ists a sho al in th a t l a tit u de

h
m
which n arrow s t e ch ann el to ftee n mile s and is ,

e ntirely o mitted b y S ir H om e f -
-

hhh
To the i gn or an c e and r u de app ar at us o f the Ar abs

m
th e R e d S e a i s still a d angero u s p a ss age N ot d ar

m
.

m
_

ing to v e nt u re i nt o t e O pe n w aters the n ative pil ots ,

m
E
c o a st ro u nd the shore s at the h a z ard O f b ei ng

d as e d in piec e s u po n j utti ng roc k s o rstr ande d o n ,

c or al re efs Their ord i n ary v e ssels ar

. e dows a nd

hh
k anj as T e l atter are l arge bo ats b u t w itho u t any
.
,

deck s ave a little o n t e bows and th at of th e fore

,

aw n i n g u n der whi ch i s the c abi n O pe n to the fro nt

, , ,

b u t witho u t ports o rwi n dow s light an d airbei ng a d

m m
itte d thro u gh a n e at o p e n wi cket at the side This .

mm
i s all the i provem en t th a t as be e n ma de si n c e the
d ays o f Arri a who sp e aks o f the sm all bo ats a de
, .

m
of ski ns and pl aited st uffs or o f si ngle logs of wo od

h
,

c alled o n o x yl a which the an cie nt in ab itants u se d

h
,

hh h
for shi ng pe arls employi ng o sier b askets i nste a d
,

The dow s ar

h hh
o f n et s !; e o f a sin ul ar c o nstr u cti o n ;
'

hhhhh
h
1
h
J ourney fro I
ndia , c ap .
f Tr
av e l s ,
vo l ii p 4 08
. . . .

:T e rruct u r
ud e e O f t e ir
st b oa ts in fo r e rti e s w as ore
t e e ffe ct of su p e r
stition t an of ig n or an ce It w a s a n ancie nt .

pre j u dice o f t o se fr e q ue nting t e r yt r aea n S e a say s P r o " ,

cop i us t at r
, ock s a ttra c te d iron t ou g t e R o an s ips ,

H e nce t e A r ab s ca r

found n o su c t ing e fully e x clu d e d t a t

2
.

G
7 E
hh O F AR A BIA

E
8 D S CR I T IO NP

h h
.

h
their e ight a cc ordi n g to Ali B ey be ing e qual to a
, ,

third o f their len gth The ro p e s ar e m ade o f the

h hh
.

b ark o f p al m tre es and t e s a ils o f e x tremely co ar se

-
,

c otton To g uard a g ai n st the sho als , they h ave a

.

false keel which lesse ns t e shock an d save s t

m
, ,

s ip if the w e ather i s n ot ro u gh It i s usu al to c ast .

/

an chor at n ight e x c ept whe n cros sin g the g ulf at it s

,

full bre a dth .

I

Th e ve ssel in whic N iebuhr emb arked a t S u ez

hh
forJi dd a w as l arge e n o u gh to h ave c arried at le a st
forty gu n s ; and be sid es her ow n fr e ig t towe d

m
, j ,

a fter her thre e l arg e sh allop s a nd o ne sm al l t e ,

h
form er bei ng lle d with p a sse n gers h orse s sh e ep

h
, , ,

a nd wome n belo n gi ,ng to the crews O n the appe ar -

an c e o f a stor t e sa ilor s le ape d i n to the bo a t s and

b etook them s elve s to t e shore The p ilot w as

mh
.

c o n stantly b e g g ing br a ndy o f those o n bo ard , o n

prete n c e th at he c o u ld n o t se e the hills orthe ou t

h h
l in e O f the coa st u nless is sig t w as cle ared by . .

dr ink i ng a little stro n g liqu or O n n e ari ng the d e s .

ti ne d port their j o y w as e x ce ssive ; c ann o n s and

u sk ets were r ed the ship an d the b o ats were
,

E
ill u mi n ate d with l amps an d l an ter n s all w as e i ul
tatio n and gr atit ude for t e p erils they ad e sc aped
ity o f E u r
.

The stip e r io r ope a n scie n c e as in a gre at

m
m e a su re set the impedi e nts o f rock s a nd wi n ds at
de an c e The British ag w ave s in every p ort of

h
.

the R e d S e a from S u ez to Ade n It as eve n be e n

m
.
,

m
m
p ropose d to O pe n a c omm u nic atio n thro u gh th at
ch ann el with I n di a by m e an s o f steam as m uch ,

mo r e e x peditio u s th an the or din ary p assage by the

h
C ape O f G ood Hope Sir John M alc olm , in a p aper

hh
.

o n this s ubj ect whi ch appe are d in t e Edinbu rgh

h h h
C abi n et L ibr ary st ate s th at for ni ne m o nths in the

h
,

y e ar p a ck et s from I ndi a ay be delivere d a t Al ex

d ang er ou s e tal fr
o t eirnaval a rc ite cture T e R o ans .

forb ad e t e sale of ir
9f d e at on to t e I
D e B ell P ersic .
ndians and t iopians und er p ain
.
 E
m h
EE
P O F A R A B IA 7
9

h
D S CR I TIO N .

andri a in twe nty fo u r d ays an d at S u ez w ith proper

-
, ,

s upplies O f fu el in three w e eks The voy age from

1
.
,

Bo b ay to Ade n ( 640 miles ) w a s perform ed i

m
1
-

Decembe r 83 0 in te n days and nin ete e n ou r

,
s

h
T A BL OF G O GR A P H IC A L P O S IT LO N S .

h
m
128 9 1
II

2 Ali B ey
1
ie cca
5 1 21
4 5 4

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m
M ed in a 2 3 5 A liB e y
Jidd a 3 24 2 A li Be y

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m
Ye b o 4 76
2 A li Be y
1

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9 7 N ie b u r
1

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5 2 N ie b u r
1 13 11
4

h
B e it F ki 7 N ie b u r
1
e a 4
3 34 7 N ie b u r

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1
0 1

m
E m
M oc C
1
l3 l 6 d e s Te
1
5

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a on s
5 2
.

S ana a N e ib u r
1

h
A den 23 2

h
2

E
Mu scat 3 38 B ucking a
6 2
2 Jo ar

h
0 d
Jo a r d
Ba re in 26 1
8 S ad lie r
5 1

E
De r 2 Jo a r

m m
a ia 5 d
1

E
B u ssora 30 2 73 4

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m
9 30 4 5 B ucking

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m
Pe tr 30 2 P tole

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a 0 y
2750
.

R as M O

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Ine d C on d es Te
8 1
21 1

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a s
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.

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9 33 33 0

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.

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Br itis I nd ia , v ol iii(a ) It ap pe ar s fr t e p ub lis ed cor
1

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o
83 2
. .

r e sp on d e n ce w ic took p la ce in O ctob e r b e tw e e n M r

h h
hm
,
.
,

B ar row of t e d ir
A alty and M e ssr s L ar p e n t and B e g b ie , t e

hh
h
.

c a ir an and se cr e ta r y of t e a st Ind i a Tr ad e C o ittee ,

h
t at t e id ea of t is ste a co u n ication a s b e en a b and one d
on accou nt of t e e X p e nse B ut it is p r ob ab l e t e p r oj ect w il

h hhh
mh
.
.

be r e vive d so soon as p ar lia en t co e s to a nal ar ran g e e nt

on t e q ue st i
o n re sp e c tin g t e a s I
t nd ia C o pany s p r
iv ile g e s .

O n t is sub j e ct, to w ic w e s all afte r w ar d ad v e r

t, se e Re
ar ks o t e d vantag e s and P r
A actic ab ili ty of Stea N avig a
t r gl R e p or

io n f o n a n d to I nd ia , b y C ap t C F H ea d . ts
. .

o n t e N avig ation of t e up r

ate s, b y C ap t C e sne y ana .

An A ccou nt of S tea ve ssel s, d x in B r -

itis I nd ia ,
.

by G .

(a) V ol X . LIX . Fa ily Lib rry a ,

 E
EE
'

80 P R IMITIV INH A B IT AN I S
0F A R A B IA .

m
m mm
CH AP TE R III

h
E
h
.

hhh hh
V
P R IM IT I INH A B IT A N T S OF A R AB IA

hh
.

h
m
ntiqu it iesW a nt of w r

h h h
O b scu rity O f r ab ian A A itte n R e cor ds

h
b orig inal T rib e s T e Old e xt inct rab s T e p u re
A A
a b sT e ir tt e nt io n to
e

A rab s T e ixe d orn atu raliz e d r A A

t e irG e ne alog ie sB irt and x p ulsion of Is ae l B u ild
Ing o f t e K
a ab a orT er n le a t M e ccaDe a t of I a el

m
s
G e ne alogy O f M o a e T e ore is R e e ctions on t e K
N ationa l De sce nt of t e r ab s A

h h
.

TH Ar abi an antiqu itie s lik e those o f m any other,

a n cie nt c o u n tri es are e x trem ely d ark and u n cert a i n

, .

NO n ati o n perh aps who se history asc e nds witho u t

, ,

i nterr uptio n to so rem ote a n origi n o rwhose n a e ,

a s b e e n so c elebr ated a s its politic al i n fan c y e n

,

v e lo p e d in so thick a mist o f do ubt an d oblivio n .

Shu t u p for s o m any a g e s withi n their rocky pe ni n

su l a they appe ar t o h ave oc c u pied them selves e n
,
s

tir e ly with their o w n fe u d s an d fa ctio n s which left ,

the n either t a ste n o rleis u re for other avo c atio n s .

Their chie f stu dy w as a kn owledge o f their ge ne '

al ogies ; b ut the se c o u ld o n ly pre serve i sol ated fa cts

h
an d i n so fara s appe ar s they possess ed no ge n er a l
ann al s
, ,

h
n o historic al rec ord s either c om mo n to the
, ,

wh ole n ati o n or to p artic u l ar tribe s S o n gs and .

tr a diti o n perpet uate d from o ne ge n er ati o n to an other

the s u perstitio n s an d idol atries O f their f ore fathe r s ,

the w ars and e x ploits o f their chiefs a n d t e i nv a ,

sio n s o f their e n em ies .

In t e abse n c e of a n atio nal liter at ure it will n ot ,

b e s u rpri si ng th at we sho u ld nd the n a rr ative O f

those dist ant tim e s so m u ch c orr u pted by a mi x t u re
o f abs urd a n d i mprob able circ u mst an ce s E x c ept .

a few mo nu me nt a l i n scriptio n s a nd rem a i n s of

 E
h m
m h
P R IM ITIV INH A B ITA N T S OF A R A B IA . 8 1
po etry a m as s O f t r a ditio n s disgur ed by ctio n and

hh
, ,

fable is all th at as e sc aped the oblivio u s wrec k o f

,

these d ark ag es W e ar e ap t to i a g ine t at the

'

z e al o u s Moslems m u st in the rele ntle ss spirit o f ,

their n ew creed h ave swept aw ay every re cord O f

h
,

the p ast as i nfe cted with the error s o f idol a try ; and
,

th a t the un sp ari n g fan ati cism w i ch proved so ca ,

la itou s to arts and letter s in other c o untrie s ad

'

a lre ady c ommitte d a b arb aro u s p a rricide o n the an

c ie nt m onu m e nts o f its ow n natio n This s u pposi
tio n ho w ever is n o t supported by any fact th at as
, ,

y e t com e to light S o me writ e rs i nde ed h ave

.
,

a sserted th at prior to Moh a mm ed hi storic al a miais

, ,

and writi ngs o n diff ere nt s u bj ects e x isted B ut as .

n o s u ch doc u me nts ar e to be fo u n d or appea r to ,

h
h a ve bee n c o ns ulted by the e arliest Ar abi an histo
ri ans these a ssertio n s de serve little atte ntio n O n
,
.

the c o ntr ary the m ost a n cie nt an d le arn ed a m o ng

,

the m a gre e in the co n fe ssio n th at their O ld chr o u i

cle s ar e tr a ditio n al a n d imperfe ct ; and th at they

h
c o ul d proc u re b ut i n disti n ct n otio n s of the ti me s
a nterior to the Moh am med an e r a All t e author s .

e x t ant o rk now n in E u rop e who h ave tre ated O f

this period s u ch as Ab ulfed a H amz a o f I sp ah an

*
, , ,

N uvairi M asou di Al T abiri and A b ulfar

m
, , ag e d o ur , ,

is e d a fter th at epoch an d e x cept wh at w e gle an

mm
,

m
from the p ages o f s a cre d or Greek and R om an

m
writers i t i s from them we m u st derive o ur k now

hh
m mh
,

ledg e o f the le ge nd ary age s th at prec eded the S ar a

h
h h
h h
c e n c o n qu ests

m
m
.

h
O n o n e poi nt there i s a u nivers al c orre spo n de n c e

h
hhhhhhh
C olle ctions fr t e w or ks of t e se Arabic aut ors w e re
1
o
tra n sl a te d a nd p u b lis e d ( 8 6) b y Alb e r 7t S c u lte n s, in t e H is
to ria Joctanid ar u T e sa e e d itor a s g iv e n sp e ci e ns of
.

t e irancie nt la ng u ag e and p oe try in is M on u enta V e tu st .

Ar ab I ae l A
b ul fe d a , p r
ince of H a a in S yr ia , a g e og r
1
. s a
p e r a nd istor ian , d ie d in 3 45 M asoud i, au t or of t e
7
.

G old e n M e ad ow s , an istor ical w or k , d ie d in 95 N uv airi, .

K
e nd i, a ut orO f a Uni v er sal H istor
1 1
su a e d Al y , die d ab ou t
3 40 . A T ab ir i (a native Of T ab r e e z ) , t e L ivy of t e Ar abi a ns,
 E
E
m m
m
8

in
2
their records
History an d tr
P R IMIT IV

h
h h
g in from R aht an o rJokt an the so n o f Heber and

m
o f the posterity O f N o ah by Shem

h h
I
NH A B IT A NTS
th a t o f their n ati o nal d esce nt ;
ad itio n j ag r
,

e e in ded u ci n g t e iro r

Am o ng them
s el ve s this a c c o u nt as alw ays p a ssed as au t e ntic :
l acin c alls Jokt an the father o f the Ar abs ; a n d
A b u lfe d a a d d s th at hi s desc e n d ants i nh abited Y e

e n o rthe H appy Ar abi a

try bo r
,
,

The p arts o f th at c o u n
derin g o n P alesti ne and E gyp t were origi n
i

.
,

0F

.
A R AB IA

_
.

,
'

h
ally pe opled by C u s the son of H a who se de

h
, ,

s c e nd a nts form ed sever al petty m o n archie s an d in

h
depe n de n t gover n m e nts He nc e the n am e as b ee n .

a pplie d both by s a cr ed an d profan e writers to Ar abi a

a s well as Ethiopi a Str abo D io d or
. u s and Ptole y , ,

spe ak o f the C h u si and the isl an d of C u tis as bei ng

m
in t e form er The wife o f Moses is c alled an
.

Ethiopi an o rnative o f Cu s h b u t we kn ow th at s e
,
'

w a s an Ar abi an a nd fed her fa ther s ocks in the

,

deserts O f Horeb In the pro phe ci e s O f H ab akk u k

'

(iii . C u sh an and Midi an ar e c o nj oi n ed as the

s am e territory Sheb a D ed an T e m a n , an d other
.
, ,

distri cts attest beyo n d disp ute the n a m es O f the

E
a n cie n t settlers in these provi n ces V ario u s tribe s

E
h
.

h ave be e n alre ady m e ntio n ed as o c c upyi ng the b o r

ders o f the desert fro the R e d S e a to the Ch alde an

h
M o u nt ai ns who w ere displ a c ed by the p osterity O f
,

E dom to whom th at re g io n w as a sort of promise d

m
l an d B ut the Ar abs p a ss them in tot al sile n c e as

m
.
,

n o t spr un g from eit e r o f the t w o a ck n owledge d

p atri archs o f their natio n W e sh all therefore ad

mm

hh
h h h
here to the follo w i n g cl a ssic atio n whi ch as bee n

m
,

h
,

u n iformly a dopted by their o w n a u thors The old

h
e x ti nct Ar abs the ge n u i ne or p u re Ar abs ; and the
m i x ed or n at ur al ized Ar abs

h
.

nis e d is G e n e r al H istor y in 9 14 By t e a d vic e O f is

'

fr ie nd s e re d u ce d it fr
, o s e e ts to a or e r
e a on ab le s

s iz e .P rice in is ssa y tow ard s a H istory of Ar

, ab ia as ,

g iv e n tr o ns fr
a nsla ti it l a cin , \ V liose ia S ar
H istor ace n i

12
o . ca
w as p u b lis ed in 6 5 b y r
p e nius is d to b e ab r
s ai id g e d
'

fr
o T ab ir
i .
84

desert tho u gh invisib le

h a d ad
,
m
m
m
P

va INH

The who le fable seem s

A B ITA N T S

a co nfu sed tr a diti o n o f B el u s an d the a ncie n t B aby

lon ; o rr ather a s the na m e wo u ld import o f B e n
e ntio n ed in S cript ur
,
,

e as o n e o f the m o st
fam ou s o f the Syri an ki ngs and who , w e ar

e told , ,
0F A R A B IA

h
h
w a s worshipped by his s u bj ects .

O f the A dites an d their s u c c eedi n g pr in c es n ot ing

c ert ai n is kn own e x c ept th at they were disperse d

,

o rdestroyed in c o u rse o f a few c e nt u rie s by the .

h h
sovereig ns of Y em e n .

T e tribe o f Th a m u d rst settled in H appy Ar a

b ia ; an d o n their e x p u lsio n they rep a ired to H aj ir

(Petr ae a) o n the c o n n es o f Syri a L ike the Adite s .

,

h
they ar e reported t o h ave bee n o f a m o st
g iganti c

m
u nd r
e d cub its high an d

st at ure the t alle st bei n g a

, ,

the le ast si x ty A nd s u ch w as their mu sc ul ar power

.
,

th a t with a st amp of the foot in the drie st so il t e y

, ,

c o u ld pl ant them selve s k n e e de ep in the e ar

h
hh
mh h
th:

h
-

mm
h
m h
h
They dwelt t e K or

h
an i n form s u s
, in the c ave s ,

hh
o f the roc k s an d cu t the m o u n t a i n s i n to ho u se s

h h
,

h
_ ,

m
w hich rem a i n u nto this d ay In this tribe it i s

h
m mh
m
.

h
m
S ou t in is T al ab a, as v iew e d t is, a nd any ot er

h h h
ey,

h h
of t e fab le s a nd sup e r stitions of t e A r ab s , w it t e ey e of a

h
p oe t, a p ilosop e r a nd an an tiq u ar A ccord in g to T abiri,

hh
h
h
m
y

E
h
.
,

m
t is le g e nd a r y p ala ce w as d iscove r e d in t e ti e o f M oavviy a ,

hh
m
hh h
t e r st c alip o f Da ascus, b y a p e r son in se ar o f a str

m
c ay
el T o su up t e arv el lous, a fa n ci fu l tr ad ition a d d s,

hh
m
ca .

t at t e A n g e l of De a t , on b e ing ask e d w et e r in t e d is

hhh
,

c ar g e of is in e x or ab le d uties, an in stanc e ad e v e r occu r re d

h
h h
mmm
h
in w ic ad not felt so p assion t ow ar d s is wre tc e d

h
hh
e e co

h
h
m
vict i s, a d itte d t at onl y tw ice ad is sy p at ie s b e e n

h hh
aw ak e n e d , on ce t ow ar d s a s ip w r e ck e d infant , e x p o se d on a

h
hh h h
hh
,

sol itary p lank , to stru g g le fore x istence wit t e w ind s and

hhh h
and , a se c on d t i e , in cu tt i ng off t e u n a py S ad d ad

h
w ave s

h
e n t w e n al t in view of t e g orions fab r

hhh
at t e o o st w i ic
w ic e ad e re cted at so u c e x p e nse N o sooner ad t e .

a ng e l sp ok e n t an a voice fr
.
o e ave n w a s e ar d to d e cl ar e
t a t t e elp le ss inn oce n t on t e p l ank w as n o o t e r t an S ed
d ad i se lf ; and t at is p u nis e nt w as a j u st retr ib u tion
fo r is ing r at itu d e to a ercifu l a nd k ind P r ov id e nce , w ic
a d n ot o nl y sa ve d is life , b u t ra ise d i to u nr iv alle d we alt
a nd sp l e nd o u r P rices ssa y , p 4 0
. . .
mm
h
h
hm
h r a in i iv n IN H r A B ITA N T S OF AR AB l A . 85

m hh
e a sy to dislc over t e T a ud e niof Dio d o r us Pli ny

hh
, ,

a nd Ptolemy T e n otio n of gi ants is n ot un com

.
e

o n tho u gh it
, ay in thi s i nst an c e h a ve ari s en from
istr an slatio n c f t e K 0 r It i s c u rio u s th a t
'

an

1
a

m
~ .

t e s ons o f An ak destroy e d by Joshu a (x i 2) dwelt

, .

ne ar the s a m e pl a ce T e Jewi s r abbi s m ake .

Ja p e t and is son g i ants The l atter they ad d .

,

i nhe r

h
,

ited a n iro n m a chi n e from his g r andfather

N o ah every stro ke of which whe n rightly a imed

, ,

h
,

slew a tho u s an d en a n d whe n n o t aim ed at a ll it

h
sle w ve hu ndre d The circ u ms tan ce of dwelli ng

h
.

in c a ve s g av e r ise to the na m e o f T r o g lod y te s a nd

~

m
thi s w a s c ommo n to other tribe s besides the T a

m
u d ite s Br u c e observed them in Abyssi n i a and
.

B or n em an fo u nd the m in Fezz an w her e they ad ,

e x iste d since t e tim e of Pli ny

T e tribes o f T a sm and J adis settled bet w e e n

M 60 0 3 an d Medi n a an d o cc u pi ed the W hole level ,

c o untr y o f Yeme n livi n g promisc u o u sly un der the

-
,

s am e g o ver nm e n t Their history i s bu ried in d ark

h h
n ess an d whe n the Ar abs wish to de n ote any thi n g
o f du bi o u s au thority they c all it a fable o f T asm ,

h
.

The e x ti n cti o n o f these tribes if we ay b elieve , '

the Kor an w as very mir a c ulo u s and a signal e x am

, ,

ple o f Divin e ve nge an c e The posterity o f A d and .

~

Th a u d ad a b ando n ed the w o r s i p o f the tr u e _ _

God and l ap se d i nto i n corrigibl e idol atry: Th ey

'

a d bee n ch a stised with a thre e ye ars dro u ght b u t ,

their he ar t s rem ai n ed h a rde n ed To the form er .

w as se nt the prophet H u d (or Heber ) to rec la im ,

th em and pre a ch the un ity o f the Godhe a d

, 0 .

pe ople ! e x cl a im ed the prophet u nderst an d an d

be c o nverted and s u pplic ate remissio n for yo u r

,

si ns ! The n sh all the he ave n s drop with r a in and ,

y o u r s u ste nan ce sh all be re n ewed F e w believe d ; .

a nd the overthrow o f the idol a t ers Wa s e ffe cted by ,

a hot a nd su tfo cati n g win d th a t bl ew seve n n ights ,

a n d eight d ays witho u t i ntermissio n a c c o mp an ied ,

with a terrible e arthqu ak e ; by which their idols were

V OL . I .

H
 Ehm
h
m
85 P R IMIT IV INH A B IT A N T S OF A R A B IA .

broke n to pieces , and their ho u ses t r o w n to t e

gro und .

L okm an who a c c o r , di n g to som e w as a fa m ou s

, ,

ki n g of the Adite s an d who lived to the ag e of sev en ,

e a gles esc aped with abo u t s i x ty others the co

h
, , ,

o n c alamity Those few th a t su rvived g ave rise

.

to a tr ib e c all ed the L atter Ad ; b u t o n a c c ou nt of

h h
thei rcrim es they w ere tr an sform ed as the Kor an -
, _

st ates i nto ap es or m o nkeys

,
H u d ret u rn ed to .

H ad r am au t an d w as bu ried n e ar H ase c where a

h
, ,

sm all tow n (K abr Hu d ) still be ars is n am e Am ong .

the Ar abs Ad e x pre sses the s a me rem ote ag e th at

h
,

S atu r n or O gy g e s did a mo n g t e Greeks an y t in g

h
of e x trem e antiqu ity is s aid to be as old as Ki n g

h h

Ad

m
.

The idol a tro u s tri b e o f Th am u d ad the pr ophet

S aleh se nt to them w hom D He r b e lo t m ake s the ,

so n o f Arph ax a d whi le B o c ar t and S a le s u ppos e

,

him to be Peleg t e brother of Jokt an H is pre ach ;

h
,

in g ad little e ffect The fate o f the Adites i n ste a d

.
,

o f b ei n g a w a r n i n g o nly set t e m to dig c avern s i n,

the rocks where they hoped to e sc ape the v e n

,

m
ge anc e of wi nds an d tempest Others dem anded a .

sign from the prophet in toke n of his missi o n A s .

a c o n ditio n of their belief they ch alle n ged i to a

tri al o f power simil ar

h
to wh at took pl a c e betwee n
,

Elij ah an d the priests of B a al an d promise d to fol ,

h
lo w the D eity th at sho ul d g a in the tri u mph From .

a c ert ai n rock a c a mel big with yo un g w a s to c om e

forth in their prese n ce The idol aters were foiled

h
.

for o n S ale s p oi nti ng to the spot a she c a mel w as

-

hh h
,

prod u c ed with a yo u n g o n e re ady we an ed This .

mir a cle wro u ght c o n victi on in a few ; b u t the re st ,

farfrom b elievi n g h a m str un g the o t e r kille d her

, ,

mir a c ul ou s pr oge ny an d divided the esh a mo n g

them T i s act of impiety se aled their doom

. .

W ere u po n a dds t e Kor an (ch a p

, a ter .

rible n oise from he a ve n a ss ailed them and in t e

ate On the irfa ce s
,

m orni ng they w ere fo u nd p r o str

 h
h
h
m
m
E P MirIV
'
IN H A B IT AN T S OF A R A B IA

m
.

and de a d l T e c aves i nh abited by tho se i ndel

h
tribes r ather m ilit a te a g ain st the ide a o f their
gigantic st at ure a s t e he ight does no t e x c eed the ,

ordin ary st an d ard Their n am e a nd the pl a c es

h
.

m
they i nh abited are e ld a c c urs ed by all tru e M u s

su l an s .
-

T tribes o f J a dis and T asm owe their e x ti ne

e
tion to a di ffere n t c au se A c ert ai n d espot Abu l .
,

fed a rel ate s a T as ite b ut sove r

h h
m
.
eign of both tribes
, ,

m
,

ad re n dered himself detested by a vol upt u o u s law ,

m
cl aimi n g forhim self a priority o f r ight over al l the

m
,

brides of the Ja d isite s This i ns u lt w as n ot to be

, .

t ol er ated A c on spir a cy w a s form ed

. The king .

a nd his c hi efs wer e i nvited to an en tert a i n m en t

'

The ave nge r

h
.

s ad priv ately hidde n t e ir swords in

the s an d a nd in the m o e nt of mirth and festi vity

m
,

* h
they fell upo n the tyr an t an d hi s reti nu e and n ally ,

e x tirp ated the gre ater p art o f his s ubj e cts .

Besides those lost tribes o thers ar e e nu e r ated ,

viz Ama lek Abil W ab e r

.
,
J or a Emim and , , , ,

J a si A ll we kn ow o f the
. is th at they were ,

either cu t o ff in dom estic fe u ds , o r i ncorp or ated

with oth er familie s .

S u ch ar e the tr a ditio n s reg ardi n g t e e x ti n ct

tr ibe s of the an cient Ar abs History p erh aps stoops .

fro her di gn ity in notici ng le e nd s so fab u lo u s and

c o nfu sed The o nly import an c e they c an cl a im is

derived fr om bei n g i n corpor ate d w ith the liter atu re

and reli io n of the c o u n try
g N o t o nly is m u ch of

m m
.

the an cie nt poetry of the Ar abs their m ax im s all u , ,

s io n s an d proverbs fo u n ded o n them ; b u t wh at to

, , ,

u s m u st appe ar still more abs u rd the m or al i nj u n e ,

tio n s of the K or an and the s a cred title of the Pro ,

phet are e n force d by solem n refe re n ce s to the vis

,

io nar y p u n ishm e nts and idol atries of these defu n ct

'

heretic s In the eye of a M u ss u lm an those lege nds

.

ca rry all the revere n c e of pi o us a nd i n d ubit able ,

P ocock e , S p eci H ist Ar ab p 35 S ale s K oran P re li

,
. . . . . .

Diss . se ct . i
.
 88

.
M IT IV
PR I -
E
h m
tr uths They form the ann als o f his c o untry
INH

o nly rem ai n i ng tr a c es he as o f its Ori gin and hi s

to ry ; and however e x tr av ag ant they appe ar they
,

un qu estio n ably m erit some a tte ntio n They

with the natio n al h abits and ofte n i nu e n c e the na
ix
A B IT A N T S or AR A BIA

,
.
.

,
,
the

tio nal ch a r a cter The prese nt gen er atio n h ave their

.

faith stre ngthe n ed and their d u ty t au ght by m e an s

h
m
o f the fable s of a ntiq u ity
'

Their br ave r y and their .

fan ati c i sm ar e alike stim ul ated by popu l ar tr a di

m
tio n s whi ch from their i n fan cy they h ave le arn ed to
,

ve n er ate .

I I The p u re Ar abs ar

m
. e those desc e n ded from
K a tan whom the p r e sen t Ar abs reg a rd as their

h
h
,

pr in c ip al fou n d e r L ike the Hebrew s a m ember

mh
,

h
.

o f this ge nu i n e sto ck i s styled Al Ar a b al Ar ab a an ,

Ar ab of the Ar abs A c c ordin g t o their ge n e al o gy

.

o f this p atri arch his d e sce n d ants for e d tw o dis

h
ti n ct br an che s : Y ar ah o ne of his so n s fo unde d ,

the ki n gdom o f Yeme n a nd Jor a t at o f Hej a z ,

'

These two ar e the only so n s spoke n o f by t e nA r ab s .

Their n am es do n o t o c c u r in S criptu re : b ut it i s
n o t improb able they were the Jer ah and H a dor a -

m e ntio n ed by Moses as a mo ng t e thirte en pl anter s

o f Ar abi a .

In the divisi o n o f their natio n i nto tribes the Ar abs

rese ble the Jews ; and tho u gh a fter t e l apse o f ,

m any thou s an d ye a rs an d over so v a st an e x te nt o f ,

territory it is n o t to be pr
,
e su m ed t h at e a ch tr ibe
c oul d pre serve a n u nbroke n lin e o f de sc e n t yet ,

their c are and a c c u r a cy in thi s respe ct were rem ark

able . From the e arliest e r a they h ave ret a i n e d
the disti nction of sep ar ate and i ndepe nde n t fam ilies .

Thi s p artitio n w as a dverse to the co nsolida tio n o f

power or politic al i n u e n c e ; b ut it fur ni shes ou r .

chi ef g uide i nto the d ark abyss o f their a ntiqu itie s .

The p osterity of Y ar ah spre a d and m ultipl ie d i nto

i nnu m er able cl an s N e w a c c essio n s re nder. e d ne w
s ubdivisio n s n ec e ss ary In the ge n e alo g i cal table s .

o f S ale a n d G a g nie rar e e n u m er ated n e arly three

'

s c ore tribe s of ge nu i n e Ar abs m a ny o f whom b e ,

 E
m m h h
P R IMITIV INH A B IT A N T S o r A R A B IA . 89

c ame c elebr a te d lo n g b efore the tim e of Moh a m

m ed ; a nd som e of them ret ai n their n a me s e v e n at

m
the prese nt d ay M a ny Jews ad settled in Ar abi a

h
.

a fter t e ag e o f Josh u a an d Moses where they ,

m
form e d powerful and i n depe n de nt tribes a nd c o n ,

ti nn ed till the sword of the Prophet their i p la c ,

h
able e n emy either destroye d them o r c ompelled

h
,

mh
them to ab ando n the c o itr y

h
.

III The third cl a ss ar e the M o star ab i t e m i x ed

h
,

o rn atur aliz e d Ar abs desce nde d from I shm a el a nd

~
-

the dau ghter o f M o d ab ki ng o f H ej a z whom he

h
, ,

took to w ife and who w as of the nint ge n er atio n

,

fr o J o r ar n the fo u n der o f t a t ki ngdom O f the

'

r
, .

J o r a ite s till the tim e o f Ishm a el little i s re

, ,

c orded e x c ept t e n a mes o f their pri n c e s or chie fs

, ,

and th a t they ad posse ssio n of the t e r rito r

y of

H ej a z B ut as Mo a m e d tr ac e s his desc e nt to
.
,
-

this alli an c e the Ar abs h ave b ee n more th an u s u ally

,

ca reful to preserve and a dor n his gen e alo g y The .

w ant of a p ure a ncestry is in thei re stim atio n m ore , ,

th an c ompe n s ated by the dignity of so s acred a co n

n e x io n ; for they bo a st as m u ch a s the J ew s of bei ng
re cko n e d the childre n of Abr ah am ? This circ u m
st an ce will a cc o u nt for the prefere n c e with whi ch
they un iformly reg arded this br an ch o f the ir pedi
gree and for the m any rom an tic lege nds they h ave
,

gr a fted u po n it It i s n o t i mprob able th a t the old

.

m
gi an ts an d idol aters su ffered an im agi n ary e x ti n ctio n
to m ake w ay for a more favou red r a c e ; an d th at
Divi n e ch a stiseme nts alw a ys overto ok those who
d ared to i nv ade their c o n secr ated ter r itorie s

h
.

The S cript ure a c co u nt of the e x pu lsio n an d des

h
hh
ti ny o f this ve ner ated proge nitor o f the Ar abs is
brief b u t simple and affectin g I shm ael w as the son
, .

o f Abr ah a m by H ag ar an E gyp ti an sl a ve
, ,W he n .

fo u rtee n ye ars of ag e he w a s s u ppl anted in the hope s

and a ffectio n s o f is father by the birth of I s aa c ,

t r ou g w o t he p romise s were to desc e n d Thi s .

eve nt m ade it n ece ss ary to rem ove the unh appy

H2
 Em
m
90 P R IMIT IV IN H A B IT A N T S OF A R A B IA

h
.

hh h
fem ale a nd her child who were a c cordingly se nt
, ,

forth to seek their fortun e in some o f the s u rro un d

ing u noc c u pie d di s tricts A sm all s u pply of provi s . .

io n s an d a bottle o f w ater on her sho u lder ; w as all

m
,

she c arried fr o m the te nt o f e r aste r D irecti n g '

.

h
h h
her steps tow ards her native c o untry , she w an dere d
with the l ad in t e wilderness o f B eer Sheb a whi c -
,

w a s destit u te o f spri ngs Here her sc anty stOck .

failed and it seemed impos sible to avoid fa i shin g

,

by h un ger or thirst S e re sig ne d herself to her

h
.

mel an choly prospe cts b u t the fe eli ngs of t e m other

were m ore a c u te th an t e ago ni es o f w ant a nd de

h
Unable to wit ne ss her son perish be fore e r

m
sp a ir . _

fa c e she l a i d him u nder o n e o f the shr ub s to ok an

,
.

aff ecti ng l e av e o f him a nd r etired to a di st an c e

mm
.
,

A n d she we nt and sat her dow n over a ga i n st i -

h h
,

a good w ay o ff as it were a bowshot f er she s a id

, ,

L e t m e no t se e t e d e ath of the child A nd she sat .

over agai ns t him a nd lift up her v oic e and Wep t

'

-
, ,
.

(G e n e sis x x i At thi s m om e nt an angel d i ;

e cte d her to a w ell of w a ter clos e at h an d a dis

.

co v e ry to w i ch they o w ed the pre serv atio n of their

h
live s A promise formerly g ive n w as re n ewed th a t
I shm ael w a s to bec o e a gre at n atio n th at e w a s
,
.

to be a wild an his h an d again st e very an and

,

, ,

h

every m an s h and a g a i n st him The tr avellers c on .

h
ti nned their j o u r ney to the wilderne ss of P ar an and ,

there took up their re side n ce In d u e tim e t e lad .

h h
grew to m anhood a nd gr e atly disti ngu ished hims e lf ,

a s a n archer ; an d his m other took him a wife o ut .

o f her o w n l an d H ere t e s a cred n arr ati ve bre ak s

o ff abr u ptly t e m a i n obj e ct of Moses bei n g to
.

foll ow the history o f Abrah a m s desc en dants throu gh

t e li n e o f I sa a c The A r abs in t eir ver sio n o f Ish

.
,

m a el s history h ave mi x ed 8 gre at de al of rom an c e

, .

with the n arr ative of S criptu re: They asse r t t h at

Hej a z w as the di strict where he settled ; and th at
Mec c a the n an arid wilder ness w as tir
, e ide ntic al Spot ,

where his life w a s provide nti ally s av ed a nd where ,

H ag ar died an d w a s b u ried The well poi nted out .

9 2 E
h hm P R IM IT IV A B IT A N T S r A R A BIA

m
INH o .

h
ginni ng o f the Christi an e r a A p ass age in Diodo .

r us as a n obvio u s r efere n c e to it who spe ak s o f a ,

fam o u s temple am o ng the p e O p le he c alls B iz o e

h h h
i an s reve r

m
ed as m ost s a cred by all t e Ar abi ans ?
,

I shm a el w as c o nstitu ted the pri n c e and r st high

p rie st o f Me c c a ; and d u ri ng ha lf a c e nt u ry , h e
'

pre a ched to th e i ncre du lo u s Ar abs At his d e ath

h
m
.
,

which h appen e d forty eight y e ars a fter th a t o f Abr a

1
-

a and in the
, 37 t o f his ag e he w as b uried ,

in the tomb o f his m other H agar B etwee n t e .

erectio n o f this edic e an d the birth o f their prophet

7
,

h
e ck o n a bo u t 2

h
the A r ab s r 4 0 ye ars I sh m ael w as

su c c e ede d in t e reg a l and s a c erdot al o ic e b his

eldest son N e b at ; altho u gh the pedigre e o f Mo a

hh
h
m ed i s tr a c ed from K ed ar a y o u nger brother Bu t , .

his family did n ot lo ng e nj oy this do uble au thority ;

for in progress o f tim e the Jor a ite s s eiz ed t e
, _ ,

gover nm e nt and the gu ardi an ship o f the temple .

,

whi ch they m a i nt ai ne d abou t 3 00 ye ars The se .

l a st a ga in h avi ng cor r u pted t e tr ue w or s ip w ere

h
, , ,

a ss ailed a s a p un ishm e n t o f their crime s; rst by

m
,

the scimit ars of the I shm a elite s w o drove them -

,

from Mec c a an d the n by divers m al a die s by whi ch , ,

h
the whole r a c e n ally perished B efore qu ittin g .

Mec c a how ever they c om mitte d e very ki nd o f s ac

, ,

r ile g e and i n dign ity They lle d u p t e Z em zem .

,

well a fter h avi n g throw n i nto it the tre a s u re s and

s a cred u te n sils o f the temple ; the bl a ck sto n e ; the

swords and c u ir a sse s o f K o laa ; the two golde n

m
g a zelle s prese nted by o ne o f the ki ngs o f Ar abi a :

mm
,

the s acred im age of the ra substit u ted for I sa a c ;

a nd all the prec io u s m ove able s form i n g at o n c e th e ,

obj ect a n d the workm an ship o f a s u perstitio u s devo

hhhh
tio n For sever al c e ntu rie s the posterity o f I shm ael
.

kept p ossessio n o f the s u prem e dignity The fol .

wr ar w v w ept rror
pr
11 Iep oy fzy r ov idpy cn y wa vrw v A pa cp

p cvov
11 1
.

L b . c 3 M ax i u s o f T y r
. . e , n t e se cond
. c e nt u r
y , attr
ib
u t e s to t e rab s t e w or s i p of a Qua dr
A ang u larstone (NGO5
rerp a y w vog) .
 mhm r
rrvn

lowi ng is_the lis t o f pri nc es who sw ay ed the sceptre

A
IN H B IT N TS O F A A R A B IA . 93

mm
o f H ej az and who derive the ir chie f fa
, e from bein g
the line al a noe sto rs o f Mo a m m e d :

h
B C 1
22Ad

n an A: D 41
2 G ale b

h
7
2
. . .
. .
,

89, M aa d 4 L ow a

h
7C b
.
, .

56, N az a r 30 , aa

2
. .

3 , M ad a r M or
3 40 , r
1A l
a

h
A D 0, y as 7 K el
3 3, a

h
. .
. .

43 , M od re ca K
4 0 6, o sa

7
. .

6, K oz ai a 4 3 9, Ab d olr
n e naf
1K
'

7
.

2H as
.

12
09 , e n ana 4 , e .

4 , N ad e r A bd ol ota lle b

h
505,
17M
. .

5, alec 5 3 8, Ab d al la .

2
.

08 , Fe r .

The perio d bet w e e n I shm a el and Adn an i s dou bt

ful s om e rec ko ning forty others o nly seve n g en e ,

h
,

r atio n s The au thority o f Abu lfed a w o m ake s it
. ,

t e n is th a t ge n er ally followed by the Ar abs ; bei n g

,

fo un de d on a tr aditio n of o n e of Moh amm ed s wives

.

It is n ot e a sy however to re c o n cile this disere , ,

p ancy M aki ng eve r

. y allow an c e forthe p atri arch al

h
lo ngevity o f um an life ev en forty ge n er ati o n s ar e ,

i n suf cie nt to e x ten d over a sp a c e of n e arly 2

. 50 0
ye ars B ut from Adn an to Moh a mm ed the ge n e
.

alo gy is c o n sidered c ert a in c omprehe n di ng twe nty

o ne ge n er a tio ns and n e a rly 60 di ffere nt tribe s all,
1 ,

br from the s am e p are n t ste m

an c ing o
'

The history o f these p etty soverei g ns pre se nts

n othing m em or able N az a r w e a r e told w as a .
, ,

faithful a dhere nt to the religio n of Abr ah a m In .

his l a st will he m ade a si n gul ar distrib utio n o f his

h
property To M ad ar he be qu e athed his red te nt
.
,

and iall his other e ffects o f the s a me c o lo u r ; to R abi a

he a ssign ed su ch of his m ove able s as were bl a ck ;
t o Ay a d the gr ay ; and to A n m ar the bro w n The .

i nte r
'

pret atio n o f thi s test am e nt le d to a dis pl ay o f

Ar abi an s a ga city which is _p e r ap s famili ar to the ,

re ader in the t ale of the Hor s e a n d the D o g in Vol ,

tair e s Z ad ig ; th at bei n g m erely a tr an script o f an

a
h
94 Eh P R IMIT IV I
NH A B ITA NTS
dven tu re th at befell the son s o f N a z ar w o from
t e mi nute descriptio n whi ch they g av e o f a str
c amel were on the m ere stre ngt h of pre s u mptive
ay
o r A R A B IA
,
.

m
, ,

evide n c e apprehe nded as gu ilty of the ft

,
Fehr , .

s ur n am ed K oreish orthe C ou r ageo u s w a s fo u nder

h
, ,

h h
o f the n oble tribe o f th a t n a m e Th at ho n o u r able .

title he obt ai n e d o n a c c o unt of his br avery in defe n d

ing the temple ; thou gh the epithet w o ul d se em
be tter m erited b y K os a who re stored to the de ,

sc e n d an ts of I shm a el the soverei g nty o f th e city

h
,

w i ch ad be en u s u rped by the K o z aite s one o f

the emigra nt cl ans from Yem e n H a shem su r

\
.

p a ssed all h i s prede c essors in the gr an de u r an d ag

m
n i c e n c e o f his ch ar a cter H is ge n erosity w as

h
.

u nbo u nded ; a n d he n c e the n am e H a shem o r the

D ivider o f Bre a d H e killed v a st nu mbers of is

.

m
o w n c a m els to fee d the i ndige nt ; hi s t able w as c o n
stantly fu r ni shed with all so r ts of provisio n s whether ,

m
in tim es o f pl e nty o rdistres s to which all w ere ,

fre ely a dmitte d As t e soil w a s to o b arre n to pro

.

du c e a c ompeten t s u pply o f cor n an d fr u its H ashe m

ly f

hh
,

appoi nted two c a r a v an s t o set o u t y e ar the o ne

in wi nter to Y e e n an d the so u th the other to

m
.
"
Syri a I he c om moditie s b r

o u ght by these c o nvey
,

anCe s were distrib u ted twic e a y e ar an d in s u ch ,

ab un d a nc e th at the poorest e nj oye d all the l ux u rie s

o f the rich The v anity of the Ar abs a s e x al t ed

h
.

the glory and u ni c e nce o f H a she m to the highe st

mm

pitch They eve n al lege th at the R om an emperor
.
,

he ari ng o f his re n ow n so u ght an alli an c e with i

, ,

by o fferi ng him hi s d aughter in m arri age This co n .

n e x io n w as de cli n ed for it wo uld h ave bee n deemed

h h
s acrilege to ix the apostolic al prerog ative of t e
K oreish with the blood o f str an gers The ch ariti es .

o f the father de sc e nded richly o n the s o n Abdol .

m ot alleb w as liber al and hospit able ; e very ye ar he

e ntert a i ned the poor o n the at roo f o rhis ho u se .

S o prodig al w a s is i i ce n ce th at e c a u sed ,

t able s lo a ded w i th food to be tr ansported to the

 E m
m hh
PR IMITIV INH A B ITA NTS o r A R A B IA . 95

h
su mmits of the m o u nt ai n s for the u se of birds and
wild be a sts . H e disc overed w e ay pres u m e with ,

h
o u t t a ssist anc e of su pern a t ur al m e an s an d r e ,

stored the tre a s ures and other pre cio u s relic s o f the
,

temple , whi ch ad l a in b ur ied in the Zem zem well

si n ce the e x p ul sio n o f the J o r a ite s The swords .

he fabric a ted i nto an iro n g ate for the K aab a ; an d

this e gilded with the two g a zell es which he c au se d ,

h
to be m elted do w n bei ng the rst gold with which,

th at v en er able edi c e w a s a dorn ed

hh h
.

The n atio n al de sc e nt o f the Ar abs from I shm ael

m
\
i s a poi nt which n o n e will ve ntu re to disp u te wh o ,

re cei ve the b ooks o f Mo se s a s i nfallible a u thority .

T e histori an of the D ecli n e a nd F all of the R om an

E mpire d arkly in si nu ate s his s u spi cio n s respe cti ng .

h
t e pedigre e o f t is rem ark able pe ople But t e .

evide n c e o f their de riva tio n i s to o well est ablished

to be sh ake n by the e fforts o f the skepti c who v ai nl y , ;

thi nks to i nv alid ate the tr u ths of S cript u re by su r

m
ro un ding them with an airo f ctio n Th at some .

u n c er t ai nty ay h av e crept i nto t eir ge n e alogie s

in the c o u r se o f n e arly thirty c e nt urie s will r e adily

h
be a ll owed B u t it i s obvio u s th at an i sol ated and
.

h
m h
u n s u bdu ed n a tio n lik e the Ar ab s h ave the m e an s o f

h
bei n g more e x a ct in the recko n i ng of their ge n er a
tio n s th an in c o u ntrie s s ubj e ct to ch ange s a nd revo
l utio n s where the pride of an c e stry i s n e c ess aril y

m
m
m
o bliter ated an d forgotte n in c o u rse of a few s u c c es

m m
sio ns T e l i n e age o f Mo a
'

ed a s bee n e mbel

hm
.
_

m
lis e d with fables a n d perple x ed with an a chro nism s

h m
,

h h
b u t the ver a city of S cript u re or the ge ner al i nter

h h
,

e sts of history ar e in n o respect imp a ir e d by c ir

h
,

sta nc e s so tr iing f

cu

h
1

h
G ibb ons R o H ist c a p. no te Br u ck e r a s a r
. r
.aig ne d
. .

t e S cr iptu r al g e n e al ogy o f t e A rab s O ne q ua ra b es

"
. A
recen tior e s j actant o r ig inern ab A b r o ince rtissi a
1
a a es se
i p 24
.

H Cr it P ilo s to T e s all n u b e rof g e ne r a

iod of 2
. . . . . . .

tions e ntioned in t e long p er 500 y e a r

s is n o soli d
obj e ction T e r
. ab s did no t alw ay s reckon fr
A o fat er to son,
 E
hh mmm
96 P RIMIT IV IN IIA B ITA N T S o r A R A B IA

hh
.

h
p ec uli arity by which the Ar ab s c o uld distin
O ne '

h m
g u ish the li n e al an c e stor s o f their apo stle from all
'

their c o ll ater al tribe s w as the e x t r a ordi nary p r o

h
p e tic light th at w as sa id to ill um i nate their fa c e s ,

a symbol which ad bee n i n erited from father to

so n sin c e t e d ays of Ad am
To i th ey al lege it .

w as c omm u n ic a ted a fter his repe nt an c e an d i

m
,

p a rted t o n o n e b u t the prophets des c e ndi n g in th e

li n e of S eth N o ah Shem & c After Ab r a a m it
, , , .
,

w as sep ar ate d i nt o two p arts o n e re ain i n g with , _

t e Jews a n d the other w ith the I shm a elite s

, All _ .

the proge n itors o f Moh a m ed bore this c ele sti al

impri nt ; fa i n t or sple ndid a c c ordi n g to the faith

hm h
,

an d virt u e s o f the i ndivid ual In som e it w as very .

l argely deve lope d It did not however alw ay s

.
, ,

follow the r ule o f prim oge nit u re ; and there i s tole ;

r able evide n c e th at it e nl i ghte n e d so e o f very

u n s an cti e d h abits Th at the imm edi at e pr ed e

.

c e sso r s o f the Impo stor were rich a nd powerful

i s u nque stio n able B y the est ablishm e n t of c ar a

.

m *
v an s th ey ad O pen ed u p n e w so u rc e s o f w e al t h ,

mm
an d g iv e n tr a de a dire ctio n highly favo u r abl e to

m
E
their o w n a ggrandi ze e nt W e m u st n e v e r

m
t e .
,

le ss r e g ard with c au tio n m an y o f the t r a ditio n ary

hh h
h h
,

a s they all be ar the

m
a ttrib u tes a scribed to them

h h h
-

m
,

hh hh
c olo u ri n g o f e x trem e p arti ality and h ave ti nged ,

m m
h h
with rom an c e the det a ils o f their priv ate history

m
.

h
hhhh
m h
ib e s ; so t at t e y pr

m hm
b u t fr t e e a d s of tr e se rve d t e p urity

m
o

m
o f t e ird e sce n t w i t ou t lo ad ing t e e or y w it a cat al og ue

m
m h
of n a es T at t e
. n Be d ou in s ar
od e r e ign or ant of t e i r is
tor y is tr u e ; b u t t e y ar e no t ca r e l e ss of t e ir p e d i re e

hhh h
g .

B ur ck a r d t s Notes on t e B edo u ins For ste r a s tre ate d a nd

h
. .

e st ablis e d t is p oint w it g re a t l e arning M a o etan is Un

v e iled , v o l App N o I
. . . .

P ocock e S p e ci ,r ab H ist p 54
. A G ag nier, V ie d e M a
. . . . .

to i I
. n trod
. R ab ad an , an Ar
. ra g on ian M oor, e x p atiate s o st
e x tr a v a g a ntly on t e p r e tic lig t , a nd tr ac e s t e pe d ig r
1A
o ee
e d fr
11
o f Mo a t e fa of d a M a o eta s x lai n ed ,
'

o p
vo .
 E
E E
A NCI NT KING S o r A R A B IA . 9 7
'

E
m
h
h
m
E
m
m
h
m
E
h
h
m
hE
h
h
h
E
m
m
m
mm
S ub d ivision of r

h
D e fe ctive I

hh h
m
ab iA
ANC I NT

an Hist or
nfor atio n of t e G r
C HAPTE R

KING S

y W an t o f W r
OF

e e k s a nd R o
IV .

A RA BIA

rab sT e ing s o f Y e e n, o rDy na sty

.

itte n R e cor ds
a n s C onfu se d

E
C r o n ol ogy o f t e A K

h
of t e H a y ar

ites T e F lo od o f l r A
a n d D e str u c tion

e

h h h h
h
,

of M ar eb x ploits o f Ab uca r b R e v olu t ion u nd e rD u n o w a s

P e rse cu tion of t e C r ist ia n sInv a sion an d C o nq u e st o f

h
Y e e n b y t e Ab y ssinians x p ed i
-
tion of br a aW a rof
A
t e le p a n t P e r sia ns se iz e t e G ov e r n e nt of Y e en
T e K ing d o o f H ir a o rir a k ing d o K o f G a ssa n T e
N a b a t e a n orI s a e l ite Ar ab s T e irW a r s w it t e Je w s
a nd R o ans
x p e d ition o f l s G a llu s P e r p e tu al Ind e

p e nd e n ce o f t e ra b s A R
e e c tion s o n G ibb o n s S k e p tic is

R e ce nt D iscov e r y of P e tr a
De scr ip tion of it s M a gni ce nt
R uin s

h h
.

m
TH history o f Ar abi a n at ur
al ly divide s itself i nto
three pe r iods the A ncie n t the Milit ary an d the
, , ,

Moder n The rst c a rri es u s do w n to the a g e o f

h
m
.

Moh amm ed and is c al led by the Ar abs the T ime s

,

of I gn or an ce T e se co n d in cl u des the w ars of the

.

S ar a ce n s and the empire o f the c aliphs T e third

, .

embr a c es the eve nts from the fall of the C al iph at e to

the prese n t d ay The n a t ive w riters who tre at o f
.

the rst period all o urished as as bee n observed , ,

posterior to the e r a of the Prophet It ay see m .

rem ark able th at amo ng an in tellect ual an d O p ul e nt

,

people n o histori an s sho uld h ave appe ared to c om

,

m emor ate the eve nts o f their o w n ti e s ; b u t the

c au se s ar e to be a s c r
ibed chiey to their n atio nal
ch a racter and h abit s To the m ore civilized tribe s
.

the g ai n s o f c ommerce prese nted higher at tr acti o n s

than liter a ry o cc u p atio n s ; w hile the w a nde r i ng
V on I . .
I
 98 A N CI Em
h
horde s o f the desert were co nte n t to devote t e
solit ar
NT K IN G S orA R A B IA

y hou rs o f their m o n oto no u s life to the c o

positio n of so ngs or the recit atio n o f t al es N oris
.

m
, .

it likely th at a natio n so pro u d o f their i ndepe nde n c e

w o u ld be c areful to preserve their annals whe n ,

these c o uld o nly record the i nv asio n s o f their e ne

mies o ran e ndless s u c c essio n of dom e stic fe u ds in
, ,

h
w hich the we ak c o n st antly r ec eived the law from
the stro ng To h ave commem or ated these ing lo
.

rio ns tr a ns a ctio n s wo ul d o nly h av e bee n to per

p e tu ate their o w n disgr a c e It w a s do u btless , from
.
,

this imp ulse o f n atio n al v anity th at no Ar abi an ,

au thor a s ever m e n tio n ed the prese n ce o f a R o an

army in th a t c o u n try
_ . .

L ittle light i s thr ow n o n this obsc u re epoch from

foreign so urc es e x cept at di st ant i nterv als I f we
, .

c o n s ul t the Greek and R om an au thors the i nform a ,

tio n they fur ni sh i s far from bei n g ex act Str abo .

a ss u res us th a t Ar abi a the H a ppy w as divided i nto

h
,

fo u r disti n ct gover nme n ts and th a t the su cc e ssio n ,

m
o f their ki ngs w a s no t x ed by prim oge n it u re or eve n
by roy al desc e nt The right e x te n ded to a c ert a i n
.

nu mber of privileged fa milies and the rst m ale child ,

bor n a fter the c omm e n ce me nt o f a n e w reign w as

c o n sidered heir to the crow n A g at ar cid e s o n the

h
.
,

c o ntr ary tells u s th at their ki ngs were heredit ary

, ,

a nd th at so lo n g as the y rem ained sh u t u p in their

p al ac es they were gr e atly respected ; b ut th a t the

h hh
people a ss ailed them with sto n e s the m om e nt they

h h
a p p e ar e d in p ublic and a fter their de ath b u ri ed them
,

in d un ghills D io do r
. us as rec orded the sa e pe
c uliar ity A r . ria n pl a ce s o ne ki ngdom in the we ste r n
p ar
'

t of Yeme n and an other to the e as tw ard ; the

c a pit al s o f which e c all s S abb at a and A p ar ,

evide ntly the S ab a and D afarof l ater writer s .

O ne m ain dif c ulty re s ulti n g from the w an t o f

na tive o rc o ntempor ar y wr itte n rec ords is th at of ,

determi n i n g with any toler able pre cisio n the c r o ~

n olo g ical s u cce ssi o n of eve nts ; for it does n o t

 1
00

p ossessed t
the sever al
tr
h
h
E A NCI NT KING S
whole or the g re ater p art o f Y eme n ;
e
petty pri nces who reigned in other d is
icts bein g mostly, i f n ot altogether depe nde nt on
OF A R A B IA

,
.

1
1
this sovereign whom they c alled the Gre at Ki ng , .

m
T e ki ngdom of Hir a o rthe Ar abi an Ir ak ,

h
,
.

whose c apit al stood on the E u phr ate s

III The ki ngdom o f G ass an o n the borders of

.

Syri a Its soverei g n s wer e a ki n d of viceroys to the

.

R om an emperors as those o f Hir a were to the ,

m o n arch s of P ersi a .

K a tan the fo u n der o f their r a c e is ho n ou red by

, ,

the Ar abs as the rst th at wore the crow n o f Yeme n .

Y a r ah hi s so n they regard a s the r

, st th a t spoke
,
-

their l an gu a ge S ab a bu ilt the c apit al c alled a fte r

E
.

himself ; a nd he n c e the i nh abit ants got the n a e o f

S ab aaans T able s of these ki n gs h ave bee n dr aw n
.

m
u p by v ario u s histori an s ; b ut they di ffer so m u ch
in their c alc u l atio n s a s to s atisfy u s th at they
ar e n o t to b e tr u sted as i n fallible gu ides Those
'

m
.

give n by P o c o ck e h ave bee n ge ner ally followed a s ,

m
bei ng m ore c omplete and a t the s a m e ti m e m ore ,

m
h
c o n so nan t with prob ability th an any to be fo un d in ,

h
a si ngle Moh a mmed an au thor

m
K ing

h
E
2
02

m
I TA B L s of Ye 0 y e ars

E
Re ig ne d

h
h
. en .

m
1K 1

h h
6 D lk r i
1
a tan u a na n

m
7D l
.

2 Y ara
. . .

m
1
u e naa

h
. . . .

3 Y a s ab 8 A frik

h
e us

h h
. . . . .

4 S ab a( rAb d S e s)
o -
l9Du lad sa a r
2 S aerab iL
. . . .

H a y ar
1
5 0

h
2 H od ad
. . .

6 W a t el (orW ay el)

h
7S 2 B elkis
.

2
. . .

e csac
2
. . . .

8 Y aafar 3 N a s ir e lnai
2
. . . .

9 D ur 4 S a ar Y ar

h
1

hh h
y as aas .

2
. . .

0 N oo an
. . 5 Ab i ale c
. .

ll A
s a D S C N D A N T S OF CA IIL AN .

2 2
. .

l S e d d ad 6 A r an
7A
.

2
. . .

r M azikia
1 L ok an u .

2
. .

A kr
1
4 D d u sa ad 8 an
2
. . . .

5 H r
. a et , Alr
ay i
s . 9 Du ab s an
.
 E
mhhh A NC I N T K IN G S o

The history o f these an cie n t ki ngs i s little else

th an a m ere register o f n a m es O n the de ath o f
'
rA R A B IA . 01
1

h
.

H a y ar the fam ily of his brother C a lan di sp uted

,

the thro n e and divide d t e m o na rchy ; o ne br an ch

,

co nti nu i n g to reign at S ab a and the other at D afar

m m
,

in H a dr a m au t After a l apse of ftee n ge n er ation s

h
.
,

the se were u nited in the p e r so n o f H areth s u r n a med ,

A lr ay is , o rthe E nricher from the abu nd an c e of

,

spoils he c ollected in his v ario u s e x peditio n s H av .

ing recovered the e ntire sovereignty of Yem e n he ,

assu med the title o f T ob b aa o r S u c cessor D ul , .

k ar nain who
, as bee n erro n eo u sly ide ntied with
Al e x ander of M a c edo n i s a celebr ated p erso n a ge in
,

ori e nt al story H e p u shed his c o n qu ests to the r e

m
.

ot e st regio n s o f the e arth v an qu ished n atio n s o f

,

colos sal st at u re an d s ubdued tow n s whose w al ls and

,

towers were o f br a ss and c opper so brilli ant th at ,

the i nh abit ant s were obliged to we a r a sks to pro

te ct the m from tot al bli ndn ess This apocryph al

h
.

pri nc e i s m e n tio ned in the K or an (ch ap b u t it .

s eem s do u btful to wh at ch ar a cter in re al hi story his

a chieveme nts ar e to be a scribed They c ert a i nly .

be ar som e re sembl an c e to the rom antic e x ploit s of

the all s ubdui ng son o f Philip Dul e n aar hi s su c
-
.
,

c es sor c ar ried is arm s we stw ard i nto the u n e x

h
,

e d re gio n s o f Nig r
p lor itia where he is s a id to h ave
,

c o n s tr u cted a ch ai n o f lightho u se s over the desert

to guide hi s m ar ch ; he n c e hi s n a m e which m e an s ,

L ord of the W a tchtowers His so n e x te nded his

.

c o nqu e sts as fara s T an gier and i s s aid to h ave give n

,

is na me to Afric a D ulad saaro rthe L ord o f Ter

h
.
,

h
r or , is re n ow n ed a
s the c o n qu eror o f the Blemmye s

hh
o r Pigmie s a n atio n of mo n sters witho u t he a ds
,

(Ac eph ali ) and h aving eyes and mo u ths in their

,

bre asts whom Herodotu s and Mel a pl a ced in Abys

,

si ni a and S o u thern Afric a Hi s s ubj ects threw o ff

.

their allegi anc e and r ai sed S ae r ab il a de sc e nd

, ,

a nt of W at e l, to the t r one , who a fter sever al

I2
,
1
02 Eh
A NC I NT K IN G S OF A R A B IA .

h
bloody b attles , be c a m e un dispu ted m aster o f t e
k ingdom .

B elkis a ccordi n g to the Ar abs w as the fam o u s

, ,

Q u ee n o f Sheb a o rS ab a who visited and a fterw ard

,

m arr ied S olom o n in the twe nty r st ye a r of her -

reign T abiri a s i ntrodu c ed her story with s u ch

hh
.

gorgeou s embellishme nts as to re semble a fairy t ale

h
,

r ather th an an epi sode in serio u s n arr ative She is .

m
s aid to h ave be e n s ubdu ed by the J e wish m o n arch ,

who disc overed her retre at a m o n g the m o u nt a i n s

.

*
betwee n H ej a z an d Ye me n by m e an s o f a l apwi n g ,

m
which e ad desp atched in s e arch of w ater du ri n g

h h
m
is progress thro u gh Ar abi a This pri n c ess i s c alled

h
mm
.

N ic ol a a by som e wr iters The Abyssi nian s cl ai m

.

the disti n ctio n for o n e o f their q u ee n s ; a nd h ave

h
pre served the n a m es o f a dyn a sty all eged to h ave
bee n desc e n ded fro m her un io n with S olomo n

hh
.

Y a sa sin s u r n a med N as ir
, e l nai or t e O pu le nt , ,

from hi s imm e n se we al th a s the repu t atio n o f

,

b ei n g a m a gnic e nt a n d w arlike pri n c e His a mbi .

tio n c arrie d i i nto the u nk n ow n de serts of the

h
W est ; b u t the whirl w i n ds o f m ovi ng s ands c o
p e lle d i to retu rn a fter losi ng a gre at p art of hi s
,

a rmy which he ad r a shly ordered to a dv an c e To

, .

c omm em or ate this dis aster he c au sed a br aze n

h
,

st atu e to be ere cted o n a p edest al of sto n e w ith a n ,

i n scriptio n in t e H a y ar ic ch a r a cter importi ng

h m
r

th at here w as the li i t o f his progress ; a nd th at

m m
n o n e b ut at the peril of destr u ctio n co u ld attempt

m
, ,

to go beyo n d it The m ilit ary a chieveme nts o f

.

Sh a m ar c alled Y ar or the Trem ulou s from a

m
, aas , ,

dise a se to which he w as s ubj ect resemble those o f

h hh
,

hh
is prede cessors He i s recorded to h ave m a de

h
.

h h h
v ari ou s e x p editio ns to P er si a He s ubdu ed Khor a .

R u ssells Nu b ia and b y ssinia , F a ily L ib r

A ary , No L X I . .

Fr e rd e si Ye e n ) , and

o g na tion of Q u e e n of e S t
t ou (
t e d e scr ip tion of e rp r e se n ts to S ol o on ,

g old and S p ice s,
V er
y g re a t st o r
,e

t e re is little d ou b t t at rab ia w as t e A
native cou ntr y of t is fa ou s p r ince ss .
 1
04 E
m
h m
*
A NCI N T K IN G S orA R A B IA
with A b i ale c w o is re c k o ned c o ntempor ar
,

Ale x ander the Gre at this circ u m st anc e ay with

y with

gre at prob ability a c co u nt for the chro n ologic al bl ank

th at occ urs betwee n the time o f th a t pri nc e and
the Christi an e r a .
,
.

The rei gn o f Ak r an form s a m em or able epoch in

h
Ar abi an history o n a c co u nt o f the politic al ch ange s
,

a lleged to h ave bee n o c c a sio n ed by the o od o f El

Arem The Moh a m med an writers dwell at gre a t
.

le ngth o n thi s c at a strophe mi x i ng its det a ils with a ,

v ariety o f fab ulo u s circ u mst an ces The t erritory o f .

S ab a tho u gh natu r ally fertile

, ad a c c ordi ng to , ,

N uv air i and M aso u d i who h a ve writte n el ab or ate ,

m
tre atise s o n thi s fa m ou s delu ge be e n re ndered almost ,

u ni nh abit able from the impet u osity o f the m o u nt a i n

torre nts which destroye d their ho u se s h a rve sts
, , ,

and vi n ey ards and the whole pro d u c e o f thei r

,

indu stry W ith a v iew to O ppo se som e b arrier to

h hh
.

these r ui no u s oods o ne o f their ki ng s S ab a o r

, , ,

L okm an c o n stru cted a hu ge mole o rb ank stretch

, ,

ing a cro ss the v alley which w as abo u t a q u arter o f ,

E
a mile in bre a dth at the lower e x tremity o f the
,

a dj a c e nt m o unt ai n s It w a s b uilt o f solid m aso nry

.
,

t e blocks o f m arble bei ng ceme nted w it b itu e n

an d stre n gthe n ed with iro n b a r s I t ro se to a gre at

m
m
.

height above the city (M areb ) a nd w as by t e

m
,

S ab ze ans deem ed so stro ng th at m any o f the m ad ,

m
th e ir ho u ses ere cted o n its side s The v alle y to the

m
. ,

dist an c e o f abo ut ve le ag u es w as th u s c o nverted
1

h h h
,

into a v ast l ak e 2

m
0 feet in depth a nd rec eivi ng

hhhh
, ,

m
a c cordi n g to Ab ulfed a the trib u t ary w ater s o f se v

hh
,

h
e nty stre a m s som e o f which were c o nd ucted i nt o
,

hh h h
hh
T Pe r l
e ann a s o fsi a pre se nt a si ila r c as Fr o t e

h
.

d e at of A le x a nd er t ill t e d e at o f A r ta x e rx es i s ne a rly tive ce n

tur tas and t e w ole o f t at re a r kab le e r a a y b e te r e d a

b lank in aste r n isto r Y e t w e n w e re fe r t o Ro an w r i

y , .

ters, w e nd t is p e r iod ab ou nd s w it e v e nts of w ic t e

y aine st nati ig t b e proud

M a lcol s Hist of P er sia, V O L

on
1
. .

. c ap iv p 68
. . . .
 AN CI Eh NT K NG S

it by artici al ch a nnels In this mound were thirty

slui ces at three different hei g hts e ach about a cubi t
in diameter throu g h which the w at e rs issued a nd
,

were conducted wi t h the a id o f m a chinery t r ou gh

I
.
OF A

,
R A B IA .

,
1
05

h
sm aller c an al s to the elds g ardens and houses of , ,

the inh ab it ants M areb thus be cam e as Pliny c al ls

.
,

it the mistress of cities , and a diadem in the br

, ow
o f the universe .

h
This g olden a g e o f Ar abi an a ntiquity is a favour
ite them e w ith their poets and i stori ans who e x p a ,

t iate on the extensive elds and forests o f S ab a its ,

be autiful edices and numerous orch ards A g ood

,
.

horsem an s ay s M aso u di co ul d sc arc ely ride over

, ,

t he len gt h a nd b re adth of t is cul t iv ated country in

less t h a n a mon t h ; a nd t he t r a veller mi g ht w ander
from one ext remi t y to the o t her withou t feelin g the
he at o f the sun ; for the thick foli ag e of the trees
Its luxuries were pro
1
a fforded a c ontinu al sh ade .

v erbi a , a pure a ir a serene sky we alth without

-
, ,

its c are s and inconveniences all conspired to render ,

M areb the retre at of every b lessin g th at c an m ak e

E
life ag ree ab le The h appy n ative s enj oyed am on g
.

their g roves and viney ards a pe ac eful and p almy

s ecu r i t y clothed in em b roidered g arm ents o f g re en
,

h
sil k and rew arded w ith a doub le incre ase o f their

h
,

ocks and their elds The king s were virtuous .

like their subj ects Their dom inion mild and equi.
,

t ab le at hom e w as a cknowled g ed and respected b y

,

the surroundin g n ations ; for no enemy a ss ailed

them whom t hey ad no t defe ated and every re g ion ,

which they inv a ded ad sub mitted to their arms .

The c apit al itself we ar e g r av ely told by a Turk

,

ish g eo g r apher w as distinguished by twelve p e cu

h
,

liar itie s not less attr a ctive th an its abund ant stre ams
,

a nd delicious fruits N either serpents ies nor .

, ,

other troub lesome i nse cts were to b e found in it :

str ang ers infested with vermin p articul a rly the ,

third pl ag ue o f the g y pti ans no sooner entered it ,

t an they were relieved : none of its citi z ens wer e

1
06 E
h hh
ANC I NT

h
li able to sickness o rdise a se
m aim ed , t e p ar alyt i c , from
al l be restored by b athin g in
K IN G S
the sick the bl ind the
other qu art e rs mi g ht
its w aters no c a ng e
o f dress w as ne ce ss a ry such w as t e mildn ess o f
o r AR A BI A
,
.

,
,

h
,

the clim ate : their W ives knew n ot t e p an g s o f

childbirth and never lost the ch arms of youth and
,

virg inity .

A ll these im ag in ar y feli cities however depended

E m h
, ,

on the stren gt h a nd preserv ation o f their m ound ;

h
t e e ffect o f t ime (if built by S ab a it must h a ve
s t oo d ab ove 7 1
0 0 ye ars ) a nd the wei g ht o f the w ater
,

b e g an insensib ly to undermine its found a t ions The

E
.

king w as appri z ed o f the d an g er b y Amru M az ikia ,

an d a noted fem al e soo t hs ayer D ar ifa an inte r pr

'

e , ,

ter of dre a m s a n d visions w o an noun c ed b y m any , ,

terrib le si g ns an d prodi g ies the a ppro achin g dev a s ,

t atio n o f M areb The incredul ous princ e d isr e

m
.

g a rded eve r y a dmonition ; b ut Amru h avin g dis

h
'

posed o f his proper ty re solved with a nu b er of

, ,

followers to see k s a fety in a tim ely i g ht The

,
.
.

b ur sti ng o f the w aters imm edi ately ove r whelmed

the c ountry destroyin g elds ocks viney ards a nd

h
, , , ,

vill ag es ; and reduc ed th at fer t ile provinc e to a st at e

o f desol ation Such is the i story o f the fa mous
.

delu g e o f l Arem .

As the S ab ar ans were a proud an d idol atrous r ace

h
,

the Kor an (ch ap xx xiv ) descri b es this dis a s t er as

. .

e nt from H e aven W herefore

'

a judici al punis .

w e sent ag ainst them the inund ation o f l Arem ,

a nd w e ch an g ed their double g ardens into g ardens

producing bitter fruit this we g ave be c ause they
,

were ung r ate ful T e Ar ab i an poets l am ented its

.

destruction in verse ; a nd two ele g ie s o n the sub

h
j e ct h ave been preserved amon g the ancient m onu
ments o f their liter ature The tr adition still exists .

a mon g the inh abit ants of Yemen o ne o f whom ,

describ ed to N ieb uhr the ruins of the w al l o n the

side s o f the tw o mount ains The trib ut ar y w aters .

ad dwindl ed aw a y t o si x or s even pe t ty stre a mlets .

 h
1
08 A N C IE N T KIN G S o r A R ABIA .

prob able epoch A c onsider able time m ust ne ce s

*
ily h ave el apsed a fter the over
.

sar throw o f the c api

h h
t al and the dev a st ation o f the c ountry before t e
, ,

h mh
s c attered tribes c ould be ag ain uni ted o rthe g overn ,

m ent c onsolid ated under a sing le mon arch During .

this interv al se v er al petty prin ces appe a r t o h av e

rei g ned over these dis t ricts The R om an histori an s .

m ention C ole b u s whom they style king o f Map ,

artis an d C ar, ib a e l whose residenc e w as at S apha r , ,

to w hom som e o f the C es ars a ddressed emb a ssie s ,

and sent v alu ab le pre sents with a view to c oncili ate ,

their friendship In the c ourse o f little m ore th an a.

c entury t e throne o f the H a y ar

ite s w as ag a in rmly

h
E
e s t ablished in Yem en by a descend an t o f A k r an ,

h h
,

who a ssum ed the title of T o b b a a I From this tim e

mh
the Ar abi a n his t ory i s much m ore ex a ct as t e ,

rei gns o f the di fferent princ e s are found to synchro

nize in m ost inst an c e s with tho se o f the P ersi an
m on archs In the followin g t ab le w e a d e p t t e
.

chronolo gy give n in t e le arned D i ssert ation o f t e

m
m
B a ron D e S a cy who is b eyond d ispute o f all living
, , ,

authors the most profoundly convers an t with t e

h
h
,

h
an c i e nt liter ature o f

R e ig ned A D 1

E
I TAB L K ing s of Y e en 7 5 52

h
I 9 -

A D 1 1Mort e d
. . .
. ,

75 T obb aa I A D 32
1

h
. .
,
. . .
, .

90 C olaica rb 3 45 W akia

h
37
.
,
.
,

220 A se ad A b u car
b 0 Ab r a a -
, .

2
.
,

3 8 H as an 3 99 , S a b an

h
mm
s .

2
.
,

50 A ru Dulaw aad 4 40 , S abb a

1Four anony o us

h
-

h
7
.

2
.
,
H assan II
455 ,
7 Du s anater
.
,
king s 4 8, .

7
22Alsa a
.

Du now as
4 80 ,
7 2 Dujad an,
.

2
.
,

3 Ab d K el al 5 8,

97T Cbb a a e l A sg ar
2 2 Duj azen
.
,

h
1H ret ,
- -
5 9, .

h
h
3 3

h
, a .

h
hh
A fter the destruction o f M areb the power o f t e ,

Tobb a as soon ro se to m o r
e th an its ancient splen

Me
d e l Acad d e s Inscrip to xlviii p 544 B eis e d e

. . . . . . .

Ar ab p oc
. V et ust M G osse llin ad opt s t e ep oc of R eiske
. . .
,

R ec e r
c ee su r la GOg rap ie d e s Anciens

.
h m
m
m
h h AN C IE N T K IN G S o r ARABIA . 1
09

mm
dour A saad Ab u car b ad l ar g er a rm ies and ex

-
.
,

tended his c onquests more widely th an an y o f is

prede cessors H e inv aded Teh a a the i nh abit ants
.
,

o f whi ch were g l a d to purch a se pe a c e fro him a t

t e expense o f twenty c am els for every soldier they

h
ad sl ain . C arrying his ar s e a stw ard he p r o , .

Ce e d e d by the route o f Mosul into A z e r b ij an w her e ,

h
he encountered and defe ated the T art ars with g re at

h
sl au g hter .Al armed at his suc cess m ost o f the ,

ne i g hbourin mon archs c ourted his friendship ; and

g

a o ng these w as the sovere ig n o f H indost a n w o ,

sent an emb a ssy pr e posin g te r s o f amity T e

r are a r t icle s presented b y t he a mb a ss ador led to in ?

h
q u irie s respectin g the c ountry which produc ed t e m

and for t e rst t im e the Ar abi a n c onqueror he ard

h
m
o f the existenc e o f Chin a A sa ad at onc e determined

o n an expedition to th at dist ant re g ion and quitte d ,

Yem en at the he ad o f a forc e which orient al hyper

h
m
,

bole a s m ag nied in t o a thous and st and ards , e a ch

E
h
follo w ed b y a t ho u s and m en H avi ng by som e .

me ans led is army throug h the t erritory o f B alkh ,

he pro c e ede d b y Turkist an skirting the borders of

h
,
.

Thibet where he left a division of

,
Ar ab s as ,

E
a b ody o f reserve in c a se o f defe at , Fin all y e .
,

m
suc ceeded in penetr atin g the b ound arie s of t e Chi ?

nese m on archy ; an d a ft er plund ering the citi es in

,

(ll directions he returned with im e nse b ooty

a ,

throu g h W estern T a rt ary into In di a whenc e e ,

h
conducted his a rmy s a fely b a c k to Ye m en h avin g ,

c onsum ed s e ven ye ars in this re o te and p erilou s

h
The c orps o f reserve howeve rw a s

h
enterprise .
, ,

never withdr aw n from Turkist an and Thib et wh er e ,

vesti g es o f the r ac e ar e still to be d isco v e r ed

g v

The whole of thi s exp edition we mi g ht h ave b e n

h
ap t to tre a t a s a fable were it not th at t e e ar , ly
Moh a m e d ans on conquering B ok ar a fo und an
, ,

inscriptio n expressly rec ording t e p rese nce 9f t e

Price (
K ssa y , p 98 ) is d isposed to pl ace t
. i s prince ea lier r ,

I
I

o
1
10

mh m
h
H a y ar
AN C IE N T K I N GS
ite T obb aa in th at qu arter
hi s en dl e ss w ars whi ch pro cured him the n a e o f
,
wit
o r ARABIA
.
.

H ar a ssed

h
A b u car b orthe F ather o f A iiction his subj ect s

h
, ,

c onspired hi s de ath and tr an sferred the crow n to,

his so n H as s an w o w as hi ms elf sl ain by his b rother

,

Amru . This st ate o f affairs led to an insurre ction ,

in which the usurp er wi t h hi s four son s and their
sister A lsa a were cut o ff ; althoug h the l atter ar e
n o t admitted by som e a mon g the number o f is

h
,

suc c essors Abd Ke l al a c c ordin g to H am z a em

-

hh
.
, ,

br a ce d Chri sti anity ; but he w as det e rred by politi

h hh
c al m otives from avowin g it O penly o rimposi ng it

m
,

o n hi s subj ec t s T o bb aa t he l a st th at w as honoured

m
.
,

h
wi t h th at title m arched with an army o f
,

m en into H ej a z thre a t ening to extermin ate t e

,

Jews who ad put is vic eroy to de ath o n a c c oun t

h
,

of is crueltie s A c olony o f the se people ad ed

h
.

from P al estine and S yri a in t e w ars o f Titus and ,

Adri an an d settled ne ar Y atr

, e b (Me din a) This .

city To b b a a b esie g ed ; but a re concili ation aving

t ak en pl a c e it w a s s aved from destruction T w o
, .

Jewish do ctors it i s alle g ed ad suc ce eded in i

, ,

pressin g i with the d ang er o f vi ol atin g a pl a c e

m
which w as under the speci al protection of H e aven ,

and destined to b e com e the future a sylum o f a g re a t

prophet A simil ar vener ation w as the m e an s o f

m
.

protecting Me c c a and its temple from pill ag e In

h
.

reverenc e for its a ntiquity a nd holiness he presente d

mh
the K a ab a with its rst c a nopy a cloth of rich ta ,

p e str y and a g a te o f g old ; a nd during the six m onths

,

o f his residenc e there he i s s a id to h ave s a criced

,

h
every d ay a thous a nd c am els H is interc ourse with

h
.

the se H ebrew e x iles led to a c ang e in his reli g ion

h
.

The do ctrine s they Iuifold e d to him appe ared so ac

c e p tab le th at he inst an tly ab andoned the absurd
,

itie s o f idol worship a nd b e ca e a ze al ous c onvert

-
,

to the M o saic ritu al .

O n is return to Y e m en e w as acc omp ani ed by ,

'

a nu b er of J e w s w o e soon advan ced to pl a ce s

,
 hh hh
m
m
h
1
12 A N C IE N T K NG S I o r AR AB IA

hhh
.

m
g ua rds w o enj oyed with their m aster t i s re volt
,
a

ing spe ct a cle Such o f t e roy al pro g en y as ad

.

e sc aped the d ag g er were in t i s m anner s acrice d

to an i nfa my worse th an de ath
blood only rem ained Ze r as a yout ,

O ne prin ce o f the
of surp ass ,
.

- -A

h
ing be auty whose ow in g locks obt a ined him t e
,

n a e of D u now as Thi s l ast victim of his fallen

.

m
r a c e w as seized and c onducted to the fat al p a vilion ;
but it w as to r even g e i nste ad o f sh aring the i g n e
'

m
i ny of his unh appy kindred H a vin g se creted a .

s a ll poni ard under the sole o f hi s foot e c ontriv ed

h
,

to st ab the li centious t yr a n t to the he art S everin g

m
.

the he a d from t he b ody he e xhib ited it a t t he w in ,

dow from which he w a s himself to h ave been pre

h
m
ci p ita te d The court s a tellites g a zed a m oment in

h
.

doubt and a stoni shment Dunow as pointe d to the

h
.

bloody tro phy as the best interpreter of wh at ad

h
t aken pl ac e The dee d w as h ailed wi th appl ause ,

m
.

an d the v a c a nt di ade m Un ani o usly co nferred o n

h
m
their d e liverer

m
.

T i s int r epid y out be ca e o ne o f the m ost for a

h
rnid able and powerful m on archs o f Yem en thou g

hh
,

is cr uel t y soon bli g hted the auspicious prospects

h
w ith which his re i g n c o m e nc ed H is bi g otry to .

t e Jewi sh fa ith Whi ch led hi m to a ssum e the n a e

,

of him an intoler a nt persecuto r .

m
T e Chris t i ans e speci ally felt hi s severity The .

inh abit ant s o f N ej e ran the B eni T ale b who ad ,

-
,

be en c onverted b y a Syr ian c alled Ak e i o u an d ,

h
ad a b ishop o f their o w n w ere d e e

hh
e d to indis s

h
,

crimin ate e x termin a ti on R efusin g to abj ure thei r .

cr e ed , they were thru st into a pit o rtrench lled

w ith combustibles to whi ch b urning fag ots were
,

applied an d in this m anner o f them perished .

T e Lord o f the Burning Pit is the ter r

,

ible title
w i ch this inhum a n a c t procured for Du no w as T e .

d elity o f t e m artyr s o r brethren o f the pit is

,

,

co m ended in the K or a n where an an athem a i s ,

pr onoun ced o n their persecutor (ch a p .

 mhh h
A N C IE N T KINGS O F
'

ARABIA 1
13

E
.

O ne o f the few Chri sti ans th a t e sc aped applied

forreven g e to the N ay as o rK in g of Abyssini a

h
,

who w as a Christi an , ur gin g i to undert ake t e

h
inv a sion of Yemen An army o f m en w as

h
.

a c cordin g ly desp atched under the c omm a nd o f his

,

s on Ary at, with injunctio ns to put to de ath every

Jew to pill ag e a third p art of the c ountry and t ake
, .

c aptive a third p art of the wom en an d c ildre n O n

nt his s i ps a si g n al to

m h
.

l andin g at Aden Ar yat b ur

, ,

is tr 0 0 ps th at they must co nquer o rpe r i sh W e ak

hh
.

ened by diss ensions an d t ak en u n aw are s , the Ar abs

,

were r outed w ith g re at sl au g hter Du n o w as ed .

,

a nd n din g him self pursued he spurred hi s hors e to ,

a rocky precipic e , an d threw im self into the se a ;

m h
preferrin g a w atery g r ave to the ch a ins o f the
t iO p ian v icto r T e ven g e a nc e o f the Chr i sti ans
'

thus proved fat al to the independenc e o f Yem en

h
.

T w o princes o f the H a y ar ite line , D uj ad an and

D uj az e n m ad e an unsuc c essful stru gg le to re g a in
,

the soverei g nty ; b ut th at a ncient dyn a sty a d lost

mm
the sceptre for ever which w a s now tr an sferred t o
,

the h and o f an Ab yssini an c onqueror Such i s th e

E
h
.

a c count w ich the Ar ab i a n authors give o f this

fa o us inv a si on The chronicles of Abyssini a ,

h
however , distinctly m ention an e arli er exp editi o n
a cro ss the R ed S e a The inscription at Axum di s
.
,

c overed by M r S a lt re c ords th at the r ei g nin g m on

.
,

a rch there , A iz a n as ad sent hi s two b rothers int o

h
7 who sub dued the
,

Ar ab i a prior t o the ye a r 3 2

h
,

Ho er ite s wi t , sever al other tribes and c a rri ed ,

h
a w a y a g re a t nu b er of c a ptives with thei r she ep

h
, ,

oxen a nd b e asts o f b urden ; an d these he es t ablished

,

a s a c olony , at a pl a c e c a lled M at ar a in his new

hh
,

dominions T e n al subju g ation o f Ye men i s t h a t

.

referred to i our n arr ative and is pl a ced b y t e

'

c hronolo g y of b oth c ountrie s in the tim e o f An a s

t asiu s and his suc cessor Justin Cosm a s , w o vis .

ite d A d ul is in the rei g n o f the l a tter emperor st ate s ,

t h at le sb a an or C aleb N e g us (the nav as o f t e

K 2
 hh
E
hh
1
1

m m
m
4 AN C IE NT RI NGS o r A RAB IA

m
.

Ar
abs ) t e n o n t e po int o f undert akin g a n
w as

m
,

e xpe dition into Ar abi a ; a nd from thi s period must -

be d ated t e ext inction o f a r a ce o f princ e s wh o

hh
hm
ad ruled above two thous an d ye a rs the seque ster e d
re gion o f myr rh and fr ank i nc en se .

II TA BL Ab y ss ian King s of Y e e nf
A D, 52 1

h
I . 9 60 . .

A D 52 9 Aryat o rArna t A D 5 89 Yacsu

h
1
-

54 9, Ab ra aA IA s ra
. . . . .
. .
,

60 , M a sru k
'

. .

m
As a C ctory Ar
o ndition y at w as c onOf his vi

m
,

m
r e d in t e gov e r but the tur
k

nnie nt o f Yem en bu

h
le nt and artful poli cy o f Ab r ah a a n o f cer in t e ,

e xp edi t ion an d fer e r ly t e sl ave o f a Rom a n m er

h
h
,

m
ch ant at A d ulis shortene d is rei g n Supported b y

hh
, .

a p art o f the a rmy , he revolted an d o ffered b attle

h
.

h
I nste ad o f h a z arding a c ivil w ar it w as a g re ed to

h
,

h
m h
d e cide the c onte st b y sin g le c om b at , in whi ch t e

Abyssini an w a s tre a cherously st abbe d by a sl ave ;

h
.

not, however , b e fore e a d wounde d his a nt a g onist

mh
in the fa c e whi c g ave i , the surn a m e o f A l
Ashr a orthe Slit nosed T e n ay as thre atened
,
-
.

to punish the r eb el ; an d m ad e a vo w to dr ag i

h
from is throne by the h air to tr ample is dom inio n ,

un der fo ot and die his spe ar in

, is blood Abra h a .

se e s to h ave p aid little r e g ard to these m en a c e s

an d took an in g enious pl a n to a c c omplish their ful !

l e nt without d an g er t o him self He l le d t w o

hh
cut o ff two locks of hi s h ai r
.

s a cks with eart , ,

w hich with a sm all vi al o f hi s b lood he enclosed in

hh
ar
, ,

ich c a sket per f um ed With m usk an d d e sp atche d ,

to hi s a ster ; exp ressin g a hope th at t e roy al d is:

ple a sure would be s atise d with this e a sy m ode o f
pu nishm ent a s he a d thus g iven him an o pp o r tu a
,

nity of e xe cutin g is thre a t to the letter w ithout ,

viol a tin g hi s c onscienc e o r i nc urrin g t e az ard ,

~

an d exp ense o f an expeditio n T e nay a s w as .

V incent
s Pcrip . vol. i Ap p
. . V alentia s Trav . vo l
.
 E
m
1
16

AN CI NT KIN G S o r ARABI A .

h
h hhh
in favour o f your temple the sourc e of your g ran ,

d eur an d the obj ect of your reli gious vener ation

mm
,

The c am els ar e my own

w as his reply the , ,

K aab a belon g s to the g ods a nd t hey will d e fe nd it

m
v
, .

M an y kin g s h ave attempted its destruction b u t ,

h
th e ir ruin o rrepul se as protected it fr C s a cri '

l eg e . T e c am els wer e res t ore d ; but t e temple
w as left to the prote ction o f its o w n s anctity The .

vener able ponti ff retire d with the citi zens to t e

m ount ains an d f ortresse s in t e vic inity ; h avin g

m hh
s u pplic ated in a p athetic hymn be fore their dep a rt ,

ur e,
tha t t e c al a it y intende d for the a sylum o f
their fa ith i g h t be visited on t he he ad s o f its ene

E
iss .

The deities o f the pl a c e i f w e ar e to believe the ,

Ar ab s w ere no t i mport uned in v a in ; a n d by th eir

,

interpo siti on the Christi an host m et with a si g n al

m
o verthrow Abr ah a a dv ance d o n hi s hu g e eleph an t
.

M ahm oud ; but ne ithe r vi olence n or e ntre aty could

a de it e nter the c onsecr ated w a lls In any other .

d irecti on tow a rds Syri a or Yem en it w o uld m ove

, ,

with the g r e at e st al a c r
ity ; b u t not a sin g le step
tow a rds the K a ab a The o t her eleph ants t ir te en
.
,

in number evinced the s am e reluct an c e to comm it

mm
,

s a crile g e an d alw ays k nelt do w n w e n tur

, ne d t o ,
.

th at qu a rter in the s a m e reverenti al attitude A

h
, .

m ir a c le at leng th relieved the city An innu e r a .

ble a rmy o f b irds from the se a c o a st l ike a dense ,

cloud sudde nly appe ared hoverin g over the Ab ys

, ,

sinia n s a ch c ar
. ried a stone in its b ill and o n e in ,

e a ch cl aw about the size o f a len t il ; the se t hey let

,

fall on t e he a ds o f the b esie g ers wi t h such vi olenc e

a s to pierc e throu g h their helm ets an d arm our kill ,

ing e n an d eleph ants o n the spot O n every ston e .

w as insc ribe d the n a e o f its p articul ar vi ctim .

These birds c alled Ab il are repre sented o f a si z e

be tween t h at o f a sw allow and a pi g eon an d p ar
, ,

ty ,

c oloured b ein g bl a ck an d white interspersed with

,

g re en a nd y e llow The few invad ers th at esc ap ed

.
 h
Em E h
AN C IE N T KI N G S O F ARA BIA . 1
17
n atural c at a str ophe perished in t e desert
t i s supe r .

Abr ah a al one re a ched S an aa , quakin g lik e a

h
chicken whe re he died soon aft er of a lo athsom e

h
,

dise ase The terried ci t izens o f Me cc a r

. e t urned
from thei rhills A b d ol o talle b a nd the Koreish
.

were re g arded with doub le vener ation an d inve ste d ,

with the titl e of the H oly F a mily

h m
.

T e farof the l eph ant is a we ll kno w n epoch

m
-

in Moh am m eda n history as it h appen ed in t e ye ar

,

o f the Prophet s b irth The Kor an in a short chap

.

ter (cv ) rel a t es this j udici al defe a t o f The M as

.

ters of t he l eph ant by a mir a culous ock of birds

h
,

which c ast do w n upon t hem stones o f b aked cl a y .

It i s dif c ult to c omprehend how a le g end so r idicu

mm
lous an d h appenin g at a period so well a scert ained ,
,

c ould h ave g ained the slig hte st de g re e o f credit

h
.

m
D e a n Pride aux considers the story a ction o f M 0

h

a ed s o wn c oining to terrify the Chri sti an
,

Ar abs i nto is re li g ion and aug e nt the n ation al

,

E
ever enc e for the K aab a F ather M ar acci alle g e s
.

the whole either to b e a fab le or a fe at o f som e evil

m
'

spirit such as overthrew B r

,
e nnu s a nd is army when
m archin g to att a ck the temple o f Apo llo at D elp i .

S tripped o f its p r e te atur al absurdit ies this m emo ,

r able event will r esolve itself simply in t o a reli gious

m
exp edition ag ainst Mec c a ; an d t he disc o tur e of
the Ab yssinians as Gi b bon rem arks ay b e a t t rib
u te d ei t her to the w ant of p rovi sions or to the v alo ur
, ,

h
,

o f the Koreish without the a s sis t ance o f a c ele sti al

,

sho w er o f s t one s

h
hh
.

Abr ah a w as suc ceeded by hi s sons Y acsu and ,

M asruk Their deb aucheri es an d O ppressions alien

.

a ted the loy alty of t he Ar abs an d r aised a c ompeti ,

tor i the person o f S e ip a desc end ant of the l ast ,

o f the H a y arite princes H e applied for a id to .

K o osr o o (C o sr oe s) king of P ersi a whose we alth

, ,

and m ag ni fic enc e were then unriv alled in the as t ,

a nd h a ve been celebr ated by the P ersi an writers in

m any a rom an t i c volume The Ar abi an foun d hi m .
m
Eh
m
1
18

wer e twelve thous and

m oon in be auty
A N C IE N T K I N G S
in his h all o f audienc e surrounded by t e o icer

A hu g e cr
. ow n w r
,

u sici an s and l adies o f the c ourt o f whom there

,

,

ev e ry o ne equ al to the
o ug t o f the
o st c ostly j ewels an d pe arls and comp ared b y T a
b iri to an
.

a stern m e a sure c ont a ining six bushels

s,
o r A R AB IA

,
,
,

~
.

h
h
h
o f whe at , w as suspended over t e throne by a olde n
g
ch ain from the roof the wei g ht being too much for

h
the roy al brows to support It w a s covered with a .

veil which w as never rem oved exc ept e n st ate

,

hh
o c c a sions .

K o o sr o o listened with indifference to the invit a

m

tions o f the suppli ant princ e Thy l an d s aid .

,

i s d ist ant and b arren Its only p r o d uctio ns ar

e e

hh
m
.
,

sheep and c a m els these we want not ; nor c an they

tempt the P ersi ans to so fruitless an enterpri se .

H e t e n ordered S e ip a thous and pie ce s of

g old and a rob e o f curiou s workm anship
,
The . A

wily A r ab i an im m ediately threw the g old to the

hh h
m
sl ave s an d the crowds in t e streets O f wh a t .

m

use s aid he to the a stoni shed mon arch is the

h
,
.
,

we alth o rthe j e w elry o f Persi a to e ? T e hills

o f my o w n c o u ntry ar

e o f g old a nd its dust s i lver
'

, .

This appe al to t he av aric e r ather th an the s ymp athie s

o f t e P ersi a n ad b ett er suc c ess K o o sr o o ordered

h
.

a lev y o f all the p risoners a nd c ondemne d crimin als

w it in his dominions to the am ount o f 3 60 0 m en

h h
, .

If they conquer these re g ions

s aid he it will
'

, ,
'

ad d to y kin g dom ; i f they perish they but su ffer ,

h
the just puni shment o f their crimes W ith the se .

a uxili arie s S e ip return e d to Ar ab i a ; a b attle w as

fou ght ne ar Aden where M a sruk fell by an a rrow
,

fro t he h and o f W e r az a P ersi an noblem an w o , ,

h
c omm anded the e x pedition The vi ctory diffuse d

h
.

univers al j oy a mon g t e Ar abs The suc ce ssful .

g ener al took posse ssion o f S a na a where he put all ,

the Ab yssini an s to de ath and pl anted his m aster s ,

st andard o n its w alls ; h aving thrown down one of

.

the g ate s r at e r th a n lower the proud b anner o f

K o o sr oo .
mE
m
I2
O A N C IE N T K NG S I o r ARAB IA .

c id a still sub sisted in P ersi a but in circumst an ce s of ,

such fe eb lenes s and disunion a s invited the w ander

h h
ing Ar ab s about the be g innin g o f the third c entury
, ,

to t ake p ossession of Ir ak which they foun d wi t hout

m
,

an y re g ul ar g overnm ent or m e ans o f defenc e They

m
h
hh
m
.

a de them selve s m a sters for a tim e of the whole , ,

territory lyin g betw e en the p a sses o f H ul w an and

m * E
t e Ti g ri s M al e c xed the se at o f is new kin g

h
.

do at Anb ar o n the u phr ate s where c ert ain o f

h h
h
, ,

hi s c ountrym en known by the n am e o f Arm eni a s

h
, n
,

wer e alre ady settled w o ad been c arried from ,

Ar abi a am on g the c aptive s of N e b u c adn e z z ar The .

m m
c apit al w as a fterw ard tr ansferre d to H ir a a c ity ,

m m
lower down the river by A r u y t e third prin c e o f

m
,

t i s dy n a sty w it w o the throne p assed by ar

.
,

m m
iag e from the de scend ants o f C a lan to the L ak h

m m
h
i ans a no ther br anch o f the r

m
oy al hous e o f S ab a in

h
m
,

h h hh
Ye m en The followin g list o f t he kin g s o f Hir a i s

m
.

h
h
m
furnished by P o co ck e and H ar

E
nz a

h
.

m
Ab ulfed a and H a z a a ssign t is kin g d o a d uration of 62 2

mm
years evid entlyreck oning fro t e d ispersion of l A re ; T a

m
hh h
m
,

b iri 4 89 years ve o nt s ; exclu si ve of t ree reig ns t e lengt

hhh h

, , ,

m
of w i is not expressed De S a cy xe s M ale c s re ign A D

h
c
2
. .
,

0 ; b u t e a d it s t at it ay b e ore ancien t O n p ou vr

h
m m m
ou

h
.
.

S i l on vou lo it fa i

re w onteru p eu plus hau t l tablisse e nt

hhh
, ,

d e M al e c d an s l I rak l e regrette d e n e p ou v oir e p loyer ici

h
m h
. .

m
l u r T e p art s of H a z a rel at ive to t e k ing s


o v ag e d e H a z a

hh h
.

mm
hh m
of H i ra and G assan w ic e ad not seen ave since b een

h
h
, ,

u b lis e d b y R as u ssen l a t e Prof of O r ient L it a t C open

181

h h h
7 Ac
. .
, .

a g en in is H ist P r aacip A rab R e g a nt e Isla

hh h h
. . . . . .
,

c ord ing to t is c ronol o gy t e king do of H i ra u st av e

enced ab ou t A D 1

h
h h
2 It is evid ent t at so e of t e early
,

h
co . . .

p rinces settled in B a rein ave b een o itted ; b u t t e Arab s ll

a k ing A ru reign 1 1
1
as u su al b y 8 and A ri
o l ais 1 1
up t e c as
4 y ears P r
, , , -

V V ii At t is ti e

ic s ssa y C ap e , . . .

rob ab ly appened t e igra tion of t e se col onies w ic w ere

pe d into Mesop ota ia b y t e c iefs Be crMod ar and R ab ia ; , ,

fro w o t ree provinces in t at cou nt ry ar e st i

ll na ed ?

Diyar Beer Diyar Mod er , , and Di yar Non ad .

 A D

D E
m
E
m
m
m
.

h
h m
m
h
m
2
2
.10 M alec
3 0 J od ai a ,
,

ze i
A N C IE N T K I N G S
K ing s of H ira Re ig ned
.

a )
(orK
.

L A K HM
,

oz
.

50 , A r
o

A D
A D 504 , Ab uj a far
.
r ARAB IA

iolk a is I
i
I
I
.

7
52
.

0 M ondar I
2
,

5 3 , Ha
I
I
1
20 63 4

ret
-
.

.
.
21
1

m
SC N DA N T S 0 F .
S

2
.

68 A ru I 563 , M o ndar III (r

1,
. e .

30 , A r
1
st ored )
1
1
iolk ais I

h
. .

r
_

3 3 4, A u II 5 64 , A ru
7 K ab u s
. .

3 69; A u s 5 6,

m
7
. .

3 4, A r M ond ar IV
1
1
iolk a is I
I . 5 84 , .

400 , N oo an I N oo a n I
1
588,
1Ay
. .

4 3 0 , M ondar I
1
6 , as

m
7 7Z d ij
. .

4 3 , Asw a d . 6 , a a

493 , Mo nd ar I I .
'

634 , M ond ar
500 , N oo a n I I
'

h hm
.

'

The history o f these kin g s presents little th a t is

worthy o f p artic ul ar notic e W arw as the ir ince s

m
_ .

s ant o c cup a t ion ; and there i s a trad ition th a t none

o f them except K abu s died within the ir o w n terri

h
t orie s all the rest h a vi ng peri shed either in
,
ilit ary
expeditions or hun ting excursions M al ec o n as .
,

h
su ing the fun ctions o f sove r e i g nty , pro ce eded to

h h
m
e st ab li sh t e ab surditie s o f t e Ar ab i an idol atry

m
throu g hout hi s dom inions H e w as sl a in a c cident .

al ly with an a rrow by a p ers on n a m ed S o le i a ,

while w anderin g in dis g ui s e fro m his p al a c e to ob

m
s e rve wh a t w a s p assi ng in the to w n J od ai a on .
,

w hom w as b e stowed t e title of Al Abr as h o f t e

hh h
Leper w as a br ave and j u dicious princ e ; he suc
,

c e e d e d in sub ju g a ting to hi s power t he whole of the

Ara b chiefs settled in Ir ak H is authority w as .

a ckn owled g ed in B ahre in a n d even extended to

h
,

som e p arts of H ej a z and Yem en H e introduced

h
.

re g ul ar discipline a mon g is tr 0 0 ps which g ave i

h
,

g re a t a dv ant ag e s over t e d es ultory t actic s o f is

h
.

advers a ries It is rem arke d th at he e p loyed l a mp s

.

in hi s no cturn al m arches an d w as t e r st th at use d ,

the b alist a a ilitar y engine (perh ap s the crossbow)

,

for thro w ing missiles In all is expedi tio ns e .

c arried w ith him two im ag e s or idols ; from t e o ne

e sup p li ca t d he alth from the other victo r y He
i
, .
r
l
'

oL .
 m
E
h
m m
1
22 A N C IE N T K IN G S
'

OF ARABIA

hh h
.

w as a tt a cke d and defe ated by A saad lAb ucar b and

h
H a ss an king s o f Yem en ; but the d iso r
, d ers t at ~

broke o ut am ong the r anks O f the inv adin g army '

h
s aved the king dom o f H ir a Amru I w a s the son

h h
. .

o f R ak as the sister of J od ai a and the h andsom e

m
, ,

Addi chief o f the B eni L ak who lled the o f c e

-

h
, '
,

o f the kin g s cupbe arer ; an d in is trib e the sove

hh
rei gn pow er now b ec a e heredit ary This princ e

h
.

threw O ff for a lon g tim e his dependenc e o n P ersi a ,

until Sh apo or t e son o f A r d is e e rB ab ig an e ntered

, ,

l r ak with a n um erous forc e , and sub dued the gre ater

p art of t e c ountry between the Ti g ris and t e u

p r ate s .

A debt o f reven g e ad desc ended to Amru In the

murder o f J od ai a who w a s entrapped by the ,

tre achery of Zabb a an Ar abi a n princ ess in Meso

, ,

p ot ami a a nd ordered to be bled to de ath by O penin g

,

h
the veins o f his arm s This cruel deed dem an ded

h
.

a n a tonem ent equ ally s evere ; an d it w as e ffected by

the followin g str at ag em K o saira c ondenti al ser

h
,

v ant w as desp atch e d in the dis g uise of a m erch an t

h h
,

with a l ar g e c ar av an to Kh adr a stron g ly for ti e d ,

-

city where Zabb a ad her p al a c e

, S om e assert .

th at to excite pity e ad like a nother Ze py r

, , ,
us ,

dis g ured and mutil ated him self b y cuttin g o ff is

no se . Pretendin g to h ave b rou ght rich m erch an
dise whi ch e wished to submit to the princ es s the ,

h
,

g ate s were without hesit ation thrown open The

m
.

c ar g o c onsisted of 2 0 0 0 l a r g e s a cks of h a ir cloth -

h h
,

e a ch o f which c once aled two armed men w o o n a , ,

g iven si g n al surro u nded the roy al re sidenc e puttin g

, ,

all to sl au g hter without resist anc e Z ab b a fell by .

the h and o f K o sairo rby sw allowin g a de adl y poison

h
,

w hich s e kept enclosed in a rin g Amru annexed .

e rterritory to th at o f I r ak and tr ansmitted the ,

g overnm ent which he ad thus c onsolid ated with

, ,
.

o ut interrupti on to his poster i ty .

N o om a n I si g n alized hi msel f by hi s c onque sts in

.

S yri a The i. e nse Sp oils e colle cted in cre ased

 E
hh
mm
m
J2
4 A N CI NT K IN G S OF A R A BIA .

c ov ere d with e ck s, t e river with its c r ow de d

ba rge s and t e city w it its b u sy pop ul ati o n Of

h h
, .

wha t worth , e e x cl aim ed ar

e th o s e e eti ng pos

hh

,

s e ssio ns to me ! to d ay they ar e m i n e ; to morrow

- -

they belo ng to an other
On his a cc essio n to the thro ne , Mo n d arI led an .

army o f e n int o P ersi a t o a s si st his yo u thful

G o u r in rec overi ng t e cr

h
co panio n B a ar a own -
, ,

which ad bee n factio u sly c o n ferre d o n an other

h
.

Hi s reign and th o s e o f his immediate s u c cessor s ar e

h
b a rr e n of i nc ide nt T e e n ergy and a dm ir able p o
'

litic al regul a tio n s or

.

h
.

t e P ersi an mo n archs K ob a d

hh h
,

and N o o s ir w an g a ve little c au se for m uti ny o r ,

di sc o nten t in their tribu t ary prov i n c es In I ndi a

a nd A r
.

abia from t e Mediterr an e an to the C as pi an

,
-

a nd fr om the E ux i n e to t e J ax a rte s the imperi al

h h
,

sw ay o f t e l atter w a s a c kn owledg ed and it Was no t

till t e sc eptre fell i nto the h ands o f is un worthy

h
su c c e ssor Horm uz , th at the Ar abs refu sed to
p ay t r ib ute o robedie nc e

mm
.

Mo nd ar II ad proved a v al u abl e ally to K ob a d in

h
.

hi s w ar s agai nst t e Rom an emperor A nast asi us .

h hh
Mo nd ar III w a s defe ated and t ake n c aptive by t e
.

tribe o f B e er who r a i sed H areth to the thro n e ; t e

,

P er si an m o narch bei ng to o m u c o c c upie d in sup .

pressi ng the religi ou s i nn ov atio n s o f the imposto r

M a zd ak in his o w n domi nion s to prote ct is v assal ,

o r atte n d to t e a ffa i r s of Hir a In Mo nd ar .

j oi n ed K ob a d in his s u c c e ssful i nv a sio n o f t e R o

an territori e s a nd a rched to is a ssist an c e with
1

h
h h
,

an army o f 5 0 00 0 en H e advised him as w e

,
.
,

le ar n from Pro c o pi u s to alter hi s pl an o f ho stilitie s ; ,

h h
a nd i n ste a d o f c arry i n g on the w ar
,
in Mesopot ami a ,

to p en etr ate directly i nto Syri a where th e r e w e r e ,

n o fortied citie s a nd l ay s i e g e t o A ntioch o n e o f

, ,

t er ic e st a n d worst defe nd ed pl a c e s in t e E a stern -

E mpire His c o u n sel w as a c c epted ; and an e x p e

.

ditio n w ich he him self c o ndu cted thro u gh the

,

d esert W as desp a tched a ai n st t e fa m o u s Bel tsa

,
g
 E
hh m
h
hh h
AN CI N T K IN G S
ri u s whom e s0 0 n c ompletely ro u ted n e ar t e
o r A R A B IA . 1
25

h

,

E uphra tes M o nd ar ad the repu t a tio n of a bold

h h
;

and e x perie nc ed soldier For fty y e a rs s ays .
,

Proc o piu s ,
e a d h ar a ssed t e R om an s ,
fro ,

Egypt to Me sopot a mi a ; pill agi ng their c o un tr y

m
bu r ni ng their citie s a nd m aki ng i nnu m er able sl av es

h
, ,

whom e ki lled or sold for l arge s u m s o f m o n ey

h
.

h h h
He m ade is i nro a ds so s u dde nly , th a t e w a s o ff

h h
m
before any g en er al w as apprized of the att ack o r

h h
,

c o u ld p u rsu e him with a dv ant age . He c apt ured

m any R om an o f c ers , a nd e x a cte d l arge su m s fo r

their r ansom In short he w a s t e sh ar

. pe st e n em y
,

hhhhhh
t e R om a ns a d 2 ; a n d t e defe a ts th e y ad s u st a i n ed
at is h and i nd u c ed t e E mperor J u sti n i an to a sso

mm
c i ate t e H a y ar ite s and E t hiopi an s ag a i nst t e

m

P ersi an s .

The rem ai ning ki ngs of Hi r a dem and fe w r em arks .

N o o an from bei n g a tyr ant an d an id olate r , is

'

a lleged to h ave be c om e a c o nvert to the doctri n es o f

h
t e C ross by wit nessi n g t e d evoted frie ndship o f a
C hristi an Ar
,

h
ab who ad pledge d him self, as Pythi as
d id to D a mo n to u n dergo the p uni shme nt inte n de d
,

h h
to be i ni ct ed on hi s frie nd sho uld t e l atter fa il to

h h
,

h
et u r n at t e tim e a ppoi nted Str u ck with t is .

he r e p ardo n ed both the crim i nal

'

oic ag na ity ,

and is s u rety and e mbr a c ed a religio n c ap able o f

,

i nspiri n g s u ch n o ble se nti e n ts H e w as sl ai n in .

b attle by K o o sr oo P ur

h
v e e s w o overr an S yri a a nd
-
,

is su d d e n v ictories t ook Je r

h
P alesti ne wit _ u s alem , ,

a n d pl u ndered the gre a t ch u rch ; c a rryin g o f f with

him to Persi a, a mo ng other s a crilegio us spoils t e ,

tr u e cross e nclosed in a ca se of gold It w a s whe n .

Mo n d ar V oc c u pied the thro n e th at the ki n gdom o f

.

H ir a w as i nv ade d an d s ub d u ed b y t e lie u te n ant o f

M oh ammed (A D wh en its i story bec om e s
. .

incorpor a ted with th a t of its Moslem c o n qu eror s .

I II The other colo ny of the disperse d Ar ab s of

.
,

Pr
ocop De B e ll o Pe r

sico, cap iii

2
. . .

L
 Em
h
m
2

h
I6 AN C I NT K IN G S o rA R ABIA ;
which w e h ave al re a dy spoke n mi gr at ed n orthw ar ds

h h
,

into t e territor y o f D a m a sc u s where th e y fou nded a ,

d y na sty o f ki n gs c al led the G a ssanite s (prob ably the

h
h
C a ssa nita: of Ptolemy ) who derived t e ir n a e from
,

G ass an a fertile v alley with a well whose w aters

hh
, ,

they fo u nd so ple as ant and c o nve nie n t as to ind uc e

the in to s e ttl e o n t e spot S ever al s all p r i n ci .

p alitie s e x isted in those d istr ic ts b e fo r

e t eir arriv al ;

h *
the chief o f which w e r e the tribe of S al ih w o a d
e mb r
,

a c ed C hristi anity ; in c o n se qu e n c e o f which t e

R om an emperor i nvested the m w ith t e gover nm e nt
o f a ll the Syri an Ar abs These the emigr ants (t e .

tribe s of A u s an d Kh a zr aj ) e x pelled slew m ost o f ,

-

h
their petty ki ngs and est ablished their o w n sove
,

r e ig nty over t e van qu ish e d t erritorie s The du r a .

tio n o f this m o narchy which c omprehen ded thirty ,

tw o k i n gs i n cl u de s a p erio d o f little m ore t h an 4 00

,

m
e s c c ordi n g to som e Abu lfed a c ompu tes it m ore
y
1
a a
e x a ctly a t 6 6 ; whil e N u v air i and others ex t e nd t e
list to thirty seve n s u cc e ssio ns The followi n g t able
-

h h
.

i s s uppli ed by H a m z a

hh

K ing s of G assan R e igned A iD 3 7

h
mmm
63 6
, . .

R e ig ne d .

Y ea r M o nt A D

hh
s s
7
. . . .

Jafna (orH an e ifab )

45 3 3
A ru I 7
1 1
5 8
7

m
.

T l
a ab a
1
04

m
Har et I 2 2
1
0
1
. 4
J ab ala I
1 1
0 34

h hhh
hh
.

H ar et I
I
17
0

m
44

h h h
.

M und arAl Ak b ar (t Gr
e at )
1 1
e 3 4

h
- -

h h
62

h
hhh m
N oo an l v
5 6

hhh
.

hhhhh
h
T e cau se of u ar q
re l w as t e tr ib ute w ic t e S ali ite s
w is e d to i p ose on t e col on ist s, in r e co e nse fort e p riv i
l e g e s t ey ad g r ante d t e W e ar ie d w it t e i p or
. tunitie s
o f t e tax g a t e r
-
er, t e i d G ad z a p r
n te p i e se nte d a g ol d e n sw ord,
b y w a y of ple d g e orsub st itu te fort e t r ib u te ; and w ile t e o
n ox ious o f ce r w as in t e a ct of se iz ing it e stab b e d i to t e
b , t e Gift of G ad z a R as us sen,
.

e ar t H e nce t e p rov e r
db R agaN or
.

Ar a . .
 E
m
h
h mhh
1

m
2

m
8 A N CI N T K IN G S A R A B IA

OF .

h
1

h
(A D 3 0) a tr
. . ib u te bei n g dem an ded by t e P er si ans
from t e Syri an Ar abs o f G a ss an t e l atter tru sti ng , ,

t o t e prote ctio n o f their R om an allies , n o t o nly

h h h
m
refu sed to c omply with the e x a ctio n b u t even r a v aged

hh

the fertile v al leys o f Ir ak ; and h avi n g w ayl a id Hor
u z in t e dese r t p u t i and hi s whole atte n d an t s

mh
,

to the sword -
Thes e i ndig nitie s wer e d r ea dfully

h
.

retal i a ted by his so n Sh apoor s u rna m ed Zo ola ctaf

h
,

h hm
o rL ord o f t e Sho u lders fro t e p u n i sh e nt e

h
,

h
'

in icte d on t e s o u lders o f is c aptives by c au si n g

them to b e pierc ed an d di sloc ate d w ith a co r , d p a sse d

thro u gh them P u rs ui n g his c are er of sl aught er e
.
,

crossed t e desert wi th gre at r apidity to Medi na ,

m a ss a crin g every A r ab e m et with and ll i n g up ,

hh
all t e well s o n his arch From Hej a z e tu rn e d .

northw ard an d appe ared be fore Aleppo e x t endi ng in

, ,

every dire ctio n the d i r e e ffects of hi s ve nge an c e

h
m m
.

T e ki ngdom o f G as s an like th at o f H i w
t as

h
, ,

e x ti n gu ished by the swords o f t e rst Moh a m ed an

h
m
'

c o nq u eror s

h
h
.

B es ides the thr e e pri ncip al dyn a s ties o i w i c

'

we h ave give n som e a cc o unt there w as a v ariety o f

o ther s al ler st ate s which a d pri n c e s o f thei r

ow n w o a ckn owledge d no depe n de n c e o n an y
s u pe r
,

ior T e tribe s o f K e nd a M aad a n d K e lab

.
, ,

mm
ad seve r al ki ng s disti n gu ished for the wisdom o f
their gove r n me nt a nd the lu stre o f th e i r fa e;

m
m
tho u gh n o other m o nu e nts o f their reign h a ve bee n
rec orded than the c iv il fe u ds in whi c they w e r e
al m ost i nc ess an tly e n g aged E x c ept in the tw o .

i nst an c es alre ady e ntio n ed n o other fem ale ap ,

pe ars in the list of Ar abi an sovereign s Th at su ch .

oc c urre n c e s however , w e r e n o t u n frequ e n t w e

, , , ,

le ar n from di ffere nt so u rce s ; and it w a s a repro a ch

o f the ir e n em ie s th at a n atio n o f w arriors all owed
,

t hemselve s to be gover n e d by w om e n The pro v .

i n c e o f Y e a a i s s a id to h ave be e n so c alled
from a qu e e n o f th at n a e and if we ay beli eve
the Ch al de an i nterpreter o f Job a roy al V ir a go ,
'

,
 E hh
A NCI N T K ING S OF A R A B IA . 1
29

hh

nam e d L il ith , he aded the S ab aean briga n ds w o
d espoiled th at we althy p atri a rch E c cles iasti c al .

histo r i an s repe at ed ly me ntio n Mo av ia as a m o n g t e

fem ale r ulers o f the Ar ab s A nd w e le ar n from .

Ammi anu s M arcelli nu s th a t a fter the defe at and ,

h
de ath of t e Emperor V al er ius wh e n the G o ths l a id ,

sie ge to C o nst anti n ople this pri n c e ss s ent a body ,

of her b e st tr 0 0 ps to a s sist t e R om an s au d it w as .

h hh
pri ncip ally by their b r a very th at the b arb ari an s w e r e
forc ed to r e tir
e
"

h
The N ab at ae an or I shm aelite Ar ab s u nder a r a c e

h
m
v

o f n ative pri n ce s lo ng pre served a d istinct n am e a s

a n atio n ; as se r
,

ti n g their i ndepe nde n c e alike a g a i n st

h
t e ho sts o f E gyp t an d Ethiopi a (if t e Jew s t e
Assyri an s the Gre eks and the R om an s all o f
, ,

, , ,

who m a d su c cessively as s a iled thei rterritorie s -

.

D io d o r u s S icul us state s th a t S e so stri s w o rei g n ed

1

m m
,
, ,

3 00 ye ar s before the C hri sti an e r a , h ar a ssed b y

E
t e i r i nc ess ant depre da tio ns w as c ompell ed to d r
,

aw ,

h
a li n e of defe n c e a cros s the is thm u s o f S u e z from ,

Heliopoli s to P e lu siu to s e c u re his ki ngdo m

h h
,

ag ai nst their i n c ur sio n s It w as e x trem ely di f c ult

E
.
,

a dds thi s a u thor , e ither to att a ck o rsu bdu e them

_ ,

b ec au se they retired to their de sert s wh e re i f an ,

.

mm
e n emy ve nt ured to follow he w as su e t o peri s of

h
,

thirst and fatigue for their well s w e r e o nly kno w n

m
,

m
m
to t e se lv e s f

mm
The duk e s of E dom w e r e fa m o u s lo ng be fore

m
th e r e reign ed any ki n g over t e I sr a elite s (G e n

m
.

a nd they refu sed Mo ses a p a ss a ge thro u gh

their territorie s to t e L an d o f C ana an (Nu xx ) . .

h
S ar
a ce ni u lie re s a iun t in e os re g nare ( x p osit Tot .
. .

Mu nd Hud son s G e og M in to
. iii ) Mu ltos sun os occupa v it
'
. . . .

fae ina r e g nu S a b a e t p ost e arn fa ine u squ e ad te p us

,

S olo onis, lii Dav id is P oc S p e c i p 85 A . ian M ar . . . . .

ce ll lib x xx i P ilostor
. .
g H ist. c cl e s lib iii cap 4 . . . . . . .

f Diod or S ic lib ii cap 4 A

. . . ia n Ma r cell
. lib x iv . . . . . .

ca p . 4 .
1 30 ANCI N T EE
hh
h K IN GS o r ARAB IA .

m
'

They w e r e c onqu ered by D avid w o plante d He

m
brew g arriso ns a t El ath an d zio n g ab er ; and pr
,

ob

mm
-

abl y c om me n ced the tr a de o f O phir which Was

hh m
,

afterw ard c arried to its h e ight by So lo m o n a nd

Hir am Fo ra bo u t a hundred ye ars the y c o nti nu ed
.

in s ubmi s sio n to t e _Jewish s overei gn s b ut in the

rei gn o f Jehor a m th e y shook o ff t e yoke and
'

m a i nt ai ned thei ri ndepe nde n c e until they w e r e a g ain

subd u ed b y U z zi ah a fter an i n terv al o f eight
'

, y
ye ars More th an two c e ntu rie s l ater they w e r e
.

su bj e ct to N eb u ch a dn e zz ar an d a ssi sted th a t o n-

h
. t
,

arch w h e n he besieg e d J er us ale .

In the tim e o f t e Ass yrian and B abylo n i an e s

pires which p u t a period to t e ki n gdom s o f I sr a e l

,

an d J u d ah , thes e wi ld freebooters rem a i n ed eithe r

h
e ntirely thei r a sters o ra ck n owled g ed a te
'

ow n ,

por ar y a lli anc e with thei re n emie s Wh e n t e .

gr e at E a ster n m o n archy fell before the i nv asion o f

the Medes and P e r si an s u n der Cyr u s C amby ses ,
and D ar iu s the co n qu erors fo u n d it n ec ess ar
, ,

,
y to
keep up a frie ndly unde r st andi ng with the t r ibes of the
desert , in o r d e rto obt a i n a p a ss a ge thro u g the ir
territo r ies i nt o E g ypt ; to the s ubj u g atio n o f which

h
their a ssi st anc e m ateri ally centr ib ute d by s u pply -

hh
,

ing the i nv a di ng arm ies with w ater and provisio ns

o n thei r m arch H erodotu s obse r
.
~ ves th at o n thi s ,

a c co un t the A r abs w e r e e x empted from p aying trib

ute

whil e the n eighbo uri ng provi n c e s S yri a P al

h
, ,

e sti ne Phe n ici a

, and C ypr u s formi n g t e fth
, ,

s a tr apy of t e P er si an empir e w e r e t ax ed at 3 5 0 ,

t ale n t s .

h
B e le sis and Se nn ac herib ar e c all ed k i n gs o f A ra
b ia ; b ut it i s evide n t they ad a ss u med the ti tle
witho u t possessi ng t e c o u nt r y X e n opho n al lege s .

th at Cy ru s redu c ed it to s u bj ectio n l t ap p e ars , . ,

v

howev er th at his c o n qu e sts were limited to the few

,

tribes se a ted o n t e b orders o f Phrygi a and C app a

do ci a which he e nc o untered o n his m arch from
,
 E
m h h
1
32 A NC I N T KIN G S o r A R A B IA

h
.

E gyp ti ans A ntiochu s t e Gre at r e dn ce d p art o f t e

h
.

n orthern tribes to s ubmissio n , an d his son H y r c an u s

w as o c c u pied sever al ye ars in C h a st ising their in c ur

h
1

h
sio ns and depred atio n s A t th a t period (B C 70) . . .

the N ab at ee ans we r e r uled by a p ri n c e nam ed Aret a s

(H areth) who se d o mi nio n s e x te n ded to the c o n n e s
,

o f P a le sti ne , a nd i n clu ded p a rt o f t e l an d o f the

Am o nite s H avi ng m a de pe a c e with the Jews , '

m
,
'

t e y p ermitted Ju d as M acc abeu s and is brother

m
Jo n ath an to p ass thro u gh their te r ritories ; b ut no t

h
,

wi th st andi ng the amity s ubsi sti ng b e tw e e n them ,

they c o uld no t re sist the tempt atio n o f p ill agi ng

h
eve n their fr ie nds wh e n an O pp ort unity o ffered ; and ;

h h
a cc ordi ngly they fell u po n a det a chm e nt o f th e i r

h h
, .

forc es while o n their m arch sei zed th e i r c arri ages

h
, ,

h
a nd pl un dered t e b a gg a ge Z abdiel anoth e r o f

h
.
,

h
th e i r pri nc es a ff orded p rote ctio n to Ale x ander k in g

h
, ,

o f Syri a whe n defe a ted by Ptol my P ilo ate r(B

1 e
, .

C 4 6) b u t t e i n u e n c e o f m o n ey i n duc ed i to

h h h
.

vi ol ate t e l aw s o f hospit ality by deliv eri ng up t e ,

ro y al fugi tive into t e h ands o f Tr y p on Ari sto .

h
bu lu s , a c cordi ng to Pride au x forc ed a trib e o f t e

m
,

I s m aelites to bec om e pro selyte s to t e M o s a ic al

m m
religio n Josephus m e ntio ns an A r ab prin c e whom

.
,

h
e c al l s Chod e s (Abd W aad ) w o defe ated the J e w s -
,

(B C by dr aw in g th e m i nto a nar nb u sc ad e where

'

. .
,

h
their ki ng and the gre ater p ar t o f is a rmy w e r e cu t to

h hh
r

piec e s; W e l ea r n from t e s a m e au thor th at Areta s

, ,

ru le r o f Ar abi a P e tr ae a overthr ew A ntiochus D iony ,

-
x

si ns t e sovereign o f D am a sc u s ; and som e ye ars

,

a fterw a rd h a vi n g a dv an c ed to Jeru s al em w ith an

,
'

army o f en e defe ated Aristob ul u s b ut ,

h h h
r e tu rn e d e e o n nding th at t e R o ans ad e s

p o u se d the i nterest s o f th a t p r

ince
The repe ated i nro ads o f the Ar abs int o Syri a p r o

Jose p u s, A ntiq lib x ii

i ca p 19 1
9 2
3

De B ell
r2
. . .
. .
, , ,

Ju d lib i . . c ap 4, 5 l Maccab . c ap v . ve .4 36; c ap . 2

9
r
. . . .

Pr eau s C onner

va . id x

. v ol n . .
p .
 Eh

m
1

m
A NC I N T R IN G s o r A R A B IA . 33

m
y o k ed the wr ath o f t e C es ar s wh ose empi r e at

h
,
thi s period e x te nde d as faras the E uphr ates L u .

c ull us P ompey S caur niu s and M ar

m
u s G ab i c elli nu s

E
, , , , ,

all proc o ns u ls of Syri a in s u c c e ssio n u n dertook e x ,

p e d itio ns a ga i nst them , un der their ki ngs Aret a s

-

, ,

M alchu s (M alek) an d O b o d as ; witho u t ; however , ,

ga i ni ng any b t e ra dv a nt age th an the p aym e nt o f

h
tribu te or a te mpor ary c e ss atio n o f hostilitie s

h
.
,

A nto ny and H erod defe ated M alek in a ge n er al

h* h
a ctio n a nd c o p elled hi m to re n der an annu al i .

h
,

post to C le op atr a for c ert ai n porti o n s o f his t e r r it o

h
ries borderi ng o n E g yp t ; b u t the tax w as remitted

h
o n the de a th o f t e J ewish pri n c e Plu t arch e n ,
;

tio ns A gb ar an Ar abi an e mir w o i sl ed Cr ass u s

h
,_ ,

to is de str uctio n and assisted P ompey in is e x p e

h h
diti o n agai nst P etr
,

a Au gu st u s prete nded to the .

right o f impo si ng a n e w ki ng o n t e Ar abs ; b u t t e y .

elected a sovereign o f their o w n w o a ssu m e d the ,

nam e of Aret a s and co nti nu ed as his prede c e ssor

h
, ,

O b od as ad do n e o n frie ndly t e r m s with the R om ans

is de ath abo u t fort y ye a rs after the Ch r
,

u nti i st ian
i
,
.

er

m
a

hh
.

It w as in the reign o f Au gu st u s tha t [ lius G al l u s,

h
prefe ct o f E gyp t und e r
,

tob k is fa o u s e x p editio n

E
h h
,

i nto Y e me n bei ng the o nly R om an ge n er al w o

h
, ,

pe netr ated i nto th at c o untry His forc e c o nsi ste d

1

h
.

o f 80 ships o f w ar 3 0 tr ansports R om an
1

mm
, ,

i nfantry 5 00 J ews and 000 N ab at aeans

, T e , .

e mperor ad he ar d o f the e x tre m e w e alth o f t e

m
S ab ae an s ; an d t e obj ect o f t is formid able arm a

h
m e nt w as e ith e r to c o n qu er orc o n cili ate them T e

hh

s u cc e ss o f t e e nterp rise w as not equal to its ag

h
hh h
Plnt in Por n. Dion a ssi b x lviii p 2
u s, li 34 Ap ia n C . . . . .

De B ell C ivil
. ir tiu s sp eak s of M ale k as one of t e
. lied
k irig s to w o J u us Caesar sent forcav alry De B ell le x . . A
e utl

f T is w a s t e Ar e tas e ntion ed b y S t Paul , w ose ve n .

g e ance e e lu d e d , b e ing le t d o w n fr o n a b aske t

a w ind ow i
2( arx i 3 2
V O L IM
. . .

. .
mE

1
m
m hh
h
h
34

h
h
tu d e o
AN C I N T K IN G S
Sy llaeus,
o f c er o f O b o d as who ad an
o r A R A B IA .

hh h
.
, ,

un dert ak e n to g uide the in v aders de ceitfully con .

du cted the e et to L e uk K o (M o ila ) t ro ug

m
,

the ost d ange r o u s p art o f t e R e d S e a so th a t

h
,

m any o f the ships w e r e lo st a m ong t e rocks an d

m m h
shelves N e w tre a cherie s and dis asters aw aited
.
-

h
t e tro ops by l a nd ; dise a s e fatigu e and fam i n e

h
, ,

h
d aily r edu ced thei r nu mber s T e prefect how

h
,
.
.

e ver c o nti nu ed is m arch witho u t m u ch O ppositi o n

,

h
.

In eighty d ays a fter le avi ng Mo ila an d p as si n g ,

h
.

thro u gh the desert tr a ct s o f Me dina and Me c c a e

'

h hhh
,

r e a che d N egr an a (N ej e r an ) which e took by as

s ault t e inh abit ants with their chief h avi ng e d to
,

t e o un t ains A m arch o f six d ay s m o r

. e bro u g t
i to the c itie s c al led Asc a a nd A t r
~

ull a both o f
'

whi ch s urre ndered a fter a bloody b attle wherei n

m
,

o f t e Ar ab s w e r e sl ai n T h e s e s u c c esse s .

e n abled him to adv an c e t o Mar sy ab a o r M ar iab a ,

whi c is repres e nted a s the c apit al o f the R a in

ite s and the se at o f Al a s ar , t e sove r
, eign o f th at
co untry H ere , a c c ordi ng to S tr abo t e ex p e ditio n

h h
.
,

termi nate d ; six m o nth s h aving el apsed s inc e its

h
m
o u t set The distre s ses o f the s ol diers r e n dere d a
.

hh
spe edy re tre at ne c e ss ary In si x ty d ays G allu s

re a ched the c o untr y o f Ob od as an d cro ssi ng the

hh
m
,

gul f at Myo s H or u s he arr ive d at Ale x an dri a with

h
,

t e sh attered rem a i n s o f is a rm y The tr aitor .

S y ll ze us p aid w ith his life t e forfeit o f is p e rd y ;

e w as s e nt to R om e an d behe ad ed b y order o f the ,
-

e mperor In is report to the se nate the ge n er al

.
,

rel ate d wh at e ad he ard o f the se c elebr ate d n a

ti ons o f Ar abi a Felix th a t t e H o e r

h
,

ite s were the

m ost nu mero u s
,

th at t e Min aean s w e r e ri ch in
p al m grov e s o cks and fertile e ld s and th a t the

h
,

-
, , ,

S ab an s were r e n o wn e d above all others fo rtheir

odoro u s w oods their well w atere d g arde ns their
'

,
-
,

m in e s o f gold their abund an t store s o f w ax and

,

o n ey myrrh and fr anki n ce nse

T h e r e i s m u ch obsc urity and c o ntr adict io n 1 11
.
,

t e
1
36 E
h h
h
A NCI NT K IN G S r A R A B IA

E
o .

h h
on their re ar w ould r equ ir e more tim e o n the
,

m arch th an i s oc c u pi ed by the p ilgrim s of the pre s

e nt d ay The h ot e sis o f D A nv ill e th at ide n
.
,

ti e s M ar iab a wit M ar eb is ther e fore as prob ab le

h h
m
,

as any oth er ; and t e c at astrophe arisi ng from t e

bur sti ng of t e m oun d w as p erh ap s after all the
-
, , ,

w ork of the R om an arm y The tw o event s c er

tainly ac c or
.

d ver y ne arly in p oint o f tim e and as

m
G al lus w as i nform e d th at the city lay w it in tw o

h h
d ays m ar
_

ch o f t e regio n tha t produ c ed arom atic s ,

there is a stro ng pr e s u mptio n n otwithst an di ng the ,

*
co n fu si o n o f n am e s and th e sile n c e o f t e Ar abs ,

Em
who se n ati o nal pride might p rom p t them to a s cribe
thi s di saster to the op e r atio n o f loc al c auses r ather
th an t e i nv asio n o f an e n emy ; th at t e fa o u s

h
m
del uge , which de sol at e d the c apit al o f Ye m e n and
di sper sed so m any tribe s m ust be re fe r red to this
,

adve ntu r ou s i nro ad o f the ti an pre fect .

W hen Tit us l aid si eg e to e r u sale , a bod y

of
'

Ar abi an aux ili arie s, as w e le arn fro m T a cit u s , a c

h
c o mp an ie d is army ; b ut till the d ay s o f Tr aj an ,

who se eet s r av aged the c o a st s o f the R e d S e a , their

h
c o untry is little n otic e d in R om an hi story In the
1
.

y e ar 06, hi s l ie ute nant C orn eli us P alm a govern or

h
, ,

o f Sy r
. i a redu c ed P e tr
, w a t o the form o f a provi nc e ,

under t e n a e of P ale stin a Terti a or S al ut ar is ;

b ut the u ct u at ing power o f the empire w as unable
to ret ain it in a st at e o f a b sol u te depe nde nc e T e .

natterer s o f Tr aj an e speci all y L u ci an, Dio n , and

h
,

utr O p iu s, h ave nu mber ed a m o ng is other victo r ie s

h
the subj u g atio n o f all Ar abi a and p art o f I ndia ; ,

and c oi ns were a ctu ally stru c k in c omm e m or a tio n

o f the se e x p loits mo nu m e nts which prove no

h hh
thi ng b ut the fulsom e a dul atio n o f their au thor s,
o rthe e x c e ssive v an it y o f the R om ans W ith t e .

e x c e ptio n o f S ev e r u s, w o c o nd ucted a nu mer ou s

S il abO , lib V incent s Perip lu s

x vi Pliny , lib vi

. . . .

H or l r of t is e x p e dition Ca r
,

a llu d e s to t e fa i u e
R 1g
i ace . .

. do 35 .
b ut
E
m
A NC I NT

hhh
s c ce ssful arm y aga i nst cert ai n tribe s (A D
unu
x ss o r A R A B IA .
1
37

m
. .

to ch a sti se th e m for a s sisti ng is riv al Pi ec e n

n i us N iger n o n e of the emperor s appe ar to h a ve dis
,

tur b e d the re po se o f their desert till A u re li an w o ,

7
,

in A D 2
,

. 3 v an qu i shed t e c elebr ated Q u e e n Z en o

.
,

b ia a nd m ade him se l f m aster o f her c apit al P al

, ,

myr a A nu mber o f A r ab s were a m o ng the c aptives

~

h h
h
.

o f v ario u s n atio n s who gr a c ed the sple ndid tri u mph

o f th at w arlike pri n c e on hi s nal ret u rn to R om e!

The apost at e J uli an p aid th at people a ye arly

su to m ai nt ai n a body o f tr 0 0 ps in re adin ess for

,

his servi ce a nd w he n thei rdepu ti es c ompl ain ed th at

hm
this stipe n d ad b ee n disc o nt inu ed e imp r u de n tly

h
,

h
rem arked th at a mi lit ary chief should p ay with

h
h
ste el an d not with gold This h au ghty n eglect t he y

h
.
,

i mm e d i ately rese nt ed by j oini ng is e n emies the

h
,

P ersi ans The lo ve of pl under however a ttr a cted

.
, ,

s ever al tribe s t o the imperi al st an d ard whe n the ,

s a m e emperor c o n du cted is e x p editi o n (A D 3 62 )

hm
.
. .

a g ai n st the w arlike S apoor w o ad i n su lted the ,

m aj es ty o f t e C es ar s by thr e ate n i n g to e x termin ate

m
with is e r y scimit ar t e n a e o f R om an s from the
'

e arth It w a s in this m em or able c amp aign th at the

E
.

soldier s of J u li an besiege d and destroyed Anb ar the

E
,

re side nc e o f the ki ngs o f Hir a which Am mi anu s ,

describe s a s a city l arge populo u s and well fortied , , ,

with a double w al l ; almo st e n comp a ssed by a br anch

o f the E u phr ates and defe n de d by t e v alou r o f a
,

num ero u s g arriso n After bei ng b attered for tw o .

d ays by two pro digio u s e ngin e s res embling o vi ng

h
,

m
tu rrets the pl a ce w as redu c ed to a shes Tw o

m
, .

tho u s an d ve hundred perso ns the fe eble re nant ,

o f a o u rishi ng pe ople were permitted t o retire ,

h
.

The m ag a zi n es of co r n arm s and a mm u n itio n were , ,

h
p artly di strib uted amo n g the tr 0 0 ps and p artly r

-
e ,

served for t e p ublic servic e The ri ch furnit ur e .

and SUp e r u o u s stores were d estroyed by re , or

Dion C as s u t s up p 7 77 L u cian P ilop atr
. is .ntrop i.
n .
, , .

Tr
aj . et S e ver G ib b R o
. . .
p . c ap . xi .
1
38 m
hhh
xi
vc

h
n r K ING S o r A R A B IA .

h
thrown int o t e n eighbo u ri ng stre a m Do w n to t e

h
.

M oh am m ed an e r a the Ar abs c o nti nu ed to c ommit

h hh
,

their usu al depred atio ns on the fro ntier s o f t e

E astern E mpire Th eodo si u s ad tried in v ai n to
.

check their irru ptio n s (A D 4 62 ) b u t M arci an forc ed

. .

them to sue forpe ace which e gr anted o n t e rm s

m
,

highly a dv ant ageo u s to t e R om ans .

T e p erpet u al i ndepe nde nc e o f the Ar ab s as

b ee n the them e o f pr aise am o ng stranger s and na

tive s and the su bj e ct o f c o ntrover sy betwe e n the

h
,

sk eptic and the Chr isti an T i s singu lar fact is at

.

hh
o nc e the fullme nt o f a prophe cy and the e ffect o f ,

m
their loc al po sitio n The obvio u s c au se s o f their

m
.

freedom ar e to be fo u n d in their ch ar acter and their

c o untry . S u rr ounded with inho spit able de serts,
t ey c o u ld e a sily e lu de the ve nge an c e o f their e ne
i e s , b y retiri ng with in those n atur al b arrier s o f

h
m
a c e and s and s whic b ade de an c e to their u r su e r

m
p s

h
.

m
In this mann er they pre serv e d their libertie s b e

h
~
,

c au se it w as impo ssible to pe n etr a te their ret r e ats .

The ex c e p tion s to the perpet u ity of Ar abi an i nd e

p e nd e n ce , which Gibbo n allege s can neither be d is

hh
se bled n ore luded , d o not in t e slighte st d egre e
invalid ate t e p redictio ns o f S cri p tu re as ap plied to

t e p o sterity o f I sh a el A s a n ation they h av e

.

m
nev er b e e n co nqu ered Their subj u gations h av e

m m
hh
.

b ee n p ar ti al an d tempor ary ; the y e sc ap ed the y ok e

of t e o st p owerful o nar chie s o f an ti uity ; and
in o de rn tim e s the p rec ario us j uri s l etio n o f g
'

Tu rke y and E g yp t s c arc ely e x te nds beyo nd the ir

hh
fr ontier s . T e sne er o f G ibbo n is thus refu ted b y
t e fact s o f hi sto r y ; and tho u gh the evide nc e of
Christi an ity re st s no t on the h abit s o rindepen de nc e

hh
o f thi s rem ark able pe ople w e c ann ot j oi n th at
,

le arne d hi stori an in is bl ush at the nam ele ss d oc

tor w o

as m ade the se circ u m st anc e s a for al
d e o nstr atio n o f its t r


uth The wild an still .

spu rn s the ch ains o f a foreign c o n qu eror still w ay ,

la y s t e tr avelle rby t e fo u nt a i n ; and m ai nt ains

 E
hh

1
40 ANCI NT K ING S o r A R A B IA .

from the kn owledge o f E u rope an s a s the p al ace o f

S e d d ad o rt e fabled p ar ad ise o f Irem Thi s c ity

h
, .

a ppe ars to h ave bee n c oev al with the birth o f c om

m
m erc e ; an d there i s i ndubit able evide n c e th at it

h
w as a o u rishi ng empori u m se ve ntee n c e nt urie s

h
before the Christi an e r a It w as the poi nt to which .

all the tr ade o f N orther n Ar abi a origi n ally te nded ;

and where t e r st m erch ants o f the e arth stored

h
the pre cio u s c omm odities o f the E ast It form ed
. .

t e gre at e ntr ep ot betwe e n P ale sti n e Syri a a nd , ,

E gypt and there i s lit tle do ubt th at t e c omp any o f

,

*
I shm aelites with their c am els be ari n g spic ery b al m

m
, , ,

m
a nd myrrh t o whom Joseph w as sold by hi s breth

h
-
,

r e n were the reg ul ar c ar av ans th a t visited t e

, ar
k ets of P etr a The fa mo u s soothsayer B al aam w as

hh
.

a nati ve o f thi s pl a ce who se i nh abit an t s wer e the n ,

ren ow n ed for their le ar nin g their or ac ul ar t emple , ,

and their skill in au g uiy .

After Antigo nu s ad rec overe d S yri a from Ptol

h h
e my he se nt two s u c ces sive det a chm ents u nder
, ,

his ge ner al A t e naau s an d his _son D em etri u s to tak e

P etr a by sto r b u t both e x peditio ns failed It w as

,

b e sieged b y S everu s t e R om an pro c o nsu l who , ,

fo und the pl a c e to be impre g nable By the a dvic e

e a greed to t ake a su i

hh
h
.

o f A ntip ater n o f m o n ey and

mm

r ai se the siege L u c ullu s a nd Po mpey ad n o bet

.

ter s u c c ess The l atter w as obliged to c om e to

.

term s with Aret a s and the for e r c o uld o nly obt ai n

h
a tempor ar y tru c e n otwithst andi ng the i n si nu atio n s

h
,

of Pl ut arch th at e ad su bdu ed t e whole na tio n

h
o f the Ar abs Tr aj an who p ut an e nd to the dyna sty
.
,

o f its an ci e nt ki n gs i nve sted this c apit al with a ,

nu mero u s a rmy ; b u t from its str o ng p o sitio n an d , ,

the gall ant defe n c e o f t e g arriso n he fo un d its ,

redu ctio n i p ossible In o ne o f t e a ss ault s which

'
.
,

e he a ded in perso n he n arrowly e sc ap ed bein g ,

sl ain ; his horse w a s wo unded and a sold ier kill ed ,

"G ood
3
r
s T a n sl at of J b
. o , no e , t p 3 . 7 Nu
,
.
b er i5
s xx i . .
by
g
j
u
e
i
s
h
s
t
E
i

h
e
c
m
h
is
, d
mi
i
en

The R. om
A NCI N T K ING s O F

for the Ar abs n otwithst andi ng is dis

side
sco v e r
,

e d him b y hi s gr ay h air s and

d on the si ege ; a repuls e which the h istori ans o f

the time s a scribe to t e viole nt storm s o f wi n d and
is
an s were c om p elled to ab an
A R A B IA

a
. 1
41

hh h
hail the dre adful ashes o f lightni ng and the sw arm s
, ,

h
o f ie s th at i nfe sted the c amp of the be siegers Un

h
.

d e rs ever al o f the l ater emperor s P etr a ap pe ar s to ,

h ave c o nti nu e d the s eat o f we al th and c omm erc e .

S tr abo did n ot vi sit it him self b ut he describes it ,

fr om the a c c o unt of is frie n d A t e n od or us the p i

lo sop e r who S poke with gre at a dmir atio n o f the

h
,

c ivilized m ann ers of its i nh abit ants o f t e crowd s ,

o f R om an and foreign m erch ants and o f the e x c el ,

le nt gover nme nt of its ki ngs The city he adds

m
,
.
,

w as surro un ded with p r e cipitou s cli ffs ; b ut ri ch in

g arde ns, and Su pplie d with an ab und ant spri ng

h
,

w hi ch g ave it a disti n ctio n from all the roc k s in t e

vic i nity and r endered it the m o st impor
, t ant fortr e ss
in the de sert Pli ny de scribe s it m ore c or
. rectl y as ,

a tow n n e arl y two m ile s i n ex te nt with a river r un

h
.
,

nin thro ugh the midst of it and sit u ated in a v ale

,

E
e nc o se d with steep m o unt ai ns, b y w i ch all a

hh
p ~

p ro ach to it w as c u t o ff .

W ith the decline and fall o f the R om an po wer in

the E ast the name o f P e tr a al o st v ani she s from
t e p age o f history Abo ut the perio d o f the Cr u

h
.

sa de s it w as held in s u ch e ste em by the s u lt ans o f

,

E gyp t o n a c co unt o f its gre at stre ngth t at t ey

m
, ,

m ad e it the depository o f their choic e st t r e asure s ;

mhm h
an d , in c o u rse o f the se religi o u s w ar s, its po sse ssio n
w as stre nu o u sl y c on te sted by the T urk s and C hri s
ti an s w o regarded it as the key th at O pe n ed the

h h
,

h
g ates o f P alestin e Fro m th at time it w as know n
.

h
o nly as the se a t o f a L ati n b i shop Its o n c e crowd e d .

m arts c e ased to be the empori u m o f n atio n s T e .

ob sc u rity of n e arly a tho u s and ye ar s c overe d its

C alle d T a ud b y dr isi (G e og Nub ian ) e nce t e old

. .

tu b e of T a ud e pr ob ab ly took t e irna e .
 Em h
m
hh m
1
42 A NC I N T K ING S o rA R A B IA .

r
u in s The very pl ac e where it sto od bec am e a
.

subj ect of c o ntrover sy That it w as the R ekem o f .

Mo se s an d Joshu a R ak e e o f Josephu s , and t e ,

H ajr o f the Ar abs , all syno ny m o u s with the Petr a

m
o f the Gree ks (a r o ck ) w as ge n er ally admitted ; b u t ,

u ntil the prese n t c e nt u ry its sit u atio n w as unkn ow n

h
,

o r i st ake n for the tow n o f Kerek n e ar the bor d er ,

o f the D e a d S e a whi ch w as al so a stro ng fortres s , ,

o f t e N ab at aean s at the ti e of their rst a cqu ai nt

'

m
anc e with the Greek s and R om an s Th at Kerek
'

w as the n the c ap ital o f Petr ae a a ppe ars prob able

from Str abo s de scriptio n w o s ays th at whe n

,

h
,

besieged by D emetri u s the Ar abs pl ac ed their old

:

e n wom e n , an d childre n o n a c ert a i n rock ( d

e
,

w e; n irrp c) ste ep witho u t w alls , admitti ng o nly o f

'

h
, ,

o n e a c c e ss to the s u mmit , an d sit u a ted 3 00 st adia

from the L ake Asph altites Thi s po sitio n doe s not .

quite agre e with t e site o f P etr a which i s twic e ,

th at distance fr o the D e ad Se a , and abou t eighty

v

thre e R om an m ile s from Ail ah o rAk ab a .

For t e disc overy and d escriptio n of these i nter

e sti ng r u i n s geo gr aphy i s i n debted t o B u rckh ardt ,

who tr avelled throu gh the m o u nt a i n s o f P etr ae a in

118 2 They were a fterw ard visited (in 8 8) b y
. 11
C apt ai n s Irby an d M an gle s , in c om p any with Mr .

B an ke s and Mr L egh ; and mor e rec e ntly by two

h
. .

di sti ngu ishe d Fre n ch tr avellers M M L e o n de L a , .

borde an d L i nant , whose t ale n ts h ave do ne for the

hm m
tombs an d temple s o f P etr a what the s ple ndid ill us

m
tr atio ns o f W o od and D awki ns did for those o f P al
'

y r a

The r st se ntime nt that str u ck the mi nd

h
o f all thes e visiter s w as th at o f asto nishm e n t at t e

h
h
V oy ag e d e l Ar

hhhhh
ab i e P e tr e , now in cou r se of p ub lic atio n

7 7A
.

Irb y and M ang le ss T rav el s, p 40 43 d ve nture s of G io .

-
.

v nni Fluati, o ii c ap v Mac ic el s J ou r

a v l a

ne to C on
sta ntinople , p 2 2
. . . .

8, & c S e e tz e n p a sse d t rou g I u aea in

1
. .

806, w er e e e x p e cte d to ak e se v eral discov er ie s, b ut t e

fa te s d e cid e d ot e r w ise

Z ac

s C or re sp p 4 B urck 7 .

ia , p 4 2 2
. . . .

Tr av in S y r
. . .
E
tr
nance to P etr
a
.
 E
h
h
1

m m
A NC I NT K ING S o rA R A B IA . 45

ut ter desol atio n w hich now rei g ns over those on c e

'

E
c elebr at e d regio n s de scribed by a n i n spir ed p e n as
,

the fatne ss o f t e e arth I t is sc arcely possible

.

to im a gi n e o w a wilder n ess so dre ary and desol ate

c ould ever h ave been a dorn ed with w al led cities o r ,

i nh abited for a ges by a powerful and O pu le nt people

m
.

The as pe ct o f the surro u ndi ng co u ntry i s sin gul arly .

wild and fant a stic : O n on e side stretches an i

e nse deser t o f shiftin g s ands whose su rfac e i s ,

c overed w ith bl a ck ints an d broke n b y hillocks i n to

,

i nnumerable un du l atio n s ; o n the other ar e ru gged

h

and i n s u l ated pre cipic es a mo n g which rises Mo un t
"
,

Hor with its d ark su mmits and n e ar it lies the ,

an cie n t Petr a in a pl a i n o rhollow o f u n equ a l su r

,

fa c e (VVad y Mo u s a) e n closed o n all sides with a

,

v a st amphithe atre o f rocks

h
.

1
T e e ntr an c e to this c elebr ated m etro p olis is fro
the e a st , thro ug h a deep r avin e c alled S y k ; an d
it is not e asy to c on c eive any thi ng m ore aw ful or
.

s u blim e th an s u ch an appro a ch The width in .

_

ge n er al i s no t more th an s u f c ie nt for the p a ss age

o f tw o horsemen abre ast ; t r o u gh the bottom wi nd s
the st re a m th at w atered the city As this rivu let .

m u st h ave bee n o f gre a t importance to the i nh ab it s

ant s, they s eem to h a ve bestowed m u ch p a in s in

protecti ng and reg ul atin g its c ou rse The ch ann e l .

a ppe ar s to h ave bee n c overed by a sto n e p avem e nt ,

h
m
v e stig e s b f which y e t rem ai n ; an d in sever al pl a c es , ,

w all s we r e co n stru cted to give the cu rre nt a proper

dire ctio n an d preve nt it from r unni ng to w a ste
, . .

S ever al groove s or beds br an ched o ff a s the rive r

de sce nded in order to c o nve y a su ppl y to the g an

h
,

de n s and higher p arts o f the city O n eit er h an d

hh
, .

o f the r a vi n e rises a w all o f perpe ndic u l ar roc k s,

'

v a rying from 4 00 to 7 00 feet in height which o fte n ,

overh ang to su ch a de g re e tha t witho u t their ab so ,

lute ly m eeti n g the sky i s i nterc epted ; sc arcely

,

le aving m ore light th an in a c avern fora und r ed ,

g on. I
y a is to g e t e r T e sides o f thi s r
N
. om anti c chas ,
1
46 E
A N CI N T K IN G S
from which sever al sm al l stre amlets issu e , are
clothed with the t am arisk the wild g the O le ander
OF A R A B IA

-
.

hh
, , ,

and the c aper pl an t which sometim es h an g down

-
,

from the cli ffs and crevic es in be au tifu l festoo ns or ,

grow abou t the p ath w ith a lux u ri an c e th at a lm o st

obstru cts the p a ss a ge N e ar the e ntr an c e of the
.

pa ss a bold arch i s thrown a cross it at a g re at height .

W ether this w as the fr a gm ent o f an a qu edu ct or ,

h
.

p art o f a ro a d formerly c onn ec ti n g the O pposite cli ffs ,

the tr avellers ad n o opportu nity of e x a m ini n g ; b u t

its appe ar an c e as they p a ssed un der it w as terric ,

h an gi n g over their he a ds between tw o ru gged m as se s

m
,

a pp a re n tly i n a cc essible W ithou t ch an gi n g m u ch

.

its ge n er al direc tio n this n at ur al dele pre se nt s so

,

m an y wi ndi ngs in its co u rse th a t t e eye som etim es ,

c ann ot p e n etr ate beyo n d a few p a ce s forw ard an d ,

i s ofte n pu zzled to distin gu ish in wh at dire ctio n the

p a ss age will O pe n F o rn early two mile s its sides

h
.

c o ntin u e to in cre a se in height a s the p ath desce nds .

The solit u de is dist urbed by the i n ce ss ant scre ami ng

o f e a gles h awks owls an d r ave n s so ari ng abo v e in
, , , ,

c o n side r a ble n u mbers ; app are n tly a a zed at str a n

gers i nv a di n g their lo nely h abit atio n At every step .

t e sce nery discovers n e w and m ore rem ark able fea

t ures a stro nger light begi n s to bre ak thro u gh the
sombre perspective until at:len gth the r u i ns of the

h
city bu rst on the view o f the asto ni shed tr aveller in
their full gr an de u r ; shu t in on eve ry side by b arre n
cr a ggy precipice s from which nu m erou s rec es se s
,

and na rrow v all eys br an ch o u t in all dire ctio ns e nd ,

ing in a sort o f cu l d e sa c witho u t an y o u tlet
- -
, .

It w as do ubtless t e impregn able n atu re o f the

pl ac e th at ren dered it so celebr ated a s a c omm e r

h
ci al
depot ; for while it admitt ed o f e asy a ccess to be asts
o f b u rde n it might defy the att a cks o f robbers o r
,

e n emies however formid able Thou gh well cho

, .

s e n in poi n t o f sec u rity the positio n o f the tow n

,

w as s ubj ect to m a ny i n co nve n ien ce s The su mmer .

e ats m u st h ave been e x c e ssi ve as the b are elev ated

 E
mm
hm
1
4 8
'
A NCI NT KIN GS OF A R A B IA .

is fro below by the smoothness o f the polishe d '

su rfac e The front O f the m au sole u m itself ri se s in

.

s ever a l stori es to the height o f si x ty o rseve nty feet ;

or n a me nted with c olu m ns ri ch frieze s pedime nts , , ,

h
and l arge gu re s o f horse s and en The i nterior .

c on si sts of a ch amber six te en p a ce s squ are and abou t

twe nty ve fe et high ; the w al ls a nd ro of ar
-
e quite
smooth and witho u t the sm allest dec or a tio n
, The . .

s urprisin g e ffe ct o f t e wh ole i s heighte n ed b y the

h
sit u atio n and the str an ge n e ss of t e appro a ch H alf

.
,

se e n at rst thro u gh the di an d na rrow O pe ni n g ,

c ol u m ns st a t u es and c orn ices gr adu ally appe ar as

, ,

i f fresh from the chisel w it hou t the t in ts orwe ather ,

st ain s of ag e an d e x ec u ted in sto ne o f a p ale rose

h h
,

c olou r Thi s sple ndid architectu r al elev atio n a s

m h
.

h
bee n so c ontrived th at a st at u e perh aps o f Vi ctory

m
, , ,

h
with e x p an ded wi ngs j u st lls the c entr e O f the

m
, .

a pertu re in fro nt which bei ng closed belo w by the

h
, ,

ledge s o f the ro cks foldi n g over e ach other , give s to .

t e g ur e the appe ar an c e O f bei ng su spe n ded in t e

h
,

airat a c o n sider able height ; t e r u ggedn ess o f the

cli ffs be n e ath setti ng O ff t e S culpt u re to t e g re a te st
a dv an t a ge N o p art o f this stu pendou s temple is

h
.

b uilt the whole b ei n g hewn from t e solid r

, o ck ;
and its inu test embellishm e nts wherever the han d ,

Of an as not p u rposely e ffa ced them ar e so per ,

fe ct th at it
, ay be do u bted whether any work o f the
an cie nts ex c ept perh aps som e o n the b ank s o f the

h
h
,

Nile , as su rvived with so little i nj ury from the lap s e

o f tim e There i s sc arcely a b u ildi ng in E ngl an d:o f
.

forty y e ars st anding so fresh and well preserv e d in

its archite ct u r al de cor ation s as the K az rF e r a o un ,

which B u r ckh ardt represents a s one o f the m ost ele

gant rem ai n s o f antiqu ity e ad fo un d in Syr ia .

The ru i n s o f the city itself O pe n on the view with

si n gul ar e ff ect a fter wi n di ng two o r three mile s
,

thro u gh the dark r avi ne Tombs prese nt them se lves .

not o nly in every ave nu e withi n it and o n every preci ,

p ic e th at su rro unds it b u t eve n i ntermi x ed almost ,

 E
m h 1

m
A NC I NT A R A B IA 49
'

K ING s OF

h
.

pr omis c u ously with its pu blic a n d dom e st ic edice s ; .

so th at Petr a a s be e n tr uly de n omi n at e d o ne v a s t

IIe cr O pO liS It c o nt ai n s above tw o hun dred and fty

.

se pu lchre s which ar e o c c asio nall y e x c av at ed in

h h
,

t iers o ne above the other; and in pl ac es where t e

h
,

side of the cli ff is S O perpe ndic ul arth at it seem s i

p o ssible to appro a ch the u pperm ost no a c c ess wh at ,

ever bei ng visible There ar e beside s nu m er ou s

.

au sole u m s of c oloss al dim e n sio n s an d in a st at e of ,

w o n derful preserv a tio n N e art e we st e nd o f t e

'

w ady ar e t e rem ai n s o f a st ately edic e the K az r .

B e nit F ar ao u n o rp al a c e o f Ph ar a oh s d au gh t er o f

, ,

w hich o nly a p art of the w all i s l eft st an din g Tow ard s .

the middl e O f the v alley on the so u th side a r e tw o , ,

l arge tr un c ated pyr a mids and a the atre with c om

h
, ,

p le te rows O f be n che s c ap able o f c o nt ai ni ng above

h
m
3 000 S pect a tors all cu t o u t o f the solid rock The

hh
, .

gro un d i s c overed with he aps o f hew n Sto n es fo u nds ; ,

ti o ns o f bu ildi ngs fr a gme nts o f pill ars an d vestige s

o f p aved stre ets
,

the sad m em ori als o f dep arted
,
,

h
g re a tnes s O n the left b ank o f t e river is a risi ng
.

gro u nd e x te n ding we stw ard for ab ou t t r e e qu ar ter s

'

-
,

o f a mile e ntirely strew nwit

, simil ar relic s O n the .

r ight b an k where the gro un d is m ore elev ated r u i n s

, ,

of the s a m e descri p tio n ar e to be see n In t e e as tern .

cli ff there a r e u pw ards o f fty sep ar a te s ep ulchres

h h
.

close to e a c o th e r There ar e als o the rem a i n s o f

h
.

a p al ace and sever al temples ; grotto es in v a st nu

hh
bers no t sepulchr al ; n i ches som etim es e x cav at ed
, ,

to the height o f thir ty feet with alt ar s for votive

o fferi ngs or with pyr amids colu m n s , and obelisk s

, ,

h
o rizo nt al groove s for t e co nvey an ce o f Water ou t ,

alo n g the fa c e O f t e ro ck and eve n a cross the ,

arc ite ct u r al p arts of som e o f the e x c av ati o n s ;

d welli ngs S cooped o ut o f l arge dime nsio ns in o ne , ,

of which i s a si n gle c a mber six ty feet in len g th and

'

o f a proportio n al bre a dt ; m any other h abit atio n s

O f i n ferior n ote p artic u l a rly nu m ero u s in o ne r
,
ec es s
O f the cit y the steep S id O f which c o nt ai n a so r t
?2
,
1
50
ex cav ated sub ur
E
h h
h
ANC I NT

h
K INGS OF A R A BIA

h
of b b y i g ts of
a c c essibl e Only
;

h hh
, .

st ep s chiselled ou t O f the rock In short t e o u te r

mm
.
,

s ur

h
face o f t e stro ng girdle th a t e ncir cles the p la c e

hh
.

is holl owe d out i nto i nnu mer able artic i al ch a mber

h
s
of d i ffer ent dim en sions whose e nt r a n ce s ar e v ar i

h
,

o nely , r ichly and ofte n fant a stic ally d e cor

h
ate d w it

h
,

e ve r y or d e r o f arc i tectu re s o wi ng ow t e pride

mm
hh
and l ab our o f ar t as tried to vi e with t e s ub limity
of na ture . T e e ff e ct o f t e whole is e ig te ned b y '

t e app ea r an c e o f Mo u nt Hor to w eri ng ab Ov e this

c it y o f s epul ch r es , and perfor at ed al mo st to t e toy .

w it natur al c a ver n s and e x c a v a ti o n s for t e de a d

h h
.

e nSe nu mb e r
.

T e i O f thes e st u pe n do u s r uins
c or r obor ate s t e a c c o unts give n both by s a c r e d and ,

profan e Writers O f the ki ngs o f P e tr a their cou r

, tly ,
'

h
gr an de u r and their an cie nt and lo ng c o nti nu ed r
, ,
Oy .
- z

alty . Gre a t m u st h av e bee n the O pu le n c e of a c a pit al

t at c ou ld de di c ate such m o num e nts to t e m e or y

m
o f its r nl e r Its m a gni c e n c e c an o nly be e x pla in ed

mm
-
s

h
. _ . .

b y a r efere n ce to the imm e n se tr a de o f which it w as .

the c ommo n c entre fro t he d awn O f civiliz atio n

h
.

T e stru ctu re O f m any o f the se edic e s de no tes

h
p r e tty n e arly the ag e to whi ch they belo ng Their

h
.

r elic s e x hibit a mix t u re o f Greci an and R o an

hhh
a rc i te ct ure altho u gh the g ro un d is strewn with
,

o t e r s O f a m o re an cie nt d ate Am o n g the view s . .

g ive n by t e Fre n ch tr a vellers i s o n e of a tomb on

w i ch is e n gr aven a L ati n i n scriptio n with the n a m e ,

of a agistr ate Q u i nt u s P r e te x tu s Flore nti nu s w o

hh h
-
, ,

d ie d in th at c ity being gov er no r o f P ale sti n a Tert ia

1
,

abo u t t e ti e of Ad ri an o rA nt on i ne (A D 2 8 . .

The se w riters h ave illu str ate d and des cribed anoth er

'

Sple ndid mo nu m ent a temple s it u a ted westw ar

, d ,

on the b ank o f t e river t e o nly edic e in th at

-
,

S pot w ich as r esi sted the r av age s o f tim e The .

o utli ne s o f its be au tiful ar chit ect ure ar e t olera bly

pe r fe ct ; and the c orni c e whi ch sur o u nt s t e w all
is in a pur e and e legant sty le .

The se m agni cent r e m ai ns can no w be reg arde d

1

m
52 C HARAC T ER, MANNER S , AND r
c u s' o n s

h hmm
h i

m
C HAP TE R v

hhh h
.

h h
r s , and Cus to
r, M a nner t e A n cien t A r
C a a cte f
s o a bs

h h
.

rab sT e Bedou ins orP astoral Tri be s

h
m
Tw o C lasses of A

h
T e ir M ode of L i feT eirL ove of Fr e e do
,
T e Ag r icu l

h h
'

t ura l and M e rcantile C lasse sC o erce of t e A ncie nt

m
a b s

h
I ndi aW e al t

h
Ar T eir e ar ly I n te r cou r se w i t
L ux ury of t e S ab a ans
and

h hh
hm
E x a gge ra t e d A c count s of t e

m
Gr e e k s an d R o ansN ei t e r G old nor S ilv er M ine s in
in ci p al Article s of TradeFrank ince nseM yrr

h h
A ra bi aP r

h
m m
C o e e V in e sS u garC i e f M ar t s on t e C oast C ar

h
E
v ans P ro pe nsit y of t e A ra b s forR obbe ry and W arT eir
-
a

h
.

h h
Q ua rre l s an d R e ve n g e T e ir sa c re d M o n t s T eir H osp i

hh
tali tyFire signalsL ib e ralit y of H ati T aiF ond ne ss of

h
-

t e B ed ouins forE loque nce and P oe try T e M oallak a t o r

h
S e ve n P oe s of t e K aab aO r
,

i gin and C opi ou sne ss of t e

h hh
A ra bi c L an g ua ge L e a r ni ng a nd M or als o f t e An ci e n t A ra b s
_ T e ir Div i sio n o f T i e T e ir S u p e rst it ionsC a r s
ow s
t

S ort il e ge Divina ti on by Arr Wo rs ip of t e S t ars and

hh
Plane tsP opular Idols and I a gesPlanting of C ri stia nit y

m
in Arabi aL abou r s o f O ri g e n B i s op s S e e s
.

S c is s and

He r e sie s in t e Ara b i an and E ast ern C urc e s .

TH d ist i nction o f two g re at c l a sse s is as stro ngly

m ark ed in the c h ar ac ter and abits o f t e A r ab s a s_

in their g en e alo gi cal des c e n t The n ative s o f the

.

d esert who follow a p a stor al and p red at ory li fe c o n

m
, ,

s ider themselves as a sep ar ate r ac e from the inh ab it

an ts o f c ities an d town s who live b y till a g e an d
,

c ommer c e The for e r h ave a v ariety o f names by

.

whi c h they de si gnate themselves al l e xp ressive o f ,

their pe c uli ar m ode o f li fe They ar

1 1
e c alled A hl e l
.

H aj r or the P e 0 p e o f the R o ck ; Ahl e W ab ar the

, ,

D wellers in Te nts ; B e d aw iy u n (Bedoui n s) the I n ,

h ab it an ts o f the D esert & c All the other cl as se s

, .

who ar
1
11
e x ed in lo c al h ab it atio n s or e ng ag ed in the

p ur suit s of i nd u stry they sti g ati z e as A 1e M ad ar

,

, ,
 o r TH Eh AN CIE N T ARA B S . 1
53

m
the Dwellers in H ouse s m ade o f c l ay Throug h all

h
.

antiquity this c h ar a c teristi c disti n c tio n as rem ain ed

i nviol ate ; and it c o nti nues in forc e at the pre sen t .

d ay as stron gly m ark ed as it w as three or fo u r

,

h
thou san d ye ars ag o .

The S c enite or N om adic tri b es held in c o ntempt

the p eac e ful and me c hani c al arts ; and ad any o f

their num b er ab an do ned their err ati c h ab its forthe

h
,

o c cup atio ns o f a gri c ul ture they wo uld have b ee n

m
,

c o n sidered as de graded and fallen from t e primi tive

,

n o b ility o f their b irth Their gr and employ e nt w a s

m
.

the te nding o f their o ck s which c o nsti t uted the ir ,

pri ncip al we alth an d suppli ed all thei r domesti c

h
,

n e c es sitie s They held little i nter c ourse an d a d

h
m
.

mm
few c o nn e xi o ns with the world aro und them ; b ut
their h ab its o f so briety r aised them ab ove the a rti
cial w an ts o f more ren ed and c ivili z ed n atio n s It .

w as their c o n st an t b o a st th a t little w a s required to

,

m ai nt ai n a an who lived after the B edouin fas io n

h h
.

Their c hief nourishme nt w as dates an d milk T e .

c a e l the m ost co mmo n and the most v alu able of

,

their po sse ssio n s w as of itself a storehouse of use ful

,

c ommodities The esh o f the youn g w a s te nd er

.
,

th o ugh re ck oned c o ndu c ive to a hot a nd vi n di c tiv e

h
te p e r a e nt ; t e dun g w as c o n s u m ed as fuel ; t e
lo ng h air whi c h fell o ff ann u ally w as m anu fac ture d

m
, ,

into c u rta i ns fo rtheir te nts and va rio u s arti c le s of

h
,

dres s and furniture

h h
.

W hile food and r ai en t were thus suppli ed b y the

s po nt an eou s gi ft o f nature they e nvied n o t t e ,

te nan ts o f the more fertile and in dustri ous provi nc es .

The ir lo ve of lib e r ty w as stron ger th an the desir e

h
h
of we alth ; and t e p a ssio n fo r forei gn lu xuries ,

whic h as proved so fat al to other c o untri es a s no t ,

yet chan ged the p atri ar c h al m ann er s o f the rovin g

shepherd s o f A rab i a A s all tr avellers h ave re
. .

ar k ed the m oder n B edoui n d i e r s but little from

'
.

is anc estors who in the ag e o f M o s e s and M o

, ,

ammed , dwelt un der simil ar te nts an d c ond uc te d ,

1 54 C H ARAC T ER , M ANN E R S ,
their o ck s to the s am e spri n gs and the s am e p as
tur
AND cu s ro
'
m s

m
.

es I t is in the lo n ely wildern es s an d the ru gg ed

m ou nt ain s that his att ac hm e nts c e ntre ; b e c aus e it

i s there he can live without c erem ony and w ithout
c o ntrol The very wildn e s s o f this i nhospit able

m
.

s c e n ery c on stitutes in his eyes its pri n c ip al c h arm ;

h h
and were thes e fe atures destroyed , the spe ll wo uld
b e b ro k e n th at a sso ci ates them in his mi n d wi th the
r om anti c freedom o f his c o nditio n The te nt he .
~

re g ards as the nurse r y of every n ob le qu al ity and ,

h
the desert the o nly re side n c e worthy o f a an who i

a spire s to b e t e u nfettered m aster o f s ac tio n s .

H e c ann ot ima gin e how e x i ste nc e can b e e ndur ed

mu c h less e nj oyed e x c ept in a dwell i n g o f g o ats

h
m
,

h air whi c h he c an pit c h an d tr an spl ant at ple a sure

.

, .

h
Thes e are pri v ile g es whi c h he w ould no t e xc han g e

h
for rub i es H is steril s and s ar e de arer to i t h an

h
.

the spi c y re gio n s o f the south ; and he would con

sider the s e curity o f c itie s b ut a poor c ompe ns ati o n
fo rthe los s o f is in depe n den c e I t w as an an c ie nt
.

proverb o f w i ch the A r ab s m a de their b o as t th at

h
, ,

G od ad b estowe d o n their n atio n four pre c ious

gifts H e ad give n them turb an s i nste ad o f d ia

h
.

dems te nts in pl ac e o f w al ls and bul w ark s sword s

h
, ,

i nste a d o f i ntren c h e nts and po ems i nste a d of writ

,

te n l aws .

This st ate o f un c o ntrolled e xiste nc e as in all

a g es b e e n the o bj e c t of their wishes and their pride ;

h
and it n ever as b e e n re n oun c ed without pro foun d
.

re gret A bul fed a a s preserved a very lively trait

.

o f thi s feel i ng in the c ompl aint o f M aisu na an A r ab

l ady m arried to on e o f the c aliphs of D am a s c us

h
.

The pomp an d sple n dour o f an imperi al c ourt c ould

n eit er re c o n c ile her to the l ux uries o f the h arem ,

no r m ak e her for g et the homely c h arms o f her n ative

wildern e s s H er solit ary hours were c o nsum ed in
.

m el an c holy mu si ng s ; an d her gre ate st deli ght w as

in si n gi ng the simple ple a sure s she ad enj oyed in
the de s ert The m odern B edouins de cli n e the shel
.
o
m
1
56 C H ARAC T ER , M A NN E R S , AN D C U STO M S
S om e of them were e ntirely o cc upied in agr icul
t ur e while others added to the toil s and pursuits o f
,

a sede nt ary li fe a t a ste for pill a g e and divided

their num b er so t hat while o n e p art atte nded to do
,

e stic l ab o urs the others were e n gag ed in w aran d

,

m
plu nder Su c h w as their c o nditi on u ntil ove r
.

r un b y
-

_ ,

the R om an s whose domi nio n e ace d the la st v e s

h
ti g es of their i ndustr y l aid their c itie s in rui n s and
r
, ,

edu c ed their territories to a st ate o f desol atio n

from whi c h they h ave n ever re co vered Thou gh .

these h al f c ivili z ed tri b e s shared with their wild

-

c l an sme n in the in terior the s am e w a rlik e prope nsi

tie s they a d n o t the s am e fa cilities o f withdr awi ng
,

from d ang er c o n seque ntly their li b erty w as m ore

pre c a rious W he n a ss a iled b y the n ei ghb o uri ng n a

ti o ns they c ould pur ch as e se c urity o nly b y sub is

sio n or tri b ute whi c h w a s a lw ays e x a c ted whether

h
,

the s overei gns o f the E a st or the W est were their

, ,

m a sters A m o n g the n atio n s th at p aid this r an som

.

to J ehosh aph a t k i n g of J ud ah are m e ntion ed the

A r ab s evide ntly the p a stor al tri b e s o f whi c h we
, ,

ar e spe a k i ngw o p aid an nu al ly 7 7 00 sheep a nd as ,

m any g o ats (2Chron xvii I t w as the d an g e r

h
. .

or the n e c essity of yieldin g to the mer c e n ary power

o f t yr an t s th at c o n rm ed the n om adi c A r ab s in
,

their disli k e o f settled h ab it atio ns The Chev ali e r .

D Ar

v ie u x o b serves ; th a t their a tt ac hm e n t to the
w anderi ng life pro c eeded from their n otio n th at it

m
w as m ore c o ng e ni al to li b erty ; si n c e t e s hepherd

h
who r ang es the desert with hi s herds will b e far les s
li ab le or li k ely to sub mit to oppressio n th an the pro
r ie to r o f houses n d l n ds A p a ss a g e in Diod o r us
p a a .

shows how an c ie nt and deeply ro oted w a s this m ode

of thi nk i ng a mo n g the B edoui n s The N ab a .

t aeans as he c alls them
,
were prohi b ited b y ,

their l aws from sowi ng pl anti n g dri nk i n g wi n e and , , ,

b uildi ng houses E ver y viol ati on of this st atute

.

,

he a dds w as pun ish ab le b y de ath
,
The s am e .

w as the c a s e with the Re c hab ites an A r ab trib e en ,

 h
E
*h
h
tione d
o

by J eremi ah (ch ap xxxv

rT H
w o ad
hered to this l aw o f their c o untry lo n g a fter they
A N CIE N T ARA B S
. . 1
. 1
57

h
ad b e c om e r e side nt i n J ud ae a The re a so n as

si gn ed fo rthis i nterdi c t w as the b elie f th at t e pos

h
,

se ssor s o f elds a nd v i ney ards would b e more e a sily

b rought u nder subj e ctio n to a forei gn yo k e

h
.

C ir c um st anc es so dissimil a r b etwe e n the w an ~

.

deri n g a nd t e st ati o nary trib es c o uld no t fail to i

.

du c e h ab its e sse n ti ally di ffere n t A m o n g the l atter .

the sub divisio n of the s oil w as adopted an d co n se

m
,

que ntly the ri ght o f i ndividu al prope r ty respe c ted .

Th at they ad m a de very c o n sider ab le pro gress in

a gri cul ture is c ert a i n ; b ut o f the theory an d p r ac -

ti ce o f their husb a ndry we mu st b e c o n te n t to r e

m ai n in i g nor anc e The ir pri n c ip al o cc up ati o nto

h
whic h they owed their we alth and th eir fa m e w a s
.

E
'

c ommer c e Th at the A r ab s were the rst navi g a

.

tors o f thei ro w n se a s and the rst c arriers o f ori

h
,

e n t al pr odu c e is evide nt from all hi story ; and th at

,

they a d b ee n so from the remotest a g es we ay s afely

i nfer from analo gy from n e c e ssity and from lo c al
, ,

situ atio n S ab eca Hadr am aut and O m an were the

.
, ,

reside nc e o f m er c h ants from the very d aw n o f c ivili

z atio n . They ad freque nted the port s o f the R ed

S e a c rossed the P ersi an G ulf and with the aid o f

h
, , ,

the m o n soo n s visited the c o a st s o f I n di a lo n g b e

,
~

fore the s e re gio ns were kn own to the n a tio n s o f

E urope M oses spe ak s o f ci nn a mo n c assi a myrr
. h , , ,

a nd other a rom ati cs a ppropri ated to reli g ious use s

(E x odus xxx 2 2 . and he m e ntio n s them in

su ch qu antiti e s a s pl ai nly shows t e y w e r
, e n either
o f r are n o rd iicu lt att ai nme nt ; and th a t eve n in
his time the c ommu n i c atio n w a s O pe n ed b etw e e n
I ndia a n d A r ab i a I t w as to thi s sour c e th a t an c ie n t

h
h
.

gy pt owed its we alth and its spl en dour The b e s and

Memphi s tr aded w ith the A r ab s an d we r
.

e c elebr ated ,

as m er c antile c ities more th an a thou sand ye ars

b efore the fou nd a tio n o f C airo or A le x andr i a In .

Tow nson s H ist of t e R ec ab its W olff s Journal

. . .

V on I . . O
1
5

m
h h
C HARA C T ER M ANN E R S
the h ands o f S olom o n the tr af c of the R ed S e a
,

produ c ed a reve nue equiv ale n t to thre e millio ns an d

1 1
, AND C U STO M S

m
a h a l f ( K i n gs x 4) and at the peri od whe n the
.

R om ans i nv aded the E as t , this lu cr ative m o nopoly

w as e x er c ised b y t e S ab r e an s whos e m arts they ,

found ri c hly stored with al l the pre c ious co od i

ti es o f I ndi a .

All writers sac red and pro fan e spe ak o f t e v alu

, ,

m
ab le and e x te n sive tr a de o f S ab a or Y em e n The .

portr ait whic h E z e k iel (ch ap xxvii ) draws of Tyre

. .

m
is n o t o nly c urious a s an illustr atio n o f an c ie nt c om
m erc e b ut ay b e re g arded as c o n v eyi n g a faithful
,

des c riptio n o f the m er c an t ile a c tivity whi ch the u ni

m
vers al i nter c ourse o f natio n s must h ave c re a ted in

the s e as an d h arb ours of A r ab i a T arshish w as .

thy mer c h ant b y re aso n of the multit ude o f all k i nd

o f ri c hes with silver iro n , tin and le a d they tr ad ed , ,

in thy fairs The e n of D ed an were thy m er

.

c h an ts in pre c ious cloths forc h ariots Syri a w a s .

thy m er c h an t b y re aso n of the m ultit ude o f the

w ares of thy ak in g : they o cc upi ed in thy fairs
with eme r alds pu rple an d b roidered wor k a nd
, ne , ,

li n e n , and c or al and a g ate D an and J av an g oi n g

, .
,

to an d fro o ccupied in thy fairs b ri ght iro n c a s si a

, , ,

a nd c al am u s were in thy ar k et J o b allud es to .

the pe arls and rub i es the pre ciou s o nyx the sap , ,

phire the c or al and the top az ; whi c h shows th at

h
m
, ,

eve n at his e arly ag e the n orther n trib e s were not

i gnor an t of the lux uries o f their more we althy
n ei ghb ours Dio d or
u s c o n sidered the H ap p y A r ab i a

hh h
.

so immen sely opule nt th at all the tre a sures o f the ,

world seem ed to c e ntre there a s in o ne u niver sal

m art Ag at arcid e s the rst histori an worthy o f
.
,

c redit who des c ri b es the c omm er c e of Y em e n an d ,

its di ffere nt produ c tion s either native or importe d , ,

a s give n a sin gul arpi c ture of orie nt al tr a de as it

sto od in t e rei gn o f P tolemy P ilo ate r ne arly ,

two hu n dred y e ars b e fore the Christi an e r a At .

th at time Ar ab i a w a s the m edium o f c omm u ni

1
*
hh h
m
60 C H ARAC T E R , MA NN E R S , A ND C US TO M S
its pure st ate , and in lumps from the si z e of an o liv e
to th a t of a nu t D io d o r
us as a st atem e nt to the
.

s am e effe c t Throu gh the whole c o untry of t e

.

D e b ut (in H ej az ) e tells u s p a s s e d a t iver so ab o und

h
, ,

ing with sm al l g o bb e ts o f g old th a t the mud at its ,

m outh seem ed to c o nsist almo st e ntirely o f th a t

m
m et al whi ch w as o f s o b ri ght a nd glorious a c olour
,

th at it added an e x c eedi ng lustre a nd b e auty to the

o st v alu ab le g ems th at were s et in it .

Su c h is t e b rilli an t pi cture whic h the e nr apture d

i agin atio n o f forei gn er s drew o f the H appy A r a b ia

I t were alm ost u nk in d to disen ch an t the re ader o f

thes e g olde n visio ns b ut truth c ompels u s to avow ,
th at the dis c overies of modern tr avellers h ave d r awn

m
a side the veil of rom an c e from this fa iry l and They -
.

do no t n d it th at p ar adis e o f am b rosi al feli c ity and

m
i n e xpressi b le deli ghts whi c h antiquity represe nted
it I ts re al or id e al tr e asu r
e s h ave v an ished ; an d

h
.

n o A le x an der in our tim es wo ul d dre am o f m ak i n g

its b almy v al es the se at o f his mi ghty e pire Old .

O c e an to u se M ilto n s simile is n o lo n g er cheered

, ,

1
with the gr ate ful sm ell o f the spi c y odours that are
b low n b y the nor th wi nds from the S ab aean c o a st '

h
.

hm h
M an y v alu ab le arti cles whi ch un der t e P tole y s ,

m m
.

and the C aes ars were c o n sidere d as the produ c tio n s

,

o f A r ab i a, were afterw ar d foun d to b e imported

from I ndi a C ara ania and S eri c a E ven the

h
, , .

h
b o a sted i nc e nse whic h P li ny tre ats a t le ngt h in the

m
h
m
,

twel fth b oo k of is N atur al H isto r

hhh h
h
y is no t wholly

h
,

h h
m
the i nd ig e nous gi ft o f th at c oun tr y The k i nd c all ed

m
mm
.

mh
mh
h m
T p
is c e a ne ss of gold a y a pp e arin rediblec b ut t e Me x i
cans an d P e ru v ian s se e to a v e ld it in as little e ste e as
e

h hh h
t e ancie nt A rab s t e y e x c a ng ed it r e a d ily w i t t e S p an iards ,

forknive s a t c e t s glass b e ads and o t e rtr ie s

h
, , , .

h h
l
' '
M any a le a u e

hh
C e e rd wit t e gr a t e ful s e ll old ce an s il e s


, .

P ar ad L o t book iv . s , .

T e w ri t e r of an old i st ory of t e T u r kis E pire says ,

T e airof Egyp t so e ti e s in su er is lik e a ny sw e e t p e r
fu e a nd a l o st su b ca te s t e sp i r it s ; c au se d by t e Wind t a t

bring s t e od ou rs of t e Ar a b i a n s p i ce s

.
 h
h
E m
OF TH A N CIE N T A R AB s 61
1

h
.

oli b anu m b y t e n atives the qu ality o f whi ch is very ,

i n fe r ior is the o nly spe c ies cultiv ated by them and

, ,

is produ c ed in the provi nc e o f S ah ar an d the m oun ,

m mm
t a i ns o f D a farand M erb at They pro c ure s ever al '

k i nds from Abyssi ni a Sum atr a J av a and Si a , , , ,

whi c h t e y e xport in gre at qu antities to T urk ey .

A cc ordi n g to N ie b uhrs a c c o unt n either g old n o r

,

silver mi n es ar e wor k ed or eve n k n own in A r ab i a ;

thou gh a sm al l qu antity of the l atter m et al is _e x
tr ac ted from the le ad ob t ai n ed in the provi nc e o f
O m an The o nyx a kind o f emer al d employed in
.
,

m
ador ni n g the w all s of hou ses ; a m b er b lue al ab a s ,

te r s ele nite and v a ri ou s sp ars ar e fou nd in Y e

mh
, , ,

h m
e n ; th o u gh the D anish tr aveller m e n tio n s th at ,

m ost of the pre c ious sto n e s a s c rib ed to th at c ou ntry

ar e b rou ght from I ndi a Still thou gh shorn o f its .
,

ho n ours it is d iicul t to e ffac e f ro the mi nd the

,

glowi ng des c riptio ns o f an tiquity Thes e must h ave .

rested o n a solid b asis o f truth c louded as they ay ,

ave b ee n with fab le an d hyperb ole The positive .

and u na nim ou s te stimo ny o f So m any writers c an

m
m m
n o t allow u s to doub t their a cc oun ts thou gh we ay ,

suspe ct e xagg er atio n Th at the o un t ai ns o f Y e .

,

e n o nc e yielded g old som etim es fou nd in the b o dy ,

e f the ro ck s or in loos e glo b ules o n the sur fa c e or

, ,

in the s ands of the r

,

ivers is an i stori c al fac t to ,

w hi c h there appe ars n o re a s o n wh atever fo rr e

fusing o ur as se nt

m
The evide n c e th at S olomo n

mh
.

W itho u t at

*
,

O b t a i ne d g old from A r ab i a is e xpress .

hh m
m
t a c hi n g mu ch import anc e to the thuri ferous e neo
iu s o f V ir gil and H or a c e we ay presume th a t ,

h
the le gio n s o f G ree c e an d R ome wo uld n ot h ave

h
h h
b r aved so m any d ang ers norc ourted an alli anc e ,

with the S ab aeans ad the report o f their we alth ,

b ee n a n i dl e ction .

I ndia ittit e bu r olle s su a t u r

a S ab aei

V rg G e org i
'

-
z

l 57 H orace inde ed t i
, . . . .

. . n k s is fr i e nd M ae ce n as s ou ld r e fer a
l ock of L icinia s air to t e ple na s A r do os
Rib ii od e 1

ab u
2 P ilostorgiu s Hist E ccle s llb rlll C 4
.

2
.
,
. . . . . . .

0
 E
m
1

h hh
62 C H ARAC T E R , MA NN R s, AN D CUS T OMS

mhm
W ith re g ard to the e xports of the c ie nt A r ab s an ,

these c o nsisted c hie y o f the produ c tio n s o f their

m
o w n s oil whether n atur al or re ared b y c ultiv atio n

m
, .

T e ar ti c les o f the tr ansit tr ade were m ore v ario u s

m
an d h ave b ee n e numer a ted b y A r rian A g at ar cid e s , ,

and other au thors In t e se inv o ic e s ar

. e foun d g old ,

silve r iro n le ad tin b r ass of whi c h were m ade

, , , , ,

dr i nk i ng ves s els c oo k i ng ute nsils and orna e nts

-
,
-
,

o f all sorts ; ivory tortois e shell int gl a ss c arved,

-
,
-
,

m
im ag es j aveli ns hat c het s
, , ad z es
k n ive s awls o r b o d k ins (61 ) c loths o f v ari o u s
, ,

k i nds iCoAA t) t art an s (J go

i lit ary c lo ak s (r ) died

a c a
, ,

m an tles fo rthe B erb eri n e m ark ets in the A fri can

ports of the R ed S e a ; ne musli ns silk s li n en s , , ,

quilts orc overlids (w ee) m anu fa c t ured at M oosa ; ,

c o ars e c otto n s girdles lon g s a shes died , ,

ru g s m ade at A rsi n o e ; C hi n e s e furs and fem al e ,

dresses o f every des c riptio n O f gum s spi c es and .

, ,

g ems the v arie ties are n umerous ; b dellium cinn a

, ,
x

on g i ng er c a s si a o f whi c h te n s orts ar
, , e spe c ied
,

in the P eriplu s ; ho n ey spi k e n ard su g ar pepper , , , ,

stib ium fortin gi ng the eyelids b l a ck an d stor ax o ne , ,

o f the m ost a gr ee ab le o f the odori ferous r es ins .

The ape s an d pe ac ock s m e nti on ed in S c ripture a s:

m
m
,

Well a s m any o f the spi c e s a n d pre c ious sto ne s wer e ,

un d ou b tedl y the produ c e o f I n dia and b rou ght b y ,

the A r ab s i n to Palesti n e .

mm
A mo ng the pri n c ip al arti c les o f n ative growt h mus t ,

b e r ank ed the i n c e n se so famous in all an tiquity

_
Its .

us e in reli gi ous o bl atio n s a mo ng the J ews and othe r ,

or ie ntal n atio n s a s c e nds to an e r ,a i n nitely rem ote .

The v a ri ous o e r ing s o f the I sr aelites even in the

'

wildern ess were per fum ed with it ; from their alt ars
,

ni ght and o whi c h were never qu e nc hed its

, ,

odorous e x h al atio ns as c en ded perpetu all y for a

sw ee t sm elli ng s ac ri c e
- To what pur
pose s ays .
,

J er emi ah , remo nstr ati ng with his idol atrous c o un try

en, c om eth there to m e i nc e n s e from Sheb a and ,

the sweet c an e fro a farc ou n try ? you rb urut a

 EE
*h
E
1
64 C HAR A C T R , M A NN R S, AN D C U S T O MS

h
midsum m er The former c oll ecti on w as reckoned
.

o f in ferior qu ality .

Theophr a stus and Pli ny after him rel ate th at all .

the thuriferous trees w ere t e property o f 3 00 fam i

h
h
lie s who were reputed holy ; e a ch h aving their
,

sep ar ate allotment and reserving a portion of t e,

h
h arv est for their g ods B u t as neither o f thes e

hh
.

writers tr avelled in the c ountry their reports d o not

.

m erit implicit credit The author o f the ryt hr ae an .

P eriplus w o ad n avi g ate d this se a and vi sited the

,

c o as ts o f Ar abi a t ake s no notic e o f those s a cred

,

families but he as r ec orded the stories told him by

ot ers T e incen se he informs us gr
,

ew in pl a c e s ,

h
.
,

so u nhe al thy th a t nobody but sl aves and m alefactor s

,

were employed in g atherin g it ; th at it belon g ed e n

tir e ly to the g overnm ent and w as so imm edi a tely ,

under the protec tion o f the g ods th at c ert ain destru o ,

tion w a s sure to overt ak e all who shoul d d are to p r o

cure it b y c ontr ab and me an s T e te r ror o f serpent s .

and o ffende d divinities w a s pro b ab ly an inventi on o f

the Ar abs to protect their c omm erc e from forei g n
intr usi on an d to fri g hten str ang ers aw ay from the
.

h
pl a ce s where the b alm tree s grew , th at they mi g ht -

h
pre serve the m onopoly of inc ense to them selves .

Myrrh w as also on e o f the productions o f Yemen ;

but we are a ssured b y Str abo A r rian an d Dio d o rus , , ,

m
th a t it w as ob t ained in g re ater qu antitie s and o f a

mm
superior qu ality in the nei g hbourin g c ountri e s o f

m
mm
mm
Afri c a : The kind o f tree th at yield e d it as n ot
b een ex a ctly describ ed but t e re is little doubt th a t

h h
h
,

it w as a specie s o f the amyris The ancients inform

h
.

hhhh
u s th a t its b r a nches r eq uired frequent prunin g and
,
-
,

th at it w as nowhere found in its Wild st at e in Ar abi a ,

P liny s a ccount of t e incense is t roug ou t extre ely

c urious .T ou sand s of fa ilies were e ploy ed a t A lexan d r

ia
in pr e p ar
in it T e work en e says w ore ask s and were
.
, , ,

st r

p ar

ipp e d na ed to pre vent t e
ticle L ib x ii c 4 .
, fro
.
a bstr
.
a ct g t e s allest
1 .
 E
E
E
1
66 C H ARACT R R S, C U S TO MS

m
, M ANN AN D

ents w ine for the use o f the n ative kin g s and chiefs
, .

Ab ul feda s ays th at the inh abit ants in the vicinity o f

,

the D e a d S e a c o ate d the trunks o f their v ine s a nd

p alm trees w i t h bitumen thinking its tendency bene
-
,

fici al ; b u t this w a s a lo c al pr a ctic e r ather th an a

h
g ener al system The ancients say th at the su g a r
.

c ane w as also c u ltiv ated there b ut th at its fr uit ,

w as of inferior qu al ity to th a t produced in I ndi a .

As A r rian S pe aks only o f Indi an su g ar we ay con ,

m
c lu d e th at Ar ab i a furnished o rat le a st exp orted but , ,

little T e notions o f these writers as to this article

.

were e xtrem ely imperfect ; they s u ppose d it to be

m
cryst al s n a t ur ally formed in a species of re ed ; and

E
the sm all qu anti t y th at w as brou g ht to urope w as
e mployed in m edic in al prescriptions It is to th e .

Ar ab s however th at we o w e the introduction an d

, ,

cultiv a tion o f thi s v alu ab le pl an t .

O f the different countrie s t h at tr aded with Ar abi a

o f the r ates o f e x ch a n g e or t he r el a tive a mount ,
,

o f exports an d imports we ar e left without any ,

pre ci se inform ation Th a t t he b al anc e of tr a de

E
.

E
mus t h a ve b een in favourof the Ar ab s we ay infer ,

from the rich dresses and g or g eous lux ur i e s which

mm
attr a cted the wonder an d cupidity of all str a ng ers .

h
The v a st intercourse o f merch ants while it opened ,

u p a re a dy s ale for the differe nt produc t ions o f their

o w n country en ab le d them to re al ize i m ense
,

prot in b arterin g the v arious a rticles for wh ich t hey

were the princip al ag ents From t heir g eo g r aphi c al .

position they b ec a m e the n atur al c entre o f all the

,

tr a ic between I ndi a Afric a and u rope O n t e

, , .

western shore of the Red S e a the chief m arts were

Arsino e Myos H o r u s which D Anv ill e pl a ce s in

h
7 north l at itude B ereni c e Ptolem ais Theron
, ,

2
'

, , ,

and A d ul is It w as in the two l atter ports th at the

.

hunters of Ptolemy procured eleph ants for his army .

O n the Ar abi an c o a st the h arb our s m ost frequented

,

were j lan a or z io n ga ber ; L e uk K o wher e -

,

the Rom ans in the time o f Au gustus ad a gar n son

 E
E
E E
rTH CI NT A R A B S 1
67

m
o AN .

m mE
Moos a more th an a thous and miles down the g ulf ;
1
, _

and O c e lis on the S t r a it o f D ir ae (B ab e M a ndeb )

h
.

mh
The l atter market in the tim e o f Pliny w a s the m ost
cele b r ated for the mer ch a ndise o f Indi a wh ile Moos a "

m
,

w as the g re a t e n tre d t for the n ative productions o f

p
Ar abi a Aden w as th e ancient c entre o f tr af c
.

between Indi a and the Re d S e a The ships fro m

m m
.

the a strb e ing too l ar g e to pa ss t e str ait l ande d ~

,

their c ar g o es here It w as destroyed by the

h
.

per o rC l audius with the vi e w of suppressing eve r y

p ower th at mi g ht interfere with the R o an c o m

e rce and of incre a sin g his revenues from the duti e s
,

o n the tr a de of t he g ul f which were coll ected b y

h
,

Plo ca u s with the g arrison st atione d at L euk e

,

Kom e In t he tim e of Const antine Ade n ad r

. e ,
~

c overed i t s comm erci al celeb rity ; an d bein g subj ect ,

to the e p ire it g o t the n a m e o f Rom anum

h
,

h
p or iu K a n e S ah ar (the S a c alites o f the Greeks )
.
, ,

an d M o s c a (Musc at ) were noted for v a rious n ativ e

exports especi ally incense an d aloe s Gherr a w as
,
.

the m ost celeb r ated m art on the Persi an Gul f Pliny .

s ays the c ity w a s ve miles in circum ferenc e , with

w al ls and towers b uilt of fossil s alt A g at arc id e s

m
.

c omp ares their riches with those o f the S ab aaa ns ;

an d a dds th at they brou g ht much we alth into Syri a
,
.

The c ommerc e o f the Ar abs w as not c on n e d to

the m aritime to w ns The di f c ul t n avi g a tion o f . .

t heir se a s m ade it ne ce ss ary to employ t r a nsp ort s

by l and for a consider ab le portion o f their m erchan

h
di se Tr ade w as in this m an ner compell ed to t ake
.

a v ariety o f directions a cross the peninsul a whic ,

from time immem ori al w a s tr aversed by numerous

c ar av ans est ab lishing a re g ul arc ommun ic ation fro
,

se a to se a a nd c o nnectin g dist an t countrie s with e a ch

,

o ther . The G e r re an s crossed the desert to P etr a ,

B osr a and D am a scus

,
They were a mo n g t he e ar.

liest c onductors o f c ar av ans on rec ord W e le arn .

from Str abo , th at they furnished a v ariety o f article s

in sp i ces and arom atic s to the Tyri ans and Phe ni
 E
E
EE
m
E
168

c ians ,
C HARA C T R ,

h MA NN R S,

who comm anded the tr a de o f g ypt and t e

Me di t err ane an H e m e ntions another c ar av a n th a t
.

d ep arted from l lan a p erforming a j ourney o f

se venty d ays to the L a nd o f I
,

nc ense The K oreish ,

AN D cus

. -
ro s

as we h ave o b served were e arly distin g uished for

E
,

their m erc antile enterpri se to which their c entr al ,

position w as hi g hly a dv ant ag eous Their c amels

h
.

tr ave lled to S an aa an d returned with the precious

,

c ar g o e s o f Moos a an d Aden which they exch an g e d ,

fo r g r ain and provi sions in the Syr i a n m ar kets .

v en at that rem ote period forei g n m erch ants appe a r

E
to h ave b rou g ht their n ative productions t o Me c c a
during the an nu al festiv als A g at ar cid e s and D io

.
~

d orus se e m to allude to this reli g ious tr af c when

they spe ak o f a fa ir in Ar abi a which w as frequente d ,

by di fferent n a t ions for the purpo s e o f tr a de .

Politic al circumst ance s ne cess arily affecte d the s e

h
inl and c onvey anc es and g ave a g re ater orless de g re e
,

o f a ctivity to c omm erc e a c cordi n g to the prosperit y

,

o rdecline o f the countries with which it w as c a rrie d:

on . W hen the Phenici ans c e a sed to be a m aritim e
p ower , their pl a c e w as supp lied b y gy p t whi ch

m
,

h
,

under the rst Ptolemys ad ri sen into n e w life a nd

,

vig our . The c ar av ans th at form erly arrived at Tyr e

then took the route to Alex andri a lon g a c elebr ate d ,

e ntr ep ot o f orient al tr a de W hen the R om an s co n

m
.

m
quered th at provinc e the lucr ative tr af c fell into
,

their h ands ; and their m erc antile industry in t e

a stern s e a s c ontr a sts sin g ul arly with the de sol a

tin g spirit which eve rywhere else m ar ked the pr o
g ress of their arm s Their t a ste for forei g n r aritie s
.

bec a m e a p a ssion ; a nd drew from Pliny the co

h
pl aint , th a t the empire w a s exh austed by a dr ain o f
a ye ar required for the purch a se o f arti cle s
,

e qu ally expensive and supe r uous H or a c e r all ie s .

his frie nd Icciu s o n bein g so smitten with the co

o n r ag e for Ar abi an luxurie s as to ab andon the
study o f p ilosophy for the pro fession o f a rms in ,

the ho p e o f c onqu e ri ng t h at e nvied b ut indomitabl e

 1
70

h
EE C HA RA C T R ,

indemnity yet their r ap a cious spirit e asil y extende d

,

t his lic ense to other n a tions who c oul d not be

a c cused o f usurpin g their p atrim o ny
This erc e temper a ment which w ag ed w arag ainst
all t e world w as in no de g ree miti g ated in their own
,

domestic b roils Thou g h the strictest honour an d

.
MANN R S ,

,
A ND C U S TOMS

probity rei gned a mid their tents when their p a ssions

were u nr u le d their wr ath on provoc ation burned
,

with doub le fury and in their s an g uin ary feuds t he ,

voic e o f law an d hum a nity w as al i k e disre g arded .

h h
In the time s o f which we now write m ore th an two
thous a nd b attles h ave b een rec orded These com .

b ats g ener all y took pl a c e b etween di e r e nt fa milie s

o r cl a ns they often rose from trivi al c ause s but ,

seldom ended without deeds o f revolting atro city .

m
The w aro f t e two horses D a e s a nd Gh abr a

h
, ,

h
be tw ee n the trib es o f Aus (o rA bs ) an d D obi an ,
o c c a sione d b y a c ontested r ac e l a sted for t y ye ars ,

during which period all industry w as at a st an d and ,

thous a nds were either s l ain in pitched b attle s orpri

v ate ly a ss a ssin a t ed The w arof B a sus spr an g from
.

the shooting o f a c a m el whic ad d runk at a for

hh
bidden spring It r ag ed m any ye ars betwe en the
.

tr ib es of B e cra nd T aglab until ne a rly al l the prin ,

~

ci p al m en o n b oth side s were cut o ff A c o nte p tu .

o u s word an indec ent a ction an insult o ffe r ed to

h
, ,

theirwomen o rtheir b e ard c ould onl y b e e xpi a ted

hh
,

by t e blood o f the o ffender The w aro f N e fr av a t .

,

which s et ne arly t he whole king dom o f G a ss an in a

h*
m
am e took its ori g in from the u psettin g o f an old

m
,

m
wom an who ad b rou g ht a b asket o f tribu t a ry
,

butter to one o f the chiefs the qu ality o f which ap ,

pened to d isple a se is fa sti dious p al at e The m ost .

w an ton cruelty w a s som e t ime s inicted on the cap

t iv e s t aken in these c ontests S a e r ab il m ade
'

.
,

them w alk b are footed over he a ted stone s insultin g ,

their miserie s b y promisin g to buy them new soles .

R a s u ssen Ad d ita ad H i
, st Pre ci
a p R eg Arab Note . . . . .
.

P oco cke S p eci en p 48

, , . .
 T h E
Em e
o r TH AN

Ar abs were a most vindictive r ac e the ir

qu arrels were heredit ar
CI

y A wilful o ffenc e w as
NT A R A B S . 71
1

h
m
.

never forg iven ; an d such w as t he p atien t inve t era cy

h
of t heir wr at h t h a t t hey would w ait
,
o n t hs an d
ye ars t he O pportunity of reveng e Murder in these .
,

c as es w as a t oned for b y n e or c o nsc a t ion ; b u t

,

h
the kinsm an o f t he dece as ed w as a t lib er t y t o a cc ept

h
the penalty or exercise wi t h is own h and the law

h
,

of re t ali a tion N or w ast e deb t of ven g e anc e c an

.

c ell ed even b y the he a d of t he murderer ; for their

rened m alic e c oul d sub sti t u t e the innocent for the

h
m
g uil t y an d t r ansfer t he punis
, e nt to t he mos t con
s id e rab le of t he t ri b e b y whom t hey a d b e en i n
j ured T e s li g htest provo c ation an emp ty b o a st
.
, ,

or t he recit al of an obno xious song w as enoug h to

mm
rek indl e t he emb ers of di scord and aw aken p a ssions ,

t h a t ad slumbered for h alf a century .

The onl y respite to t hese s a n g uin ary feuds w as an

interv al of fo ur mon t hs e a ch ye ar t he rst se v; ,

s uth eleven t h an d twelfth whi ch were alw ays

hhh h
, , ,

o bserved as s a cred Dur in g th at ti e t hey held it

.

unl aw ful to w a g e w arforei g n or dom es t i c Their .

s words were reli g iously she a t hed t he he ads t ak e n

of f their s pe ars ; the i nj ured an d t he inj urer lived in

h h
perfect securi ty so t h a t i f a an met t he sl ay er of
,

is father or is b rother e durs t o ffer i no vio

lence Thi s singul ar ins t itu t ion w a s ob served by
all the Ar ab t rib e s e x cept t wo T ai an d K a t h am ;
.

a n d so scrupul ously w as it ad hered to t h at hi story ,

as re corded onl y four (or six ) i n s t ances of its av

ing b een tr ans g ressed These were sti gm at i z ed b y
.

the n am e of t he Impious W ars in som e of which t he

hh
Koreish them selves were en ga g ed The desi g n o f .

this j ub ile e is alle g ed to h ave b een for t he secur ity

of merch a n t s and pilg rim s t h a t t hey mi g h t t r a vel to
,

an d from t he a nnu al fe s t iv al wi t hou t d a n g er or inter .

rup t ion .

This d ark S ide of t e Ar ab ch ar a c t er a d a b e auti .

ful c ontr ast in c ert a in nob le an d g enero us q ua itile s

 E
Em
m h
1
72C C C U S T O MS

h
H ARA T R S,

m
R, MANN AN D

m h
The m om ent the erce m ar auder ce a sed to be in a
st ate o f w ar he bec a me qu ite a not e r an His
, . .

tent w as the a sylum o f the str ang er the hom e o f

h
,

kindness and ho spit ality The tr aveller who sou g ht

.

is protectio n or c onded in hi s honour he enter

, ,
.

t aine d without inquiry o r the O p e o f remuner ation .

H e re g arded him not merely a s a g uest but as a

m
, ,

h
e m b er o f his family ; he would defend hi s life at

m

the risk o f his o w n ; and dismiss i a fter the e n ,

j o y e nt o f needful repo se with b lessin g s perh aps

, ,

with g ifts H is word onc e pledg ed Was a sure an d

h h h
.

inviol able g u ar a ntee ; The ancients extolled the

Ar abs fo rtheir b enevolenc e A g at ar cid e s r
. epre
sents them as the m ost hospit able people o n e arth

Tre atises and poem s were c omposed expressly to

e ulo g iz e their sup e riority in thi s respect The .

i g hest c omplim ent th at c oul d be p aid a an w as to

p a ss an encomium upon is u ni cen c e and t e

h
,

most a cc ept able to a wom a n w as to c elebr ate her

p arsimony an d her be auty The c ontr ary vices wer e
.

as much an ob j ect o f c ontempt an d repr o a ch ; and a

h
c ert a in poet s atirizing the inh abit a nts o f W ase t,
'

h
,

upbr aids them a s the deepes t st ain o n their honour ,

th at none o f theirm en ad the he art to give , nor

their wom en to deny .

Th eir friendly tre atm ent of str a ng er s w as not co n

h hh
ned to t e c a mp orthe tent O n eve r y hi ll the
r
.

es o f hospit ality ni g htly bl a ze d to conduct t e ,

w ay faring tr aveller to a pl a c e o f s afety and repos e .

Amid the d arkness o f winter the c ountry for mile s ,

rou nd w as li g hted up w ith these be a c ons ; and the

-

h
i g her and la r g er t e y were t e mor e honour ab le

hh
,

w as the g enerosity e ste e m ed o f him th at provided

the m It w as a m atter o f g lory and riv alry to sur
.

p a ss e a ch other in the numb er and extent o f these

ar

kindly tokens Thy res s ays a po et
.
,
e ,

kindled a fter sunset in every v alley T e we a ry .

tr aveller S pies thes e red si g n als afart r ou g h t e

obscur e ni g ht ,
 1
mE
E
m
7 4 C HAR A C T R , MANN R S, AN D C U ST O MS

h
mort alize d the trib e o f T ai The suppli a nt he n ev er

h
.

m
dismissed fro hi s tent unrelieved O fte n were

h
.

forty c am el s ro asted a t a sin g le fe a st ; and in a ,

se a son of extreme sc arc i ty he killed the o nl y hors e

-
,

he possessed so v alu able that the Rom an empe ror

'

, ,

ad sent an em b a ssy o n purpose to procure it Ha

h
.

tim s bene volenc e w a s heredit ary ; is father rej oic ed

when he ad emptied his folds to feed the hu n g ry ,

and hi s m other w as interdicted from g ivin g al s for

a whole ye ar lest her prodi g ality should reduc e the
,

fa mily to be g g ary H e himself distributed the

h h
.

g re a ter p art o f is ocks a o n g a troop o f needy

poets on their w ay to the c ourt o f H ir a H is bene .

c e n c e w a s as unwe aried as it w as extensive On .

the lon g e st and d arke st ni g hts he would le ave his

b e d i f some h apless pilg rim required shelter ; and
, ,

w r apped in is clo ak procure with is ow n h an ds a ,

li g ht from som e nei g hb ourin g tent N o t s atised .

m

with kindlin g hi s re s on the m ount ains he wou ld ,

s end forth his d e g ; th a t b y its b arkin g str an g ers

hh h
, ,

mi g ht know wher e to nd a pl a c e of rest H is .

m emory w as revered over all Ar ab i a ; an d a fem ale .

c aptive t aken in b attle re ga ined her liberty when she

m
prono unce d herself t o b e the dau ghter o f H atim

hhhm
m m
The fond n e s s o f t e anci ent Ara bs for poetry and

m
o r atory w as exce ss ive ; next to t e pr a ctic e of os

hh h
p itality and expertn e ss in the use o f arm s a nd

h h h h
h o rse anship the s e were the a c complishm ents on

m
'

m
,

h hhhh
h
m
mh

w hic they chiey v alued them selv es The elo

h
'

hh
.

h hh
S ale r
elates a
test t at ad arisen a ong t e citiz ens of

h
c on

h h
M ecca to ascert ain w ic of t e w as t e ost g enerou s T e

h
, .

pr iz e w as aw ard ed to Ab ra a a b lind and ag ed an w o g ave

h hh
'

ity t e tw o sl a ves t at le d i all t e w eal t

, ,

a w ay in c ar

ad and grop ed is w ay t rou g t e city w it is ands along

e ,

t e w allS
,

P rli D iss sec t i C aa b a nd H assan w ere cele

. e . . . .

ib ra ted fo rt ei r lib erality B ibliot Or i nt T e

. . e .

A dvent ures of H a t i T ai fr t e P ersia n b y D F orbes is

ong t e w or
o , ,
.
,
.
a ks recently pub lis e db y t e O r iental Transl at ion

itt e e
,

(C o .
 co
E
E
m h
qu e nce
O F TH ANC

of K oss w as as fam ous and as att eri ng a

pliment as the libera lity o f H atim Their or
tions were o f two sorts metri c al o rpros a ic T e
former w a s m o st e steeme d and m ost cultiv ated It
w as the r e m ark o f A bn Tem a n who c ompiled the
,
a
I NT A

,
R AB S .

.
1
75

H am a s a a colle ction of old Ar abic epi g r a ms odes

, , ,

and ele g ies th a t ne sentiments delivered in pros e

,
.

were lik e g em s sc a ttered at r andom but when c on

ned i n poet ic al m e a sure they resembled br a c elets ,

an d strin g s of The roving hordes o f the

d e se r t liv in g a mid the solit a ry g r andeur o f n ature ,

w ere more rem a r k ab le for the e x ercise an d admira

m
~

tion of these intellectu al endowm ents th an their

c ivili zed b re t hr en Their princip al o c c a sions o f
.

rej oicin g were the birth o f a b oy the fo alin g o f a

h
,

m are the arriv al of a g uest and the rise o f a po et

, , .

N e x t if not equ al , to a w arrior an d a ne horse thi s

m
h
, ,

w as the noblest possession a tr ib e c ould bo ast o f

h
.

The g enius and m erits o f the youthful b ard w er e

h
h ail ed with un ivers al appl ause The r

st fruits o f -

h
.

is muse were commemor ated b y a solemn b anquet ,

w here a chorus of women with music al inst ru e nts

s an g in the presenc e of their sons and hu sb ands t e

h
m
appy fortune o f hi s trib e The nei g hbo urs o cked

hm m
.

t o c on g r a tul a te his fa mily th a t a ch ampion ad ap

p e ar e d to v indic ate their ri g hts ; th at a her al d ad

m m
r aised his voice to record their exploits and re co ,
.

hh
m
m end their virtues to posterity

m
.

hhhh h
h
T e g re atest attention w as p a i d to the c ul tiv ation

hhh
m
m m
o f thi s divine ar Assembl i e s of di ere nt k ind s
'

t .

hh
rientals av e always b een fond of i agery and et a

h
T e o

hh
.

W en an ora tor speaks , e begins to w eig is st ored

hh
p or

hhh h
.

p e ar or
,

ls in t e scales of d elivery lifting is ead fro t e ,

c oll ar o f ree ct ion e re ove s t e t alis

, an o f silen ce fro t e
treasure o f sp eec and scatter ,s brillian t g e s an d prin cely
rl i i i rt ex it i d el i e ry
If a w ar rior is slain in
'

p e a s n s c ng -
v . .

b attle , t e bird of life as e d fro t e nest of is brain A .

Jav a says of is istress t at t e bird of is sou l as be co e

,

a cap tive i n t e ne t of e rglo SSy ri ng let s

. .
1
7
w
6

h
ing ly
,

. E
E
h
E
C H AR A C T

ach trib e
,
R, MAN N

ere held where riv al poets a nd or ators disputed the

p alm an d took their r ank in pub lic O pinion a ccord
ad its ann u al c onvention where
its honour w as defended an d its de eds celebr ated
There were also P a ne g yric al Meetin g s where the
a ctions of their hero es or the
,

u ni c e n c e o f t hei r
R S,

m
m
AN D C U S T O MS

,
,

h
c i efs were sun g an d their respective m erits p ub

h
,

licly rew arded In this m anner the distinctions of

h
.

m
their g ene alo g ies were preserve d ; and the renown
o f their a nces t ors a s well a s the ri g hts of t heir fa
,

il ies were tr ansmit t ed from one g ener ation to a

,

other T e most celeb r a t ed of t hese li t er ary c onvo

.

c ations w as th at which too k pl a c e every ye ar at the

fa ir o f O c a d ne ar T aif H ere thirty d ays were
'

m
E
, .

e mployed not m erely in the exch an g e o f merch an

,

dise but in the nob ler di spl ay o f riv al t al ents In loud

,
.

and imp a ssioned str a ins the c ontendin g poets a d

dre ssed the multitude by turns extollin g the superior

m
,

g lo ry o f their own tri b e rec ountin g the n am e s o f ,

their e i nent w arriors an d ch allen g in g their O ppo

,

n e nts to produc e their equ als From t he er ce .

S pirit o f the B edouins and the well kno w n in uenc e

,
-

o f son g s ov e r the m arti al virtues o f a b ar b arous p e o

ple it ay re a dily be im ag ined th at the se inte lle c

h

,

tu al b attles g ener ally ended in b loodshed .

It w as to all ay the j e alousies an d feuds produce d

by this an cient custom th at Moh a mm ed by a prec ep t ,

h
i n the Kor an expressly abolishe d it To c onquer

m
.
,

in thi s liter ary aren a w as the hi g hest a mbition o f

the b ard T e victorio u s c o p ositions were in
.

scrib ed in ch ar a cters o f g old upon g ypti an p aper ,

h
a n d h u n g up for publi c inspection in the temple at

h
Mec c a O f these succ essful perform ances seven
.

av e been preserved c onsidered as the ,

n est th at
w er e e ve rwr itten ; for the tr ansl ation of which we
ar e indeb ted to th at distin g uished orient alist Sir
W illi a m Jones They ar e known by the n a m e of
.

M od a e b at or the Golden and Mo all ak at or the ,

Sus p ended Their authors were A r

, iolk ais T ar a fa , ,
1
7 8 A
C H R AC T E
Eh
h
R,

s bre unshe athed in the h ands o f e roes

a s
MA NN R S, AND C U ST O MS

e x alted above the pl ai ns and shi ni ng like bright,

scribes the storms an d d an gers he a s e nc o un tered

He de

d uri ng this j o u rn ey ; no t forgetti ng to pr ai se the

hors e or the swift c a mel o n which he ride s
These ancient poem s c o n t ai n m any c u rio u s tr aits
.

ch ar acteristi c o f p a stor al m anners a s well as of the

m hh
,

m
bloody fe u ds th at r aged betwee n hostile tribe s The .

so ngs o f Amru and H areth rel a te to the de adl y c on

test s o f B e c ran d T ag lab ; while those o f A nt ar and
Z o b air c elebr ate the fa m o u s w aro f the R a cehorse s

h
betwee n the tribes of A u s and D obi a n The poem .

o f L ebeid as bee n comp ared to the Ale x is o f Virgil;

The b ar d e u logizes the ch arms b u t i nveighs ag ai nst ,

the unk i n dness o f is fair Nov ar a ; he the n tries to

propiti ate her by re c o u nti ng his ow n riches and ao
co p lis e n t s
,

his,liber ality a n d v alo u r his no ,

ble birth an d the high re n own o f his an cestors .

These e a rly e ffu sio n s of the Ar abi an m u se were the
o nly archives o f their n atio n the e n cy clOp azd ia o f

m
their liter at u re
,

where their whole sto c k o f u seful

,

and e ntert a i n i ng kn owledge w as tre a s u red u p

T o the a dv an t a ges o f a ge ni u s for poetry a lively ,

fan cy and a lu x uri an c e o f im agery the Ar ab s adde d

, ,

th at of a C O p ious e x ible and e x pressive l an gu age

, , .

It w as derived from the s am e root with the Hebre w ,

S yri ac and Ch aldee ; b ut w as farm ore rich in its

,

vo ca bul a ry Gr a mm ari an s h ave rem arked th at tw o

.

pri n cip al di al ects were in u se before the time o f

Moh a mmed ; the H a y ar ic and th a t spoke n by the
,

h
K orei sh The former i s s u pposed to h ave born e a
.

stro ng a f nity to the Ethiopic and w a s so little u n

-

d er sto o d by the n orther n tribes th at an Ar ab o f ,

Hej az , we a r e told o n bei n g directed by the ki n g of

,

Yeme n to sit down threw himself over the p ar apet

, ,

b ec au se the word t eb in the K oreish sign ied not

, , ,

to sit b u t to leap dow n The di alect o f the K oreish

, . ,

b ei ng th at in which the K or an w as origi nally w r it ~

 h EE
m
A NCI NT AR AB S 1
79

m
O F TH

h h
.

te n , been al w ays regarded as the cla ssic al , o r

as
r ather the s a cred l a ngu age of the Moslem s
,
.

The ex trem e C opio u s n ess and h armo ny of the Ar a

bic e nriched by liter ary c ompositio n s an d comm er
,
.

c ial inte r co u r

se w it di ffere nt n atio n s as from the , ,

most remote antiquity , been e ulogized by the na

tive s . They a ss u re u s tha t no an u n i nspired c an
be a perfect m aster of it in its u tmo st e x ten t Th a t .

it faro utstr ips E urope an to ngu e s in this respe ct we ,

ay be s atise d from the fa ct th at the mere n a me s

o f a si ngle obj ect with their e x pl anatio n will som e
~
, ,

tim es ll a co n sider able volu me The Ar abs h ave .

tw o hu n dred w ords de n ot in g a serpe nt ve hu ndre d ,

signify ing a lio n an d above a tho u s an d di ffere n t e x

h
,

pre ssio n s fo ra sword W hole tre atises h ave bee n

.

devoted to the in terpret atio n of these words Firou ~

h
.

z ab a d the John so n o f Ar abi a the c omp iler o f the

, ,

gre a t le x i c o n c alled the O c e an (Al K am u s ) rel at es , ,

th at in hi s descriptio n of the n ature and a dv ant age s

o f ho n ey he as e nu mer ated an d e x pl a i n ed eighty
,

di ffere nt n a m es tho u gh there were v ario u s others

,

m
by w ich it m ight h ave bee n e x pressed .

This v a st a c c u m ul atio n o f epithet s w as the ne c e s

s ary re su lt of their h abits and circ u m st an ces The .

sphe r e o f their observ atio n w as limited ; and the

very p au city o f the obj ects with which they were
c o nvers an t te n ded to m ultiply their e x pression s .

The fa c e of n atu re in its r u gged and wild mo n oto n y

h m
, ,

w as st u die d in the de sert with a m i nu te n ess o f which

w e c an sc arcely form a ny c o n c eptio n To the eye

h
.

o f a B edo u i n the a spect of the e arth and the sky w as

i n n itely diversied To his vivid im a gi natio n n o

h
. .

two clo uds were ever alike The tempest o f sprin g

h
.

di ffered from th at of s u mmer and of au t u n E very .

p a c e of hi s c am el e ach period o f the life and preg

,

n an cy of th at u sefu l an im al a d its pec u li a r n am e

, .

T e o fc e of g iv ing it w ater w as di ffere n tly e x pressed ,

a c cording to the nu mber o f d ay s it ad e ndu re d

thir st E very a ctio n, o tio n, and neigh of is hor
. se
1
w as
80 E
h
CHEm
h
h h
distinguished
A R A CT R, MA NN R S, AN D C U S T O MS

from an other by a n appropri ate

term The str an ger n ever c a e wit i n his view ,

h
.

b u t he wo uld re a d is t ho u ght s dispo sitio n s and , ,

affectio ns in the airo f is c o u n te nan ce the c olo u r

, ,

o f hi s lip o rthe qu iveri ng o f hi s m u scles

, H e ad .

as m any words to de n ote a clo u d a rock a torre nt

.

, , ,

o ra well as were the almost e nd less diversities

,

un der w i ch these obj ects d aily pr e se nted them selve s

to his c ontempl atio n Yet this imme n se n om e n cl a
.

t u re w as c o nded in a gre a t m e a su re to the t ab let s

o f memory an d owed its preserv a tio n chiey to the
,

e x tempor an eou s eloqu en c e of an a c u te tho ug h illit

c r ate people It w as un der the te nts o f the w an d er

h
.

in g shepher d s th a t the l an gu a ge a tt a i n ed its highest

h
c u ltiv ation a nd where it w as spoke n with the
,
.

u tm o st p urity an d elegan ce Critic s h ave a dmitted

h
.

its rem ark able deli c a cy its bold and e n ergetic sub ,

l imity a d apted equally to the simple p athos of lo ve

m
,

and ele g y the piqu an cy of satire , o rt e loftie st

,

e fforts of popul ar or ato r y

m
.

The Ar abs beli eve the g re ater p art o f t e ir lan

g uage as been lost ; a c o nj ect u re n ot altogether
improbable whe n we r eect on the perish abl e r

m
,
e

m
c ord to which it w as originally i ntru sted and how ,

m
l ate the ar

m
t o f writi n g bec am e ge n er ally pr actised

m
.

m
a m o ng them Th at the u se of letters w as kn ow n in

m
.

mm
cert ai n p arts o f the c ou ntry m any c e nturie s before

h h
h
the Moh amm ed an e r

h
mm
a we ay i n fer from the testi

m m
m o ny o f Job (ch ap x ix 2

h
3 and from the an

h h
h
.
,
.

cie nt mo nu ments still e x t ant sa id to be in the H a

hh h
,

h
Gr ar ians ave calcu l ate d t at t e ine ctions of a sing l e

h h
a
A rab ic r oot a ou nt at l e a st to 3 00 or 3 50 S up p osing t e p r i

hh
.

itive nouns to b e 4000 in n u b e r , t ultipl ie d b y 3 00 w il l

h
e se

h h
y ield a pr od u ct o f w or d s t e for s o f w ic can

h
b e d e ter ine d w it a s u c cer ta inty a s if eve r y one of t e
w er e a ctu all y in use P e r ap s
. vocab les ay b e assu e d
a s t e gr e a te st n u b e rt at as e v e rb e e n r e q u ir
e d ore pl oy e d
in a ny l ang u ag e ; allow ing t is q u antity , ow ever, to b e d ou b led ,
it follow s t at, in t e r A
ab ic to ng u e , t er e still e x ists a illion
of w or d s t at av e ne ve ry e t b een call ed into p r ac tice .
 Eh
E
m
1

m
82 CH AR A C T R, M ANN R S , AN D C U S TO M S

m
e ra Eve n in the prese nt d ay it is o cc a sio nally used
.

in Afri c a o n p ublic m o n u m e nts; the l arge size O f the

letters bei ng w ell a d apted for s u ch pu rposes N ie .

b uhr an d C h ardi n h ave give n sever al e ngr ave d

specime ns O f it , fo u n d on mo squ es and sep ul c r al

The H a y ar ic w as very di ffere nt from the Cu c ,

o rthe alph abet o f M o r a e r an d w as n o t all owed to ,

be t au ght to the vu lg ar e x c ept by spe ci al permissio n .

This fa ct ay ac co u nt for the st a teme nt O f P o co ck e

h
,

th at whe n the Kor an r st m a de its appe ar anc e no t ,

m
a si ngle perso n in Yeme n w as able to re ad it On .

the ge n er al di ffusio n o f the n e w reli g io n this primi .

tive alph abet fell i nto dis u se The D an ish tr aveller

h
.

w as a ss ured th a t i n scriptio n s in it were to be fo un d

a m o n g the r u i n s o f D afar and o n the w alls O f a vil ,

l age betwee n D am ar and S anaa Thou gh preve nted .

from visiti n g them he w as show n c opies which he

hm h
, ,

tho u ght resembled the P ersepolit an o rarrow he aded

h
-

ch ar a cter The l an gu age O f the K or an as in its

h
.

t u rn bee n s uperseded by ne w idioms It ay n ow .

.

be regarded as a de a d to ng u e a nd i s stu died in the ,

n ative schools a s the L ati n and C r e e k are in the

E
c ou ntrie s of Virgil and Hom er .

In wh a t i s p r Op er

ly c alle d le arni ng and p ilo so

m
hm
phy the anc ie nt Ar abs ad m a de little progress
, .

They ad some prete n sio ns to a stro nomy ; if to u se ,

the words of Sir W illi a Jo n e s we c an dign ify wit

m
,

that appell ation the mere a m usem e nt O f givi n g n a mes

m
to the st ars Their k n owledge O n this s u bj ect w as

r ath er the fr u it o f lo ng e x perie n c e th an o f regul ar

st udy or scie ntic r ules B abylo n The b es and

h
.
, ,

M emphis ad scho ols where a stro n omy w as c u lti

hh
vate d ; b u t the o nly a c a demy O pe n to the n ative o f
Ar abi a w as a cle ar r a e nt and a nake d pl ai n .

Mills s H ist
. of Mu a .
p . 2
82note , . C a r
din s T r
a v els

.

Nie b De scr A rabace n c ap iii N O ble s

H ist S ar
1

ip l a cin,
M e nin ski, T e saurvol i p 6 2
. . . . . . .

Ar ntr Ad
1 ab V ocab I
. od . . 4 . . . .
-
.

e Mu s Cu c B org p 3 4 , & c
. . . . .
 o rT H E
Eh A N CI NT A RA BS . 1
83

mh
W ande r
ing n d ay in the O pe n de sert , the
ight and
st ars bec am e an O bj e ct O f c u rio u s co ntempl atio n .

They were the g uide s o f his n octu rn al m arche s , and

the symbols from which he i n ferred ch an ge s in t e
ai rand we ather It w as n ec ess ary to kn ow their
.

peri odic al ret urn s in order to reg ul ate the l abou rs

,

o f the eld and the s u cce ssio n of the se a so n s L ike .

the I n di an s this people a pplie d them selve s chiey

,

to the stu dy O f the x ed st ars ; c o n tr ary to the cu s

to O f other n atio n s whose O bserv a tio n s were

h
, .

mostly c o n n ed to t e pl an ets : an d he n c e the dif

fere n c e betwe e n the C h alde an and I ndi an idol atry .

h h
O f the high an tiqu ity of this sort of a stro n omic al
kn owledge a mo ng them we h a ve the mo st dec isive
a rgu m e n ts both in s a cred and profan e history Job .
,

in the su blim e Ar abi an poem th a t be ars is n a m e ,

spe aks in a m anner th at evi n c es how fa mili ar eve n ,

in his a g e were t e n a m es and the appe ar an ce s of

,

the c ele sti al bodies W h a t he s ays o f O rio n Arc .

,

t u ru s M a zz aroth and the Plei ade s i n dic ate s th at

, ,

the nome n cl atu re and phe n om e na of t e scie n c e

EE
were the n n o rec e nt disc overies The n ative s o f .

the pl ai n s o f Shinar a nd the Ethiopi an n e gro e s ,

u nder the tr O p ic h ave e a ch bee n re c orded as the

,

i nve n tors or rst c ultiv ators O f a stro n omy O n this .

poi nt antiqu ity i s n o t unan im o u s Th at the S ab ae

hm
.

m
an s pre ce d ed the m in thi s scie n c e i s hi nted by

m
Dio d o r u s Pl a to and C ic ero
, , L u ci an e x p r esses him .

self m ore pl ainly whe n he s ay s it c am e origi nally

from Ethiopi a

h
m
,

h
a n a m e a pplied to the co un t r y e a st

h hh
,

h
w ard as well as westw ard of the R e d S e a and which

h hhhh
,

is descriptio n wo u ld here le a d u s to ide n ti fy w ith

h h
h
hh h
h h
hh
the H appy Ar abi a 39 !

h
.

h
In is d ra at ic sto ry of t e R un aw ay S lave s L u cia n intr o

h
,

d u ce s P ilosop y w o d e clar , es t J u p ite rt a t fro t e B ran o

,

ins s e r e p a ir
e d str aig t t o t io p ia ; t e n ce to t e gy p tians ,

w ose po e ts and p r o p e t s s e instr uc te d an d t e n s e b e took

erse lf to B a b y lon to te ac t e C ald e an s T is i ag ina r y .

j o urn e y is p e r a p s a t rue d e lin e a tio n o f t e o rig inal rou te of t e

art s and scie nce s L a nd s ee rs b bce a n R esea r
V
c es a .
 EE
m h
h
1

m
84 CH A R AC T R , M NN A R S , A ND C U S T O MS
The ethic s or m or al system of the A r abs incul

cate d some noble and e x a lted virt u e s ; b u t it a
p

h
pe a rs to aVe ad little i n u e n c e On their perso n a l

m
o r soci al h abits Their pr iv ate i nterco u rse with

h
.

e ach other w as gros s and i ndelic at e It w as n o t .

u n c omm o n for the son to ma r r y the father s wife

hh m
,

h
o rfo rthe s a m e an to e spo u s e two sisters
. Str abo .

seems to i ntim a te th a t som e tribes ad a c o u

n ity o f wive s b u t the se pr a ctices were c o n dem n ed
by t e m ore virtu o u s M atrimo n i al i n delity w as

h
.

m erely p u n ishe d with a slight n e ; b u t i f the o f

fe nder bel o n ged to an other cl an de a th w as t e

E
,

a w ard . A Ong som e tribes e spe ci ally those o f ,

K oreish an d Ke n d a it w as the horrid pra cti c e to

,

bur y t e ir d au ghter s alive for fe ar of their bei n g ,

disho no u red o r t ake n c aptive ; and eve n fr

'

o t e
apprehe n sio n o f bei n g red u c ed t o poverty by su p
porti n g them T e birth of fem ales w as therefor e
. -

h
recko n ed a m isfort u n e a nd their de ath a h appy re

h
,

li e f I f the father i nte nded to bri n g u p the child

.
,

he se nt her clothed in a garm e n t O f wool or h ai r

, ,

to te nd ocks in the de sert ; i f other w ise he kept

h
,

her till six ye ar s O f ag e and the n dire cted her to b e ,

perfu med a nd ador n ed t at he might se nd her to

h
,

her m other after which s e w as throw n he a d

m
lo n g i nto a pit d u g for the pu rpose Bu t the shocki n g
'

crim e O f i n fa nticide w as n ot pec u li ar to A r abi a ; it

w as s o c ommo n a mo n g t e an ci e n ts th at it w a s co n ,

sid e r e d a very e x tr a ordi nary thi n g th a t the gy p

ti an s bro u ght u p all their c i ldre n .

W ith regard to their procie n cy in the ele ga nt o r

.

the m ech a n ic al a rts we h ave n o cert a i n evide n c e

h
,

wh at we do k now le a ds u s to i n fer th at their kn ow

ledge O f these w a s r u de a nd imperfect If the or .

na e nts a nd c ostly fu rnit ure th at a dorn ed their

h abit atio n s were re ally the m anu fa ctu re o f their
o w n c o u nt r
y their skill c o u ld n o t b e mu ch i nferior
,

to t e poli shed i nge n uity o f E gypt a nd I ndi a Ar .

t ia n spe aks O f s ab r es l ance s k n ives h atchets and

.
, , ,
 EE
m
1
86 CH A RA C T R, MA NN R S , A N D C U S TO MS

EEE
sa me c o u nt r y Their m o nths c o nsist O f twe nty
.

n i n e a nd thirty d ays alter n a tely so th at the e ntire

ye ar c o nt a i n s o nly 3 5 4 d ays Eleve n time s in thirty

h
.

ye ar s o n e d ay i s added to the l a st m o nth which _ ,

m ake s it a mo u nt to 3 5 5 d ays Abo u t the e nd o ft he .

fo urth c en t ury o f o ure r

,
a the O ld nam e s o f the
,

o nths and the d ays O f the week were ch ange d b y

K e lab a n an ce s t or O f Moh a mm ed ; and a fter the
,

K oreish ad gai n ed the politic al a scende n cy in A r a

b ia they w ere a dopted by all the other tribe s
, .

T AB L OF TH A R A B IA N M O N T H S A ND W KS .

ar
L ike

and other n atio n s

These wise
,

en
,

m m
ignor an t people the Ar abs were a ddicted
all

.
,

to s uperstitio n A favo u rite stu dy a mo ng them w as

o n eirom an cy o rthe i n terpret ati o n O f dre a m s Thi s
t and v ari o u s other ki nds o f divi n atio n they ad
in comm o n with the J ews C h alde ans E gyp ti an s
The c o u nt ry sw armed with a
.

g icians sorcerers sooths ayers an d a strolo g e r

, s
hel d di ffere nt r anks a ccordi ng
to the depth o f their k n o w ledge The c ohe n o rdi
vi n er app e ars to h ave be e n the chie f priest O f the
whole sec t It w as hi s O f c e to k n ow th ings tha t ad
.
,

.
,
,

,
.

h
h
,

.

never
E
oE
hh
rT H AN C I NT
h appe n ed to predict all co nti nge nt eve nts
AR ABS . 1
87

m
,

h
,

to i nterpret dre am s an d eve n tell and e x pl a i n

visio n s whic the dre a mer ad forgotte n to be
,

q u estio ned and give answers on any s u bj ect a str an

ger wished to k now
.

to tell wh a t w a s p a ssi ng in
dist ant pl ac es to give n ew s o f abse nt perso ns and
,
'

, ,

discover goods th at ad be e n lost or stole n Most .

o f these sooths ayers prete nded they were i n spired

h h
by a peri or fa iry ; for these little gre e n ge ni i s o
,

pop ul arly kn o w n in this c o u n try were nat ive s o f ,

the E ast an d ,
ay be cl a ssed a m o ng the po eti c al
ctio n s which the S ar a c e n s bro u ght to E urope .

h
Ki n gs applie d to these wiz ards in their perple x itie s .

W e n the l ast o f the T ob b aas ad a visio n which he

c o ul d n either rel ate no r
,

comprehe nd he a ssemble d ,

h
fo u r h u ndred of them at the he a d of whom were the
,

fam o u s Sh ak an d S atih They rel ated a nd i nter .

pr e te d to him t e p artic ul ars o f hi s dre am whi ch ,

E
porte nded th at a bl ack r a c e from Ethiopi a wo ul d
s eize his ki ngdom a nd abolish the J ewish religi o n
, .

To au g ury an d other pop u l ar s u pe rstitio n s the

, ,

Ar abs were e x tremely devoted T e ight O f a bird .

,

o rthe p artic ul ar m otio n o f an a nim al w as s ufficie nt ,

to s u spe nd the most import ant j o u r n ey I f the for

m
.

h
mer ew to the right it w as a lu cky o me n if to the ,

left the tr ave ller retu r n ed hom e The mo st ordi nary

eve nts in life j u stic e m edici n e c o u rtship m atri
.

m on y were regul ated by the im agi n ary i n u e n c e

h
, , , ,

o f cert a i n spell s A h are s fo ot su spe nded ro u nd

.

the n eck o rin a ny p art O f t e ho u se w a s a ch a rm

, ,

a gai nst the witche r y of an evil eye and protected ,

the family from all sorts o f m ale demo ns whether

h hh
,

from the woods o rthe deserts tha t au nt the abodes ,

of en The tooth o f a fox ora s e cat orthe re d

.
-
,

gel ati ne e x u ded from a prickl y shru b (Sp in a g y p

tia ) w as wor n as an am u let to preve nt bli n d n e ss or
, ,

other m alig nant i n u e n c e of fem ale dem o ns If .

t e y o uth o f eith e r sex w is e d to a v e a n e and

 1
88 CH AR A CT E
E
h
R,

he althy set o f teeth they ad o nly to t ake a c ast

tooth an d holdi ng it betwee n the fore n ger and
,

thu mb throw it tow ards the su n with a brie f peti

,

tio n to the gods to s ubstitu te a better W he n p u s

t u le s appe a red o n the lips o r fa c e the perso n
MA NN

,
R S, A ND C

,
U ST O MS

aficted we nt a

h
, ,

beggi n g from ho u se to ho u se cry i ng ,

j
a l e ba with a si eve o n his he a d
, i nto which were ,

thro w n cr u sts o rfr agme nts O f m e at ; and o n the se

,

bei ng distri b u ted a mo ng the dogs the di se a se w as

s upposed to v an ish A tr aveller if he dre a ded the

.
,

pl agu e be fore e nteri n g a city br ayed at t e gate

, ,

t e n times in i mit atio n O f a n ass ; an d this w a s the

'

ch arm he u sed ag ai n st i n fectio n To c u re the sti n g .

of a scor p io n the p atie nt w as w r a pped for seve n d ays

h
,

in a w om an s g arm e nt with her br a c elets and e ar

,

hh
ri ngs hu ng above him d u ri ng which time he w as
ke p t a w ak e by lou d and i n c ess ant n oise A s u sp i .

ci on s h u sb and before s etti ng o u t o n a j o u rn ey u sed

, ,

to c a st a k not secretly o n a st alk O f broom ; i f he

fo u nd it t ied o n hi s ret u rn he i n ferred his wife ad ,

bee n faithfu l ; i f loose th at he ad bee n d i sho n ,

o ur ed O n the de a th of a h u sb a nd the widow left t e

.
,

te nt clothed herself in a m e an dress usi ng n either

, ,

a ro m atics no r or na me nts for a whole ye ar She .

w as permitted to to u ch no an im al b u t a de a d ass a ,

sheep ora fowl At the e n d O f the ye ar her we eds

,
.

O f sorrow w ere throw n a side and the u se O f her ,

oi ntme nts and perfu me s res u m ed It w as the pr a e .

tic e to le ave the favo u rite c a mel to st arve a t the

gr ave O f its m aster with its he a d fa ste n ed to its t a il
, ,

a nd c overed with his clo ak th a t the defu n ct at the ,

re su rrectio n might n ot be obliged to tr avel on foot

in the other world I f the anim al m ade its esc ape it
.

w as held s a cre d and allowed w ater an d p ast u re free

, .

The wome n n ever m o ur ned the sl ai n u ntil their

_

d e ath w as ave nged b u t their l ame nt atio ns began

,

the m ome nt e x pi atio n w as m ade Before d ue v e n .

g e ance w as O btaine d , an ow l o rsom e omi no us bi r d

1
90 CH A R A CT

o f the w ay to u se divi n atio n

.
E
Ehh
R,

divi natio n as did the C hal de an s for we le arn from

,

E zekiel (ch ap x x i .

m archi ng a gainst J er u s alem sto od at the p artin g

A
M NN R S , AN D C U S T O MS

th at the k i n g o f B abylo n in

m ak i ng is arrows
bright (or as Jerom e e x pl ai n s it m ix i ng an d s a
,
,

,
,

ki n g them together) th at he might k n ow which city ,

rst to att a ck .

The p a ga n Ar abs were g r o ssly id o latro us Tho u gh

m
.

a ss u mi ng a v ariety o f forms the esse nti al b asis of

the ir religio n w as S ab aism or st ar worship the
,

-
, ,

primitive s u perstitio n of m ost orie nt al n atio n s .

The number and be a u ty o f the he a ve nly l u mi n aries

the sile nt regul a rity o f their m otio ns the sun
,

u n his r a c e
,

rej oici n g to r

m
and the m oo n w alki n g in
'

bright n ess were all c al c ul ated to impress the vul

,

h
,

g arm in d with the ide a o f a s u perinte n di n g an d eter

n al power F rom viewi ng them a s the visible type s
.

o f a divi n ity an in the simple i nfan cy of his r

, , ea
so n believe d them to b e e n dowed with in stin cts like
,

his o w n ; anim ated with is u nderst an din g an d sub

hh
,

j e ct to his p a ssio n s .

B ut whe n to this childish error w as a dded the

ge ner al pers u asio n O f their re al or im agi n ary in u
e nc e over the produ ctio n s of the e arth a nd the for

h
t u nes O f its i nh abit an ts the tr an sitio n fro c u riosity
,

to a dor atio n w as n atural a n d e a sy W e n the u s

h
.

b a ndm an observed the gro w th of seeds an d pl an ts to

m ai nt ain a c o n st a nt and i nv ar i able symp a thy with
the phe n ome n a o f the he ave n s and veget atio n ou ,

r is in g a n d dis appe ar in g with the risi ng a n d setti ng

h
o f cert a i n pl anets or the s a me gro u p of st ars
, a nd
whe n the shephe r d rem arked the incre a s e o f is
ocks an d the ge n i al m oistu re th at e nriched hi s
,

p a stures h arm o n izi ng with the periodic al retu r n of

the c elesti al bodies they le ar ned a s it were m e
,

, ,

c an ic ally to a ssoci a te in their mi nds the oper atio ns

o f the o ne w ith the co n st ant rec ur re nc e of the

other ; a nd eve n applied t o the he ave nly hosts the
ve r y n a m e s of the terrestri al O bj ects to which they
 E
E
mmE o r TH AN C I N T AR A S. 91
1

hhh
seem e d linked by so m e myst erio u s ainity Th e .

B ull an d the O x were the st ars th at in dic ated the

se a so n for plo u ghin g an d prep ar ing the soil the
Ra the L amb an d the Go at wer e the si g n s u n der

h
, ,

which the se v al u able an i als brou ght fort h their

yo un g T e L io n an d t e D og were ve n era ted for
.

the s am e c aus e ; the gro u p O f the Crab m e asu r e d

h
the bo u n d ary of the tr e p ic whe n the sun
, h a vi ng ,

re a ched the limit of is sou thern j o u rn e y turn e d ,

b ackw ard o n is ann u al p a th The S corpio n w as

.

the terrible h arbing er of the bu rnin g and po ison o us

w in ds an d the B a l an c e m arked the ann u al equin o x ,

h
whe n t e d ay an d ni ght are of an equ al le ng th re ,

sembling the equ ilibriu m of th at in strum en t H e n Ce .

the ori g in an d the c orrupti o n o f stell a r worship the ,

m ost obvio us and inn oc e nt O f all idol atrie s .

The a dor atio n of the st ars w as n atur al to the

lively an d cre d ulo u s Ara bs ; b ut t e s trang e diver

hhh
m
sity of the ir idols seems a c o n tr a dictio n t o the
uniformity of the ir h ab its i n other respects S om e

m
.

fain t tr a c es O f the p a tri arch al reli gio n stil l l i n gered

amo n g them for they were n o t ign oran t of the un it
,
.

h
an d pe rfect i o n s of the D eity This S u preme B ein g

h
.

h
they c all ed A lla Ta g l a k o rt e Most High Go d b ut
,

the ir fanta stic cree d embr a ced a v a riety of sub o rdi

hh
n ate diviniti es They ad seve n c elebrated temples
.

ded ic a t e d to the seve n pl an ets th at at Mec c a w as

con secra ted t o Zo al or S aturn ; the B eit Gh a a
d an a t S an a a w as built in ho n ou r of Z o ar
, , a or the
plan et Ve nu s The H a y arit e s chiey worshippe d
.

the sun : t e y a d a fam o us edic e at Aden ; an d the

h
e nthu s i as m of the worshipper m us t h ave b ur n e d with
redo u bled ardo u r whe n he saw from the ro cky pre
cip ic e th a t glo r iou s lum inary ri sin g like an orb of
re from the bosom of the Indian O c e an S om e .

tribes e x cl u sively revere d the moon som e the d o g ,

st ar others the pl an ets J u piter and Merc ury T e

, .

religiou s festivitie s O f these divinitie s were regu

l ated b y the s acred co nste ll a io ns and ge ne rt
, ally
1 E
hE
m
92 CH AR A CT R, MA NN R S , A ND C U S TO MS

c elebr ated at t e terms o f the equ i n o x and the S OL

stic e : as we le arn from N o nn o su s who in the time , ,
O f J u sti ni an p a ssed thro u gh th at c oun try o n an
,

e mb a ssy to Ethiopi a .

It w as the belief th a t the st ars were the disp e n ser s

o f we ather which led to the ide a o f their bei n g
,

i nh abit e d by angels or i ntellige n ces o f an i nter

,

m edi ate na t ure betwee n an and the S u prem e B e

hhhh
h
ing ; he n ce the Ar abs p a id them divi n e ho no u rs ,

bec a u s e of the alleged be n ets they proc u red thr o u gh

their i nt erce ssio n O f these sidere al divi n i t ie s the
.

K or a n me ntio n s three th at were worshipped u nder

fem ale n am e s Al L att ah Al U zz ah , and M an ah
,
-
, .

The rs t ad a temple at N akla n e ar T aif the ,

se c o n d w as adored by the Koreish and the third by

the tribes o f H od ail a nd K o z aa M a nah i s de .

scri b ed a s a ru de u n sh apely block o f sto ne o f a

mh m
,

bl a ck c olo ur fo u r fe et high and two bro ad x e d o n

h
h
, , ,

a golde n pedest al Five other idols are specied in

the K or an : W add wo rshipped under the hu m an ,

gure by the tribe of K elb S aw ah a fem al e deity

, , ,

a dored by the tribe of H a m a d an ; Y ank bore the

resembl anc e O f a hors e ; N a sr th a t of an e agle ; and
I

Y ag u t a pop u l a r deity in Yem en th a t of a lio n

, , .

Hob al w a s o ne of the m ost famo u s o f these idols .

This st atu e bro u ght from Belk a in Syri a w as the
, ,

g ure of a an m a de o f red agate and pl a ced on the ,

top of the K aab a n e ar the im age s o f Abr ah a m and

,

I shm a el H avi n g by som e a c cide nt lost the h and

m h
h
.

th a t held the divi ni ng arrows the Koreish sub sti ,

tu te d o n e O f gold Aro un d him stood a sw arm of

.

i nferior deities which ad a c c u m u l ated to the nu

,

ber of 3 60 so th at at Mec c a alo n e the Arabs might

a ppro a ch a fresh obj ect of devotio n every d ay in the
ye ar The H an i te s ad a l u mp of dou gh for their
.

god ; which in c a ses o f e x treme fami n e they u sed

, , ,

a s the E gypti ans did their le eks and g arlic at ,

o nc e for worship and for food The im ages O f .

e n wom e n b e a sts an d birds which crowd ed t e

, ,
1
94 CH A R A CT E
E
were written to e x po u n d their d o c tr
c ate their au thority
R,

in e S a nd vi ndi

M u ch w as do n e in this w ay by the ze al and l abo urs

.
A
M NN R S, A N D C U S T O M S

m
of O rige n a presbyter of Ale x andri a ; who in poi nt

m
, ,

o f e r u ditio n w as the gre atest l u mi nary o f the ch u rch

,

in his tim e We le ar n from E u sebi u s th at o n the

hh h
,
.

i nvit atio n of an Ar ab pri nc e he rep aire d to t h at ,

c o untry and s u c c eeded in c o nvertin g a c ert ai n tribe

,

o f Bedo u i n s to the C hri sti an fa ith His Service s .

in beh alf of the disciples in Ar abi a were likewise

h

signalized in the eld of c o ntroversy A sect O f .

philosophers a d a rise n there the followers of a ,

m a ster whose obsc u rity as c o n c e aled i from the

k n owledge O f s u cc e edi ng age s who den ied the i ,

m ort ality o f the so u l O rige n w as s u mmo ned to

h
O ppose these eretics : in a full co u n cil he dispu ted
theirte n ets with su ch ability a nd s u cc ess th at they ,

a b a ndo n e d their errors and ret u r n ed to the ortho do x

belief Am o n g other c o nversio n s a chieve d by the

*
.

a rgu m e nts of this F a ther we nd th at of B e r y llu s

m
, ,

bishop o f Bosr a who a d e spo u sed the doctri n e s o f

,

the Mo n ophysites U nable to resist the eloqu e nt .

re a so ni ng of his ant ago ni st he c an didl y yielded the ,

hh
c au se a n d a g ai n avowed himself a believer in the
,

pre e x iste n c e of Christ s divi ne n at ure

-

.

In the third an d fo u rth c e nt u ries Ar abi a bec a me

h
h
,

the c omm o n a syl u m for n umero u s victims o f perse

o u ti e n u n der the R om an emperors chiey of the

h h
,

m
J a c obite or M O IIO p y site pers u a sio n At th at tim e .

the pri nci p al Christi an tribes were those o f Ha y ar ,

R abi ah T a g l ab B ahr a T anu c

, , a nd p art of T ai and , ,

K od a a N e arly all the i nh abit an ts o f N ej e r

m
. an
.

were Christi a ns in the reig n o f D uno w a s The .

G assanite s ad be e n c onverted at a very e a rly

period Abulfed a st ates th at m any chu rc e s were
.

h
pl anted in Hir

hhh
a Mo nd ar decl ared w ar ag ai nst the
.

E mperor J u sti ni an fo rO ppre ssi ng the J acob ite s on,

a cc o unt of their s upposed heterodo x y ; so we ay

M os ei C r H ist ol I c

s u c .
v . . ap . v.
 OF TH E
EE
hh AN C I NT AR A S . 1
95

h
pre sum e th at Chri sti anity m u st h a ve bee n the p O pu
laror est ablishe d religio n there Procopi u s as a .

rem ark which c orrobor ates thi s s u ppositio n ; for he

h
a ss e rt s th at
,
the disciples O f C h r

i st ad lled the
pr ovin ce s O f Ar ab ia wi th the chu rches of G od
.

W ether or no t the n ative s possessed a versio n

m
of the S cript u res in their o w n ton gu e i s a poi n t
un determi ned by direct evide n ce N O tr an sl atio n i s
.

kn own to h ave e x isted ; b u t Gibbo n i n fers from t e ,

pr a ctic e o f the s y nagogu e in e x po u ndin g the lesso n s

in the ver n a c ul ar d ialec t of the co u ntry an d from ,

the a ssertio n s of the F athers in the fth c e nt u ry ,

th at the S cr iptu re s were tr an sl ated in to all the

b arb ari c l ang uages th at the C hristi an Ar abs pos
,

sessed copie s of the Gospel in their o w n idiom .

A n other and a s tro nger presu mption in favo u r of thi s

h
i nfere n c e i s th at a nu b er of episc op al se es were

m
,

e st ablished in differe nt p a rt s o f Ar abi a ; an d we c an

h ardl y im a gin e these ve n er able prel a te s to h av e
bee n e n tirely witho u t tr an sl atio n s o f the religio u s
books they were app ointed to te a ch N or i s it .

lik ely t a t O rige n who disp uted with the schism atic al
,

doctors and did so m u ch to tr an scribe the G ospel

,

into other to n gu es wo uld h a ve n eglected this m ode

,

h
o f co nverti n g the idol atro u s Ar abs In the n orther n .

provin ce s nu m ero u s d io ce ss e s a re m en t io n ed ; S u ez

h h h
,

Si nai Feir a P etr a Ak ab a or A il ah B osra and

, , , , ,

other pl a c es co uld bo a st of ep isc op al di gnit ar ies at

,

a very e a rly pe r iod of C hristi anity ; a n d som e o f

h
h
them are m e ntio n ed a s t ak in g p art in t e disc u s

h
'

sio n s o f the ge ner al co un c ils The J a cobite s in .

h
Ir ak ad two bishops both s ubj ect to t e M afr ian or

h
,

h
'

metropolit an of the E a st ; o ne of them re sided a t

h
Ak u l a (n e ar B agd ad ) the ot er who w a s styled
, ,

Bishop of the S ce nite Ar abs ad is se a t at Hir a

, .

The N estori a n s in th at d i stri ct ad b u t on e bishop ,

w o w as imm edi ately s u bj e ct to their o w n p atri arch .

T e tribe of T a i ad l ike w ise t e ir prel ate b u t the

e x te nt o f hi s j u r isdictio n a s n o t bee n ve r y cle arly
d e ned In Ar abi a Fe li x we nd three b is op r
. ick s:
 E
h
h E
m
1
96 CH AR ACT R, A
M N N R S , A ND C U S T O MS

N ej e r

hm
r a n d Ade n ; and it i s pr ob able th a t

*
an , D afa ,

S anaa D a m ar and other tow n s u nder the Abyssi n i an

, ,

ki ngs e nj oyed a simil ar disti n ctio n Abo ut the tim e

, .

o f D u n o w as w e nd G r e g antiu s bishop o f D a far , ,

c elebr ated as a c o ntroversi al ist ; tho u gh hi s e x p loits

in c o nv erti ng the H a y ar ic J ews m u st be rej ected
a s a n e x tr a v ag ant fa ble .

As Ar abi a ad be e n a ki nd O f s an ctu ary for the

pr e scr ib e d a nd perse c u ted e x iles of all s ects a nd
d e nomi na ti o n s we ay n at ur al ly s u ppose th a t its ,

ch urches w ere overru n with the prev a ili ng errors

a nd c orr u pt i o n s which u nh a pp ily were so o n gr a fted
o n the p u re an d simple doctri n e s of the a postle s

h
.

The fa cility with which the Ar abs embr a c ed the

h
a bs u rditie s O f p a g an ism seem s to h ave disposed them
to a like re a di n ess in falli ng in with the Christi an
heresies The pri n ciples o f the Ebio nite s and N a

. .

z ar e n e s who de n ied the divi n ity o f C hrist

,
O f the ,

N estori an s who t au ght th a t he ad n ot o nly tw o

n a t u re s b u t two perso n s an d of t e C ollyridi a n s
,

m
, , ,

who p aid di vi n e ho n o u rs to the Vir g i n M a ry were

E
,

widely prop a g ated am o n g them The l atter were .

e x tremely popul ar a mo ng the fem ale se x who ,

j u dged it n ec e ss ary to appe a se the anger or c o urt the

m
E

favo u r an d protectio n of their blessed goddess by ,

E
lib atio n s s a cric es a n d obl at io n s of c ake s (colly
, ,
a

m
At th at period the e ndless schisms a n d here s ie s
th at r

m m
e nt a s u nder the e ntire fabric of C hristi an ity

h h
m
ay be s a id to h a ve be e n in their ze n ith The Mil
;

l e nar

hh
ian with his tho u s an d ye a rs of celesti a l felicity

h h h
,

h hh
S al e , P re li D iss se ct i p 3 0 , P ocock e , p 3 6

h h
. . . . . . .

Pe r er r
is t e e x p r e ssion o f S t A
11
f

ab ia Au

h
ax e se on

h
h h
ie nt p 222
.

g u st ine .H otting e r H ist O r 3 O la u s C e lsiu s ,

. .
, .
-
.

H ist L ing Ar
. ab .ic X i e ne s ( r
R od e r
T e s ins O f t e a s te r
c b is op o f T ol e d o ) ,
. A
n cou nt r

h
H ist . rAab c i . . .
ies, and c ie y
t e ird a nab le e re sie s aste ne d G od s j u d g e nts up on t e .

.

In t e se w e ste r n par ts, ere sie s, l ike a n a n g le , ca u g t S ing le

a g ne t , to o k w ole p r
A o v1
per ic in sia , like a d r
1
n es
s on s , w
p :
1
- .

F ul lers IIo ly JV a ir c, b i c G i d e Ha r b

an
es
p p
'
.
. . . .
. .

ut
yc . A n na l .
 m
E
EE
E
h
1

h
98 L IF O M O H MM D A .

religi o n and m or als O f heretic al divi sio ns and

h
Of ,

cleric al d ege ner a cy which p ave d the w ay for the

,

E
dow n fall of t e E a ster n C h u rch ; and s u ch were the

E
fav ou r able O pport unitie s held Ou t to the d a ri n g fan a

E
ticis o f t e Ar abi an Prophet for est ablishi ng th at
giga ntic su perstitio n w i ch s o so on threw its b ale
'

ful sh a dow over the rst c o n qu e sts o f the a po stle s ,

and the faire st provi n c es o f C hristi an ity

m
.

E
E
h h mm
h
C HA P T R VI

m
.

h h h h
L IF A

m
OF M OH M M D

h
.

E m
C ontr ad i t ry V ie w s O f M o L ife and C ar
ed s

a ct e r H is

m
c o a

h
d u cationV i c a ntM ar

hh
B ir t a nd sits S yr ia as a M e r rie s

h
K ad ija Affe cts a n a u ste r e a nd r e tired L i fe P r

h
op ose s to

h
r e fo r R e li i A es t e T i tle and O f ce o f t e p ost le A

h
m
g o n ssu

o f G od H i ts nn ou nce s p u b l icly is pr

h
m
s fir st C onv e r A op et i c

h
M issio nH is u nfa v o u r o nH i

h h
m
ab le R e c e p ti s Pr o se ly te s in

m
hh
e a se M ir a cle o f sp litt in g t e M o o nT e fa

m
cr ou s N ig t

h
m
hh
Jou r ne y to H e av e n H IS S e c r e t L e a g ue w it t e M e d inia n
tsT e i to De at H is

h hh
C o nve r K ore is r e so lv e to pu t

m
sc a p e a nd F lig t to M e d i na P r o clai s a H ol y W a r a g ainst
t e ln d e lsB a ttle o f Be d r

h h
De fe at O f t e M osle s a t O u d

h
mh h
Q uarre l w it t e J e w sSie g e o f Me d ina x pe d ition to

h
E
M e cca , a nd T r u ce w it t e ore is S ie g e a nd C ap itula tion
K
tte pt to p oison t e P rop e tM o a e d

h
of K aib a r A
sen d s L e t te r s a nd A b assa d or s to Fo r e ig n C o ur tsR e sp e ct
s ow n i b y is Foll ow e r s B a ttle of M u taC apt u r e of
M e cca b y t e M osle sD e ol ition o f Id o ls and I a g e s
B a ttle O f H ona inS u r re nd e r o f T a if x p e ditio n to T a b u c
'

In cr e a se d P o w e r a nd S u c ce ss o f M o a e d H is v ale dicto r y
P ilg ri a g e to M e cca His Sickne ss and De a t His p e r so n a l

Ap p e a ra nce -
H is p r
iv a te C a r

a nd C on c u b in e sHis su p p o se d I
a ct e r
g nor
a nd H a b its
an ce of L e tte r
H is W ive s
s C on
c lu d ing R e e c tions .

TH of Moh am m ed and the pec u li ar institu

life ,

tio n s of which he w a s the au thor h ave bee n tre ated ,

a t gre a t le n gth an d by an i n nite n u mber O f w riters ;

,

som e o f whom h ave spoke n of them in a to n e o f

 E
E
m
L IF o rM O H A M M D. 1
99

bitter hostility others in a style of p anegyric th a t

, ,

hh
destroys all co nde n c e in t h e ir ver a c ity The n ar .

r a tiv e s o f the M u ss ul m ans themselves from w h o m ,

it w a s n a t ur al to e x p ect the m ost a uthe ntic and

satisfa ctory a c c o u nts a s bei n g the c ollectors i f no t
, ,

the a ct u al wit n esses of the circ u s t an c e s they

,

rel ate ar
, e u n s a fe g ui de s These w riters ad a deep
.

i nterest in the fa me o f their prophet which a s ,

ti n ged the ir hi storie s with e x treme p arti al ity a nd ,

m u st gre atly depreci ate the v al u e o f their testimo ny

h
.

The C hri sti an ann alist s we c an h ardl y s uppose to

h
be more tr u stworthy in thi s p artic u l ar th a n their

h h hh
Moh ammed an O ppo n e nts H at in g both the creed .

an d the apostle of the in d e ls it i s n o t likely they ,

wo ul d give a fair represe nt atio n eve n of the tru th ;

o rth a t they wo uld spre a d any reports b u t s u c as
w ere to is prej u dic e and which might ten d to bring

h
,

is impio u s forgerie s i nto derisio n .

Tho u gh m u ch un c ert a i nty on t is su bj e ct a s '

bee n rem oved by o u ri n cre a sed a cq u a i nt a n c e with
the liter atu re of t e E a st a nd a m ore c an did spirit ,

o f in ve st iga tio n i ntrodu ced there still rem a i n s c o n ,

m
sid e r ab le obsc u rity respecti ng the perso n al history

*
m
o f Moh am med The n arr ative s of is life a r
. e broke n

and disj oi nted rest i ,

n g som etim es o n eq u ivoc al evi
de nc e and ve r y ofte n e nveloped in a thick clo u d of

hhh
h h
h m
,

s upern at ur al wo nders th a t m ake s it di f c ult to

h h
,

m
hhh
s ep ar ate betwee n e arth an d he ave n or discrimi n a te ,

h
the e x a ct bo un ds of tru th an d ctio n To dign i fy .

h
h
T e a u t or av e w r itte n L iv e s of M o a

mm mm
s w o e d it

hhh
w oul d b e ted ious to e n u e r a te T e b e5t r ab ic b iogr ap y y e t A

hh h
.

discov e r e d is t a t b y A
bu lfe d a w ic w as t r a nsl ate d into L a t in
1

hh
7 2
,

in 3 an d illu str a t ed w it c0 p iou s n o te s b y J o n G a g nie r

h h
, ,

A
P ro fe ssoro f rab ic a t O x for d T is w or k , fo ra M u ssu l a n , is
.

can d id a nd j u d ici ou s . A
l B e id aw i, S a re sta ni A l Jann abi ,

N u v a iri, M ir c o nd a nd ,
o st o f t e o t e ro r ie n ta l isto ria ns a r e ,

fu ll of l e g e nd s a nd n o t w o r
,
t n ot ic in g er e : t ey av e bee n

c onsulte d a n d co p i o u sl y u se d b y D H e r b e lo t a nd t e a u t o r s of

t e Un iv e r sal H i s to ry (M od P a r t, v o l T e L ive s o f MO
'

. .

a ed , n ot er e tr a nsla tio n s, b u t c o piled fr o v arious

 m
m
m
m
2
00 L IF E o r o n sn
.

these r everie s with the na m e of history wo ul d be

a n i n s ult to c omm o n se n se while to disc ard them
e ntirely wo ul d h ave shor n in the opi n io n of all tru e ,

M u ss ulm an s the ch ar a cter of their prophet of its

,

gre atest glory W e h a ve deem ed it the more proper

h
.

c o u rse to record the st ate m e nts of these authors as

we fo und them ; s atised th at the bro a d line of
sep ar atio n bet w ee n the prob able and the ir
, a cu
lou s will of itself poi nt o u t to the re ader wh at he
,

o u ght to rej e ct an d wh a t t o believe It falls no t to .

t e lot of ordi n a ry m ort al s for in st an c e to be , ,

e x empted from origi nal sin to c o nverse famil iarly ,

with angels to split the mo o n or m ake a perso nal

, ,

e x c ursio n thro u gh the seve n he ave n s ; yet these and
other m arvello u s e x ploits are gr avely a scribed to

h
the Ar abi an apostle S u ch ridic ulou s e x t r av agan ce

h
.

h
st ands self refuted a nd requ ires n o antidote or

m
-

h
,

m
c o ntr a di ctio n .

m
Moh amm ed (or M ahomet as he is improperly ,

hm
c alled ) w as bor n a t Mec c a ; b u t the precise d ate of

h h h
m
hi s birth as bee n disp u ted The compu t atio n most

h
m m
.

ge ner all y approved a s x ed it in the 5 69t ye ar o f

h h h
m

o urc r o n olo gy The c al um ny of his e arly Chris

h
h
h
m
E
h hh
t ors are inn u e r ab l e T at b y D e an P r

m
id e aux p u b lis e d
17
au

hh h h
m
, . .

in 69 , a s b e e n lon g p o pu l ar; it is l e ar n e d b u t d u ll , co p i le d

hh
m
h
fr su spic io us au t o r itie s, and t ainte d w it p r ej u d ice T e
1
o

h
7

m m
.

o ne b y t e C o unt d e B ou la i n ll ie rs, w ic app e ar e d in 3 0 , is

m
h
m
d e se r ving o f no c r ed it, e it erforits se nti e nts o rits consiste ncy

h
m
h h
It is a p r el i ina r y e ssay orr a nce r at er t an a "
w it fa ct o

h h
m
.

m
isto r y , b e in g a ere fr ag e n t, an d b rin g in g t e life of t e P r o

mm
p e t on ly d o w n to t e ft y e aro f is iss ion T e le ar ne d

h
h h
.

A bb M a r a cci p r e x e d a life , fu ll o f b it te ri nv e c tiv e , to is

h h
Tr ansla tion a n d R e fut a tion o f t e oran (in G a gnie r K

hh
p ile d a b iogr in 2 v o ls , fr or a n a nd t e b e st K
1
co ap y o t e

h h
3 2 H e is i par 7
,

A ra b ic a u t o r s, in tial ; b u t e w r ite s lik e a

.

M u ssul an r e cor
, d in g fa cts and fab le s, ir a c le s and visi o ns,
w it t e sa e i p e r tu r b ab le sole n ity , a nd w it o ut a single
re ar k . T at p r e x e d t o S a va r y s Tr

a n sl a tio n o f t e K or an i s
a n e x ce l le nt a b r id g e nt o f t e P r o p e t s L ife
1

7
.

O rin 5 , t e lu na rr e ck onin g of t e rab s aki ng a di f A e

fe re nce o f ore t an tw o y ear s l acin and Ab u lfar . a g e ad op t

02
2
a
L IF E
E
m OF MO H

bride b ut s ighed to be the o ther of a m ale child

The sole fr u it of this un io n w a s Moh a mm ed Hi s
father bei ng the n abse nt with the c ar av an s in S yri a
A MM D .

.

.

h
t o pu rch a se a s u ppl y o f provisio n s (for it w as a tim e
o f sc arcity ) di ed at Medi na o n hi s ret u r n ; an d whe

h
,

m
ther this eve nt to ok pl a c e be fore or two m o nths
a fter the birth (a c cordi n g to Ab ulfed a) it appe ars ,

c ert ai n he n ever saw this wo n derful i nfant C u t o ff .

in the ower of life is orph an child w as left in the

'

cr a dle to the c are of a w id o w e d m other A dversity

m
.

seem ed to be is o nly p atrim ony ; for Abd all ah ,

tho u gh o f roy al li n e a ge w as poor ; a nd in the divi

,

sio n of hi s i nheri ta n c e the prophet s sh are w as b u t

hh
,

ve c am els a n d a n Ethiopi an sl ave n am ed B ar a c a

, , .

O n the seve n th d ay the ve ner able Ab d o l o tall e b

m
,

m ade a S ple n did e n tert a i nm e nt to the gr andees o f

his tribe ; and o n this j o y o u s o c c a sio n the i n fa nt
rec eived the n am e of Moh amm ed c o ntr a ry to the

h
,

remo n str an c es of the Koreish w o wou ld h ave pre ,

ferre d a n am e th t a heredit ary in the fa ily
a w s

N o t c o nte n t with the n a rr at ive of simple fa cts

the credu lo u s s u perstitio n of the Ar abs a s tlir ow n

h h
a h alo o f w on ders ro u n d the i n fa n cy of their apos
tle Tho u gh destitu te o f worldly we alth his birt
.
,

w as ri ch in prodi g ie s L ike th at of other gre at e n

m
who h ave a sto nished the world it w as a ccomp anied ,

by sig ns in he ave n a nd mir a cles o n e arth The

m
.

h h
pr O p e tic light th a t s u rro un ded him served his m o

m
ther for a l amp an d sho n e with a brilli an cy th at

m
m
.

m
i ll u mi n ated the c o u ntr y as fara s S yri a : the s acred

m
m
hmmmm
re o f the P ersi an s which a d b ur ned witho u t ia
,

ter r

h
up tio n for a tho u s an d ye ars w as for ever e x ti

h
,
n
a c e of K o o sr

h
the p l re nt by an

h
g u i s e d ; a o o w a s

h
ea rthqu ake and fo ur te e n of its towers levelled with

h
h
,

the g r o id ; eve nt s th a t p r e g ur e d the fa il ure of the

_

T is na e is t e p ast p ar ticiple of t e v e r b H a a d , and sig

r or ost g lo r Isla , t e r

ni e s t e i d i elig ion

p a s e , o u s .

of Mo a e d , a nd M o sle o rM u ssul a n , co e fro t e sa e

r
o ot , l
es a . w ic e a ns conse crat e d or d e d icate d to G od .
 I
L F EE
o r M O H A MM
roy al li n e of Persi a an d the su bj u gatio n o f tha t

king s .
,

c o untry by the Ar abs a fter the reign o f fo u rtee n

,

A v a st m u ltit u de o f other ctio n s an d s uper n at ur al

D . 2
03

rog nostic atio n s e qu ally e x tr
av a g ant were c arefu lly
p

m h
, ,

collected by his biogr aphers They were d e y o utly

h
.

believed eve n du ri n g hi s life by his credulo u s fol

, ,

lowers ; hu ndreds o f whom were to be fo u n d who

"
, ,

o n their o ath wo uld h ave attested the re ality of

,

them These solem n wo n ders were obvio u sly i

.

ve nted and prop a g ated w ith a view to a ssimil ate

the birth of their prete n de d apostle to th a t of the
Foun der o f C hristi a n ity ; m any of the S cripture
te x ts p r e g ur ing the o ne an d the m arvello u s cir
,

cu st anc e s a c c omp anyi n g his n ativity as recorded ,

in the a pocryp h al go spels of St Thom a s an d St

. .

B ar nab a s bei n g liter ally appropri ated to the other

, .

m
The nu rtu re and edu c atio n of her on ly child ad
devol ved o n Ami n a ; b u t the c u stom of the Ar abi an
n obility a n d the u nwholesom e airo f Me c c a m a de

h
, ,

it n ecess ar y to deleg ate thi s m atern a l t a sk to other

h an ds ; a nd the n a me s o f the di ffere nt nu rse s th a t
s u ckled this rem ark able i nfant the m ost c elebr ated ,

h
m
o f whom w as H alim a of the tribe of S aab h a ve bee n
, ,

scr u p ul o u sly re corded These facts however as

.
, ,

well a s is spe aki ng in the cr adle and his p u r i ca ,

tion fro origi n al sin by an an gel we le ave to be ,

stu d ied in the legen d ary p ages o f the Moslem bio

h h
gr ap e r s .

m m
In his six th ye a r Moh am m ed w as deprived o f hi s

h
mother Thi s se c o n d c a l amity threw him e ntirely
.

o n the ch a rity of hi s g r an dfather W ithi n te n ye ars

.

the ve ner able A bd ol o talle b e x pired at the ag e of

1
1

h
h
Ab u T al eb bec a m e is n e x t protector w o

hh
0

h
.
,

a ppe ars to h ave bee n the elde st so n an d s u cc essor

to his father s au t or
ity f
The un cle tre ated the

Pr id e a ux calls Ab d alla t e eld e st son, and B ou lainvillie rs

t e y oung e st Bot ar istaken (vid e S ale s

supp ose s i e .
2
04 L IF E
h
E
orph an boy with p aternal affectio n The pu re air
o rM O H A MM D .

h
.

a n d h a rdy nu trime nt o f the desert (the Ar abi an chil

dre n we nt qu ite n aked ) ad alre a dy l a id the fou nd a
tio n of a rob u st co n stit utio n ; the elem e nts o f a

h
ro u gh and sc anty ed u c a tio n were n o w s upplie d by
the ki ndne ss of his rel a tive .

A bl ank of ve ye ars as bee n lled u p with ln

W e can o nly c o n clu de th at bei ng de sign ed

h
v e ntion s .

for a merc antile life his i n str u ctio n s were likely to

h h
be s uit able to is p r o fe ssio n At the ag e o f thir
'

te e n he m a de a c om merci al j o u r n ey to Sy r i a in the
c ar av an o f his u n cle This e x peditio n i s b arre n o f
.

fa cts b u t the void is o c c u pied with i m a gi n ary a d

,

ve n tu res C ert a i n it is t a t here the yo u thfu l

.
,

m er ch an t ad an opport u n ity o f signalizi ng hi s cou

r age , or r ather servi n g his rst c a mp aig n in the
r anks of hi s cl an sm e n B u t tr adit io n as m a de thi s
. -

j ou r ney still m ore rem ark able by sever al wo n derful

E
h
i ndic a ti o n s o f hi s fu t u re elev atio n It w a s in the .

fair o f B osr a th at he i s alleged to h ave m et the c ele

br at e d N estori a n m o nk F eli x or S ergiu s s ur n a med
, ,

B ahir a who i s a c c u sed by the C hristi an writers o f

,

a fter w ard a ssisti n g him in the c o ntriv a n c e a n d c om

po sitio n o f the K or an Till his twe nty ft ye a r .
-

n othi n g further i s re corde d o f his history S om e .

m oder n writers s u ch as the C o u nt B o ulainvillie r

, s,
d uri n g this i nterv al h a ve schooled him in m ar
, ti al

h
e x ercise s ; i nu red him to hu nti n g and other m anly

m
p a stim es and c arried hi m in im a gi n ary voy age s

m m
,

ove r all the E ast b u t thes e w e o mit as th e y h ave ,

n o t the s a n ctio n o f any Ar abi a n au thor .

Hi s p robity and t ale nts for b u si ness i ntrod u ce d

him to the a cqu a i nt an c e o f K ad ij a a rich widow in ,

hh h
Mecc a She w as o f n oble e x tr a ctio n her father

h
.
, ,

K o w aile d bei ng of the tribe o f the K oreish

, n .

P reli in Discou r
. se , se ct ii p Ab ul fe d a
. ak e s H a
. . za
a ndA A l bb as b ot old e rt a n Ab u T ale b and y ou ng e rt an

7
,

A b d alla G ag nier, p 6
. . .
2
06

hEE
m
h
L IF o rM O H A MM D.

h
w hich bee n preserved recites in the simple
as , ,

m
style o f Ar abi an m ann ers the n oble li n e a ge o f the
,

bridegroom his be au ty virtu e i ntellige n ce and

, , , ,

p overty ; the reciproc al love s of the h appy p air ; and

a promise o n the pa rt of A b u T aleb to
p ay t e ar
r iag e dowry of
-
is n ephew which c o n sisted o f ,

twelve o unces of gold o r(a ccording to Ab ulfed a)

h
,

twe nty yo u ng c amels .

S om e h ave imputed a relu ct anc e o n the p art o f

the bride s father to this al li anc e a s disho n o ur able ,

to his family ; while others wo uld degr ade the c om

er cial a ge n t into a m ere driver of c a mel s or a

m e ni al serv ant in the ho u sehold of is mistress .

B oth s uppositio ns h ave origi nated in m al ice K a .

dij ah c o ul d s uffer no degr ad atio n in the e steem o f

her ki ndred by a m atch with the gr an dso n of thei r _

pri n c e y o u ng h andsome and affectio nate N either

, , , .

w as there any repro ach o f s ervitu de o rdisho n o u r in

h
the prosec u tio n o f c omm erc e It w a s a lu cr ative .

o c c u p atio n in which the n oblest and br ave st were

,

e ngaged . S overeign s re cko ned it n o i n dignity to

c omm an d their o w n c ar av an s This o f c e w as n o t
m erely a simple affa ir o f merch an dise it w as also

h
.

a milit ary e x peditio n where they , ad to defe n d

themselve s and their c argo from the robbers o f the .

desert To co nd u ct an escort of this ki nd w as in

h
.

tr uth to s u peri nte n d the nance s o f the st ate and to ,

m ai nt a i n the freedom o f tr ade by repelli ng the ,

a ggressio n s o f tro uble som e a n d r ap a cio u s e n em ies .

W hether or how lo ng Moh a mm ed c o nti nu ed a fte r

h
his altered circ umst anc es to c ultiv ate hi s fort un e by
tr af c i s a q u e stio n th at as not be e n solve d no ri s
,

it of the sm allest import an c e C o nte nt with hi s .

dom estic virtu es K ad ij a be c a m e the mother of fou r

,

so n s and fou r d au ghters This we al thy alli an c e .

r e stored the heir of Abd all ah to the sple ndo u r o f is

an ce stors and to a st a tio n of equ ality with the ric
,

e st in Mec c a .

The tot al sile nc e o f hi s bio g r aphers for ft e e n

y e ars
mmm
h hhas
u rn o

here le ft a clou d of myste r

r

the life and a ctio n s o f Moh a mmed W e m erely

on a

y to h ang o n
nan .

.
07
2

mm
le ar n from Ab u lfed a th at G od ad i nspired
,
i with
a love of solit u de and retirem e n t ; and th a t eve r y
ye ar fo ra mo nth at a time he withdrew to the c ave

h
, ,

o f Moun t H ar a three mile s from Mec c a where he

, ,

de voted himself to fa sti ng pr ayer and m edit atio n , , .

This s tu died a nd s an ctimo nio u s au sterity w as n o

do ubt prep ar atory to his gr and design R etirem e n t
is not only the school of ge n iu s it i s the tti n g

m
.

nu rsery of e nthu si a sm The pr a ctic e as bee n c om

.

o n in all c o u n tries It i s a mid the solitu de s o f

.

g rove s and grottoes farrem o ved from the b u stle a n d

,

distr a ctio ns of the world th at the mi n d of the vis io n

,

ar y nds its proper eleme nt : wit ness the c o nverse

o f Mi n os with Jove o n Mo un t I d a and the nightly ,

visits which Nu a received from his fabled nymph

Egeri a The or a cle s o rspiritu al bei ngs they co ns ult
.

dwell no t in citie s or crowds b ut a o ng the echoes

h
,

of woods and rocks The affected secl u sio n o f the

.

Ar abi an impostor w as c o n form able to th at of other

h
e nthu si a sts In the solem n obsc u rity of H ar a he
.

l aid the fo und atio n o f his fut ure g re at ness ; for it

w as in the sile n c e o f th a t retre at th a t he me dit a te d
the schem e o f is religio n perh aps the s ubj u gatio n ,

of his c ou ntry .
A

It as be e n m atter of c o ntroversy whether in ,

these tr an s a ctio n s Moh a mm ed o u ght to be regarded

as a c unn i n g k nave or the d u pe of e nth u si a sm .

The poi nt is sc arc ely worth the dispu ti ng ; for no

hh
imposture civil or religio u s w a s ever s u cc essfu l
, ,

w ithou t a mi x tu re of both H ad the A r abi an ad .

ve nt u rer bee n the mere dupe of a he ated im agi na

tio n he might h ave co nti nu ed to pre a ch his do c

tri n es with all the fervou r of an apostle a m o ng the ,

tribes of the desert or t e te nts of t e pilgrim s ; b ut

hi s piety wo u ld h ardly h ave dre a med of c u tti ng its
w ay with a s w ord to a tempor a l thro n e F anaticism .

w as w ith him an e arlier p a ssi o n th an ambitio n and ,

m
m E
E
h
2
08 r
Li n o r M U H A MM D .

o st likely s u ppli e d the rst m ateri als for the gre a t

politic a l str u ct ure which he afterw ard re ared o n
thi s b a sis I n ste ad of religio u s i n nov atio n s a d hi s
.
,

ai bee n m erely s e c u l ar a ggr a ndizeme nt there w as ,

m u ch in the c o nditio n both o f his o w n a nd the su r

r o u ndi ng natio n s fa vo u r able to his revolutio n ary
proj ects N o u s u rper perh aps ever e nj oyed these
.
, ,

a dv a nt a ges to a gre ater e x te n t N o rc an w e su p

.

pose th at a vigoro u s and reecti n g mi nd like his ,

e nl arged by tr a vel and observ atio n o n m an kin d ,

mh
c o u ld l a ck either c o urage or disc er n m en t to t u rn
them to his i nterest The politic al st a te of the
.

E a stern W orld w as wretched in the e x trem e x .

h an sted with c o nti n ual w a rs and e n erv ated by lux

,

ur y it c o uld o ffer little resist anc e to a ny aggr

, essor .

H ad the R om an empire ret a i n ed its pristi n e vigo u r ,

the Ar abi an here sy m u st h ave be e n i nst a ntly cru shed ,

o rdrive n to the i n a c c essible retre ats of the m o u n

t a i n s Its h apless fo un der m ight h ave be e n c on
.

d e ne d to the st ake by a c o u n cil of bishops or

h
,

c arried in ch a i n s a s a rebel to l an gu i sh o ut his d ays

in som e du ngeo n of the Greci an c apit al B u t this .

h
m ighty power a d falle n u nder the s u c cessors o f
,

C o n st a n ti n e i n to a st a te of we ak n ess and dec a y

, .

The G oths in the we st and the H u n s in the e a st

, ,

ad over r u n its n est provi n c es and m ade the o n c e

,

pote nt C e s ars trib u t ari es to a b a rb a ro u s c o nqu eror .

B ut wh atever i nform atio n Moh a mm ed ad or ,

wh atever use he de sign ed to m ake o f the ad v anta

ge o n s post u re of ori e nt al a ffairs hi s gr an d and e ar,

liest obj e ct o f atte ntio n w as the idol atry o f his

h
c o u ntrym e n H e did n o t prete nd to i ntrodu ce a
.

n ew religio n ; for th a t w o uld h ave al armed the

j e alo u sie s o f all p a rtie s and c ombi n ed their dis
,

c ord ant O pi ni o n s i nto a ge n er al oppositio n Hi s .

pro fessed obj ect w as m erely to restore the o nly tru e

a nd primitive fa ith s u ch a s it
, ad bee n in the d ays
o f the p atri a rchs a n d pro phets from Ad a m to the,

Me ssi ah The fund am e nt al do ctri ne o f this ancie nt

.
21
0 L IF E
E
ctio ns o f orie nt al im agi natio n The elem ents of
h
OF

its h appi n ess c o nsist ot i n p u re and spiritu al ple a

s u res These were t o o re n ed an d qu ite u n s u ite d
.

to the se n su al h abits of the Ar ab The u nlettere d

b arb ari an c annot c omprehe nd the n at u re of abstr a ct
e nj oyme nt or how it can be felt witho u t the age n cy
MO H MM D

.
A
.

.
.

o f the bodily org an s To these c a rn al ide a s Moh a m

.

m ed addressed his all u reme n ts p a i nte d in the g ayest ,

c olo urs th a t a l u x u rio u s fan cy c ou ld i nve nt G ar

mm
.

de ns fairer th an th at of Ede n w atered by a tho u s an d ,

stre a m s c ooli n g fo u nt ai n s a nd groves o f u n fadi ng

, ,

verd ure a dor n ed these h appy m an sio n s The de

, .

sire s O f the blessed i nh abit ants were to be gr atie d

with pe arls an d di a m o nds robe s o f silk p al a c e s
.

o f m arble ri ch wi n es golde n dishes bloom i ng

, ,

, , ,

girls m ade o f m u sk w ith bl a ck eyes of resple nde nt

, , ,

be au ty a nd virgi n pu rity W hile the se c ostly and .

e x qu isite i nd ulge nc es w ere provided for the m e an

e st believer the o st e x cr , uciating torm e nts th at

im a gi n a tio n c o u ld s u g gest were de n ou n ce d a ga i n st

all who refu sed to embr a c e the fa ith of Moh a m ed

h
.

S eve n hells di fferi n g in the de g ree of their p ai n

m
, ,

were to re c eive the d am n ed ; and the wretched su f

ferer m ight j u dge o f his terrible doom whe n he w as
i n formed th at the te n derest of the se pu n ishme nts

h
w as to e at b u r ning vict u a ls a nd to be shod with
shoe s o f re the he a t o f which woul d c au se is

E
EhE
,

sc ul l to boil like a c a ldro n

h
.

O n e other artic e w as w anted to give e ffe ct to

this pl au sible system the s anctio n of a Diy in e ,
'

au thority A s u c c essio n o f prophets ad alre ady

.

a ppe are d in the world to i n str u c t and reprove an

ki nd ever pro n e to w ander from the tr uth ; all o f
,

whom ad their crede nti als attested by He ave n .

In this c at al ogu e o f i nspired t e a chers Moh a mmed ,

determi n ed to e nrol himself It w as a bold b u t a .

n ecess ary policy ; a nd a cc ordi ngly n e x t to the ,

U N IT Y o n T H D iT v st an ds the sec o n d fun d a me n t al

ticle of the M u ssulm a n fa ith t at M O H A M M D is

ar ,
TH E
Eh
h
E
A P O S TL o rG ob

st ability for u pw ards o f 2

u rn 0F

O n these tw o pill ars the

o ne an eter n al tr uth the other an impio u s
,
.

the E aster n impo st ure a s rested with u n sh ake n

00 ye a rs
H avi ng at le ng th m at ure d is pl an s and a cqu ired
c tio n ,

1
A
M O H MM D

.
.

,
21
1

hh
,

a rep u t a tio n for s an ctity c orrespo n di n g in som e

me a s u r e with the h igh and ve n er able O ffic e he w as
a bo u t to a ss u me he no w resolved to m ake hi s pre
,

te n sio n s to revel atio n n o l o nger a secret His

h
.

fortieth ye ar w as the period chose n for ann o u nci n g

h h
his missio n to the world He ad retired a c c ordi ng .
,

to c u stom to the grotto o f Mo u nt H ar a a c comp anied

, ,

w ith som e of his dom estic s It w a s o n the 2 5t o f

the m o nth R am ad an the n ight styled in the Kor an
.

Al K adr or t e D ivi n e De cree

mm
h
,

, th at he rec eived ,

is i n st al m e n t i nto the apostolic o ffic e in a tru e

a nd n o ct ur n al visio n The arch angel G ab riel hi s
.
,

c o n d ant and or a cle in all is c elesti al c omm u ni

h
c atio n s de sc e n ded in a brilli ant form He held in

h
,
.

is h and a book bro u ght fro m the seve n th he ave n

1
.

R e ad e x cl aim ed the a n gel I c annot repli ed .
,

his aw e stru ck pu pil
- R e a d adde d the other
.
,in ,

the n am e o f God the Cre ator who h ath form ed

, ,

an and t aug ht him the u se o f t e p e n and lighted

, ,

is so ul with a r

up ay of kn owledge ! The Prophet
obey ed ; and a voic e immedi ately pro n o u n ced these

h
words Moh a mmed ! tho u ar t the apostle of

h

G od and I a G abriel
, This j oyfu l i n augur atio n
. .

i nto his mi n istry w as rec eived in sile n t wo nder ; the

h
angel h avi n g performed his p a rt a sc e nded slowly
, ,

a nd m aj e stic ally until he d is a ppe ared in the clo u ds .

The c o ndu ctor o f the I sr a elites ad prod u c ed the

P ent ate u ch an d the R edee mer o f m anki nd ad
,

t au ght the gospel This l a st of the prophets too
.
, ,

m u st h ave is bo ok ; and n ow for the rst tim e the , ,

K or an desc e nds to e arth It w as o n e o f the m ost .

skilfu l o f his a r ti ce s and to which he m ai nly owed

his s u c cess
,

th at i n ste ad o f c omm un ic ati ng thi s

,

c elesti al vol u me e ntire as the a rch an gel bro ught it

.
, ,
mE
E
m h
21
2

This s age an ueuv r

an po nti f
L IF
it w as doled ou t in morsels as s u ited his c o nve nie nc e
e g ave him a c omplete m a stery
over the or a cle s of He ave n for he c o uld m ake
them spe ak a c c ordi ng to circ um st an ce s The R o
f who at this very tim e (A D 606)
,
OF

ad
MO H A MM D .

.
.

.
.

begun to a ssert hi s cl aim t o univers al s uprem a cy ,

mi ght bo ast of the keys of Peter ; b u t Moh amm ed

h
m
held the keys o f Provide n c e with which he c o u ld ,

shu t or u nlock the g a te s o f revel atio n at ple a s u re .

This prete n ded i nterview with the arch an gel

mh
rested s olely o n the su spi ci ou s au thority o f his o w n
.

a sserti o n The rst perso n to whom he rel ated the

.

tidi ngs w as K a d ij a The d uti ful wife believed o r.

,

a ffe cted to believe the s acred fable with all its glo
, ,

rio n s ac comp anime nts ; a d with a s olem n o ath she n

de cl ared her c on victi o n th at he w as the t ru e apo stle

o f his n atio n Amo n g e n s aid the Prophet o n

.
,

this o c c a sio n m a ny h ave bee n foun d perfect ; b ut

o f w ome n only f o u r Asi a the da ughter o f Ph ar aoh ;
,

M a ry the d au ghter o f A r an R a dij a the wife an d

h
, , ,

F a tim a the d au ghter o f Moh a m m ed where it will

mh
, ,

be observed that with si n gu l ar m odesty he i n cl udes

, ,

the h alf o f these fe m al e p ar a go n s in hi s o w n fa mily .

The se con d p r o se ly t e w as hi s c o u si n Ali the so n

h
, ,

o f A b u T al eb the n o nly eleve n y e ars o f ag e whom

, ,

he ad bro u ght u p in his o w n family with a fatherly

te nder ne ss Hi s sl ave Z a id w as the third c o nvert
.
, , .

W h atever might h a ve b e e n his sc ru ples they were ,

m m
overc om e by the promise o f liberty ; and the gr a te

ful dom estic rec o gn ised with j oy t e d ivi nity o f a

m a ster from who he e x p ected and obt ai n ed his
freedom

h
.

The ne x t and m ost import ant o f is c o nversio n s

h h
w as th at o f Abd all ah s u r na m ed A b u Beker an , ,

O p ule nt citize n o f Me c c a He w as a m o st ze al o u s .

M u ss u lm an ; and bei ng a perso n o f g re at au tho r

, i ty
a m o n g the Koreish he prev a ile d o n ve of the pri n
e n in the city
,

c ip al O thm an A b d alr an S aad

Zo b e ir and Tel ato j oi n th e sta nd a rd o f t e Pro
a , , ,

.
21
4

ey
E
m
m
m
e s on A b u T aleb as i f to i nqu ire whether the
rights and ho no u rs o f a father were t o be vio
L IF

l ated by re nderin g obedie n c e t o the au thority of hi s

o w n so n
F arfr o
'
.

b e ing si e nc e d by this ridic u le , o rd is .

OF

1
a na a nn .

m
k

cour a g e d by the u n fa vo ur able re ceptio n o f hi s rst

pu blic a ttemp t the i ntrepid a postle l abo u red w ith,

-

i n defatigable ze al an d m a rched o nw a rd with nu

_ ,

sh ake n re solu tio n to the n a l a cc omplishm e nt o f his

desig n s N o repro a ches Ora ffro nts c o uld d amp hi s
.

a rdo u r for he bore them a pp a re ntly witho u t rese n t

,

m e nt ; while every artic e W a s employed to s ub d u e

oppo sitio n B u t it w as t o the forc e o f hi s n atu r al

m
.

eloqu e n c e a s a pre a cher a nd the fert ility o f hi s ,

ge n i us th at he m a i nly tr u sted
,
O n solem n fes .
s

t iv al s an d in the tim es of pilgrim a ge he freq u e n ted

, ,

the temple a nd a c co sted the str a n gers o f every

,

provi n c e Their im agin atio n s a nd their p a ssio ns

.

were a lter na tely e x cited by thr eats an d pr omi se s .

To the believe rthe c ar nal e nj oym e n ts o f pa r a di s e

wer e liber ally o ffered ; while for the i n del c ol

hm
, ,

l ars ch ai ns a nd torme nts u nu tter able were l aid u p

, ,

in store .

'

The pe ople trembled for their gods which alre ady ,

m
se em ed toppli n g fro t hei rpedest al s The K orei sh .
,

e spe ci al ly dre aded the e ffe cts o f his ze al They

, .

beheld the worship which w a s thei r chi e f m e an s

o f s u pp ort thre a te n ed with e x ti n ctio n ; a nd they

h h
re solved to cr u sh in t e birth thi s attempt to sap
the fo u n d ati o n of their we alth a nd c o n sequ e n c e A

.

dep u t atio n O f the pri n cip al e n of the tribe l a i d

their fe ars and c ompl ai nts be fore A b u T aleb : U
le s s thou impos e sile n c e o n thy n ephe w and check ,

h h
is au d a city we sh all t ake a rm s in defe n c e o f o u r
,

g ods .The tie s o f blood sh all n o t restr ain u s fro

dr aw in g the sword a nd we sh all s ee o n which sid e ,

victory will decl are itself Al armed a t these m e .

n a ces he serio u sly e x horted the Prophet to ab and o n

,

hi s r a s a nd impr a ctic able schemes Sp are t y .

r

h h
e mo nstr anc es
L IF

s a id the d ari ng fanatic ; tho ugh
E
mE o r MO H A M M D .

1
25

m
,

the idol aters sho u ld a r a g ai n st m e th e sun and the

m oon pl anti ng the on e o n my right h an d and the
,

other on my le ft it wo u ld n ot divert m e from my

m h
,

resol utio n Me anwhile the K oreish nd i n g th at
.
,

n eit e r thre ats n o r e ntre atie s c o uld prev a il in a p ub ,

lic a ssembly of their whole tribe pro n ou nc ed se n ,

te nc e 0 f e x ile a g a i nst all who ad e mbra c ed the

~

h
reli gio n of Isl am .

Five ye a rs of the Prophet s m issio n ad el apsed ;
a n d hi s s u c c ess ay be estim a ted from the tr adi
tio n th at of hi s di sc iples who were no w compelle d

m
, ,

to seek refu ge in volun t ary b an ishm e nt o nl y eighty ,

t r e e e n an d eightee n wom e n beside s childre n , ,

h
retired to Ab y ssinia W hile he rem a i ned e x p o se d

h
to this tempest of i n dignatio n at Me cc a a fortun ate ,

a c cid e nt bro u ght an import an t a c ce ssio n to his p arty

in the c o nversio n o f two disti n gu i shed in dividuals

the br ave H a mz a o n e o f hi s un cles an d O m ar the , , ,

sec o n d o f the c aliphs The K oreish ad secretly

h
.

m
plotted is de ath ; and there w a s o nly w anted an

h
ar bold e n o u gh to strik e the blow The fero

h
-
.

c io ns O m ar agreed to b e the a ss as si n ; b u t whether

thro u gh the remo n str anc e s of a fri e nd o r a c c ord

h
, ,

E
ing to Ab ulfed a by he ari ng a fe w s u blim e verse s ,

o f the K or an re ad i n ste a d o f pl un gi ng is d agger ,

in the bre a st o f t e a postle the m u rderer w as

'

1
tr ansform ed into o n e o f is m ost devoted pro se
y tes

mm
.

For ye ar s the K orei sh ad beheld with j e alo u sy

the risi ng pre e i n e n c e O f the fa mily o f H a shem

m m
-
.

Z e al for their n atio nal religio n imbitt ered tho se

hmh h
politi c al anim osities and served a s a clo ak to c over

h h
,

their m alic e A solem n decree w as p a ssed in the

h
. .

h
.

n a me o f the whole tribe e ng agi n g them selves to ,

On t is sub e cj t t e A b yssinian annal r s a e si

le nt ; a nd t e
Mo a e d an stat e ent as b een der
co nsi ed a ct io n L u
2
1p 2
ln Co en t a d
. H is t
iop p 84 . t . . . M a racci in P ro d ro , .
p .

G ag ei, no t a d A bul cd La V
'

f p de fa
'

ca c x.
'
. . . . . s . .
21
6 L IF EE OF A
M O H MM D .

h h
re n o unc e all c omm unic ati on with the H ashemite s ;
'

n either t o b uy norsell with them t o m arry n or ive

g ,

in m arri a ge ; b u t to p u rs u e them with impl ac able

e n mity u ntil they sho u ld deliver u p this d angero us

h
i nn ov ator to the re se ntm e nt o f the natio n and the ,

j u stic e o f t e gods whose wor ship he ad des erted .

The deed w as writte n o n p archme nt and sus ,

p ended o n the w all o f the K a ab a th at all eyes might ,

re ad it .

H avi n g n o se c u rity in t e city the persec u te d ,

fa ctio n withdrew to a stro nghold in the n eighbo u r

hood H ere they rem ain ed thre e ye ars in a st ate

h
.

o f sie g e the o nly i nterv al s o f their c aptivity bei ng

.

h h
the s a cred m o nths whe n hostilitie s were prohibited
, .

D u ri ng the c erem onie s o f the pilgrim a ge the tw o ,

fa ctio ns regu l arly met and frequ e ntly c am e to blows

, .

The or atio n s o f M oh a m med in the temple were O fte n

drow n ed a mid t e cl a shi n g o f swords and the e x

h h
hort a tio n s o f t e idol aters in beh al f o f their an ci e nt '

divi n ities

Hitherto the credit of A b u T aleb a d bee n the

hh
hh
m ai n a syl u m o f the apo stle and hi s followers and ,

w as perh aps the tr u e c au se of re sci n di n g the p r o

ib ito ry edict a,fter it ad s u bsisted ve ye ars .

De ath deprived him o f th at s u pport ; and withi n a

m o n th this dom esti c c al a mity w as followed b y an
other the loss o f K ad ij a in her 65t ye a r T e
,

'

h
, .

Prophet w as i n c o nsol able ; fo rhe ad al w ay s r e

g arded her with arde n t and undivided a ffe c tib n
D u ri ng the v e and
.

-
twe nty ye a r s o f thei rm arr i age
hi s delity w as irrepro a ch able ; and the rights o r
feeli ngs of the w ife w e r e n ever i n s u lted by the
.

h
s oci ety o f a riv al Hi s te ars and pr aises sp oke is
.

so r row lo n g a fter she w as i n the gr ave and his e x

c essive e n c omi u m s wo u n ded the pride o f her su c ~

c e ssor the yo u thful Aye sh a

, W as she no t o ld
.

,

s aid the pet ul ant a nd blo om i ng d au ghter of A b u

B eker and as n o t G od give n y o u a yo u n ger and
,

a better in her pl a c e t
N O tr uly replied the

, ,
 m
EE
h h
m
21
8 F
LI r MO H A MM D.

h
o

h
mir acle s were m ore nu mero u s th an those o f all the

h
i nspired t e a chers who ad go ne before him .

T e r

m
st o f these signa l perform an c es w as the

m

m ir acle o f the Splitti ng ; al lu di ng to hi s cle avi n g the
or

b of t e o on in tw ai n The K oreish W ishing

.
,

to co nfo u nd i before the eye s o f hi s fellow c iti -

z ens ad ch al le n ged him to verify hi s cl aim s by

h
,

bri ngi ng th at l u mi nary from he ave n in pre se n c e o f

the whole a ssembly M oh a mmed a c cepted the pro
.

p o sal with c o n de n c e At his c omm an d the sky

.

w as d arke n ed at n oo n ; whe n the obedie nt pl an et

m
,

tho u gh b u t ve d ays old appe ared full orbed le aped -

h
, ,

from the r a e nt and bou ndi n g thro ug the air

, , ,

alighted o n the s u mmit o f the K aab a which it e n ,

circle d by seve n di sti n ct revol u tio ns T ur n i ng to .

the Prophet it did him revere n c e a ddressed him in

, ,

very eleg ant Ar abi c and pro no un c ed a disc o u rse in

,

his pr a ise c on cl u di ng wit the form ul a of the Mo s

,

lem cre ed These s al ut atio n s nished it e ntere d

.
,

the right sleeve o f hi s m a ntle and m ade its e x it by ,

the left The n d e sc e nding fr the c oll ar o f his

. o

robe to the frin ge it m o unted i nto the air sep a

, ,

r ati n g i nto two h alve s In this m ann er it res u me d

m
.

its st atio n in the sky the p arts grad u ally uniti ng in

,

o ne ro u n d and l u mi n o u s o r b as before S u ch is , .

the su bst an c e o f a ridi c ul o u s ctio n i nve nted by the

bio g r aphers o f Moh amm ed who h ave c olo ured it ,

with m ore e x tr av ag an c e and m i nu te ne ss of det ail

th an we h ave ve nt u red to narr ate

h
.

The n e x t lege n d ary adve ntu re o f the Prophet is

yet m ore e x tr aordi narythe Mesra o rfam o u s n o c ,

tu r n al j o urn ey to he ave n ; o f which the E as tern

writer s in the wild deliriu m o f their fan cy h av e

h
, ,

give n the m ost l abo ured and grote squ e descripti o ns .

W ith subli e to uche s o f im agin atio n t a t would ,

h ave do n e ho n o ur to the m u se o f Milto n orD an te ,

they h ave mi x ed a legi o n o f idl e ph antom s and p u e

r ile wo nders too shocki ng and e x tr av agant eve n for
t e credulity of childhood .
 L IF E
E o r M O IIAMM D . 21
9

On the n ight o f this c elesti al e x c u rsio n c al m b ut ,

e x cee d i ngly d ark Moh ammed represe nts him self as

h
,

a sleep betwee n the hills o f S a fa an d Mero u a whe n

h
,

G abriel appro a ched an d awoke him H avi ng ap

h
.

p riz ed the prophet o f his i nte n ded voy age he pre ,

se nted him w ith the anim al c alle d Bor ak a sort o f ,

n o ndescript l arger th an an as s b u t sm all er th an a

,

m ule wit a hu m an fa c e and the body o f a horse

,

His c olo ur w as milk white ; the h air of is n eck -

of n e pe arls ; hi s e ar s emer ald s an d is eye s two ,

sp arkli n g hya ci nths His whole body win gs and .

, ,

t ail bristled with the n est j ewe lr

,
y .

In the twin kli ng of an eye they cle ared the hills

o f Mec c a an d were o n the top of S i n a i
, where~
,

pr ayers were s a id and where the pri nt o f the be a st s

hoof is still shown In the s am e m ann er they .

perform ed their devotio n s a t Jeru s alem where Mo ,

h a mmed rec eived the s alu t atio ns o f the an cie nt

prophets and met with divers other adve nture s
, .

L e av i ng Bor ak fa ste n ed to a rin g at the g ate o f the

t emple the tr avellers a sc e n ded by a l adder o f light

m
, ,

thro u gh an imm e n se e x p an se of airtill they re a ched

h
,

mm
the rst he ave n dist ant a j o ur n ey o f 5 00 ye ars fro m,

the e arth It w as composed of a s ubtle v apo u r

*
.
,

w ith a ro of of n e silver from which hung the st ars ,

m
by ch ain s of m as sive gold The y e ntered b y a pro

d ig ious g ate which on the n a m e o f Moh am med b e

,

in g a nn o un c ed w a s ope ne d by the porter ,The .

rst perso n with whom he e x ch an ged s al ut atio n s

m
w as Ad a m who appe ared in the form o f a decrepit

m
,

o ld an and h a iled him a s the g r

, e atest and be st o f
is posterity The whole r a e nt sw armed with.

h
an gels a ll b u sy in their sever al o c c u p a ti o n s som e

h h h
,

h hh h
w ater in g the clo u ds others ch anti n g hym ns They
e n be asts
. .

a ppe a red in all m ann er o f sh a pe s , , ,

a nd birds ; for e a ch as s u med the like n es s o f those

Mo a au or
ed an
s di ffe rin t e loca tion o f t e p a r
t i t
r
a c s
. l
Fe w W i l d isp u t e , a nd w e av e n o t o ug it i p o t t rt
a nt to n ts of fa b u lous p r
conte st p oi e ce d e ncy .
 E
m
h
mmm h
3% 2 rMO HAMM

L I FE o

h
m
i al cre ature s i ntr u sted to their spiritu al gu ar

h h
terre str

h
d ians ip The m o st co n s pic u o u s o f these w as t e
'

'

angel o rreprese nt ative of the c o oks white as s now , ,

and o f su ch gi g antic st a t u re th at his he a d t ouched the

h
sec o n d he ave n (a dist an ce of 500 y e ars tr avel ) or ,

as others a ir re a ched throu g all t e seve n e a

h
,

ve n s He a ss isted in t e atin so ngs o f the angeli c

choir s and g ave the sign al for all hi s species to

'

crow whether m ateri al or imm aterial

,

h
.

T e sec o nd he ave n w as of pu re gold and con

He r
,

taine d twic e as any a nge ls a s the rst e

Moh am e d w as sa lu ted by N o ah who Com en ded

h
i m self to his pr aye r
,

h
s ; b u t he w as no t permitte d
to t ak e fur ther n otic e o f the v ario u s m arvels he

h
Sa w The third h eave n w as m ade of preciou s sto nes
.
,

a nd m ore po p ul ou s th an t e seco nd Here the tr ae .

v e lle r

m
s were gre eted b y D avid and S olom o n and
'

h
m
,

s aw a h age an gel c alled the F aithfu l of G o d w

o ,

ad o thers u n der his comm an d In the .

m
fo u rth he ave n which w a s of emer ald they re ceive d

h
, ,

t e felicit atio n s o f E noch and J oseph Here they

h
.

b eheld an angel of a ver y stern and terrible a spect ;

h
t e di stanc e betwee n whose eyes w as equ al to

h
d ays j o urn ey a c c ordi ng to the r ate of Ar a

a

h
bi an tr avelli ng ; and such wa s hi s c ap a city , th at he
eb uld h ave sw allowed the seve n he ave ns an d seve n
e art s as e a sily as a p e a Befo r e i w as a l arg e

m
.

table o n which he w as c o nti nu al ly writi ng ; i n se r t

ing t e na e s o f all th at were bor n c omp uti n g t e

h
,

*
d ays of their lives and blotti ng them o u t from is
r
,

m
e giste rthe o ent thei rallotted p or

m
tion o f y e ars
(ex pired It w as Az r a el the an gel o f de a th whos e
.
, ,

e miss aries tr a verse the e arth perpetu all y ke e ,

a

ing w atch over the iss u es of h um an li fe N o smi e

h
h h
e ve rli ghte d u p

h
.

is dism al vis age his b u si n es s

b ei ng to weep and m ake l am e nt atio ns fo rthe si ns
of en .

fPr
i id e au x cond es ce nd s (and .
so d oes Ma ra cci) t o g r
appl e in
Ben ou s co b at W it t is p t
an o . As t e distance b e tw e e n a
 9mE
mhm 2
2
he ad s, e ach he a d fa c es each face as
any mo u ths e a ch m o u th as m any to n gu e s and
l: o rMo HAMM Dt

,
"

, ,

e a ch to ng u e spoke seve nty tho u s and di ffere nt l an

h
guag es all o f which were employ ed i nc ess antly in
,

pr a i se and ador atio n This l a st a nd highest of the .

celesti al spheres w as m a de o f divin e light H ere ;

Was the abode o f Abr ah a m ; and a cc ordi n g to som e

h
, ,

h
p f Jes u s C hrist w o is a lleged to h ave tre a ted M O !

h amm ed with the s a e r

,
'

e spe ct as the other pro ;

p ets
1 H avi ng pe n etr ate d to the lotu s tre e (Al
Which is the u tm ost limit o f cre ated k n o wled ge the

-

b ou n d a o f these delicio u s regio n s ; b e y o n d w ic

'

h
n o a nge d are s to p ass G abriel took le ave o f hi s ,

fellow tr aveller c omm e ndi ng him to the protecti o n

m
-
,

m
o f s u p e rior spirits dur in g the rem a i nder o f his j o ur - s

C o nti nu i ng hi s m a rch thro u gh r ank s of glori

m
ney . ?

m
lie d Ch er ubi m and crossi ng tw o se a s o n e of light and
, ,

o n e of d a rk n ess the soli ta r y prophet p a ssed t e

veils o f s ep ar atio n e a ch bei n g a j o u r n ey of

m
.

5 00 ye a r

h
s in thi ck ness and the s am e in dist an c e

m
,

bet we e n them They were c ompo sed som e o f .

,

d arkness others of re s n ow w ater ether an d

, , , , ,

h
ch ao s Fi n ally he pierced the vei ls o f be au ty o f
.
, ,

p e rf e c tio n o f om n i pote n c e of si n gu l arity o f i

'
a

hh
, , ,

e n si ty and o f u nit y W e n the l a st o f these w a s

, .

r aised spirits were see n prostr ate before the

,

thro ne which w as s u rro unded by a light of the

,

m ost d azzli ng bright n ess A voic e c om an ded .

i to dr aw n e a r o n whi ch he a dvan c ed till withi n

two c u bits or bows l e ng t , o f the D ivi n e prese n c e

h hh
'

h
As a ark o f his favo u rthe Almig t y w e ar
.
,

h
e in

h h
med l aid his h and o n the pro phet s sho ul d e r
, ,

fo r

h hh

h
, ,

Whe n a feeling of i nten s e cold thrill ed to the ar

4 P rid e au x t ink s, in t is l atte rinsta nce , t e pr op et alte r

ed
o f sa luta tio n , a ckn ow le d g ing t e su p er iority of t e
is Style

t
.

Me ssia , a supp ositi on a t v ariance w it t e d octr ine ta ug t in

t e K oran:
m m
Em
m mm
h
L ire o rM OH A M M D 2
23

hh
m
.

r
{ ow over his whole fr am e ; b u t w a s im e di ately
s u cc eeded b y a se n s atio n o f i n e x pressible sweetn ess .

This w as foll owed a s he prete nd ed by a lo n g a nd

, ,

fa iliar inte r c our se w i t the S u prem e B ei n g who ,

reve aled to i m an y hidde n mysteries i n stru cted ,

i in the kn owledge o f his law and co n ferred o n

m
,

h
i sever al e x tr a ordin ary privileges The l ast of .

his in structio ns w as the c omm and of fty d ail y

mm
pr ayer s a fterw ar
, d redu c ed by the advic e of Mose s '

to ve , e nj oi n ed o n all M u ssul an s
'

Biddin g adieu to these glorio u s re gio n s Moh a ,

e d rej oi n ed is co n du ctor G abriel whom he fo un d

hh
,

by the lot u s tree The tr avell ers no w be n t thei r

-
.

c o u rse tow ards the e arth rec eivi ng eve r yw here , ,

as they p a ssed the c omplime n ts an d be n ed ictio n s

hm
,

o f an gels, who o cked in crowds to s al u te the .

At Jeru s alem they fo un d Bor ak in the e x act positio n

they ad left i ; an d in less th an a sec o nd they

mh
a rrived a t Mec c a the slu mberi n g i nh abit ants be in g
-
.

qu ite u nco n scio u s of the tr an s a ction s o f th at ar

ve llo u s e x peditio n ; for the who le j o u r n ey the l ab o ur

o f s o m any tho u s and ye ars w as perform ed in the ,

te nth p art o f a night S u ch i s the celebr ated H is .

tor y of t e A sce nsio n as A b u Hor a ir e calls it whose

, ,

h
m inute and c irc u st an ti al a cco un t we h ave abridged

h
from G agnie r .

A c o ntroversy arose and co ntinu ed lo n g to divid e ,

the Moh a mm ed an world whether the n o ct u r nal , , ,

voy age w a s a re al a nd c o r pore al j o u rn ey or m erely

'

.
,

a visio n . Ayesha, is wife m ai nt ain ed (or tr aditio n ,

in e rn a e ) th at the prophet n ever left her bed

and th a t his S pi r
,

it an d n o t is body tr avelled
, , .

S ome c ompromised the mir a cle by ad mittin g a re al

tr an sl atio n o f the body from Mecc a to J er u s alem , '

b u t r e garding the a sce n sio n itself a s a dre an n

O thers stre n u o u sly m ai nt ai n ed the c orporeity o f
the whole voy age from begi nn ing to e nd dec lari ng
th at to de ny this w as a d am n able error and as m u ch ,

a n act of in delity as to rej e ct the Kor an The .

2
24

T urk s celeb r at e t e 2
EE
h h
L IF

hh
otb night o f R aj eb by a gr and
OF MO HAM M D .

h
h

festiv al in c ommemor atio n o f this e v e n t

h
m
,

W hile Me cc a w as lled with disp ute s o n t e

m
'

n oct ur n al vo y age an d ridic ul i n g its au thor a s a ,

dre a m e ran d a vision ary the street s o f Medina r e ,

.

s o u nded with is pr aises T e z e al o u s c o nve r ts

h
.

there t w elve of whom a d bee n vested by Moh am

,

m ed with apostolic al au t o rity ad a nim ated other s

h
,

with their o w n e nthu si a sm and c o n side r ably m ul ti ,

plied the nu mber o f prosel yt es

'

h
m
M osaab their chief rep a ired to Mec c a a t the ti m e

h h
,

o f the pil g rim a ge wit

'

seve nty thre e e n and two ,

-

wome n all e ager to d o obeis an c e at the fe et o f their

m
,

m a ster and pr o ffe r i t heir a ssist an c e At a pri

, .

v ate c o n fe re n c e Al Abb as e x plai ned to the m the

perse c utio ns his n ephe w a d s u ffered o n a c c o u nt o f
is opi n ions ; the n ec e ssity o f ab an do nin g is n ative
pl ac e to se ek protectio n elsewhe r e and t e favo nia

h
a ble asylu m which seemed to prese nt itse l f in their
An d w h at will be o u rr

hh h
ge nero u s pro p os al e co .

p e n se sho ul d We fall in the q u arrel l

P a r a di se

This si ngle wo r d x ed their det ermi n atio n The y .

e x pressed their resol utio n to defe nd an d n ever to ,

betr ay i ; and took an o ath to commit n o vice ,

a n d to prote ct him w ith life an d fort un e a s the y ,

wo u ld t e ir wive s and c i ldre n ag ainst all n atio ns , ,

bl ac k an d r e d who sho uld d are to oppose the fait

'

h
,

an d the apostle o f the K or an To thi s solem n .

pledge o f m utu al delity c alled the W ome n s O ath

h
, ,

m ay be tr a c ed the rst vit al sp ark o f the S ar a c e n

in H e .

he al tered fo r
tun e s o f the impostor ch anged the _

c o u rse of is polic y a nd his a mbitio n se em ed to

h
,

d rop its v eil in pr oportion as the m e a ns of s u pport

hh
in cre a sed Hith e rto his prete n de d revel atio n s ad
.

spoke n n o thi ng b ut the l angu age o f pe a c e and for

V id e M od U niv . . H ist . v ol . i p 80,

. . and au t or
ities qu ote d
t r
e e . K o rn
a , c a
p . x vii . liii .
2
26

an d

_
h
E
mm
m L IF o r o

lie down in hi s pl a c e , he took his dep arture ;

el udi ng by thi s s tr at agem the vigil anc e o f the a ss a s
si n s who ad alre ady pl anted a gu ard at the door
,

F avo u red by the d ark n ess o f the night Moh a mmed

re a ched the hou se o f A b u Beker in s a fety W ith
o u t de la
,

the se two fugitive s left the city o n foot

a n.

.
.

an d to all s u spicio n rep a ired with a hired gu ide

, ,

to the c ave of Thor a hi ll three miles from Mec c a ,

,

where they l ay c o nc e al ed for thre e d ay s receivi ng ,

m
in the twilight of e a ch eve ni ng fro m Abd all ah and ,

As am a the son and d au ghter o f A b u B eker , a secret

,

s upply of i ntellige n c e a nd food .

Me antim e the a ss a ssi n s perceivin g thro u gh a ,

crevi c e their supposed victim a nd w a iti n g in an x ,

i ou s sile n c e the appro a ch o f sl umber rem ai ned o n

h
,

the w atch till m or ni ng whe n they were u ndeceived ,

by the appe a r an c e of Ali whom they all owe d to ,

e sc ape un molested The i ntrepidity of the heroic

.

yo u th c omm an ded the respect of the Korei sh an d ,

w as m ade the s u bj ect o f e x alted p an egyric by the

Mosle hi stori an s who h a ve held u p is delity in

h
,

h
e x p osi ng his o w n life to s ave th a t o f hi s be nefa ctor

hh
as an e x a mple which an gels were rec omm e nded to

m
m
imit ate Two o f these spirit u al me sse ngers we ar
. e ,

told were st atio n ed n e ar his bed the o ne at the

h
, ,

h m
he ad the other at the foot ; b u t their prese nc e seemed
,

to av e fa iled in qu ieti ng hi s a git atio n for in som e

I
,

verses stil l e x t ant e as e x p ressed with c o n sider

,

able p athos t e co nicting e motio n s o f hope and

fe ar o f te ndern ess for his frie nd an d c o nde n c e in
,

religio n w i ch l led hi s bosom on th at o cc a sion

,

with perple x i ng su spe n se .

St ung with r age and disapp o t e nt the K oreish ,

se nt spie s and armed p artie s to e x plore every h au nt

in the n eighbo u rhood o f the c ity ; and o ffered a r e
w ard o f a un dr e d c amels to a ny an th at sho uld
t ake the a dve nt u rer alive o rde a d They arrived at .

the c aver n whose terried i nm ates overhe a rd their

,

c o nvers atio n We are o nly two s aid the trem

.

,
 L IF
bling A bu Beker who ad shed m any bitter te ars at
,

the despera te fort un e s o f his m ast e r

EE
h h OF

There is a
M O H A MM D . 2
27

m
.

third replied the un d aun ted pr ophet
,
It i s G od ,

him self A cherished tr aditio n o f the Ar abs as
.

in vented a provide nti al deceit which s aved the fu gi

tiv e s a pigeo n s n est w ith tw o eggs and a spider s
,

h
, ,

web dr awn completely a cross the mo u th o f the p as

*
sag e . C o nvin c ed from these appe ar an ce s th a t the
pl a c e w as solit ary and i nviol ate the p urs uers de
sisted from all fur
,

ther e x a mi na tio n The virt u es o f .

this m ir acle Moh ammed u sed to say we r

, e better ,

than a co at of dou ble armo u r in de fe n ding i from

the swords o f hi s e n emie s .

The g re atest imp atie nc e w as m anifested at Me

m
di na for the c omi ng o f the prophet At the s u b u rbs .

he w as m et by 5 00 of the i nh abit ants who rec eive d ,

hi m w ith every pos sible demon str atio n o f j oy H ere

h
.

he w as a ga i n j oi ned by the faithful Al i within thre e

m
h m
,

m
m
d ays after hi s arriv al The d ay o f hi s e nteri ng the

m m
.

town which no w chang ed its nam e o f Y a tr e b fo r

1

m
,

th at o f Me dina (or Medi n at e N ebbi the city o f the

h h
,

Prophet ) i s ge n er all y ad mitted to h ave bee n the

h h h
'

h
,

h h
6t of R ebi a h I b e h a vi ng left Me cc a o n the r st

h
mm
,
.

hh h

of th at ont q

h hh
h
hmhh m m
m
AIDa ir i, in is H istory of ni al s, assur A e s u s, t a t in

h
m
m
e or y o f t is e v e nt , t e p ig eon w as eld sacr e d b y t e M ussu l

h
m
a ns ; a nd t at , for t e sa e r e d for

mm
e ason , M o a b ad e t e

h
killing of sp id e r S o e alle g e , t a t t e fab le of t e p ig e on

h hhh h
m m
s .

w ispe r ing r e v e l ation s i nto is e a rto p e r su a d e is follow e r

hh hhh
s, a s

h
.

t e C r istians r e lat e , t at e w a s d ivine l y in spir e d , to o k its o r

mm m
i
1

hh

h
r
g in f o t is cir cu stan ce P ococke, Sp ec p 86 R ela nd d e

h
2
. . . .

R elig M o a p 3 59 G ag n ie r , L a Vi e de Ma o p 90 Gr

h
o

hh
. . . . . . .

1
t ius , d e V erita t R e lig C r is t

h
. . .

T e d ep a r tur e o ft e pr op et x ed t e or ab le e p oc

hhhhh
as e
ra , orFlig t, t e e r

h
of t e H e j i a by w ic t e M o a e d an
n a tio ns st ill co p ute t e ir lu na ry e ar s L ike t at o f t e C r
. is .

tia ns, it w as not introd uce d u ntil so e ti e a fte rt e d e at of

its found e r I . ts ap p oi nt e nt b e lon g s to t e C al ip O ar , w o,
b e ing a p pe ale d to in a contr ov e rs y b e t w e e n a d e b to r a nd is_cr e
ditor ,
t e for e r all e ging t a t t e o nt e nti on e d i n t e bi ll
d id not be long to t e cur re nt year , b u t to t e followi ng , and con
2
2
h
h
E
mE r MO HA MM

m
8 L IF o D.

m
T re ligion o f the K or an after str uggling with
e

thirtee n ye ar s of i sfortu n e might h ave withere d

,
,

in the b u d ad it n ot str u ck rm root in the loy alty

and devotio n o f the M e d inia n c o nverts The rs t

'

c are of the apostle w as to er e ct a pl a c e o f worship ,

whe r e he might publicly disch arge the s a cred fun c

h
mh
t io n s of his o fc e A sm all p arc el of desol ate gro un d
.

w as p u rch a sed by A b u B eker an d o n this chose n ,

sp ot w ere fou nded a m osque and a ho u se for the

prophet It w as the p atrimo n y o f two orph ans ;
.

a nd the e n e i es o f Moh a mm e d h a ve gr avely b u t

falsely acc u sed i o f despoi li ng the helpless c iL

dre n o f their in e r itan ce

h
To h a ste n the c o p letio n o f th is ve n er able stru e

h
.

t ure Moh am m ed l abo u red with hi s o w n h ands ; it

m
,

m h
w as m erely a r ude ch apel with u d w all s o n which

h mh
,

hm m
w a s pl a c ed a ro of o f p alm le aves s u pported by the

m
-
,

m
tr unk s o f d ate tree s for pill ars N e ar it w as b u ilt
-

.

h h
m m
a ho u se for is yo u thful bride Aye sh a the n only in

h
m
ern i nth ye a r s u ch i
,

mm
,

hh
s the prem at u re r
, ipe ness o f

h h
hhh
E a s te rn climes A lre a dy the Prophet a d divide d

hhh h
.

h
is a ffectio n s betwee n her and S awd a o ne o f is

h
h h
,

hh h
q ue ntly t at t d e and e d w as not t e n d ue , or
on e y d aine d ,

h
se e

h
m
t a t to r e d y a ll su c inconv e nie nce s, t e ir co p utations in
r

h
e

h
fu tu r e s o uld b e g in w it t e ig t of t e ap ostle fr o M ec c a,

h
ow ev er a d e n o alte r at ion in t e a nc ie nt

m m
T is n e w e p oc ,

h h
hhh h
,

fo r of t e r ab ian y e ar
A ic e nc e d , a s b e for

h
, w co e , on t e

h
rst of t e ont M o ar r fty n ine d a y s e a r l ie rt an t e

h
a

h
-
.

d e pa r tur e of t e p r op et B ut in o r d e rt o si p lify t e ircalcu :

h h
h hh
h
m
.

h
lations, t e H ej ir ad e to p r e ce d e t e r

h
a w as e al e ve nt b y fty

h
h
n ine d a y s, an d is g e n e r a l ly supp osed to cor re sp ond w i t Frid ay ,
1

hh
t e 6t of J uly , in t e y e arof ou rc r onol og y 6 2
2

h
hh
h h
,

Pr id e au x s stor y of t e robb e r y of t e p ooror

p ans, sons

h
o f a car p en ter, a nd t e inj u stice of t e i p ostor , is s o w n to b e

h
er r Al ajj a r w icN e tr a nsl a te s c ar p e nter / w as t e

on e ou s .
,

n a e of a r ic an d noble tr ib e G ag nier ad d uces t e au t or

. ity
o f J a nnab i and B o k a r i, t a t t e g r o und w a s offe r ed i in a
pr e se n t, w ic e r e fu se d a nd t at A b u B e ke r p a id t e o ne y

o u t o f is ow n p ock et lls lu idise nt, O Ap etr

. e d e Die u , nou s
urd on L e Pr
1
v ou s le ce d ons e n op ets v o ul ut b so lu ent

a
r
.

l a c e te r r -
,

, et A b u

e ere e p ay a d e ses
p opres de nie s, L4 _

\ l
 E
30E
mhm
2
m L IF o r MO H A MM D
.

hh
a nd he nce forth all tr u e M u s su lm ans were co
and e d from wh a tever qu arter they m ight c ome to
or Holy Temple 0 1
, ,

t urn their fa c es to the H a ra

Mec c a In o r
,

. der to sile n c e heretics and reviler s ,

whose obj ection s ad s o te a sed and perple x ed hi m

at is o u tset Moh a mmed resolved to interdict in
,

fut u re the pre su mptio n of do ubti ng hi s missio n or ,

disp uti ng abo u t is r e lig io n D e ath w a s the a ward .

in the K or an for all who shou ld d are to c ontr adict

or O ppose any of the doctri n es he t au ght Fighti ng

m m

an d n o t c o ntroversy w a s n o w t o be the o nly l e g iti

h
m ate mode of prop agati ng the tru e faith ; and its
oppo ne nts o f wh a tever creed m u st either believe

h
, ,

at the poi nt o f the l an c e or r ed eem their live s by

s ubmitti ng to p ay an a nnu al tax for their i ndelity .

The e nth u si a sm of the Ar abs w as thu s do ubly

i n am ed by the O p e o f plu nder and the promise o f
,

a se ns u al p ar a dise The decre es of an absol ute fate

.
,

which wo uld e x ti n gu is both i ndu stry a nd valo uri f

e n were left to the i n u e n ce o f a m erely spec ul a

tive belief were de x tero usly tu r
, n e d in t o i n str u m e nts
for i n spiri ng the disciple s o f the K or a n with the

m
m ost e x alted a nd rec k less c o u r age The c o p an .

m
io ns o f the Prophet adv an c ed to b attle witho u t fe ar . .

As nothi ng w as left to ch an c e there w as n o room ,

'

for d anger or dism ay The s a me i n evit abl e desti ny

.

th at might h ave ord ai ned them to perish in their

beds wo uld n ot overt ake them a m om e nt so o ner o n
,

h
the e ld of de ath o rre nder their perso ns m ore i nse
,

c ure amid the arrows o f the e n emy The lot o f all .

w as determi n ed by a x ed and res istless predesti n a

tio n ; with this di ffere nc e th a t while the an of
,

pe ac e dep arted obsc u re and i nglorio u s the falle n

h
,

w arrior ad before his eye s the crown of m arty rdo m

and the j oys o f p ar a dise The sword e x cl aimed
.
,

the milit ary apostle is the key o f he ave n a nd o f

,

hell ! A drop o f blood shed in the c au se of God a ,

n
_ ight spe nt in arm s is of o re av ail th an two
,

m o nths fasting o rp ra y er

W o e re rfalls in b attle
.

.
 EE
h h
mm
L IF or M O H A MM D . 31
2
is si ns ar e forgive n ; a t the d ay o f j u dgme nt his

h
Wo unds sh all b e resple n de nt a s vermilio n , and o d o

ro u s a s m u sk ; an d the loss of is lim b s sh all be sup

h

pli ed by the wi ngs o f an gels and cher u bim The .

v a li ant m artyrs of the faith were allowed t o antic i

pate the volu ptuo u s e nj o y e nts o f a nother world ,
by the lice nse of emb r
.

a ci ng t e fe ale c a ptive s as /

their wives or co nc ubin es The i nterval of the fo u r

m
.

s acred mo nths whi ch ad hitherto s u spe nd e d the

,

fu ry o f the mo st hostile tribes w a s disregarded th at , ,

.

n o impedime n t might ret a rd the victorio u s Moslem s

h
1
in their mighty c areer of pill ag e and proselyt ism .

The distrib u tio n of the S i w as re gul a te d by the

au thority of revel a tio n The whole plun der o f the

h
.

for age or the b attle e ld w as to be c ollected in o ne

-

c om mo n m a ss A fth p art the Prophet rese r

. ve d
to himself for ch arit abl e and pio u s u se s y t e r
'

e
a ind e rw as to be divided a m o n g the soldiers

in

h
,

c ludin g those who gu arded the c a mp as well a s tho se

who ad bee n a ctu ally e ng aged The portio n o f .

the sl ain devolved to their widows and orph an s and

to e n co u r age the i n cre a se o f c av alry e ach horsem an
'

w a s allotted a do uble sh are .

f

The hos tile pri nciples i n c u lc ate d by t e Kor an did

h
not lo ng rem a i n a de a d or spec ul ative prec ept In .

the twelfth m o nth a fter his settleme nt a t Medina

m
,

the despised and persec u ted o u tc a st o f M ec c a pro

cl a im ed a H o ly W a ra g ai n s t the Koreish V ario u s

a mb u sc ad es were st atio ned to ann oy their com
m erce by se izi n g the c ar avan s a s t ey wi nded

m
,

thro u gh the narro w d e le s of the m o un t ain s P ar

hmh
.

tie s o f three or fo urscor e horseme n co nti nu ed to

rec o n noitre mo nth a fter mo nth witho u t ga i n i n g any

h
hhh
import ant adv ant age B ut the fa ilu re o f these pre

h
.

limi n a ry attempts w as speedily redeem ed by Mo

h a m ed himself o n the pl ai n o f B e d r on e of the ,

J annab i cite db y G ag nie r see s to int t a t t e K ore i

, , s
wer
e t e st a g r
r g e ssor s L a V ie d e
. Ma . to e ii lib . . c ap . 2 .
 E Em
m h
h
2
32

m
L IF o F MO H A MM D .

us u al w ateri ng st ati ons abo u t for ty miles fro ,

M e i:ca Spies ad bro ught him i ntell ige n c e th at a

1
.

c ar a v an o f t e idol aters co n sisti ng of abo u t 000

fruit and othe r
,

c am els ri chly l ade n with gr

.

a in

m
, ,

costly m erch andise w as on its ret u r n from S y ri a

'

, ,

gu arded with an e scort of o nly thirty o rforty e n

m h
,

c omm an ded b y A b u S o an in person P ers ua ded

'

th at thi s valu able and app arently e a sy pr ey w as

withi n his gr a sp he re solv ed to ad v an c e at the he ad
'

E
,

o f a sm all det a chme nt of tro ops to inte r ce p t it

1
. .

This s a cred b an d o f Warriors did no t e x ce ed 3 3

e n o f whom seve nty seve n were M o aj e r
,
-
in s and ,

the rest chi ey A n s ars S o po orly were they ac .

co o d ate d in reg ard to c av alry th at they co uld

h
,

m u ster o nly two horses and seve nty c amels which

m
h
,

they oun te d b y tur n s The pl an of their fu tu r e

.

O per atio n s bei ng dec ided the le a der of the fa ithfu l ,

adv an c ed and pitched his te nt s at a short dist an c e

,

from the e ne my A sli ght i ntre nchm e nt w as thro w n

.

up to c over the ank o f is troops ; and fo rthe

h
s afety of is ow n perso n a tempor ary stru ct ure ,

m
o f wood oversh adowed with gree n bo u ghs w as
, ,

r e cted with a e e t Ca m el st andi ng re ady h ar ne ssed ,

,

th at in c ase o f defe at he m ight avoid the ch anc e

o f bei ng t ake n priso ner ; for howeve ra ss u red the
,

Prophet might be of Di vi n e a ssist an c e he ad to o ,

u ch s ag acity to despise the u se of h u m an m e an s

h
.

B ur ning with ze al and m u tu al h atred the t r oops o n

m
,

both sides r u shed furio u sly to the charge The .

idol aters Wer e thr ee to o ne ; b u t the s uperiority of

nu mber s w a s overb al an c ed by the reckless i ntrepid
ity o f fana ticism .

W il e the Mosle s n obly s u st ai ned the a s sault

h
o f their a dvers aries their c omm ander ferve ntly ad
,

dre s sed H e ave n in their beh alf S e ated with Ab u .

B eker in his woode n s anctu ar y with hi s eye x ed ,

o n the eld of b attle : C o ur a ge my childr en and

ght lik e e n close yo u r r
, ,

ank s di sch a rge yo ur

a rrows , and t e d ay is y ou r ow n 0 G od ! e x ec ute

.
2E
m
34

h
E
E
h h
the e astern r
LIF

o u te thro u gh the deser t and alo ng the

OF MO A MM D
.

hm
, ,

borders of Ir ak B u t it w as in v ai n that their ca

h
.

m els e x plo r
_

ed a n e w roa d The b anks of t e u .

r a or

te s were n o t e sec u re th an the shores of the

p

h
R ed Se a The vali ant Z a id , with a body o f 5 00
.
-

h hh
h orse ad or d ers to i nt erce pt and seize this we althy
,

pr
'

ize ; and so g al l antly did he e x ec u te his c ommis :

si o n th at e overtook the e n emy at A IK a rd a in the

h
,

hh h
,

desert of N ej e d ; where a fter defe ating the escort , ,

e m a de him self m a ster o f the e ntire c ar a v an T e .

val u e o f t e p lund e r ay be c onj e ct u r e d fr om t e

mm
fa ct , th at of the m on ey alon e the apostle s ft

h
a mo u nted to or dr a c nis:
'

h
These repe ated losses lled the K or e ish wit
I

S a m e an d r a ge The effu sio n s of t e m u se we r e

h
.
.

e mployed to stir u p the pa ssio ns o f the indignant

c itize n s C aa a J ew and an i n veter ate e nemy of

.
,

Moh a mm ed i nveighed bitterly a gai n st him in sa x

ical verses a impr u de n c e th at c ost him is life

,

tir
a s he w a s soo n a fter a ss a ssi na ted b y a n emiss a r
y of
t e Prophet The mome n t of e x citem e n t w a s fa

m
.
;

vo u r

m
ab le ; and A b u S o an speedily c olle cted a bod y
of Whom 2 0 0 We r e c av alry a nd 7
'

O f 3 00 0 en 00

m
Were ar e d with c uir a sses o r
, ,

c o ats o f m a il Their .

m arch w a s atte n ded by his wife H e n d a an d ftee n

'

other m atro n s of the Koreish c arryi n g timbrel s and

m
,

a cti ng the p art of dr u m er s To an im ate the c o u

r a ge of the troops th e y s un g the elegies of C aah

l a me n ti n g the dis a ste rs of B e d rand e x horti n g the i r

,

w arriors to ght v ali antly They pro ce ede d with .

;

O ut c e tin
g the le a st re sist an ce a n d e n c a mped a t a

- -

vill age withi n s ix mi le s o f Medi n a .

M oh am e d w a s apprized o f their appro a ch ; b ut,

a s he c o ul d O ppose them o nly with a very i n ferio r
forc e he tho u ght it o re a dvis abl e to aw a it their
,

a tt a ck withi n the w alls o f the city th an h az ard a n ,

e ng a geme nt in the O pe n pl ai n Most of the o f c ers , .

however e spo u sed a c o ntr ary opi n io n a nd d e

,

a
,

Afte r o r
,

tn and e d to be led to b attle nin g pr ayers , .

 m
hmE
E
m
L IF OF MO HA MM D 2
35

h
.

t rmy of the Believers, a m o u nting to abou t 000

e a 1

h
e n of whom 2 00 were cu ir a s siers left the c apit al,

h h
, ,

a nd e nc a

p ed o n the b ase o f Mo u nt O hu d at the

h
dist anc e o f six miles to the n orthw ar
,

h
d The d au nt .

lss apost l e tho u gh desert e d by fty of his fo llow

hh h
,

er s disposed of his troops to t e best adv ant age

H avi ng no c av alry ,for e x c ept the h orse o n which
.
,

e rode t er e w a s n ot o ne in the whol e a r y e

hhh
, ,

posted fty archers in t e r e ar ; fe ari ng he might be

Sur ro u n ded by t e e n emy who w ere at _l e ast thre e

'

times is number T e c u ir a ssiers he pl a ced in t e

.

ce ntre ; and h av in g m a de these dis p ositio n s he o r

f

h
d ere d the whole l ine to aw a it c a lmly the si gn al o f

h h
att a ck T e a rchers , o n whom ch iey the fort u n e

h
.

e f the d ay depe nd e d
~
e strictly c omm anded n ot to
,
"uit he ir o sitio n eve n sho u ld t e fro n t give w a

h hh
q
t p , y .

The K o reish drew u p in form of a cr e sc en t ; the

ce nter c omm a n de d by Ab u S o an and t e right by

t e fa mo u s Kh aled the br ave st a nd m ost s u c ce ssful

,

o f the Ar abi an ge n er als T e r e ar g Uar d orb ody '

.
,

of r eserve w a s u n der the Su rvei ll an ce o f the heroic

h
,

Hend a an d her m atro n s w o ch eered the st an d ard

h
'
'

:
,

e ar e rs a s they p a ssed

B oth armies stood fac ing e ach other At the wo r

.

h
d .

o f a tt a ck the Moslem s fell u po n t e i d ol aters with a

m
,

fu ry th at n othi n g c o u ld w ithst an d T e weight o f .

the ch arge brok e their ce nt r

m
e drove them dow n t e ,

m
-

hill a nd mig t h ave se c ured to t e B elievers a

h
,

b loodless vi cto r y a d the y a tte n ded t o the orde r

, s
o f their able c omm an der B u t the whole a dv ant age ,

Wa s lo st by the imp atie nt r ap a city of the a rchers .

El ated at this rst i n st an c e of s u c ce ss and h u rried

h h
,

aw ay with the avidit y of pl und er they ab an do n e d ,

the import an t st atio n th at ad bee n a ssign ed them ,

.

Their dis p ers io n left the M uss ulm an army e n tirely

u n s u pported an d destit u te of its chie f de fe n ce
,
a
circ u s t anc e which did n o t esc ape the p r actised eye
o f the i ntrepi d Kh aled S eizi n g the fa vou r able {n o
.

e nt , e ade a r apid w he el with is c av al ry , and

 2
36 L IF E
E o rMO H A MM D

m
.

tt a cked the Moslems ank an d re ar with su ch b r

a , a ,

very th at they were soo n throw n i nto a st ate of

hh
c omplete disorder and e x posed to the c ar nage of a
,

r uthless an d vi ndictive foe To terrify them still .

m ore he r a ised the cry th at Moh am med w a s sl ai n

, .

C o u r age an d prese nc e O f m i n d fors ook the believers .

The ro u t bec am e ge n er al ; no rc o u ld the voic e o r

e x ample of the P r O p e t who fo u ght with desper ate

v al ou r r ally for a m ome n t his broke n a nd d isco

, te d
troops S urro u nded with a few o f is br avest sol
.

diers he c o ntested the victo r

,
y with a heroism worthy
o f a better c au se F irin a nd c ool he e x posed hi s
. .
,

h
pers o nfreely wherever the d an ger ap p e ared gre atest .

He w as as s ailed by showers o f sto n e s arrows a nd j a

h
, ,

veli ns ; and s aw m any o f his g all an t o fc ers wo u nded

h
by his side W he n M o saab fell d ea d at his fe et he
.
,

seized the st an d a rd a n d p l anted it in the h a nd of

'

Ali The fero c io u s in d e ls ad pe n etr ated to the

m
.

spot whe re he stood e n c o u r agi ng his ge nero u s fol

,

lowers who ad form ed a g u ar d o rr a mp art aro u nd

h
,

him In t e t u m ult of the a lf r ay he w a s str u ck

h
.
,

from hi s horse wo u nded an d bleedi n g to the gro u nd ;

,

h
his fa ce w as d an gero u sly pierc ed by te n j aveli n s

m
,

who se iro n he ads stu ck in the wo u nd ; two of his

te eth w ere be ate n o u t ; hi s lip cleft to the bo ne ;
a n d his life itself m u st h ave fa ll e n a s a cric e ad

n o t Tel a n ephe w o f A b u Beker re ceive d a blow

h
, ,

levelle d a t ism a ster w hi ch sh attere d his a r so a s

,

to deprive him o f its use ever a fter Yet in the

hh
.
,

midst of c o n fu sio n an d dism ay he c almly repro a ched ,

the i mp io u s O tb a for st a i ni ng the vis age of a prophet

with blood a nd blessed the frie ndly h a n d th at
,

st anche d hi s wo u nds and c o n veyed i to a pl a c e ,

o f s a fety .

Fi ndi n g t e r u m o uro f is de ath a false al arm ,

O thm an a n d a chose n body of a dhere n ts ret u r ned to

the ch arge and with the m ost determi n ed v alo ur
,

s u c c eeded in res c u i n g the apostle from his furio u s

a ss a il an ts a nd bore hi m to a vill age in the n e igh
,
.
2
38EE
hmh .
L IF OF

repu t at io n W ith his u s u al c o n de nc e he ad pre

dieted the e n tire overthrow o f the idol aters ; and
pr e s e nte d o ne of his O f c ers with a s w ord o n the
M O IIA MM I.

-
o

h
,

cert ai n victo r

bl ade of whic y w as e ngr ave n .

The Moslems u na c c u stom ed to r e ve rse s w er e

;

h
, , ,

gre atly ch agri ned S o e m u rm ured at the loss o f

.

their frie nds and relat io n s ; others e x pressed do u bts

a s to his prete n sio n s to the Divi n e favo u r ; si nce ,

a d he be e n a tr u e apostle He ave n they s aid wo uld , , ,

n o t h ave s u ff ered the i nfidels to tri u mph over him

in b attle To the se obj e ction s Moh amm ed a d a

h
. .

re a dy an swer The cl a m o u rs of those who w ere

'

h
.

n o t altogether s a tised with the sublim e doctri n e s

'

o f eter nal fate and the fe licitie s o f m artyrdom he ,

p u t to sile n c e by th rowi n g the whole bl a me a nd d,is

gr a c e o f the loss o n their o w n si n s .

S i n c e the tre aty of alli an ce betwee n the Jews and

Moslem s a t t e ir settl em e n t in Medi na, they ad
,

lived in pe a c e a nd h arm o ny e nj oyi ng m ut u al liberty

h
,

o f c o n scie nc e a nd all the privileges of free citize n s

, .

A n i ns u lt to an Ar abi an milkm aid i nterr upted this

c ordi ality and o c c a sio n ed a w arof e x termi natio n
,

h
a ga i n st the p eople of the sy n a gogu e The tribe of .

K a inok a were drive n i n to e x ile and all their property ,

c o n sc ated The N ad ir
. ite s po ssessed a stro n g
fortress three m iles from Medi n a To thi s MO .

h amm ed l aid siege and for six d ays it m ai nt ai n e d

,

a n obsti n ate defe n c e b u t se ei ng n o prospect o f as

sist a n c e while their p alm grove s were l aid in a s e s,

-
,

they a greed to c apitu l a te o n co nditio n of m archi n g

ou t with their live s an d a s m u ch O f their move able s

as a si ngle ca mel c o u ld e x p e r t The rem a i nder o f .

h
the spoil fell i nto the h ands of the besiegers ; and ,
c o ntr ary to e x pre ss law i nste ad of a fth Moh a m , ,

m ed appropri ate d the whole booty to himself to be ,

distrib u ted at ple as u re Thi s str at agem w a s an e x

.

p e d ie nt to re com p e nse the d evoted delity o f the

R efugees n o w bec om e his favo u rite disciples The
,
. .

p olicy w as n o t witho ut d anger ; b ut the f ty ni nt -

 LI FE OF MO H MM D

s ur a (the Emigr atio n) desc e n ded e x pressly to r atify

this m o nopoly o n the g ro und th at neither horse s n o r
,

c amels were u sed in this e x p editio n Thu s e a sily

A
,
E . 2
39

h
hh
.

w as He ave n m a de to co n tr adict itself O ne divi n e .

or acle s uperseded the oblig atio n s o f an other and ,

c ancelled the prete n sio n s of the whole army in ,

order th at their cr afty ge ner al might di sch arge his

debts o f priv ate gr atit ude .

The fth ye ar o f the Hej ir a b e e ld t e territory

'

o f Medi na viol ated by a n allied army Of Jews and

h
idol ater s and the c ity of the Pr o phet in e na ce d with

u tter destr u ctio n For thi s hostile m ovem en t t e

.

vigil ant apostle w as n o t u nprep ared ; and by the

.

a dvic e of S alm an the Persi an he c au sed for the , ,

prote ctio n of the city a deep ditch or i ntre n chm e n t

,
r
to be d ug ro u nd it i he he arts of t e believers
.

qu ak ed to behold their s u bu rbs c overed with te nts

m
,

a nd bristli n g with a forest of m ovi ng spe ars ; b u t

their ge ner al c o n c e a li n g hi s o w n apprehe n sio n s

m
, ,

m
lo u dly repro a ched the m with their w a nt of fa ith .

After twe nty d a ys of i n e ffective block ade and nd

h
,

ing their pro spects of s u c c ess e ntirely fru str a ted

by divisio n s in their ow n c amp the c o nfeder ate ,

forc es broke up the siege an d prep ared to ret ur n ,

hom e These disse n si o n s it i s {re n e r

. ally believe d ,
,

h
were fome nted by the emiss arie s o f Moh a mmed ,

m h
who ad co ntrived to c orr upt their le a di n g en .

The n ews O f their pre cip it ate dep a rtu re w a s wel

m
'

c om e i ntell ige n ce to the Mosl em s who c o e o

h h
,

r ated this e x peditio n a s the W aro f the Ditch or o f ,

t e N a tio n s in all u sio n t o the di ffere nt tribe s o f

,

which the all ied army w as c omposed .

R elieved from their formid able a ss ail a n ts the ,

faithfu l e x pected to rest from their fatig ue s a nd ,

e nj oy the blessi ngs O f pe a c e in t e bosom o f t e ir

families The i nte ntio n of their le ader Wa s very

,

di ffere nt .O n the s am e d ay and witho ut l ay in g ,

a side hi s a rmo ur Moh a m ed ordered his troops to

,

arch ag ain st the Ko r ai dite s a Jewish trib e w o ,

h
2
40EE
hm L IF M O HA MM D

h h
OF

h h
.

ad j oi ned the co n feder ates The soldier s ur .

m
m u red : b ut _it wo ul d h ave be e n impiety to disobey ;
.

for G abriel is m ade to remo n str ate wit him for suf

fe ring his peopl e to lay dow n their a rm s before the

j I e Jews defe nde d

a n gels ad laid d o w n their s

their fortres s with v alo ur and duri ng the siege v a ,

.

rio ns b attles were fo ught disti n g u ish ed by tr aits o f ,

i ndivid u al herois m After a br ave resist an c e o f

twe nty ve d ays the g arriso n su rre ndered at dis

-

h h
,

m h
cretio n Seve n hu ndred of them were dr a gged in
.

ch ai n s to the p ublic m ar ket pl a c e of Medi n a where -

,

a pit w as d ug to serve a s a c ommo n gr ave i nto

which they were pre cipit ated o n e a fter an other b e

m
,

fore the bloody h an d of t e e x ec u tio n er ad tim e to

e x ti n gu ish t e vit al sp ark This bu tc e ry o f his .

helpl es s e n e i es the victor beheld with a n i ne x ible

eye an d m ak es the K or an a pplau d the Divi ne good
,
.

n ess in givi n g him the l an ds o f the s lau ghtere d

'

idol aters as an i nheritan c e .

The si x th ye ar o f the Hej ir a w as disti ngui shed

h
m
b y no other i lit ary eve nts th an a series o f petty
e x c ursio n s w hich added co n sider ably to the we al t
,

o f the beli evers an d e n ded in the s u bj u g atio n of

,

sever al tribes o f the Ar abs Z a id u n derto ok an

h
. .

e x peditio n i nto the territ or y of Midi an the s a e

h
,

p a stor al tr a ct where Moses kept the ocks o f J e t r o ,

The a dve ntu rers were rew arded by a very e onsi

mmhh
q

d er ab le booty ; be sides a g re at nu mber o f wome n

an d children who m they sold for sl aves
,
Hitherto .

it ad bee n c u stom ary in this i nhu m an tr af c to dis

pose sep ar a tely O f m others an d children ; b u t o n t is
o c c a sio n the cries and w aili ngs O f the fem a le c ap
,
.

tive s were so distressi ng th a t the apostle produ ced ,

a revel atio n prohibiti ng childre n o f a te nder ag e tO

be sold, e x cept c o nj oi ntly with the m other .

S u cc essful in w ar and e nriched by co nqu est , ,

Moh am e d sa w him self n o t o nly at the h e a d of a

re ligio us sect b ut the Soverei gn O f a petty ki ngdo
, .

One acquisit io n y e t r e ained , Witho ut w ich is

 hEE
m
42
2

m
L IF OF MO H A MM D .

The K orei sh fores aw the d anger o f w anto nly pro

v ok in
g o stilitie s They restored O thm an tO libe r
. ty ,
a nd se nt a c ommis sio n ed a ge n t S oh a il to propos e , ,

c o nditio n s o f pe a c e The prelimi nary words of the

.

tre aty were o ffe nsive to the idol aters ; and in c on .

h
.

s e nti ng to w aive his us ual title Moh a m med displ aye d ,

w e akn ess r ather th an pol icy In the n am e o f G od .

a nd his apostle w a s the form u l a with which Ali
,

c om e n ced S oh ail re o n str a ted : H ad w e ac

m

.

k n owledged y o u to be the apostle o f God s a id he , ,

we a d offered y o u no resist an c e
Ali w as r

e .
._

q u e sted to effac e the O bn o x io u s words and su bs titu te

h hh
, ,

the so n O f Abd all ah N o by G od ! cried this
.
,

rst o f believers I sh all n eve robliter ate th at

,

glorio u s title How sho uld I be gu ilty o f s u ch pro

.

fanatio n i The Prophet le ss scr up ulo u s w ith his

h
, ,

h h
o w n h an d (an d the a ss i st an c e of a mir acle ) rem ove d

m
t e o bj e e tio n by w r iti ng is simple de signatio n
,
. .

The co ncl u sio n o f this t r u c e lled the M u ssul e

an s with sh a m e and sorrow The y ad left Me .

m
di n a o n the faith o f a ss u red victory and c omp a ssi ng

h
,

h
t e s a cred e nclos u re of t e temple b u t i nste a d o f ,

tri u m ph , their visit ad e n ded in an ign omi nio u s

mm
pe a c e They c o u ld n o t c o n c e al their ch a gri n and
.
,

for the rst time the voic e o f their chie f w as d isre

g arde d . P art o f the pl ai n on which they w ere
e nc a mped lay withi n the s acred territory and the

h
,

apo stle willi ng to c over thi s disgr a c e w it t e
,

sole nity o f a pilgrim age ordered hi s c omp anio n s

h
,

to sl ay their victim s The c omm and w as he ard in .

m o ur

h
nful sile n c e and disobeyed , Three tim es the .

order w as r epe ated b u t the Moslem s re a i n ed in]

,
,

mov eable The s am e pre se n c e o f m i nd th at ad

.

e x tri cated him from other di f cu lti e s did no t fa i l ,

i in thi s P a ssing alo n g the r anks witho u t u tter

. ,

ing a word he seized the r st c am el and with his

, ,

o w n h an d p e rformed the rite o f immol at i on T e .

forc e o f e x ample ove r c am e their obsti nacy In an .

instant eve r y v ic ti w a s sacr i c e d , and e v er y so ld ie r

 E
m h
h Eh
L IF OF M O H A MM D ; 2
43

hh
o cc u pied in the reli gio u s duties of sh avi ng and pu r i
c atio n w i t a ze al a nd r iv alry altog ether m arvello us

h
, .

Their e l ancholy w as e ntirely dissip ated and ar

mo ny restored by the desce nt o f a ne w r
, evel atio n1 \

w hich a ss u red them o f speedy victory tho u g in ,

the pre sent e nterpri se they ad anticip ated the prom

ised s uc cess .

The J e ws w e r e the doom ed victims o n w ich t e

fur y o f the r ap a cio u s believers w a s ag a i n to b e le t
loose Th o ugh we ake ned by e x ile and c o nsc a tio n
.
,

sever al pl a ce s of st r e n gth rem a in ed in their posses

sio n W ith a body of 4 0 0 i n fa ntry and 2 1

h
. 00 horse , ,

he directed his m arch to Kh aib a r , a fortress o f pro

d ig io u s stre ngth dist an t si x d ays j o u rn e y to the

m
v

n orth e a st of Medi n a and the c apit al o f th e Jewish

-

h
,

Ar a bs It w as protected by eight c astles , some o f

.

which were deemed impre g nable T e b esiegers .

ope ned their tre nches ; b ut all their ass aults were

m m
vigorou sly repu lsed The g all an t beh avio u r o n both
.

side s protr a cted the siege to a c on sider able le n gth

h h
and t e Prophet w as nally c ompelled to s o u nd a
retre at in ord er to give his troops a few days rel ax
,

atio n .

T hi s i nterv al w as signalized by som e rem ark ab le

h
tr aits o f i ndivid ual c o u r a ge Ab u Beker and O m a r .

ad s u cc ess i vel y o unted the bre a ch with a chose n ,

d et a chme nt b u t Were forced j to r etire a mid a

h hh
shower o f d arts a nd arrows T e st and ard w a s c om

m
.
.

itte d to Ali who fo u ght with a v alo u r m ore th an

,

hu m an In si ngle c omb at e e n c o untered M arh ab ,

.

a gig antic Hebrew gover n or o f the c a stl e a, an o f ,

prodigio u s stre ngth and ferocity ; and with a blo w

of is resistless s ab r e c alled the piercer he cleft , ,

him to the teeth tho ugh is he a d w as defe nded b y

,

a po n de r o us helmet li n ed with a do u ble tu rb an In

'

,
.

the fr ay the l an c e of his ant ago n ist a d str u ck hi s

,

b uc kler to the gro u n d ; b ut the un dau nted M ussul

a n s u pplied its pl a c e by te a rin g from its hi nges a ,

g ate o f the fortress which he wielded in his left ,

 E
mh
h Eh
m
2
44 L IF o rMO H A MM D.

h
h and du ring t e whole a ss ault tho u gh the st r engt ,

o f eight e n w as fo u n d unable to m ove it from the

spot where it lay S u ch at le ast is the decl ar atio n
.

o f A b u R a fe whose ze al for his m a ster s glory w e

, ,

m m
c a nnot help thi nki ng as in this e x ploit r ather over ,

stepped e ve n the modest y o f rom an c e T e fall o f

h
.

their ch a p io n dispirited the Jews ; they ed in

dism ay to their c a stle pu r su ed by the victorio u s ,

Moslem s who e ntered with the fugitive s a nd took

, ,

p ossessio n o f the fort .

T his import a nt c o nqu est w as foll owed by the su r

re nder of the o t e r c a stles ; and l a stl y by the town

o f Kh a ib a r itself whi ch bei ng no w destit u te of its
,

ch ief supports , w as obliged at the e nd o f te n d ays

to c apit ul ate The c o nditio n s were h u m an e bu t
.
,

e rc e nary the i nh abit ants b ei ng per i tted to c ul s

h
tivate their l a nds and vi ney ards a s formerly on e ,

h alf of the future produce and o f their pre se nt e ffect s

bei ng aw arded to the M u ss ulm an s T hi s gr ant w a s
,
.

c o u pled with a de spoti c r e strictio n th a t they held ,

their possessio n s e ntirely at the will o f the co nq u eror ,

*
w o might e x pel them at his ple a s u re U n der these .

severe stipulatio ns the J e ws c o nti nu e d to posse ss

,

their c a stles and territori e s u n disp u ted till the reig n

m
o f O m ar who tr an spl anted them to Syri a ; al legin g
,

the dyi ng i nj u n ctio n o f the apostle t h at o n e reli ,

m
gio n o nly sho u ld be toler ated in his native l and o f

hh h
Ar abi a .

h h
m
O n e eve nt c o nne cted with thi s siege still rem ai n s
to be noti ced an attempt to poiso n the apostle

hh h
hh h
m
h
,

while su ppi ng in the fortress W ith his chiefs o n a

hhhh hh
A ccord ing to N ie b u r t e K r aite J ew s in is ti e w e r

h
, a , ,

in p osse ssion of K ib ar w e r t e y l i e d ind e pe nd e n t u nd r e

h
a e v
t e irow n s e iks D rip t d l A rbi p 3 2
,

. es c 6 B rk r.dt e

a e, . . u c a
infor s us t at t e J e w i colo ny once se ttle d a t K
s ib r a a as
w olly d isapp e ar e d ; n ora re t ere a ny J e w s in t e n or t er n

p art of t e r A
a bia n De se rt The re are d e sce n d a nts o f t e K a
.

raite s still a t S an a a i n Ye T e r aib a rare of a A K

'

ab s of

en .

d ark e rco p le x ion t an t e neig b our ing B e d o uins Tr a vels

in A r a bia . A pp N o V i
.
p 4 64 . . . .
 EE h
m mm
hh
2
46 L IF o rMO HA MM D

m
.

missio naries were less s u cc essful with str ange r

h
s t an

with the Ar abs who cherished a n atio nal revere n c e

h h
,

for the religio n of Ishm a el T e h au ghty K oo sr oo

h
. .

tore the letter in piec es bec ause the n am e o f hi s ,

h
.

sl ave Moh ammed o n the su perscri p tio n t ook pre
, , ,

c e d e nc e o f i s ow n From the Emperor H e r a cli u s

.

hh
.

if w e ay belie ve the M u ss ul an writers the s acre ,

m e sse nger ad a or e kindl

y re ceptio n ; fo rt e y
ass u re u s, it w as Only the fe a r o f losi ng is cro w n

hh
th at preve nted i fro m aki ng an o p e n profe ssio n
o f his be lief in the K o r

an

h hh
W ith the fu nctio n s of tempo r al soverei g nty Moa
a mmed c o nj oi n ed th at of ch i ef prie st e r
D u ri n g his life e w a s himself the only mi niste r

m
,

and e x po unde r of is religio n A t rst , s u ch w as .

the r ude simplicity o f the ag e e us e d to pre a ch in ,

t e m osqu e at Medi na le ani ng u po n a po st the tr unk

o f a p alm
,

tre e drive n i nto t e gro und A cc e ssions .

o f po w er and m ag n ic e nc e req u ired m ore appr o

pr ia te a c c ommod a tio n a nd a t le n gth e c o n se n ted

to h ave a st air or pu lpit m a de thre e steps in height,
the u ppermost of whi ch w as oc c u pied b y himself ;
,

Ab u Beker bei ng se a ted o n the se c o nd step ; and

E
O a r o n the third wi th h is feet resti ng o n the
o und Tr
,

gr a ditio n a sserts th at the rst time the

.
,

Prophet a sc e nded the n e w ro stru m a dism al so un d, ,

m
like the lowi ng of a c a mel iss ued from the deserte d

m
,

m
be am e x pressi ve of grief and regret and th at the
, ,

symp athiz i ng apostle caressi ng the d isc o n sol ate

m
,

m
.

tr un k in the m o st e nde ari ng l an gu age , re stored it

to good hu mo ur and imp r

h
essed it with a c o nvicti on

mm h
,

o f the propriety of their sep ar ati on

h h hh
.

h h
N othi n g c o u ld e x c e ed the respect and ve ne r atio n

h
hh h
in which Moh amm ed was held b y hi s devoted fol .

If w e rdit Zo ar a s and o t er
ay c e Gr e e k wr ite r
s Mo a ,
s

ed ad a p e r
sonal i n te r
view w i t H e racl ius w o w as t en at ,

e sa on is re tu rn fro is P e r
sia n e x p e d iti
on a nd ce d e d to
i a r
,

ic t e rrito ry in S y r
ia M e o ir cs d e l A cad e d es Ins a gpt

,
'

-
.

2
.

to e 3 . G ag n ier
, li
b . v. c ap . 4. A bulf ed a , cap . 46 .
 h h
h
tow e r

h
s His w ish e s w e r e anticip ated , his words and
.

looks w atched with the u tm ost atte ntio n Every

h a ir th at dropped o n the gro un d w as g athered with
.

m
m
s u perstitio u s c are His spittle w a s e ag e rly ca u ght

h h
.

a nd pre se r ve d ; an d the w ater i n which ad m a de

hh
'

e '

h
hi s abl utio n s as i f it i nherited a s a cre d virt u e fro

h
,

is to u ch T e cerem o n io u s e x pre ssio n s of allea

mm
.

g ian ce the form al servility of c o ur ts ar e c old whe n

hh
, ,

c omp ared with thi s ferv our o f a blin d e nth u si a sm .

I aV e see n s aid A r

w a t e depu ty o f Mec c a who
, , ,

hh
ad c o n templ ate d t e Mosle m c amp with leisurel
y
a sto nishm e n t f the K o o sr

o o s of Persi a and t e
,

mm
C aes a rs o f R ome in all their glory ; b u t n ever did I
b ehold a ki n g a mo ng is s u bje c ts like Moh amm ed
in the midst o f is c o p an io ns
.

T e ei ghth y e a r o f the Hejir a w as fort unate in the

S po nt an eo u s c o nversio n o f three r e n o w ned prose

h
m
lytes O th an Kh ale d an d Ai r u who mo st se a ~

h
, , , ,

s o nab ly ab ando ne d t e si nk i ng c au se o f idol at r

y

h
.

h
O thm an w as pr e fect or k eep er o f the temple a nd

h
,

h
h
the two othe rs the fu ture coa e r or s of Syri a a n d
'

hh h
Egypt Thi s sa e p e r
. iod w as re ndered m em or able
b y the b attle of M ut a the rst in w ich the Moslem s ,

tried their swords a g ai n st t e di scipli n ed v al o ur of

t e Greeks T e apostle ad se nt a n amb a ss a dor

.

hh
t o the vic er oy of Bo sr a offer in g i a s e ad do n e

h
,

t o ot e r s t e a ss u r an c e o f s al v atio n o n e x ch an ging

C hri sti a nity for the Kor an ; b ut t e s a cred'

e sse n ~

ger while repo si ng in p e a c e and se c u rity w as as

'

,
.

m
,

h hh
s assi n at e d by the ove r n or o f Mu t a a pla c e O pposite
the tow n of H e reg on t e borde rs of Syri a Thi s

hh
,

ati0 1 1w ic over
.

s m all sp ark ki ndled a v ast c o n agr ,

s

s pre a d the E a st an d r a ged bet w e e n the two n atio n s

,

for800 ye ars . A n army of 3 0 00 cho se n troops un der ,

t e c omm an d of Z aid w as ordere d t o a dv an c e ; and , ,

o n the spot wh e r e the guilt y deed ad bee n c omm it

t e d to inict o n t e pe r petr ator t e ch a stiseme nt O i

'

a j u st retrib utio n The bu r ni ng s an ds of the de se rt

.

We re c rossed by r apid and fatiguing arches ; b ut t e

 E
mm
mm m
2
48 L IF OF nio iia ix n .

h
C hr isti an s w ere n ot to b e t ake n by s u rprise A pro z

d igio us forc e of e n , c ompo sed of Gre ek s

m
and au x ili a ry Ar ab s, w as assembl e d The Moslem s .

hesit ated whethe rto give b attle or w a it for rei n

forc em e nt s Frie n ds cried th e ir chie f let u s

h
.
, ,

cut o u rw ay to p ar adi se thro ugh t e r ank s o f the

h
e n emy W e h ave n o al t e r native b ut artyrdom o r

h
.

victory
F an ati ci s i s blin d to d ange r ; a nd in s pit e o f thi s
v ast disproportio n o f n u b e r

h
'

s the b el ievers ew

t o t e att ack resolved to c o n quer o rdie

,

S eve n

h h
, .

y e ars of tri u mph ad i n spired th e m with c o n d e n c e

h
in their good fort u n e a nd a s u c c essful v al o u r ad

h
m
,

ad e the m i nvi n cible The c omb at w a s lo n g and

h h h
.

bloody Z aid fe ll a m o n g t e forem ost c overed with

h h
,
.

glo r
o

wo und s y The st an d ard o f Isl a m as the

Prophet ad di r
.
, ,

h
ected w as tr an sferred to J a far bro

h
, ,

ther o f A li who m ore t an sust a i n ed the fam e of is

,

co untry W he n his right h an d w as s r

. uck o ff e t
,

hh
pl a c ed t e s a cred b ann er in is left and w en t at

h h
too w as dism embere d
, e seized it betwe e n is
,

ble ed i ng st u ps and held it to hi s bre a st tho u gh

hh
, ,

hh h
p ierced w it fty wo u nd s till t e blow o f a R om an ,

s abre cleft his he ad in tw ai n Ab d al l ah the third in .

,

c omm and met with t e s a e fate ; whi ch so dis

,

hhh
pir ite d the he arts o f t e Mu ss u lm a ns th at the y t ur ned
their b a cks fo ri nglorio u s ig t At this Cr is is t e -

i nt r
.

e pid K aled r aised t e falle n st and ard and sue ,

:

ce e d e d i

mh
n r all i n g t e fugit i v e s w o ret u r n ed to t e
y
ch ar
,

hh
ge w ith redo u bled fu ry T e c e ntre o f t e .

e nemy s li n e w a s broke n, a nd thrown into complete

h
d isorder ; t e ro u t be c a m e ge n er al and a terrible ,

sl a u ghter m u st h ave e n s u e d ad no t d ark ness fa

v ou r e d their retr e at In a no ct ur nal c o un cil t e
.
,

c o mm an d w as unan imo u sly de vo lve d on Kh aled ,

w o rem a i ned w i t his troops all n ight on the eld .

o f b attle . N o pl u nd e r ad yet rew ar d ed the b r a

ve r y o f the soldi e r s ; b ut e rly n e x t m or ning their a

ne w ge n er al by a skilfu l
,
te u v r
a n e in d e ploying ls
m
mEE
m hh
h
h
m
2
50 L IF
'

OF M O H MM D. A
o ve e nts co n c e aled th at t e Me c c ans were o nly ,

apprized o f th e i r arriv al by t e bl a ze o f re s
withi n fou rpar a s angs o f t e city L e avi ng O m a r

in ch arge of the c amp to i nterc ept al l spies a nd c om a

h
u nic atio ns the Prophet a dv an ced his army in fo u r

det a chme nts to i nve st the tow n o n every side T e .

left wi n g w as c o ndu cted b y Ali with t e gre a t

st and ard o f I sla m at its he a d a nd the right b y
'

m
Kh al ed ; W hile he himself o u nted o n his c am el ,

h
and clothed in a sc arlet r ob e , to o k t e re a r a nd e x _ ,
;

re ssly prohibited his ge n er als from c ommitti n g vio

p

*
e n c e e x c ept in c as es o f defe n ce

hh
The i nh abit ants we r e in a st ate o f gr e a t c o nster
'
s

na tio n b u t it w as to o l a te to o ff er e ffe ctive resist

,

a nc e Ab u S o a n and tw o o f their chiefs ad falle n

i nto the h ands o f O m ar : to s a ve the i r
.

h
he a ds the y

hh h
sw ore fe alty to Moh a mm ed n o t witho u t su spicio n

h
,

o f tre a chery T e Moslem tro ops m et with no

.

O ppositio n and three divisio ns witho u t striki n g a

, ,

blow m arched pe ac e a bly i nto t e c ity j u st a s the

mm
,

h
o rn i ng sun w as appe ari ng above t e horizo n .

K al e d alo ne e nc o untered a l arge body o f t e

hh hh
e ne my w o dispu ted his p a ss age thro ugh t e pla i n
,

with a shower o f arrows ; b u t a fter a sh arp c Onict, ,

the y w e r e s p eedily disperse d l gn or antly o rp ur .

p0 se ly disr eg ardi ng the p rohibitio n o f the Prophet

m m
as to the e usio n o f blood the fu rio u s c i e f p u rs u ed
'

m
t e fu g itives i nto t e he a rt o f the tow n ; m a ss a cri n g

m
a ll th a t c am e in his w ay in t e streets and p ubli c

h
squares a s fara s the g ate o f the temple where v a st

m h
m
,

S eve nty ar

h
ultit u de s

m
ad t ake n sh e lter e s a id to

h h h
.

h ave falle n by his c u han d ; nu mbers so u ght the

h
hh
tr
h
h
hhh
h

h
hh
e a ty

h
h
M d e Br
e qu ig n y in
.

l Acad d e s In scr
. ip tion s

a t M e d ina , t e p r
w it
e confe r red on
is

n g y ear T e
ece d i
,

b e en conco c te d b e tw e e n M o a
ad

is d au g te rH ab ib a , and t e lib e r
arr
to e
exc e

e d a nd Ab u S o a n
iag e o f t e P rop e t
al s a r
.

e o f sp o il w ic
i and is tw o sons a fte rt e b a ttle of H ona ,
certainly con r t e su sp icion .
lle nt Disser tatio n (Me
co nj e c tu r
de
e s t a t a se c r
et
.
 EEh
m
25 1

h
L IF o r M O H A MM D .

r o te ctio n of their ho u se s while m any ed to t e

li
,

h
ills to esc ape the carn age o f the merciless b ar

hh hh
b ari an .

The apostle himsel f h avi ng c au sed the troops to

d esist fr
,

om sl au ghter e nter e d n o t wit milit ary ,

triu mph b ut in the h u mble gui se o f a pilgrim with a

h
, ,

h
b lack tu r b an an d the i r o rs a cred h abit repe ati n g
'

, a ,

alo ud t e 4 8t ch apter o f t e Kor an H e rode a

h
.

white c a mel and was atte nded by a body gu ard o f

,
-

his pri n cip al o ic e r s S eve n tim es e we nt in

.

processio n ro un d the K aab a e a ch time to u chin g

hhhh
,

the bl a ck sto n e with t e e nd o f is c an e in profo un d

m m
revere n c e ; he the n m ade hi s devotio nal i n cli na '

tio n s dr ank c opio u sly o f t e Z em zem and per

, ,

form ed his s a cred lu stratio n s in a p a il of th at holy

h h
w a ter ; the rest o f the Beli eve r s observi ng the s am e

h
solem n iti e s T e ido ls the obj e cts o f his e arli est

h
.
,

h
and stro nge st i ndignatio n w ere no w w ithi n is ,

re a ch and every w here prese n ti ng t e ir hideo u s

h
,

form s before h i s eye s W it h i s st aff he stru ck a .

m h
woode n pigeo n to t e gro und and broke it to piec e s ,

h
a nd to u chi n g with t e s ame implem e nt all t e i a
e s withi n the e n clos u re he g ave the sign al fortheir
g

m
,

de o liti on Cu rse yo u r idol atrie s ! w at ave o u r

h h
.

h h
p io u s forefather s m ort als lik e o urselve s to do wit

h h
, ,

you r sorc erie s and yo u r s a crilegio u s wors ip

h
A nd i nst antly Abr ah am and Is m a el wer e dr agged
from their pede st als Hob al with his oar

h
. y be ard ,

and his divi n i n g a rrows w as l a id prostr ate Mo unted

, .

on t e sho ulders of t e P rophet Ali pu lled d ow n the ,

i dol of t e K o z aite s from the top of t e K aab a

h
,
S ai nts and an gels m ale and fem ale with t e w ole
, ,

h
fan t a stic group of he athe n divi ni tie s were ig no i , ?

nio u sly swept fro the pl ac e in o ne c omm o n r ui n,

u nt il the pr ide o f an ci e nt p a ganism w as bro ug t low ,
a nd the temple cle an sed from the a c c u m u a t ed v an i
l :

t ie s of 2 00 0 ye a rs O ver the wrecks o f their s a t

.
:

ter e d deiti es the victor h ar ang u ed

t e trembli ng
idol aters o n the foll y o f their se nsel ess ador at io n s ;
2
52 L IF E
Eh
O F MO H AMM D.

m h
r ecom mended them to believe in one G od ; and
point ed to his victories a s a triumph ant pr oo f o f is
cl a ims to the prophetic ch ar a cter .

The l aws o f c onquest g ave him the ri g ht to m ak e

the citizens hi s sl ave s ; b u t his ang er w as directe d

h
m ore ag ainst the idols th an the inhabit ants o f t e
c ountry ; and inste ad of indulg ing in a cruel r e tali

m h
a tion the g enerous exile forg ave the g uilt and ap

m
,

pe a sed the fa ctions o f Me cc a by restoring its politi

h
cal ri g hts an d s a cred privile g e s Interest more th an .

clemency mi g ht dict ate thi s c ompromi se for t e

h
,

p e ople merited their freedo b y sub mi t tin g to is

h
a uthority and profe ssin g his reli gio n ; and when t e
chie fs of the Koreish were summoned to his p re s

h
ence and humb ly dem anded his mercy Wh at

, ,

tre atment but ch a ins and b ond ag e can you expe ct

h
from the an y o u ave wrong ed an d w o m G o d
1
,
.

Th at of a br

h
ad e y o u rm a ster

as other and a

h

kinsm an s aid the suppli ants Go then ; you ar
, _ e ,
.

s a fe you are free

T e only e x ception to thi s

h
, .

g ener al a mnesty w as the e xecu t ion of fo ur crimin als

h
,

who ad rendered themselves person ally ob noxiou s

h
to the c onqueror

h
.

The whole inh abit ants m al e and fem ale wit t e , ,

h au g hty A b u S o an and the fe r ocious H end a at their

he ad took the o ath o f delity and al le g i anc e ; and
,

t u s within ei g ht ye ars a fter his b anishment t e

m m
o r p an so n o f Abd all a h w as enthroned as princ e and
prophet o f his n ative city Mec c a w as henc efort .

decl ared an inviol able s anctu ary where it w as nu

h h
,

l awful to commit b loodshed o rcut down a tree Its

h
.

temple inste a d of the promiscuous hom ag e th at

,

formerly disg r a ced it w as to be shut for eve r except

h
,

to the p artis ans o f the Kor a n ; and a perpetu al law

w as enacted th at n o unbeliever should d are under
, ,

p ain o f de ath to set is foot within the a or

, ,

o ly territory .

Fi fteen d ays were spent in re g ul ating the affa irs

of t e Me ccan g o v ern e nt an d pl anning milit ary ,
2
h
h
54

h
h
EE
h
h
LIF o r M O HA MM D .

hh
t r owin g a h andful o f dust to enc our ag e is sol

h h
die rs e so on beheld the tid e of vi ctory c ang e in
,

his favour T e infuri at e d troops wit the im ag i

.
,

n ar y aid o f an g els in icted a m er ciless r e ,

v e ng e o n t e authors o f th e ir dis g r a ce .

M al e c with the wr e ck o f is army ad retired to

, ,

m
T aif and shut im self up in th a t fortress , resolved to
de fend it to t e l a st e xtrem ity T is w as a pl a c e

hh
. .

of to o gr e at import anc e to rem ain in the h ands o f a n

h

enemy ; and from the v al e o f H o nain Moh a mm ed

h
,

m arched without del ay to put an end to t he W arof

Idol atry b y e ffe ctin g its r e d u ctio n Twenty d ays

h
.
,
.

were w a sted in useless oper atio ns an d with relu ct

h h
,

a n ce e saw imself c ompell ed to r ais e the sie g e ;

h
bu t e retre a te d with an idl e thre at to return e x

h
ting his c omp ani ons to trust in his never
,

or fa ilin g

hhh
sour ce o f an g e li c a ssist an ce A volunt ary sub is .

sion o wever , rendered a se cond attempt unn e c e s

,

sary T e terried T ak i te s exp re sse d their

. .
,

re adiness t o profess Isl a m on c ondition t at the ir

m
g odd es s Al L att ah w as preserve d for t r ee ye ars

h h
, , ,

and t e mselve s exempted fro m the o b lig at ion o f

m
pr ayer B ut t e Prophet w as inexor able Reli gion
. .

without pr ayer he told them w as worthle ss ; and

,
'

a s fo rtheir i dol atry e c o uld n o t toler ate it fo ran

hhh
, .

hour

m
.

The b ooty w ich thi s expedition pl a c e d at his

dispos al a m ounted to 600 0 captives c am el s , ,

she ep an d ounc e s of silver A hal t

'

m

, .

o f thirteen d ay s w as empl o yed in d i stributin g t e

plun der forthe imp ati ence o f is sol diers c ould no

h
,

lon g er be restr ained In ste a d o f repro a ching t e .

K orei sh forth e ir dis affe cti on at H o ain e ende a ,

v o ur e d to se cure their att a ch e nt an d silenc e their

c alumn ies by a superior m e a sur e o f liber ality Abu .

S o an alon e w as p resent ed with 3 00 cam els an d

t w enty ounc e s o f silver a suspicion , ad there ,

b een no other o f his p r ivate instr e ntality to the

, u
c onquest o f Me c c a The s a m e un i ce nc e w as ex
.
 m
hEE h LIF o r M O H AMM D . 2
55

h
m
tended to is two s ons and all the o t her c i efs o f

h h h
distinc t ion and the w averin g fai t h o f the new p ros

h
,

clytes w a s conr e d by the lu cr ative re li g i on o f the

hh
Kor an V ari ous g r atuiti e s were dispensed to s e ver al

h
.

str ang e r s b e lo ng ing to other Ar ab tribe s ; an d to

c on cili ate the affections o f t e avaricious tr 0 0 ps
w o were depri ved o f their prisoners Mo amm ed ,

w as c ontent to resi g n is ft o f the plund e r and

h
,

wi shed for their s ake th at t e cattle he ad to

, ,

be stow we r e as num erous as the tre es in t e p ro v

h h
inc e of Teh am a ! ?
T he sub i ssi on o f the K oreish ,

t o whom all Ar abi a lo oked with vener a t ion as the

enuine des c end ants o f I shm a el w as a si g n al to
g ,

tho se tribe s w o still rem a ined ho stile th at r esist

a n c e w as useless Most o f them o ffered their vol

h
.

u ntar y o m a g e and the m ore refr acto r

, y were gl ad
t o preserv e their lives and effect s by yieldin g a r e
lu ctant alle g i anc e

hh h
hh
.

The sc eptre o f Moh am m ed w as triump ant and '

,

all the petty chiefs from the shores o f the R e d S e a

t o the Persi an Gulf a c k nowled g ed is re g al and
,

p riestly suprem a cy, H is arm s w ere ne w powerful

hh
enou g h to attempt forei g n c onque sts and c op e w ith ,

the stren gt o f nei g hb ourin g empire s T e w e alth .

and fe r tility o f Syri a ad a ttr a ct ed is c up idity ;

an d under pretenc e o f anticip atin g the w a rlike pre
,

p ar atio n s of H er a clius he resolved to m arch w it

,

o ut del ay into t at p r o v in ce An army o f

'

tr0 0 ps w as assembled and a holy w arsolemnly p r

mm
, _ o

h
cl aimed ag ainst the Rom ans T e h ar a ss ed Mos

m
.

lem s entered o n this expedition with relu ct anc e It

.
.

h
w as the se ason o f h arv est , an d a tim e o f sc arcity ,

h h
wh en their l abour w as i mperiou sly de m a nded in

h h
c ollectin g their v int ag e B ut in v ain did they b e g

h h
.

a disp ens ation , and urg e their d i e r

e nt excuses ,

A dif cu lty W it reg ard to arried ca ti ve s ad sta rt led t e

c onscientiou s M osle s ; b ut t e ca suist ic not w as solved b y t e
K oran , w ic p ronou n ce d it l a w ful fo rb elievers to a ke concu
b ine seo f t e w ives of in d el u sb and s G ag nier , lib vi c ap 5 . . . .
 EE
hmh
m
2
56 LI F o r M O H AM M D.

h
t w ant o ney horses and provisions thei r
of
'

e , , ,

rip e fru its an d the scorchin g he at of summer

, H ell .

i s much hotter ! s aid the indi g n ant apostle ; and
w ithout c onc e alin g from them t e fa ti g ue s a nd
obst a cles they must surm ount e pro c eeded with ,

d etermine d int r epidity in the execution o f his pl an .

P ainful and we ary w as the m arch of the di stressed

army T e n m en rode by turns on the s a m e c a e l

E
.

h
E
a nd thou g h the histori ans o f this c a mp a i g n h ave
invented a c opious shower i n reply to the Prophet s

supplic ations the exh austed s oldiers were reduce d

,

to the n ec essity of drinkin g the w ater from the

h h

belly o f th at u seful anim al After ten d ays j our ney .

in a burnin g de sert the B elievers re p osed by t e

,

w at e r s a nd p al m g roves o f T ab u c a town lyin g

m
h hh
-

m
,

m i dw ay between Medin a an d D am a s cus W hile

m
.

en camped here , Moh amm e d w as inform ed th at the

Rom an army ad retired w i ch put a stop to the ,
-

prosecution o f the war The terror of his appro ach

h
.

i s a scribed as the c ause o f their sudden retre a t b ut

thou g the vali ant Arab d ecl ared himself s atised

h
with th e ir p e ac eful intentions it i s m ore th a n pro b

h
,

able th at in the l an g uid and d isc ontented st ate o f

his ow n troops he de clined to a z ard is fa m e and
hi s fortune s ag ainst t e m arti al arra y o f the

h
p er oro f the as t An interv al of twenty d ays w as
.

e mploye d in subduing orr e ce iv g the alle g i anc e o f

t e nei g hbour in g chiefs M ost o f the b ein g Chri s

m m
.

ti an s were allowed o n the term s o f an a nnu al t ribute

,

t e security o f their persons the pr operty of thei r ,

goods the free d om of their tr ade , and t e t oler ation

h
,

o f thei r worship Am on g the petty prince s th at

h
. .

o ffered the ir person al ob ei s anc e at the c amp o f T a

buc w as John the Chr isti an g overno ro f Ail ah , who

h
,

c ompounde d for liberty o f c onsci enc e an d prote ction

to h ims e lf and hi s s u bj e cts b y the ye a rly p aym ent
o f 3 0 0 0 p iec es o f g old As a m ark o f is fav our
_ .
,

the P rophet c omplim e nted i with a rich cl o ak or .

ant le which desc ended to t e c aliphs a n d is s ai d

, ,
2
58

hEhE LIF o r M O H A MM
which the fate of Mec c a ad a ttr a cted to a cknow
D .

h
ledg e t e po w er o rsupplic ate the prote cti on of the
c onqueror .

V ariou s ar r an g em ents were put in oper ation to

c onsolid ate the stren g th o f the infant m on archy .

O fc ers we re appointed to coll ec t and superintend

the e cclesi a stic al r evenue s ; and the O pprobrious
n a m e o f tribute w as exch an g e d for t h at o f al ms or
obl ati ons for the se r vic e of reli g ion All form er .

edicts ortre atie s implyin g lib erty o rexemptions in ,

E
favour o f in d e ls were revoked S om e rites in th e

h
.
,

g re at annu al s olemnity were altered ; the ihr a m

w as decl are d the e ssen t i al dress o f all pilg rim s i n fu
ture and the inde c ent custom which ad preva iled ,

in the Tim es o f Ig nor anc e o f perform in g the seve n

,

c irc uits n aked w a s abolished T o g ive the s an ction

,
.

o f his o w n ex ampl e and fur nis a model to the

,
a

faithful in a ll su cce e d ing ag e s for the ex a ct and

'

h
a ccept able disch ar g e o f this c eremony Moh a mm ed

hh
,

dete r min ed to m ak e a v ale dictory o rfarewell pil

g rim ag e The piety o f the Moslem world w as
.

kindl ed an d a o ck o f
, obsequiou s devotee s
acc o mp anie d hi s j ourney H is c a mp incl uded all
.

is wive s who ri din g o n c am els were enclosed

h
, , ,

wit in p a vili ons o f e mbroidere d silk ; and w as fol

h
lowed by an imm ense num b er o f victim s for s acrice

h
,

cr owned with g arl an ds o f owers v ery spot where

hh h
mm
mm
.

he h al te d and s aid is pr ayers bec a me c onse c r

-
a ted ;
a nd the m anner in whi ch h e executed the v arious
rites from the cuttin g of is h air and n ails to the
,

s olemn a ct o f throwin g st one s a t t e devil i s still ,

h
reli g iously observed by the ajj is of the present d ay -
.

T e g ener a l tr anquil lity w as at this t im e inter

h
r up te d but no t end a n g er e d by the r a sh pretensions
, ,

o f o ne o rtwo a dventurers whom the suc cess o f

M oh a m me d ad tempte d t o bec om e is riv als .

M o se ila a princ e o f Y e a a ad m a de hi s sub

, ,

mission and professe d the Mosle m reli g i on a o ng

,

t e host o f a mb a ss adors th at ocked t o Medin a .

m
h
EE
m LIF r M O H AM M 2
59

m
o D .

S overei g n o f a conside r a ble

p rov in c e and beloved ,

h
b y his subj e cts he conc eive d the proj ect o f com
,

e ncing apostle on his o w n a cco r t ; an d sc a rc ely

mm
ad he returne d to his c apit a l when he reno unce d
Isl am and be g an to a ssum e the ensi g ns and p r er o
,

g ativ e s o f a D ivine m e ssen g er A ffe ctin g to be

h
.

equ al in honour a nd di g nity with the Prophet e ,

wrot e him an e pistle m odestly propo sin g t h at t e
,

e arth shoul d b e divided between M o se ila a and

Moh ammed the two apostle s of God
The l a tter

h h
.
,

w as to o well c onrmed i n his empire to need an

a ssoci ate ,o r toler a te t i s pie c e o f unp ar e lle le d

impudenc e
Let M o sBil a a the li ar know

h
, , ,

h
.

w as the reply th at the e arth belon g s to t he Lord

, ,

who will give the victory to hi s true serv ant .

U ntil his sixty t ird ye ar Moh a m me d ad su s

h
-
-
,

t al a d with un ab ated vi g our the tempor al and

'

, ,
.

spiritu al fati g ue s o f his mission The in r itie s

h
.

of ag e ad not imp air ed hi s c onstitution thou g h hi s ,

he al t h ad suffered a g r adu al de cline H is m ortal

h
.

dise a se w as a fever o f which he w as sei zed i n the

h
,

h
o use o f Zain ab one o f hi s wive s w hile g iving
, ,

directions to O sar n a to le ad an expedition into P ales

t in e to av eng e the de ath of Z aid , who a d e arne d

h
m
the cro w n of m arty rdom at the b attl e o f Mut a .

Findin g is m al ady incre ase he r e queste d to be

c onveye d to t e m ansion o f is favourite Ayesh a ,

whose tender ne ss m i g ht so oth his l a st m om e nts T o .

her he expressed his serious c onviction th at he owed

mh
the c ause o f is di stemper t o the p oi so ne d mutton
at Kh a i b ar For thre e d ays he su ff ered the torture s
.

o f an in tense a nd insupport ab le he at which deprived ,

him at interv als of the use o f re a son This p ar ox .

ye w as su c c eeded by a m ore favour ab l e c r is is ,

and he r e covered so faras to o f ciate at p r ayers

in the m osque H is audienc e w ere e di e d by a
.

penitenti al a c k no wled g m ent o f his will in g ness to

m ake re st itution to such as he mi g ht h ave un con
scio u sly wron g ed If there be any an who m I

.

h ave unjus t ly sc our g ed I o ffer my b ack t o t he l a s

,
 E
m E
hmh
m hm
h h
2
60 LIF o r MO H AMM D
.

of r e taliatioii i I f Ih ave a spersed his re put ation
.
,

let hi m pro cl aim my faults If I h ave tak e n is .

-

m oney , o rde spoiled i o f is g oods I a r e ady ,

to g i v e the little I po sse ss to c ompens ate is lo ss .

L et my a c cu ser m ak e hi s dem an d ; it i s not my _

disposi t ion to resent the cl aim s o f j ustic e Y e s, .

e x cla
i e d a voi c e from the crowd you o w e e

h
,

three d r a chm s o f silver Moh am m ed im mediately

h h
.

di sch ar g ed the debt and th anked hi s creditor for

,

a ccusin g him in thi s world r ather th an at t e d a

y

hhh
o f j ud g m ent .

To hi s l atest hour an d amid so r row and su ffe r

h
.
,

ing he c ontin u ed to act tl e c ar a cter o f the Prophet ;

h
,

evincin g at t e clo sin g sc ene o f m ort ality t e s am e

re m ark able fortitude and pre senc e o f m i nd th at he
ad displ ayed o n t e eld o f b attle In o ne inst an ce
.

o nly did t e v iol e n ce o f di se as e betr ay hi s w ander ~

h h
m
ing fa c ulti e s into a m om ent ary illusion w e n he

h

,

c alled forp en and ink t at he mi g ht w rite a book

,

fo r the better instru ction o f hi s foll ower s , and to

c onsum m ate the work o f revel a tion The p r O p o sal

h
.

w as st artling an d m et with opposition a s the K or an

, ,

w as de em ed su f cient : t e ch amber o f sickne ss

h hhh
,

w as disturbe d by an u nse as on abl e di spute , until t e

dyin g P rophet w as forc ed to reprim and the indec ent
v e hem enc e o f hi s disciple s Unwillin g th at is
. .

attend ants s o ul d witne ss the r e currenc e of his

h h
in r itie s e orde r

e d all persons to be e x cluded

hh
m
,

fro m is ap artm ent ; and t e l as t three d ays o f is

_

e xi sten c e w er e s ent in t e ex clusive so ciety o f

p

h hh
A y esh a.

Tr adition whi ch di s g ured his life wit rom anc e

, ,

as le ft us to c ontempl a te the circum st anc e o f is

d e at thr ou g a cloud o f superstitious inc ense If .

w e ar e to pl a c e the sli g ht e st credit on the e viden ce

of is only c omp anion he re ceived m or e in c onte st
,

a ble pro ofs to e st ablish t e truth o f is m ission at

its term in ation th an in any fo r mer perio d; G ab r iel

ade r e g ul arvisits o f c ondolenc e and inqu i r y afte r

'
Medina an d Mosque of hh
t e Prop et .
 LI F EE
hhh o r M O IIAMM
hi s he alth The ang el o f de at w as not permitted
-
D . 2
63

h
.

t o sep ar at e his soul fro m his body till e ad

re sp ectfull y solicited permission to enter the cha m
ber The reques t w as g r anted and the l ast o fc e
. ,

perform ed wi t h all the deferenc e o f a se r

v ant to the
c omm and of his m a ster W hen the m oment o f his .

dep arture appro a che d his e a d w as reclined o n the

,

lap o f A ye sh a he fa inted in the ag ony o f p a in but ,

re coverin g his spirits and r a i sin g his eye s with a

,

ste ady lo ok tow ards the roof o f the ap artm ent he

h
,

uttered with a faltering voic e the followi ng broken

h h
an d sc arcely articul ate expre ssions O G od
r
1
p a don m e h av e pity Yes rec eive m e ~ -

h
,
_
a m o ng my fell ow c itiz ens on hi g h and imm e

hh h
-

d iately expired on a c a rpet spre a d o n the o or .

The p artic ul ar ye ar o f his de ath a s bee ndisputed

1

but t e be st a uthors x it to the 2 t o f R e bi ah
in th e el ev enth y e ar o f the H ej ir a c orresponding to
t e 7 1
,

th o f June A D 63 2
'

. .

T e m e lancholy intelli g enc e spre ad r ap idly thr ou g

the city The fr a nti c popul a c e would no t be co n
.

vinc e d th a t they ad been d eprived o f their apostle .

They rushed with cre dulous dism ay to the house of

m ournin g D isre g a r
. din g the evidenc e o f hi s senses ,

O m arun she athe d his s ci mit ar thr e atenin g to strike

'

o ff the he a ds O f the i n d e ls who should d are to

hh
a ssert th at their m a ster w as no more A s ce ne of .

tum ult an d c onfusion ensued which r et arde d the ,

m
interm ent for som e d ays The ferm ent w as at len g th
.

appe a sed by Al Abb a s an d Ab u B eker who produced

h
,

the testimony of re a son and a text o f the K or an , ,

th at t e Prophet a d a ctu ally t a ste d of de ath .

N e w disp utes arose as to the pl a c e o f se pultur e ;

~
Me cca Me din a and Jerus alem b ein g e a ch su gg ested
, ,

by the c ontendin g p arties A s ay in g ascribed to . .

Moh a mm ed decided the p oint : Th a t a p rop e t

ou g ht to be burie d on the spot where he die s A .

g r av e w as d u g and the c o fn deposited in a v ault

,

p aved with bri cks ben ea th the flo or of the ap art e n t

,
2
64 E
m
hhm
h h L iF r
o o na n an .

h
w here he ad bre at e d is l a st ; and to this d ay t e
innumer able pilg rim s o f Mec c a often turn a side from
the ro a d to bow in vol unt ary devotion be fore the
,

simple tomb of the Prophet The multifari ous .

d uties o f the h ajj i who perform s thi s expe dition

his ej acul ations o n per ceivin g the dist ant tre es and
*
spires his alm s perfum e s an d prostr ati ons is

hh
, ,

pr ayers and postures within the s a cred enclosure o f

h
the m osque where the sepulchre st ands ar e c 0 pi ,

o u sly describe d by the Mussulm a n doctors .

F or the person al appe ar anc e an d priv ate life of the

h
h
a po stle we must rely on the Ar abi a n writers w o
, ,

dwell with fond and proud s atisfaction on t e g r aces

a n d intelle ctu al g ifts with which n ature ad endowe d
him H e w as o f a middl e st ature o f a cle ar fair
.
,

skin a nd ruddy c omplexion H is he a d and fe ature s

,
.
,

thou g h l ar g e were well proporti oned ; e ad a

,

prom inent forehe ad l arg e d ark brown eye s and -

h
, ,

a quiline no se and a thi ck bu shy be ard

, H is m outh .
,

thou g h r ather wide w as h andsomely form ed and

,
,

a dorned with te eth white as p e a rls the upper row

h
,

not closely set b ut in re g ul a r order ; which appe ared

,

when he smile d and g a ve an ag ree abl e e xpressi on

,

t o his c ounten an c e H e a d a quick e arand a fine

h h h
.
,

sonorous voic e H is d ark eye b rows appro a che d

m
.

e a ch other without me etin g H is h air fell p artly in .

ring lets about is temples an d p artly h un g down b e ,

h
tween hi s shoulders ; to prevent whiteness the sup ,

p osed e ffect of S at a ni c in u enc e he st a ined it as

hh
, ,

t e Ar abs often d o still of a s hining r e d d is c ol ou r

, .

H is fr am e w as muscul ar and c omp a ct rob ust r athe r

th an c orpul ent W hen he w alked e c arri ed a st aff

.
,

in imit ation o f the other prophets, an d ad a sin g u

h
laraffe ct ati on o f bein g thou g ht to resembl e Abr a -c

a . T e a ssertion o f the Gre eks and Chri sti an s

th at he w as subj ect to epilepsy must be a scri be d t o
i g nor anc e o rm alic e .

The attery orthe superstitious vener ation of his

'

followers a s cre ated se ver al attribute s th a t a r e

 EE
m h h
2
66 LIF o r MOHA MM D.

m h
o rd ress Date s an d w ater o ra sp arin g allow an c e

h h
.
,

o f b arley br -
e ad the abstemious diet o f hi s c o untry ,
,

were is usu al fare Milk and honey to hi m wer e

h
.

luxurie s : when he ate he sat cross le gg ed o n t e

,
-

round d
when he tr avelled he divided hi s s canty
g ; an
m orsel with the valet w o g ener all y rode behind

h hh
,

i o n the s a m e ani m al O n solemn o c c a sions e

.

m
fe a sted his c ompani ons with rust ic and hospit abl e

h
plenty ; but m onths s om etimes el aps ed without t e

m h
c o forts o f re o rc ookery bein g s een on his he art

h
.

To nish thi s portr a it o f hi s humility w e le arn th at

'

.
,

e w a s in the h abit o f perform in g the m o st humbl e

a nd m eni al o f c e s o f the fam ily The lord o f A ra

hh
.

b ia di sd a ined n ot to m end his o w n sho es and is

c o arse wooll en g arm ent ; e milke d t e s e ep ,
kindle d hi s re , swept the o or and se r ved is

hh h

, ,

g u e sts at his ow n t able H is liber ality in best o w

m
.

ing al m s bordered on extr av a g anc e an d often left ,

i without o ney o r provi sions for the m aint e

n an c e o f is h ousehold The sincerity o f hi s

h
.

g ho stly inj un ctions to ch arity an d b enevolenc e w as

h
a tt e sted at is de at by the exh austed st at e o f is
c o ffers

h
.

H is atte nti n to the c are s o f the t oilette w as ex

hh
tr ao r d inar y in a p e r

m m
son so i mm ersed in devotion and

hh h
c onquest W henever he went to t e m osque ; oro n
.

a milit a ry exp editi on he c arried with

,
i a vessel
o f odoriferous ointm ent antim ony for eye p aint a ,
-
,

c omb , and a mirror ; an d in d e fault o f the l atter e

,

would adj u st is e address by the ree cti on o f w ater

'

T e t w o thin g s on e a rth in w i ch he m ost deli g hted

hh
w er e wom en and perfum es ; the fervour o f hi s piety ,
he af r me d w a s incre ase d by the se sensu al ple a
,

s ure s ; and e took c a re th a t hi s relig i on shoul d

ak e a mpl e prov ision fortheir e nj oym ent No .

thing sc an d ali ze d his Christi an a dvers arie s mo r

e
t an the fre edom with whi ch he indul g ed his con
ju g al p rope nsities From the l aws which he i
.

o d others l im d s ec ial exempt ion fo r

p s e o n e c a e p
 EE
h hh L IF OF

i mself ; an d in the gratic ation of is c ar

MO HA M M D

n al d esire s
. 67
2

hh hh
e scr uple d n o t to s u bj ect his ch ara cter a s an apostle

and eve n the prete n ded c o un sels of He ave n to the ,

imput atio n o f we akn ess an d in c onsiste n cy T e .

mo st public and criminal e x ce sses were leg ali zed

by Divin e revel atio n The s an ctity o f the tem p le
.
,

t e disti n ction o f fast d ays and holy p lac e s e might

-
, ,

in c ompli an c e with d em an ds o f n at ur e viol ate with ,

imp unity The b arrier of prohibited degre e s which

.

c o nn ed is foll owers w as no lim it to is p assio n ;

cl aiming a s they did a p ec uliar and ex cl usive
, ,

h
li c e n se

hh h
.

His ser aglio i ns te ad o f the legal nu mber o f fo ur

, ,

c o nt ain ed ftee n o rseventee n (others say tw e nty

si x ) wive s ; and wh at i s sin gul a r , all widows e x
, ,

ce p ting o nly the d au ghter o f Ab u B eker N e x t to .

K a dij a his beloved Ayesh a e n grossed the gre atest

,

sh ar e o f is c o n de n ce and a tte ntio n She ad the .

rep u t atio n of b ein g the m ost a c c omplished l a dy o f

m
her time ; an d long a fter is de ath she w a s reve re d
as the Mother o f the F a ithful H er yo u th and be au ty .

m aint aine d the asc e nd ant in the h arem ; b u t her

beh avi o ur if not crim in al w as at le ast in discreet

h
, , .

In the no ct urnal m arch ag a in st the M o stal e kite s the ,

lo ss o f a pe arl n eckl ac e obliged her to di smo un t ;

h
and the tr ain pro ce eded u n c on sci o u sly le aving her

h
m
,

b ehin d S a tfw an an o ice rof the re argu ard fo u n d

.
, ,

her u nveiled an d overcom e with sle e p ; an d c o n

h
du cte d her in the m orning o n is ow n c a mel to the
c a mp The temper o f Moh a m e d w as inclin ed to

h h
.

j e al o u sy and is e n emies gl ad ly seiz ed the O pp o r

,

tunity of wo u nd i ng is domestic ho no u r B u t the .

bitter te ars o f Ayesh a an d her prote st ati on s of i nn o

,

c e n c e softe n ed is an ger From this p erple x in g

, .

dil emm a he w a s relieved by a D ivi n e revel atio n ;

which as sured i o f her i nv iol able d e lity The .

a cc u sers were ch a stised by the s a m e au thority with , ,

e ighty stripes ; an d a law w as p u b li shed th at n o

wom an shou ld be c o ndem n ed a s g uilty unle ss t e ,
2
68 L IF E

Eh
"
0 1MO IIA M M D.

h h
o c ul a r evide nc e w as a dd u ced o f fo u r m ale w it
nes se s His m arri age with Z ai nab the wife o f is

.
,

m
sl ave and a dopted son Z a id w as the dict ate o f an ,

h
ill icit p assi on and a sh a m eful bre a ch o f the m atri
,
-

m o ni al law o f forbidd e n af nities

h
.

h
B eside s is wi ves he ad s ever al c o nc ubi nes the ,

h
m o st n oted o f whom w as the E g ypti an M a ry H er

h h
.

ch a r m s were irresistible ; and n otwith st an di ng the ,

p rohibi tio n s o f t e Kor an the apostle w as to o deeply ,

e namo u red to e x erci se the virt u e of absti ne n c e T o .

avoid t e sc a n d al he a d rec o u rse t o secret i ntrigu e ;

,

b ut H a p sa s u rpri sed i in her o w n ch a mber with

h
is favo u rite c aptive H e swore he wo uld for ever
.

re n o u n c e the p o ssessio n o f is m istress an d she

m
,

p romised sile n c e and forgive n es s B oth p artie s

forgot th eir e ng agem e ntsthe h arem w as in a am e
.

h
o f j e al o u sy a nd reve n ge ; b u t G abriel a gain inter

p o sed with a s ur a to absolve him from is o ath ; and

e x horted him to e nj oy the b o unty of an i ndulge nt
an d m erciful Provide n c e witho u t liste ni n g t o the ,

cl am o u rs o f his wive s T o ch a stise their q u acio us

.

i ndiscreti o n H ap sa s u ffered a tempor ary divorc e

, ,

a nd the rest w ere c o ndem n ed to the p e n an c e o f a

hm
solit a ry m o nth ; d uri n g which tim e the Prophet et
with n o obstr u ctio n in fullli n g the c om m ands o f th e
a ngel At the e nd o f thirty d ay s he s um m o ned the m

h
.

t o his pre se n c e repro a ched them for their d isob ed i

,

e n c e thre ate n ed th em with et er nal s ep ar atio n both

, ,

in thi s world and the n e x t and hi nte d a t the p os ,

sib ility o f s upply i ng their pl a c e s by other s m ore

faithful and devoted Thi s thre at w a s th e m ore ap

.
.

p alli n g as n o wom an who m he ad o nc e espo u se d

, ~

w as permitted to cherish the O p e o f a se co nd ar

h
r iag e . The m ai n ar gu me n t by which his apologist s
e x cu se his se ns u alitie s w as the hope of m ultiplyi ng
his desc end ants Y e t all the i nm ate s of hi s h ar em
.
_

were childless a nd n ot a son s u rvived to s uppo r t

the decli n e of hi s life or u phold a fter his demi se , , ,

t e di g nitie s o f priest and k in g O f his eight C hil .

e
7
20 m
mEh s o r M O H A MM

h
D.

h h
m

re al one o f those pl au sible dis g u ise s which he em
ployed to throw a veil of myst ery over is proc eed
i ngs This we ay perh aps i n fer from is e x te nsive
.

c omm erci al i nterco u rse with the polished cities o f

S yri a and from the fact th at at t e tim e o f his birth
, ,

the u se o f letters m u st ave bee n well k n ow n at

Me c c a The seve n po em s s u spe n ded in th e K aab a
.
,

the de cre e of the K orei sh and other doc um e nts i

te nded for p u blic per u s al n e c e ss a rily presu ppos e ,

th at the arts o f re a di ng an d writi ng were n eith er

u n c om m o n n o r e x tr a ordi n ary a tt a i n e nt s Th at ,

A b u T aleb A b u B eker Ali a nd m a ny others o f th e

, , ,

rst Moslems w ere fam ili a r w ith letters , ar e fa ct s

h
,

h
th at n o n e h a ve ever disp u ted He n c e the fa ir pre .

su mptio n i s th a t Moh a mm e d w as no t altogether nu

,

i n stru cted in tho se a c c omplishm e nts which w er e

h
h hh
p os se ssed by nu mbers o f hi s fellow c itize ns in the -

s am e r ank and the s am e profe ssio n It i s d i f c u lt .

for hyp o crisy to b e c o n si ste nt ; and n otw it stand

h
,

ing all is c are and c irc u m spe ctio n , the m ask s om e

h
,

tim e s dropped o ff If we ar e to credit hi s b io g r -

a

h
.

p e r
s he
,
wrote letters to sever a l foreig n pr inc e s ;

in is tre aty with t e Me c c an s e e r ase d his apos

t oli c titl e and with hi s o w n h an d substit uted hi s

,

family n a me ; a nd in is l a st ill n ess he d em anded

m at eri als t o re c ord is nal i n str u ctio n s to his peo
ple T e A r
'

. ab s ind e e d a scribe the l atter to th e

, ,

effe ct o f deliri u m o rdi se a se and the other they

m
m
e x pl ai n by the i nterve ntio n o f a mir acle T i s

hh
,
.
,

h owever i s b ut a n u n s atisfa ctory e x pl an atio n ; and

,

the e v id e nc e o f these i n c ide nt al fa ct s seem s to at

~

t est th a t there were m om e nts w he n hi s prete nde d

i n c ap a c ity w as forgotte n a nd whe n h e not o nly e x

hh
,

pressed a wish to e x ercise b ut a ct ually pr a ctise d , ,

th at very ar t of w ich he and is hi stori an s m a in

tain e d his tot al ig n or a nc e .

Th a t to a c ert ai n e x te nt Moh a mm ed w as a be ne
, ,

fa ctor to hi s n atio n c ann ot be disp u te d Gross .

and ab sur d as is t e w ol e sy ste of I sla , it po s .

 h
E
E L IF o rM O H A MM D . 7
2 1

h
e se d m any pri nciple s in c ommo n with the tru e
'

s s
religio n ; and is do ubtless in every respect farpre
, ,
.

fer ab le to the degr ad i ng and m o ns tro u s idol atry

.

w ich form ed the an cie nt and prev aili ng creed o f

Ar abi a It w as a wise and hu m an e j u ri spr u de n ce
.

h
th at forb ade t e i nfant sl ave to b e sep ar a ted from the

h
m other ; th at abo lished the imm ol atio n o f childre n to
idols ; and the b a rb aro u s syste m o f b ury i ng fem ales

hh
alive B u t the l a ng ua ge of comm e n d a tio n c an e x

te nd little farth er th an to the repe al of ob n o x io u s

u s a ges To the pr a is e o f a gre at o re nlighte ned

m
.

m
st a tesm an Moh a mmed a s no cl a im Th a t e w as

m
.

s uperior to the a g e in w hich he lived is evide nt from

the s u c c ess o f is imposture ; b u t n othi n g e x cept ,

the prej udice s o f h abit or edu c atio n c o ul d persu ade

m m
,

h
a ny ratio na l bei ng o f is m erits a s a le g islator I
,

beyo nd th a t o f imbodyi ng hi s loose and o b sc u re in

stitu te s in a w r it te n form

.

m
Admitti ng to their fu ll e x te nt hi s m e nt al and in
, ,

te ll e ctu al qu ali c a tio n s his ch a r a cter as a c o nq u eror

m hmm
,

E
w as de eply st a i n ed wit the vices of Asi a tic d espot

m
ism To a c andid revie w er o f his a ctio n s it ay

h
mhhhh
.
,

m
appe a r th at Moh a m e d w as severe fro policy

h
mh
.

hh
r ather th an c ru el by n atu re ; b u t this c an be no

h
m
ap ology o r

h h hh
hh
m

ex te nu a io n o f his g u ilt
t For the e ce s

h h
j

h
m
V oltair
e , in Tr ag e d y o f M a o
is e t,

t e p lot o f w ic

h
m
/

h
br a ce s t e tr uce a nd c ap it u la t i o n o f M e cca , a ke s t e P r op e t

hm
e

hh
m
i ag ine an d p e r r rr id ri
T is p lay ,

e t a te t e o s t o c e s

h
p .

w ic L a H a r ll c e -d oe uvr
f e of t e Fr t e atr

mm
p e c a s a e nc e, as
er on st e r o f cr u e lty and inj usti t t e vie w

m
a d e its

m
o a ce , w i

m
of vilify ing r el igion u nd e rt e na e of fa na ticis B ut it is a t

h
.

var ian ce w it t e fa cts o f istor y , and b e tr ay s a g r oss i g nor

h
a n ce

h
of A rab i an c a r acte ra nd a nne r s T e p oe t i self confe sse s

h h h
.

t at e is u nsu p p o rte d b y trut , a nd rou nd ly alle g e s, que ce lu i

h h h
hh h h
q u i fa it la g ue r re a sa p a tr ie au no d e D ie u , e st ca p a ble d e
t t
ou

( u vr es d e V olta i re to e xv p 2 82 L a H a e , Cou r : de

7
7
.
, . . .

L it tr a tu re , to e viii p 3 .C o lone l V a ns
. . e nne y a s p ub K .

lis e d a n able c r itic is on t is tr ag e d y , e x po sing its p a lp ab le

d e v ia tions fr o isto r y a s w e ll as fr o t e pr in c iple s o f t e
dr a a b u t is z e al ag ainst t e lite r ar y sins of t e infid e l Fr e nc
an as led i to tak e a uc or e fa vour a ble vi e w of t e
7
22
sity
EE
hh m L IF
"
o rM O H A MM

w ich u surp ation cre ates the u sur p er m u st be

D.

h
,

held respo nsible T a t the stern Prophet w as not

h
.

inse nsible to the te n der feel i ngs o f hu m an ity is

a ttested by unqu estio ned evide n ce His te ars in .

gled with the ge ner al l ame nt atio n fo rthe w arri o r s

m h hh
m

who fell at M ut a ; an d over the n eck o f the d au ghter

of his frie n d Z aid he wept the loss o f is m o st -

faithful comp an i on is disciples e x p ressin g their

asto nishm e n t th at e arthly s y m pa thies sho ul d dwell

h
in the bosom of a messe n ger from He a ve n

h
.

If is i n ordina te ambitio n ad be en c o nten t with

th at pre emin e n ce to which it might h a ve a sp ired
witho u t a crim e ad he b ee n s atised w ith the
-

gr an d natio nal obj ect o f a m or al and religi o u s r

,

e for
m ation and employed is tr an sc e nde nt and co
,

n c ivi lizi ng is b arb aro u s c o un try

an din g ge n i u s i
e n and re cl a imin g the m from their se nsele ss su per
,

sti tio n witho u t the impio u s prete nsio ns o f a Divin e

revel atio n his vi ce s and defect s; p al p able a s they
,

were might h ave bee n overlooked or forgotte n

,

a mid the sple n do u r o f his victories ; and he might

h ave e arn ed a pro u d r ank am o ng the dist inguished
fr ie nd s and be n efa ctors of m ank i n d B ut to those

h
.

m
who j udge o f individu al worth ap art from the pomp
an d glare o f co n st an t tri u mph
who investig ate

h
,

c oolly the c au ses o f a n atio n s prosperity the fam e ,

o f the Ar abi an Prophet w ill no t s t and the te st either

m
o f priv ate e x ce lle n c e or o f p u bli c u seful ne ss R u de

an d imperfe ct a s were the ethic s of those tim e s is

hm
,

hm
m or al ch ar a cter shrink s with gu ilty apprehe n sio n
eve n from is o w n st and ard o f virt u e and o uradmi

hh h
h
r atio n for his asto nishi ng t al e nts and su c c e ss i s

hh
qu ickly lost in abhorre n c e o f the cru el and profane
p u rposes to whi ch they be c a e s ubservie nt .

c r t rand r
a ac e elig io n of M o a ed t an is warr an ted b y t e

try . Tr
transactions of is l ife ort e b ene ts e confe r
a act of t e L i .
,

t Soc of Bo bay , vol.

r
e d on is coun
. .
 hEm
m
7
24 TH K OR AN .

E a ch p ar c el as r eve aled by G abriel during a period

mh
,

o f t w e n ty t r e e y ear

s w as c a refully tre a s ur ed u
p in
-
,

the m emor ies of the faithful o rcomm itted to writi n g ,

by a m anu e n ses who forw an t o f m ore di gnied a

ials w r
,

te r ote them o n p alm le ave s skin s o f anim al s

a nd sho ul der bo n es of m u tto n a d e vic e pr a ctised
-

hh h
, ,
'

-
,

by the ancie nt Ar abs who prese r ved their po e m s

,

and works of i agin atio n o n the s e ru de t ablets tied ,

together o n a stri n g .

The rst tr an script o f this divi n e volume w a s

t r ow n in p r om isc u o u s det a ch e nts in to a che st
i ntru ste d to the ch arge o f H ap sa n e x t to A yesh a ,

the m ost favo u red of the apostle s w ive s Tw o

.
'

ye ars a fter is de ath the origin al s w ere c ollected and

hh
p ublished by is fr ie nd and s u c c e ssor A b u B ek e rw o ,

took thi s m ethod of re sc u i ng them from the peril o f

h
bei ng lost o rforgotte n ; The vol u m e w as a fterw ard
revised or , perh aps rew r itte n b y the C aliph Othm an , ,

in the thirtee n th ye ar of the Hej ir a Thi s pri nc e .

a d observ ed a gre at dis ag r eem e nt in the m anu scripts

alr e a dy e x t ant those o f Ir ak differi n g from the Sy
,

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,

vi n c es o f the empire ; the old bein g bur nt and sup

pre ssed This a m ended editio n o f O thm an is th at
.

r e ad by the Moslems o f the prese n t d ay .

m
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,

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a ttrib u te to it m any c ab al istic virt u e s They will -

.

n o t s u ffer it to be re ad or to u ched by an y o f a differ

e nt per su as i o n ; a nd if fo un d in their possessio n the
crim e might be c apit al They peru se it w ith g re at .

respect n ever hol din g it below their girdl e s and

, ,

alw a y s qu alifyin g them selve s by rst performi ng

their leg al abl u tio n s They swe ar by it co n sult it

. ,

o n all o c c a sio n s o f m om e nt c arry it with them to ,

b attle an d in scribe verses o rpa ssag e s from it on their

b anne r
,

s and their ga r ent s, as th ey formerly did on

 m E
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TH K O R AN . 25

their coins Its pr in cip al se nte n c es w ritten on the

.
,

w all s of their m osqu es remi nd them of their so ci al ,

and sole n d u ti e s They b e sto w u p o n it the e x alted

.

epit e ts of the True Book the W ord of God, the

'

, ,

Dir ector o f M e n an d D em o n s the Q u intesse n c e o f ,

all S a cre d Compositio n s an d n o t o nly the g r ea test ,

mir acle b u t the spiritu al tre a sur

,
y of mir acles .

They h ave bee n at p a in s to compu te the nu b er o f

verse s words an d letters it c o n t a in s ; an d e ve n the
, ,

differe n t tim es e ach p ar tic u la r letter o c c urs O f the .

hh
seve n an cien t c opi es the rst r ecko n ed 6000 verse s ,
1 1
,

the se co nd and fth 624 the third 629 the fo ur th , ,

62 3 6 the si x th 62
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26 a nd the seve nth 62 2 5 ; b u t they
,

a g ree in the c omm o n a mo unt of words and

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a sc er ta in the tr ue m e aning and pro nun ci atio n ;

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,

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y e ar s a ft e r w ard (in 69 8) app e ar e d a t P a d u a t e

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h h
ing norg i ving in m arr i age but e as p r u d e n tly
abst ain e d fr o m s p e cifying t e m al e c o m p ani o ns Of

h h
m
t e fe al e e l e ct w h e th e r th e y will b e unit e d to

mm
,

th e i r e ar thly sp ou s e s o rh av e p ara o u r
, s of u sk

c r e at e d fo rth e m ; l e st as an inge nio us hist o r i an

,

as r e ar k e d e sh o ul d al a r
, t e j e al o u si e s O f
th e i r for e r hu sban d s o rd is t urb th e i r fe l i city by

h
,

h h
t e sus p i ci o n of an e v er

m
l asting u nio n L ik e en ,

h
.

th e i r actio ns w ill b e subj e ct e d to t e s a m e j u d ici al

h
b al a nc e and r e w ard e d o r p unish e d a c c ordingly ;
,

m
th o ugh th e irfe licity w i ll n o t b e so e xqui sit e as th e i r

m
,

d e e d s c ann o t h av e b e e n e qu ally i p o r t ant orm e r i

m
tor io u s A t t e s a e tim e , t e A ra b i an ap o stl e as

hh h
.

l e ft it r e c o rd e d o n t e e vi d e nc e o f his o w n e y e s

h
,

h
,

th at t e m aj o r ity Of infe r n al w r e tch e s ar e to c o nsis t .

mh h
Of th i s fr a i l a n d fa sc i n ating p o r ti o n o f hum anity

h
.
.

T h e i r d e gr a d e d st at e i n o ri e nta l s oci e ty as to th e i r
.
,

m o r al and i nt e ll e ct u al ch ar a ct e r ay st i ll b e infe rr ed

h h
,

fr o m t e l e gisl at i v e p r e c e p t Of t e K o r a n whic h
'

e sti at e s a w o m a n as w or th o nly t e o ie ty o f a

mm
an and m ak e s t e n e of an O ffe nc e ag ainst t e

fo r e r b u t one h alf O f th at foran inj ury to t e

-

h
l att e r .

T h a t t e c a r n ality Of t e futu r e s t at e and an ,

h
.

unli i t e d i nd ulg enc e Of t e c o rp o r eal p r o p e nsiti e s

h
,

c onstitut e a fun d a m e nt al p r incip l e O t h e M oh am

h
m e d an r e ligi o n , num e r ous p ass age s in t e K o r an

h
l b y n d ll c nt r o v r sy S m f t f l 6

p a ce e o a o e o e o e o .
~ -

h
l o w e r s and m o d e st ap o l o gists Of th at c r e e d h av e

h
r e v o lt e d at so gr o ss a d o c t r in e an d a d op t e d t e con ,

v e nie nt e xcus e of gu r e s an d al l e g o r i e s B ut t e .

s o un d e r an d o r e c o nsist e nt p ar ty abju r e t e r e n e d
n ot i o ns Of typ e s a nd p ar abl e s ; th e y a d h e r

.
e to t e
lit e ral a c c e p t a t i o n Of t e t e xt an d wo ul d co ns i d e r ,

t e high es t m e t ap h or i c al e nj o y e nt s a w o r t hl e ss
sub s tit ute fo r
TH E
h h KO R AN

the l ux u rie s o f the To oba tree ort e

.

-
,
91
2

m
bl ack eyes o f the arom atic virgi ns .

O f prede stin ati o n as a n arti cle o f Mo slem b elief,

,

it is unnec ess ary to re pe a t wh a t a s alr e ad y bee n

h
st ated . Its u se as a se rvic e able i nstru m e nt in th e
,

h an ds o f the w arlik e Prophet an d the e ffe cts it pro

h
,

d u ce d o n his followers w as prob a bly the o nly re ve

,

l atio n th at t aught hi m the divi n e my stery The

m
.

app a re nt i n co n si ste n cy betwe e n n e c essity and r

h
e
spo n sibility d id not e sc ape the pe n etr atio n o f is

h h
c omp anio n s who nat u r ally re aso ned
, Si nc e God ,

ath app o inte d ourpl a c es ay we c o n de in this

and ab an do n o u rreligio u s and m or al d u tie s

: 1
,

Bu t
,

the so n o f Ab d all ah w as n ot to be e ntr appe d in thi s

dilemm a an d he re p lied th a t go o d work s were t e
, ,

spo n t ane o u s fruits o f t e h appy while b ad w ere a ,

ch ar a cteristic te st o f t e m iser able O ver all the

m
.

Moh am e d an n atio n s o f the prese nt d ay t e te net

still reign s in its p r i stin e for ce ; a nd its e ffects ar

h
visible in tha t torpid in activ ity o f m i n d whi ch s uper
se des the e x er cise o f re a so n an d i ndu stry and c o n ,

s iders every a ttem p t to cha nge the com mo n order

o f thin gs as a cr

m
i m e n ot farremoved from rebellio n
ag a i nst the e st ablished l aws o f the D eity .

T e prec eding sk etch will s u f c e to give an ide a

hm
o f the rst g r an d divisio n o f I sl am and the six car
-

di nal poi nts in its C o n fessio n o f F a ith The s e c o n d

.
,

o rp r actial br a n ch c omprehe nds fou r fun d a m e nt al

1
,

d u ties Pr ayer 2Al s 3 F a sti ng s 4 The

Pilgri m age to Mec c a Pr ayer is a m ost import an t
. .
. , . . .

h
.

h hh
d uty of th e Moha mm edans ; it i s de cl are d to be the
pill ar of r eligi o n and t e key o f p ar adise The
, .

liter al co an d of the Kora n a ppe a rs to enj oi n o nly

fo u r time s o f da ily pr ayer c alled n a a z i ; b u t a ,

slight diff e r en c e in the signi c ati on o f the word as

'

led t e e x p o u nde r s o f the sacred law to decide th at

v e w ere me ant in the m or ni ng before s u nri se
direc tly a fter mid d ay in the a fter noo n in the
,
-

ev e ning a fter sunset , w ile tw ilig t r em ai ns and

, ,

,
 E
m
*
hh
mm
2
92 TH KOR AN .

h
before the r st w atch o r i d night At these st ated , .

per iod s o f devoti o n ev e ry tr u e believer i s s u m mo ne d

by the voic e o f the m u ezzi ns o rp ublic cri er s from
the mi narets A lla _a /cba r! A lla d isba r & c God

m
-
, .

is gre at ! G o d is gre at ! there is b u t o ne G od ! Mo

' '

h a m m e d is his Pr
.

o p e t ! C o m e to pr ayers ! c om e

h
to pr ayers ! and in the m orni n g c all ar

e a dde d the

h
word s Pr ayer i s better th an sle ep ! pr ay e r i s bette r

th an sleep a se nti e nt no t u nworthy the c o u si

,

der atio n o f those who profe ss a p u rer religio n .

To i ndi c ate the dire ctio n of the K aa b a tow ards

,
'

which their fa c e s m u st be t ur n ed their m osqu e s ,

h ave t e e ra b o r n iche , poi nti n g to the Holy .

C ity ; and wher e t he se c o nve nie nc es ar e i pr acti

h
c able t able s ar
, e fur ni shed c alc u l ate d for n di n g the ,

kebl a : Their lit any req u ires a cert a i n n u mber o f

h
ej a c u l atio ns which the m ore scr u pulou s c o u nt b y a
,

stri n g o f be a ds: V ario u s c eremo nies and attit u de s

ar e prescribed sitti ng ; st andi n g k neeli n g a dori n g

hh
, , ,

with the fa c e dow nw ards a n d seve n tee n ri/ca ts or , ,

bowi ngs o f the body two at m or n i n g pr ayers t r e e , ,

E
in t e eve n i ng and fo u r at e a ch of the other perform

E
,

m
au ces In imit atio n o f the old J ewish c u stom o r

E
mm m
.
,

E
r ather in c o nso n an c e with the ge n er al feeli ng of
Asi atic j e alo u sy the fem ale se x ar

EE
e pro ibited fro m

h
h
h
,

mm h h
j oi n i ng in pu blic pr ayers R ej e cti n g the d ays al

m
h E
h h
mm
.
_

h hh
lowed by the J ews and C hristi an s Moh a mm ed con

m
,

h
h h h
m
se cr ate d F r id ay a s the S abb ath of the M u ss u lm ans

h
.

h
h
mh
T word s of t e K oran a re d istingu is a Until y e ca n

h
e

h
,

w ie t t re ad fr b l k b t d y r
b k (C a p ii ) T e

hh
o a a c y e a e a

h
h
. . .

J ew s d e te r ine d t e ti e of t e ir or ning l esso n to b e w e n

h
hm h
t e y could d iscern t e b lue t re ad fr t e w ite in t e fr
'

ing e s
1

h
o

h
of t e i r g ar ents S a le, P reli D iss se ct iv p 49 M o
-
'

hhh
. . . . . .

a e d ani s is ev id e n tly n ot a d e o r t e Ar c tic re g ion s T e

h
.

Ar ab s d i vid e t eird ay into tw e n ty fou r o urs, and re ckon t e -

h
fro one se ttin g su n to a not e r T e o e nt w e n t e sun
.

d isap p e ar s is ca lle d M o g r
.
e b a b ou t tw o ou rs a fte ris l sc a ; A
ours l ate r l Ma r id nig t N us e l L ej l ; t e d aw n ,
1
tw o ,
fa ; ,
- -

F a dj e r; sunr ise , l S u b noon , l D u r; t r ee our s a fte r

no on, l A sr ;
N
. iab D escr ip r d e l
A
. b ze T e . o ur s p ra y er

ar e , M og r e b , N u s e l L ej !, l F ad j e r
- -
,
l Du r , a
nd l Asr .
 Eh
m
m
2
94 TH K O R AN .

h
river se a , well sn ow o ric e w ater ; b ut it m u st b e
, , ,

fre e o f all imp urities in t a ste c olo ur or sm e ll W he n , , .

w ater is sc arc e o ru natt a i nable there i s perm issio n

m
,

to Su pply its pl a c e with s and du st gr avel a sh es , , , ,

&c . Thi s m ode of perfo rming the w o d u is c alle d

A l ta ia au I t as no t howeve r the merit o f
.
, ,

origi nality for the Ar abs and Jews m ade a sim il ar

,

u se o f e a rth le aves or bu ds o f pl ants ; and we re ad

-

, ,

in a Greek au thor (C e d r e nu s) th at the Christi an

h
rite of b apti sm w as a dmi n istered with s an d t o an
e x piri ng tr ave ller in the wilderness o f Afri ca .

C o nn ected w ith this dep ar tm e nt of the Moh a m

h
e d an lit u rgy i s the c erem o ny o f c irc u m cisio n both
to m ales an d fem al e s a rite in u se amo ng the idol a
,

tro u s Ar ab s ; a s also in E gypt Aby ssi n i a Ethio

h
n
, ,

ia and other c o u ntrie s to which the l aws o f t e

p
,

ews did not e x t e nd N o c ert ai n ag e i s prescribed

.
,

n ori s t e pr a c tice ab sol u tely n e c ess ary ; b u t the

~

s eve nth ye ar is e ste em ed the m ost c o nve nie n t ; an d

it i s a repro a ch t o all good M u ss ulm an s to w an t thi s
n atio n al symbol of their fa ith It i s al w ays in the .

ho u se o f their rel ati o n s th a t this religio u s c eremo n y

i s perform ed ; the O pera tors ar e the p u blic b arbers ,

and the p a ti e nts ar e s u bj e cted t o a co n n em e n t o f

h
ftee n d ays T e im a m of the m osqu e a ssi st s in

h
.

his pri estly c ap a city ; and in fam ilie s of disti n ctio n,

h
,

the o c c asio n i s c elebr ated w ith alms s a cri ces , ,

fe a sti n g and other s u mptu o u s e ntert a i n m e nts It is

,
.

n o t to b e c o n fo u n ded with the rite of b aptism which

h
,

u s u ally t ak e s pl a c e o n the d ay o f t e birth ; the

im am simply pro n ou n ces t e na m e an d whispers ,

into the child s e aran e x ort atio n t o b e faitt to

his creed and atte ntive to pr ayers

, .
I

Ch arity is imposed a s a religio u s d u ty o n every

T e K Or an fr e qu e ntly an d stro n gly
'

M ussulm an .

rec omm e n d s it ; and in additio n to wh a t is e x a cted

,

b y law every believer m u st m ake do n atio ns to the

,

indige nt , othe rw ise he is n o t co n sidered to h ave per ,

form e d the duty o f al m sgiving in a ll its e x t e nt

 Alms ar e of two sorts l e g al and vol un t a ry
former by som e c al led z a ka t is o f i ndispe n s able
TH

T e
E
h h ,
K O R AN .

.
2
95

, ,

oblig atio n an d de ned by t e legisl ator with m inu te

,

precisio n both as to ki n d and qu antity O rigi nally

'

h
,
.
,

the z ak a t amo u nted to tw o a nd a h alf per c e nt on .

the pri n cip al o f the e st ate ; and w as c omm ande d t o

be p aid in c attle i ncludin g c a mels c ows and sheep

m
, , , ,

mo n ey cor n fr uits a nd eve n m erch andise St r

, , , ictly .

to a cc omplish the law every M u ss ulm an Was e n ,

j oi ned to bestow a te nth o f is reve nu e ; and if

'

his c o n sci e n c e shoul d a c c u se him o f fr au d o re x tor ,

tio n the tithe by w ay o f c o n sca to r y ato n em e nt

h
, , ,

w as e nl a r e d to a fth Upo n the wide di ffu sio n o f

h
.
g

I sl a m the z ak at w as fou n d to be n ot o nl y di f c u lt
,

to c o llect b ut un equ al an d i n vidi o u s The le ar n ed

, .

do ctors split i nto a mu ltiplicity of opi nio ns abo ut the

proportio n an d m ode in which it sho uld b e levi ed o n
property o f v ario u s ki nds It as in co n sequ e n c e .

bee n gen er all y ab ando ned o rrestrict ed to good s ,

importe d by w ay of tr ade T e vol u nt ar y alm s is .

left to the co n sci en c e o f the giver : b u t the oblig a

tio n o f ch arity is so vehem e ntly re co m e nded both ,

by prec ept and tr aditio n th at few orthodo x believer s ,

ev a de the s a cred du ty .

The c r e ed of Moh a mm ed is ho stile to th e a sc eti c

vir tu es The volu nt ary pe nan c e o f mo nk s and her

h
.

m its w as o dio u s to a prophet who c e n s u re d in his

c omp anio n s a r a sh v ow o f abst ai ni ng from e sh ,

w om e n an d sleep The legiti m a te pu rpos e o f fast

, .

ing it i s obvi ou s i s the preve ntio n o f o ffe n c es no t

, , ,

the ir pun ishm e nt ; b u t i nste ad o f m ak i ng it a fr e

qu e nt or arbitr ary observ an c e he a s en tirely fr us ,

tr ici al e ffe cts by re stricti ng it to a p ar

at e d its be n e f

h
,

ticul arse a so n o f e a ch ye ar Altho u gh vol un t ar y .

pe nan ce i s rec omme nded the m o nth o f R am ad an ,

i s speci ally set ap art for reli g io u s absti n e n ce For .

thirty d ays betwe e n the rst app e ar anc e of the tw o

,

n e w m oo n s the vario u s m embers of the body m u s t

,

b e ke p t under rigoro u s pro i biti o n To t aste fop d .

 E
m
hm
2
96 TH K OR A N .

o rdri nk to smell p erfum es o rsw all ow spittle to

, , ,

vomit b athe oreve n b r

, , e athe the airto o freely from
d aybre ak till s un set wo ul d re nder thi s sa cred ordi
,

m
n an c e null a n d void B u t fro m eve ni ng till d ay
.

bre ak the faithful ar

,
e allowe d to re fre sh n a t u re
,
tho u gh the m ore scr u p ulou s re n ew their fa st at
midnight W h en the R a a d an fall s in s u mmer thi s
.
,

s elf de ni al is e x tremely rigoro u s and m ortifyi ng ; for

m
-

m
the p atie nt m artyr m u st w ait the close o f a tedio u s
and su ltry d ay , witho u t a ss u agi ng is t hirst with a

drop o f w ater orta sti n g a p article o f n ou rish e nt

m
,

th at c an recr u it his strength o rgr atify his se n ses .

D uri ng thi s c o nsecr ated seaso n other d uti es ac qu ire

a n a dditio nal m erit ; ch arity bec o e s do ubly vir

tu ou s and the ret ali atio n of i nj urie s i s forbid d e n

, .

B ut like other e x ter na l c erem o ni es thi s law i s

hm
, ,

a c c o u nte d a de a d letter u nle ss the perfo rm an c e i s

a c co p anied with a su it able dispositio n o f he art and
spirit The o nly a m e nds forthe se st atu to r y or ti

h
.

c ation s, a r e the twp ba i s o rpri n cip al annu al

fe stiv als The former (Id a l F e tr o rfe a st o f bre ak

h
.
,

ing the fa st) b egi n s o n the r st of the mo nth imm e

d iate ly s u c c e edi n g R a m a d an and is kept fr om thre e
to ve or six d ays The othe r(Id a l K orba n or
,

hh
.
,

fe a st o f the sacric e ) c omme nc es o n the l ot o f

D ul ajj a dur i ng the ti e o f the pilgrim age
The n at u re o f orie nt al clim ates as r
.
,

e nd ered p ar ;

ticularki n d s o f food detrim e nt al to hea lth and led ,

to a divi si o n o f anim al s i nto cle an and u ncle an .

The lt ine ss o f the o g and its te nde ncy to e u

,

ge n der c u t an eo u s dis ea se s h ave c au sed it to be p r

, o

h
scribe d in m ost w arm c o u ntri es The i nterdict.

l aid dowri in the Kor an in which the M u ss ulm an

h
, .

do ctors c omprehe nd be asts and birds of prey does ,

n o t e x te n d so fara s the Mo sa ic c a t alogu e All .

a mphibio u s a nim als ar e u n cle an ; so ar e the ass and

'

m u le : b u t l aw yers di ffer abo u t t e horse C a mels .

ar e l awfu l h are s n e u ter ; b u t it is a mi st ake o f

,
.

ig nor ant wr it ers to acc use t e Ar ab s o f feeding o n

mE
m
m
2
93 K O R AN

m
TH .

i nge ni o u sly argue he ay o nly h ave sat am o ng wi ne

,

dri nkers or wi ne, ay h a ve bee n admi n istered to

him by forc e o rfr au d W he n the crime i s fully
.

proved eighty stripes is the p u ni shm e nt o f a free

'

,
"
an ; b u t a sl ave is li able o nly to forty , o n the
'

h
pr in ciple th at as bo nd age deprive s him o f h alf the
,

ble ssi ngs o f life he sho u ld su ffer b u t h al f its pun ish

,

m e nts ; all o ffe n c e s bei ng su pp o sed to i n cre a se in

m
agn it u de in proportio n to the rights a nd e nj oy e nts
o f the gu ilty The i nhibitio n a g ai n st i nto x ic ati ng
.

liq u ors as be e n e x te nded by the m ore ortho d o x to

h
c o ffe e O pi u m tob a c c o h a shi sh and be nj , or the
, , , ,

le ave s o f he mp in p ills orc o n serve b ut at pre se nt

hh h
_ _

the whole o f these a rticles ar e n o t m erely toler ated ,

b u t u se d witho u t any religio u s scr u ple wh ate ver .

The m or al argu m ent ag ai n st i ntemper an c e in

m
dri nkin g applied with equ al forc e to the p r o i bi
ti on o f g ami ng Dic e c ards t ables sortileg e all

h
.
, , , ,

Mosle c om me nt ators agre e to be e x pre ssly pro

ibite d A n a rtful and pl au sible di sti n ctio n s aved

h
.

che ss t e favo u rite p a stime o f the E a st from thi s

m
, ,

swe epi n g ordi n an c e Th at its su ccess depe nds les s

.

on ch an c e th an skill an d m an agem en t as sa tis e d

m ost o f the Mo sl em n atio ns o f its l awful nes s ; w o
allow it u n der c o n ditio n th at it be n o t m a de a spe

cu l atio n fo rm o n ey o ra hi nder an c e in t e r e g ular ~

perfor anc e o f their devotion s The fulmi natio ns

,

o f the Prophet ar e i nte rpreted to h ave be e n directe d

chi ey aga i n st the c arve d pie c e s o f ivory o rwood
whi ch the idol atro u s Ar abs u se d in pl ayi ng bei n g ,

ru de gu re s o f e n eleph ant s horses and drom e

, , ,
.

d ar ie s ; and c o n sequ e ntly co n dem n ed in the s a m e

h
te x t with im a ge worshi p The p u re orthodo x sects
-
.

s u bstitu te pl ai n p i e c es o f woo d and ivory ; b u t the

P ersi an s a nd I ndi an s ar e less scr up u lo u s abo ut the
sin o f u si n g c arv ed im age s o rbetti ng m o n ey ,
.

The civil and crimi nal l aws Of the Moh amm edans
ar e b a sed o n t e K oran a n d e x te n ded i nto a s or t of
,

d ige st in v ar i ous c ol lectio ns of s upplem ent ary tr a .

 m
h
E
d itions
te rpr
. To e nter i nto the sever
TH KO R AN
al de cisio n s and in
e tatio ns o f the more le a r n ed civili an s might be
c urio us , b u t wo u ld e n gross to o l arge a Sp a c e fo ro ur
purpose The restr ai nts on polyg amy , an d the p un
. 2
99

h
.

is e nt o f c o nj u g al i n d elity , h ave alre a dy bee n in

c id e ntally m e ntio n ed The sole privilege which the
.

l aw s o f the Prophet give to a w ife , b ut de ny to a

c o n c ub in e , is th at o f dowry In poi nt o f repu t atio n .

their ch ar a cter s ar e witho u t disti n ctio n ; a nd t he

childre n of both ar e e ld leg ally in the s am e c o nsid
er
l
atio n The power of dissolvi ng the nupti al bo n d

h
.

m
by divorce i s gr an ted to bot h se x es , b ut with di ffer
e nt privilege s By the Moh a mmed an law , as well
.

as the Mos a ic re a so n s which to u s appe ar trivi al

,

j u stify the hu sb an d in severi ng the te nderest o f all

hu m an c o nne x io ns Tho u gh a writte n div orce with
.

the Mo slem s is in ge n er al u se , t e verb al decl ar a

-

tio n o f the hu sb an d is suf cien t ; but this n omi n al

m
-

h
fa cility o f repu di atio n i s pow erful ly checked by sub
se qu e nt circ u m st anc es In s ec u ri ng to the widow .

and the orph an th at p art of the pro pe rty which is

se ttled o n her at m arri age an d which in the time s , ,

o f p a g an i sm w as ofte n u nj u stly t ake n from the

, ,

the au thor o f their system as vi ndic ated the right

o f the fem ale se x an d e ntitled him self in this in
, ,

st an c e to the pr ai se of a wise an d h u m an e legisl ator

, .

A wom an s dower i s e ntirely at her o w n dispo s al , ,

a nd tot al ly free fro m the co n trol of her h u sba n d o r

his cre ditors ; and so gre a t i s her i n depe n de n c e in

h
this respe ct th at m others fre qu e ntly a ssign the r
, e
versio n to their so n s who h ave c ompe lled p ayme nt
t heir fathers

h
,

o f it fro a privi ege in si ngul ar o

l p
positio n to the ge ner al c o nditio n or

h
,

fem ales in E ast

er n c o u ntries .

The fou rth ch apter of the Kor an as det a iled at

le n gt h the l aws rel a ti ng to i n fan cy s u cc e ssio n and , ,

dowr y m atters o f hig import an c e in the e stim a

-
,

tion o f the Mo slems ; and in t e fth the power of , ,

te st ame nt ary dispo sitio n is a ckn owledged and se v ,

 3 00

h
Em
m e nt o f theft i s u nre a so nable and bre athes the
spirit o f a b arb ar ou s ag e I f a an or w om an
ste a says t e K or an cu t o ff their h ands in retri
TH

er al dir e ctio ns give n for m aki ng this will in a solem n

and a u the nti c m a nn er The Moh a mm ed an p u nish .

KO R AN

.

,

m h
, ,

b u io
t n for wh a t they h ave c ommitted Acc or d i n g .

t o the pr a ctic e of the be st Mo slem c o u rts ampu t a

'

ti o n is n ot to be i nicted u nle ss the v al u e o f the

m
stole n articles a mo u nts to ve di nars o rforty shil

m
,

l ng q an d u nles s they be fo un d in c u s t ody

i s

In all .

c a se s wh ere the p e nalty a tt a ches , t e right h and is

to be str u ck o ff for the rst o ffe n c e and the left h an d ,

for the se co n d I nc arc er atio n is the p unishm e nt fo r

.

reiter ated o ffe nc es The whole o f a b and of robbers

ar e an s w er able for the a ct s o f any o n e o f their nu

ber ; an d i f m u rder is a l so c ommitted by them o n
the highw ay they ar e p u t to de ath eve n i f the bl ood
, ,

a ve nger sho u ld forgive the m ; the se nt e n c e ay be

cr u ci x io n o ra mp ut atio n orboth , a t the di scretio n ,

h
o f the j ud ge

E
.

W ith reg ard to i nj u rie s or cri m e s o f a n i n fe r i or

n atu re where n o p a rtic u l a r p unishme n t i s aw a rded

m
,

by the Kor an and which are n o t e x pi able by ne o r

,

c ompe ns atio n the Moh a m ed an s a s the J e ws d id

m
, ,

m m
in simil ar c a se s h a ve rec o u rse to the b a stin ad o , t e
,

m m
m ost com mo n ch a stisem e nt u sed in the E ast at the

m
prese nt d ay ; and which is performed by be ati ng the

h
hhh
offe n der o n the soles of his feet As they ar e fo n d

h
m
.

m
o f a celesti al origi n for their civil as well as s a cred

h hh
m
i nstit utio ns, the c udgel the i n str u m e nt ge ner al l y ,

h h
I
n ca ses of t e ft, w ic a e r p u nis ed by a p u tation, l v
s a es

fr r qu al footing fort M osle d octors

h
a nd ee e n a e on an e ; e

av e gr
av e ly d e cid ed t i p oss le to at 1
ti .
s alve a pu ta tion
M ill s H is t p 3 25 D O sson (T ab d e l R e land

. . . .
p .

(De R elig B o b ov iu s (De L itur will ex plain

r
. .

1
t e l aw s and litu gy o f t e M osl e s
1
t 2 63
.

Fiv e dinar s a y b e re ckone d e u al to q ab ou . . 3d .

, at
t e pre se nt v alue of one y .
 30 2 E
m
h m
h hh
h
TH K OR A N

mm
.

h
e qu iv ale nt to cu sto orinstitu te and som ewh at r e
sembl e s the Jewish Mis na "
,
t
.

O f t e se c ollectio ns six ar

e held in pec uli ar e s
O ne w as m ade b y A b u H o r air a , a c o n st ant
'

teem

h
.

atte n d ant o n Moh a m med w o n ic kna med i t e

F a t erof a Ca t e u an i m al o f which he w as p ar
,

, .

ticu lar ly fo nd and c a rried alw ays abo u t with him

, .

Th at formed by Ab u Abd all ah o f B okh ar a i s p e cu

h
liar ly fa mo u s Two hu ndred ye a rs after the P r o

h
p e t s de ath he sele cted 7 7
2
.

5 ge nui n e tr ad iti ons fro
of a dou btful an d o re o f a spurio us

h
,

ch ar a cter This collec tion w a s c o mpiled at Mec c a,

h
.

and i s a dopted by the S onn e e s .

N either the simplicity o f is cree d northe terro r

E
,

o f the s w ord no r t e e x hort ati o n s o f the p ulpit

,

c o uld est ablish th at u nan im ity o f se ntim en t which

h
E
Moh amm ed professed so arde ntly to desire T e .

spirit of divisio n which appe ared a m on g is follow

h
,

ers eve n before his de ath broke o ut w ith gre ate r

h
,

viole n c e u nder his s u c c essors The M u ssu lm an .

s ects h ave bee n fa rm ore nu mero u s an d vi o le n t th an

m
those o f C hri sti anity ; and the hi story o f t e m o squ e
prese nts as m el an choly a view o f the we ak n ess o f

m
E
the hu m an e art and the pride o f the hu m an i ntel
,

h
le ct as is afforded by the ann als o f t e chu rch

h h
mm
, .

Vol u m es might be lled with their nam es and their

h hm
hh h
mh
te n et s The sa m e k n otty poi nts in s chol a stic the

h
m
.

ology th at p u zzled the divi n e s o f Ch r

m
i ste ndo m the

h
-

h h
,

hh
p le te w or k in t e ngl is l ang uag e ex r
1
T ly co e ssly

m m
e on

h
o n t e se tra d ition a r y law s, is a transl ation of t e Misc at 1
1

h h
r r ve r
,

Ma a ib
Ni f ld i t L T e ng l i

hh
s o c e o o n g e a p s

h
.
,

sion is b y C ap ta in M a tt ew s o f t e R oy al Art i llery , and w as

1

hh h
p ub lis e d a t C alcu tta , in 2 vols 4to, in 809 T e Misc at w as

hh h
. .

pr op e rly a
co e nt ar y on t e M asab i u l S unn e t or
La p

h
,

o f R e lig iou s O b se ran ce s, coll e ctcd b y t e I a

H u sse in of
1A

h
v

B ag d a d , w o d ie d A H 5 6 . not er
. jurid ical co e ntary is
.

t e H ad a y a , a w or k of ver y ig aut ority in all M osle

1
71
cou n
trie s w e r e t e S onn e e fa it pr e vails In 9 , C olonel C ar . les
H a il ton p u blis ed an ng lis e dition, in 4 vols 4 to T e fir st . .

v lu e of C olone l B a illie s Dig e st of M o a e d an L aw w as

1

o

p u b lis e d at C alcu tta in 805 .

 e ss n
TH

e c e and attribu te s of G o d the j u stic e of pre

desti natio n, and its comp atibility with freedom o f
will the provi n c e o f re a so n in m atters o f faith
E K OR AN
,
. 3 03

hh
, ,

and a nu mber o f c a s u i stic a l qu es t io ns o n the mor al

be auty or tu rpitu de o f a ctio n s h ave be en the ,

them e o f bitter and impl a c able c o ntrover sy amo ng

the doctors of Isl am .

The tw o le a di ng se ct s ar e de nomi n ate d the S o n

h
nee s and the S e a s o r Shiite s The di ffe r ,e nc e .
,

b etwe e n them w as origi nal ly m ore politic al th an

r e ligiou s . The form er appropri ate to them selve s
the na m e o f orthodo x ; they ar e tr aditio n ists o rbe

h h
,

lie v e rs in the S o nna ; and c o n sequ e ntly , a ck n ow ,

ledge t e au thority o f the rst c aliphs from whom ,

m ost o f the se tr aditio ns were derived Di str a cted .

with c o ntroversy they at le ngth repose d o n the

fa ith o f fo u r e mi ne nt theolog i an s H an ifa M ale c
,

S afe i, an d H anb al

, , ,

w o were n o t o nly rep u ted

h
,

holy and le ar ned divi n es b ut m a sters in j ur isp ru ,

de n c e These inte r
.
pr s w er
e te r e in som e poi nts n o t
altogether u n an imo u s ; b u t they were deem ed r adi
c ally so und and h ave give n their na me s to fo u r se cts

hhh
, ,

ho n o u red as the pill ars o f the S o nn e e faith After .

their de ath e ach ad a sep ar ate or atory in the Tem

hE

ple of M ec c a and they h a ve bee n c an o niz ed as the

,

fo u r im a m s orhigh prie sts o f the e st abli shed ortho

,
-
,
.

d ox r e lig io n

h
The S e a s orsec t aries diff ered m ai nly from the
, ,

h
prec edi ng in a ssertin g the divi n e and i ndefe a sible
right o f Ali to su c c eed t e Prophet The s am e .
.

spiritu al and se culard ig nity which they c o n c eive r

sho uld h ave d esce n de d imm edi ately to the father ,

m
p u g t to h ave bee n tr a n sm itted to his li n e al poster
ity c o n sequ e ntly they co n sider no t o nly the thre e

h
, ,

r st c aliphs b ut all their s u cc essors w o took the

, ,

title o f L ord s o f the F aithfu l as u su r p er

h
s This b e , .

H anifa p oisone d
B a g d a d , A H 50 M a l e c d ie d a t 1
1
w as at
78
. . .

Me d ina , H a fe i w as a n at i
9 S ve of S y r
ia , a nd e nd e d
H 2
. .

2
is d ay s In g y pt 04 , A
H anb al d ie d a t B ag d ad ,
. . .
H A . .

4 L D 0 sson , Ta b G en In tr S a le, P r D iss se ct v iii

'

od . e li . . . . . .
3 04 E
h
li ef is hostile to t e whole fabric o f the S o nn e e tr
ditio n wh ich rests o n the a uthority of these thre e
TH

a
K O RAN .

h
,

h
c aliphs ; tho u gh they adm it the S o nna where its
s o u rc e s h a ve n ot bee n c o nt ami nated The Persi an s

h h
.

were the r st n atio n who procl aime d them selve s of

h
m
thi s sect abo u t the c omm e nc em e nt o f the S uffav e an
1
,

h
dy na sty (A D 4 99) ; and for m ore th an thre e c e n

. . .

tu r ie s their creed as bee n the prev a ili ng fa ith o f

h
t at c o untry The au thori ty o f H an ifa m aint ai ns

h
.

t e a s ce n d an t in T ur k ey , T art ary a nd H i ndost an ; ,

M al ec is chi ey rec ognised in B a rb ary and the

so u ther n p arts of Afric a ; S afe i a s follo w ers bot
in P ersi a an d Ar abi a a nd posse sse s a lim ite d inu

h
,

e n c e over t e s e a c o a st o f the I ndian pe ni n su l a and

h
h
m
t e e aster n i sl and s .

There ar e nu m ero u s other heretic al s e cts a ong

the Moh a mm ed ans who dis a gre e eve n o n fu nd a

h
,

m e nt al poi nts o f fa ith The spirit o f hostility b e .

twe e n m o st o f these e spe c i ally t e S onne e s and ,

S e a s i s r an c orou s a nd irre c o n c il able

, N a me s .

w hich a r e n ever m e n tio n ed b u t with blessi n gs by

the o ne a r e ho u rly c u rsed by the other N o w ars ,

a s be e n j u stly rem arked th a t ever desol a ted

h
as ,

the Christi an world h ave c au sed h alf the bloodshed

h
,

and m isery o r bee n so de eply st a mped with the

,

ch ar a cter o f impl a c able an i o sity as h ave arise n ,

fro m the politic al and religio u s c o ntroversie s o f the

h
Moh a mm ed an sect aries

h
.

*
H avi ng thu s l aid before t e re ad er a sk etch o f the
li fe and religio n o f the Ar abi an Prophet we sh all

m m
,

n ow a dvert to the w arlike ac ieveme nts o f hi s fol

h
.

lowers who c o n st antly appe aled to their vi ctor

mmm
i es
" ,

as an e x pre ss te stimo ny o f H e ave n to t e tru th o f

h
the ir creed ; and w o un der the terrible nam e o f

h h
,

h h
h h
S ar a ce n s e x te nde d their domi n io n over m ore ki ng
,

hhh
h
doms and co u ntrie s in eighty ye ars th an the R om an s
ad do n e in 8 0 0 .

T e iv a
d er tior
i of t

e na pu z z le d
e Sa r
acen as e ty olo

g ists
. So e a v e su g g e ste d S ar a , t e W ife o f br a A a ; but
t ey for
ge t t at t e I s e d e sce nd e d fr
a e lite s w e r o H ag ar .
 E
EE
h m
3 06 C ON QU STS o r TH
'

S AR A C NS .

h
c aliph ate This is the m ore su rprisi ng as he le ft no
'

.
,

h
m ale po sterity of hi s ow n and m u st h ave forese e n ,

the dism al c o n sequ e n c es o f an i nterregnu m o r a ,

dispu ted su c cessio n His demise w as t e sign al for

h
. .

i m medi ate c o ntest betwe e n the two gr an d p artie s

o f his follower s The s am e d ay th at l aid i in

~

the gr ave saw them a ssembled to deliber ate o n t e

choic e of a n e w sov ereign The R efugees i nsiste d

o n their prior cl a im as bei ng the fellow citize n s the

-
-
, ,

k i nsm e n and rst proselytes o f theirapostle

, T e .

A n s ars ple ad e d theirm eritorio u s servi c e s in o ffering

a n a syl u m to the fu gitive s of Me c c a an d their perse

h
o u te d m a ster The K oreish w ere s till j e alo u s o f
.

the pre em i n e n c e o f the li n e o f H ashem The he

-
. .

r e d itar y title o f Ali w as O pposed b y Aye sh a and ,

o ffe n sive to the a risto cr atic spirit o f the other chiefs ,

who were se cretly anx io u s to keep the sc eptr e
withi n the ir re a c b y a fre e and fr e qu e nt ele ctio n .

O m a r an d A b u Beker were both pro p o se d b ut they ,

m u tu al ly decli ne d to t ake prec ede n c e of e a ch other

h
,

S ep ar a tio n appe ar e d i n evit able ; swords were

m
dr aw n an d the h asty stru ctu re of Moslem gre at nes s
,

w as totteri ng to its fo u nd atio n whe n the t u m u lt w as ,

se aso n ably appe a sed by the disi nterested resol utio n

o f O m ar who qu ietly re n o u nc ed his o w n prete n sio ns

h
, ,

a nd o f
. fered is h an d in toke n of fe alty an d obedie n c e
to his ve n er able riv al P erh aps the cr afty politic i an

h h
.

s aw in the a dv an c ed a g e o f the n e w c aliph b u t a

n arrow b arri er bet w ee n himself a nd the thro n e

h
.

The H a shemites alo n e de cli n ed the o ath o f d e l .

ity ; an d it i s re ark able th at their chief Ali t e , ,

c o u si n o f their Prophet and the hu sb and of his favou r,

.

ite d au ghter ad n o t in tha t nu mero u s c on cl ave a

, , ,

si n gle vo ic e to advoc ate his cl aim s He a d p ublicly .

refused his c o nc u rre n c e in the i n au gu r atio n of A b u

B eker ; b u t the i ntrig u e s of the di s affe cted c o uld no t
prev a il with him t o distu rb the pe a c e of his c o untry ;
n o rc o u ld the a rrog a n ce o f O m ar who thre ate n ed to ,

c o ns u m e his abit a tio n with r e te r rify him i nto ,

su
C ON E
QUEE
h m
h
h
STS

bmissio n T e n e w sovereign d espise d t e pomp

o rTH S AR A C NS . 30 7

h
.

o u s epithets o f roy alty ; and in revere n c e for the ,

fo u n der o f their religio n a dopted the si p le an d

m ore atteri ng title of c aliph B ut sc arc ely ad hi s .

a cc essio n t ake n pl a c e whe n he w as overwhelm ed

'

with the a c c u m ul at e d i ntellige n c e o f apost a c y r

h
,

volt and impostu r e from all qu arters T e r e ligiou s

'

.
, ,

S pirit which the e x a mple o f Moh am m ed ad ki n dled

h h
a mo n g the Ar abs w a s b u t a bl a ze o f fa nati cism and

o n hi s d ec e a se they se em ed de siro u s of r e t u rn i n g to
the alt ar s o f idol atry The Christi an s were trib u t a
. .

ries r ather th an subj e cts an d the obsti n ate Jews ad

{a g ai n dire cted their hope s t o the e x ploded rit u al o f

h h h
M ose s The tribe s of t e D e se r
. t were si nki ng b a ck
into their a nci e nt p ag anism ; an d the K oreish wou ld

m
p erh aps h ave restored the im ages o f the K aab a ad

h
mmm
,

n o t A b u B eker checked their i n c o n siste n cy by an

e ffe cti v e reproo f : Y e me n o f Me c c a will ye be

h
,

t e l a st to embr ac e a nd the rst to ab an do n t e

1

h h
,

r eligio n of I sl a m

The s u c c e ss o f the Prophet ad en co u r aged other s ,

eve n in hi s lifetim e to em ul ate is prete n sio ns As

, .

w ad a de x tero u s u s u rper who seized the gover nm e nt

m
, ,

o f Yem e n a d alre a dy s u f
, fered the pu n i shm e n t of
is rebelli o n M o se ila a ad m a de al armi n g pro
.

gress in the territory o f Y e a a an d w a s still in ,

the ze n ith o f his apost a cy A C hri sti an wom an

m
.
,

who a spire d to the ho n o u rs o f a prophetess (for the

spirit o f impostu re w a s no t co n n ed to the m ale se x )
'

bec a e his as so ci ate ; and eve n in the p ubli c c am p

th e de ce n ci e s o f words and a ctio n s were spu r n ed by

h
these privileged and a m oro u s s ai nts Kh aled the .
,

sco u rge o f the in d e ls with an army o f , en ,

defe ated and dispersed hi s foll owers at the b attle of

Ak r ab a where o f the rebels fell ; a bl ack
sl ave pier
,

c ed the u pst ar t apostle with a j aveli n .

His p a r a our y w o se n a m e w a s S ej aj e ret u r n ed to ,

idol atry ; b u t a fter w ard bec ame a M u ss u lm an an d ,

died a t B ussor a O f the re st o f the im p o stors , som e

.
3 08 CON QU E
E
mE ST S o rTH S ARAC NS .

h
on rec ant atio n were a d i tted to p ardo n while other s ,

m
fell vi ctim s to their o w n credulity By this pro mpt

mm
m
.

displ ay o f m ilit ar y forc e the spirit o f in surre ctio n ,

w as p ut down
.
The loy alt y o f the faithful w as
.

revived and c o nrme d The w avering tribe s r e .

tur ned with hu mble c o ntritio n to t e du tie s o f pr ayer ,

fa sti ng an d alm s ; and the religi o n o f the K or an w as

a g a i n believed and m ore ste adfas tly professed by

, ,

the whole n atio ns o f A r abi a O rder an d sec u rity .

Were restored ; b u t it be c am e n ec e ss ary to provide

h
a n imm edi a te e x ercis e for the restle ss spirit o f the
S ar a c e n s O n the redu ctio n o f Y e a a Kh aled

m
.
,

h h
arched i nto Ir ak and the pr ov i n c es o n the L owe r
Tigri s w here the do i nio n o f the K or an w as furthe r
,

e x te n ded by a seri e s o f r apid and sple ndid victori es .

A n annu al trib u te o f pie c es o f gold w as t e

E
h
E
r st fr u its o f these rem ote c o n quest s)
-

From t e b ank s o f the E uphr ate s the ge n er al w as

su dde nly rec alled to t ake the c om m an d i n an other

E
quarter The dyi ng P rophet ad m edit ated the sub
.

j u g atio n o f S y ri a ; an d A b u B eker w as o nly preve n te d

fro m followi n g up his i nte n tio n s b y the revolt o f is

m m
!

o w n s ubj e cts Eve nts favo ured a re n ew al of the

.

m
e nterprise ; and no p r e p o sit i
o n c o u ld h ave c om e more

h hhhh
w elc o me to the faithfu l b u r ni n g alike for pill a ge and

hh
,

the prop agatio n o f tru th

mmm
.

The re sol u tio n o f the c aliph w as speedily ade

h h
m
m h
T e foll ow ing ar e ou r au t or itie s fort e istor y of t e e arly

h
A

h h
m
cal ip s and t e war s of t e S a r ac e ns b u lfe d a ( nnal A
le a B e is e , 4 vols 4 to ) l a cin (H ist S ar ace n a b rpe

h
. . . .

_ io ) ; A b u lfa r a g e (H ist C o p e nd Dynast a Pecg ck e ) ; uty

h
n
2
. .

c iu s ( nnA l P o o k v ol s 4 ) ; D H er
to

b e lot (Bibliot

h
a a c c e

h h
,
. . .

M od Univ H ist v ol s i ii iii ; O ckle y (Hist of t e

h
hh
.

ac e n s, 2
. . . .
. . .

S ar vols 8v o ) , w o , to t e s a e of ng lis p atronag e ,

.

d ie d in C a brid g e j ail inste ad of C a b r id g e Unive r si ty M ar igny .

(H ist d e s r
. ab 4 vols ) ; Pr
A . ice (R etr osp e ct o f M o a e d an
H ist 4 vols 4 to ) , w ose wo r
. . k is a c opiou s a nd v alu able ine
o f or ig inal a u t or itie s T e Gr e e k wr . ite r s on t at p e r iod ,
T e op ane s, Z onar as p C e d r e n u s, & c , ay b e consu lted i n .

N u rs Collection of t e s ant ine Histor

ie b
ians .
 E
E
m
1
3 0 co nq u ns rs o r TH S AR A C NS .

h
m es se ngers from Y e z id d aily anno un ced ne w suc

h
h
c e sse s and a pre se nt o f the spoil w as desp atched to
,

the c al iph as the r st fr u its o f their e x peditio n

-
.

The ze al o rthe av aric e of the Ar abi an chiefs w as

hh
a ttr a cte d by the prosperity o f theirc o un trym e n . .

A fresh rei nfo r c em en t w as levied fo rj e subj ug atio n

o f P a le stine the c omm an d of w ic fte rsom e dis

h
m
, ,

p ute w as delegate d t o Amr u Z a id w as disappoi nted

, .

o f the c ommi ssio n ; b u t fan atici sm o verrul ed all r

g ard for perso nal i nterest N o w e r e w as this spirit
. ,

m ore rem a rk able th an am o ng the g ear ly S ar ac e n

ge n er al s H a d not the p r
. O p ag atio ng o f t e K o r an
'

e x alted th e m above all priv ate c o nsidr atio ns or ad ,

they be e n a ct uate d by th at riv alship and animosity

h
h
which divide d the su c ce ssor s o f Ale x ander the ,

po w er o f the c aliphs m u st h ave falle n b a ck t o its

h
origi n al insig ni can c e and the legi o n s o f the F aith
, ,

i nste a d o f m archi ng o nw ard to empire m ight h av e ,

m et an i nglori o u s defe at from the swords o f c o nte nd

ing fa ctio n s A b u O b e id a
. ad s u persed ed Y e z id ;
b u t he w as less fortu nate th a n hi s prede ce ssor a nd ,

a si ngle r everse c o ndem ne d i as u nt to hold the

su prem e c om m an d .

In all e merge n cie s o f w ar the s u perior ge n i u s o f ,

h
Kh ale d m ark ed hi m ou t for the po st o f ho n o u r ; and

h
m
who ever might be the cho ice o f the pri nc e he w as

h h
, ,

both in fa ct and fa m e the foremo st le ader o f the S ar a

,

c e n s Fro m Ir ak he w as re c alled to Syri a and his

.
,

a rriv al altered the asp e ct o f the c a mp aig n

Ar a ce a .
,

T adm or and H au r an ad s ubmitted ; b ut a r a sh at

,

tempt o n Bo sr a ad n e a rly t ur ned the tide o f c o nq u e st .

S er j ab il ad bee n des pa tched by O b e id a with a body

o f 4000 c av alry a nd w as rep ulsed from its g ate s with
1
,

los s Kh al ed with 50 0 horse c a me in tim e to r ally

.
, ,

the yi ng det a chm e nt and s aved the beli evers fro

,

the dis g r a c e o f a to tal overthrow S e e the vill a i ns .

,

c om e ! he e x cl a im ed as _the O pe ne d g a te s o f the
,

fortress po ured fo r th their m a rti al arr ay i nto the

p l a i n ;

they k n ow w e a r e w e ary ; b u t let u s g o on ,
 hEE E
m
hm
mhm
hhh
mhh C ONQ U S TS '

OF TH S AR A C NS . 3 1
1

and the blessi n g o f G o d g o with us The battle .

grew o t ; sho u ts of All ah akb ar ! Al a la al a ,

la ! A lj ann a alj ann a ,is gre at ! Fight ght ! ,

P ar adis e p ar adise !) i n am ed the e n thu si asm o f the

h h
,

S ar ac e n s , and threw the r ank s O f the Christi ans into

hm
disorder Wi th the loss o f 2
. 30 en the Ar abs , ,

re ain ed m a sters of the eld an d the rem nan t o f ,

the e n emy e d to th e i rfortress T e c apt e of the .

'

city w as a c c eler ated by t e d u plicity of R om anu s

the govern or who to sec u r e is w ealth ors ave is
, , ,

life turn ed both tr a itor and M u ss ulm an The co n

,
.

q u est o f Bo sr a O pe n ed a w ay for the s iege of D a

m as c ua The Gre ci an emperor w a s at thi s tim e at

An tio ch an d al arm ed at the dev a st atio n s o f the S ara
, ,
;

c e ns e se nt 5000 e n to the d e fe n c e of th e pl a ce
, .

Amid the gr oves and fo u nt ai n s o f th is c e lebr ated

c apit al the hun gry Ar abs for the rst tim e pi tched

their c am p In ru de and s up erstitious ages a hostile

h
.
,

de an c e w as frequ ently sent and a c c epted by the

ge n er al s them s elves as an o me n o f futu re fort un e
, .

The perso n al v a lo u r O f Kh aled w as twi c e displ ay ed

in si ngle comb a t before the tw o armie s and both the ,

C hristi an le aders in s u c c essio n Azr a el an d C ale us , ,

bec am e is priso n er s S ever al a ctio n s m ore o rle ss

h
.

s a n gu in a ry were fo ught b u t the D a m asc e n es n d

m
,

ing th a t every s all y o nly e xp osed them to fresh

h h
losses re solved to redu ce thei rcity to a closer
,

defe n c e S ix we eks O f distres s c or np e ll e d them to

1
.

O ffer the Moslem le a der 0 0 0 o u n c es O f gold and 2 00

silke n robes O n c o n ditio n o f hi s r a i sin g t e siege ;
,

b ut Kh aled w as i ne x or able and wo ul d liste n t6 n o ,

t erm s b ut ann u al tribut e or t e K o r an They ad l

.

c o ntrived to d rop a m esse nge r from the r amp arts ,

who fo un d his w ay to An tio ch whe n c e the empero r ,

desp atched to their reli ef e n with W erd au ,

at their he ad The t u m u ltu o u s j oy o f the besieged

.
,

at the prospect o f this se aso n able s u c c o u r reve ale d

the secret to the vigil ant e n emy ; the rei nforcem ent
w as i nterc e p ted , and defe ated b y a det achm ent unde r
3 1
2 CON QU E
E
m
hE
STS o rTH S AR AC NS .

h h
h m
Der ar , who to ok w ith is o w n h and the st an d ar d o f
the Christi an s , be ar ing the si o f the cro ss , and
r

m
ichly a dorn ed with p re cio us o ne s .

A n e w levy o f e n , u n der VV e r
d an, w as

h h
a g ain a ssembled in the n eighbo u rhood The s e

m
.

formid able prep ar atio ns requ ired t e j un c ti o n of t e

h
Sar a c e n s who w er e dispersed o n t e fro ntie r
, s of

Syri a and P alest ine Y e z id w as at B elk a , N oo m an

h
.
,

In a c ir en

a t T adm or , and Amr a b a d no tle ft Ir ak .

larto the l atter , Kh a led u rge d i t o j oi n is

brethren witho u t del a y in their m arch ag ain st the

i n del Gre eks w o propo se d to e x ti n gu i sh the
,

light o f G o d with th eir m o u ths The other; g e .

r als ad simil arord e r

.
s ; and by a s in gul ar c o in ci v

h
de n c e in time , the whole forc e s et on the p lai n o f
1
1 1

h
A iz nad in o n the s a m e d ay (A H o rthe 3 th o f
'

h
. . ,

J uly, a circ u s t anc e whi ch they pio u sl y

a scribed to the bles si n g o f Pr ovid e n c e O n retiri ng .

fro m D am a sc us, Kh aled le d the van in c ompli an c e

.
,

with the wishe s o f O b e id a tho u gh he O ffered to

t ake the m ore p erilo u s st a ti on o f t e re ar

m
h h
,

h
gu ard .

The eve n t proved t e disinterestedn es s o f his b r a

very and the so u ndn e ss o f his j u dgm e nt ; forthe

m
,

besie g ed s e ei ng the e n emy dep art v e ntu r

, e d o ut ,

with 60 00 h orse a nd foot and over t aki n g

hh
,

Ob e id a defe ated him and c arried o ff a gre at p art

h
, ,

o f the b a gg age , with the w om e n a nd c i ldre n The .

pre se nc e o f Kh ale d p ut a stop to t e ro ut and o f the

1 *
h
,

h
mh
C hristi an a rmy o nly 0 0 hor sem e n ret u r n ed to D a s

as cu s The c a ptives w ere ret ak en ; amo ng them

.

w as the be au tiful K au la sister o f B e r ar and a , ,

troop o f heroi n e s from Y em e n w o were a c c us .

,

to ed to ride o n horseb ack and g t l ike the A a

'

z o n s o f old The i ntrepidity o f K aula s aved the

.

ho no u r o f the m arti al si sterhood Th ey were d is ,

arm e d O f their swords and bows b ut with their te nt ,

pole s the y kept their i ndel r avishers at b ay till

relieved by their ow n frie nds .

Forty ve tho u san d Mosle s m u st e r

v

- ed on t e
 E
EE
m h
1
3 4 CON QU STS OF TH S AR A C NS .

and the b attle o rr ather the sl au ghter c onti nu ed t ill

, ,

eve nin g Fifty tho u s and o f the C hristi an s fell u nde r

the scimit ars o f the e n emy , and the rem ai n s o f t e

imperi al troops e d som e to Caes are a others to

D am asc u s o rA ntioch Fo ur hun dred an d seve nty .

m arty rs were left o n the eld The spoil w as in .

e sti able inclu ding b ann er s crosses o f gold an d

, ,

silver , ch ai n s precio u s ston e s s u its o f arm our and

, , ,

rich app arel The glorio u s i ntellige n c e w as i mm e

h
.

diate ly tr ans mi tte d to the c aliph and di ffu sed u ni ,

vers al j oy The Mec c an s and other tribes hostile '

h
.
,

t o the rst pre achin g o f the K or an were n o w e a ger ,

to thr u st their sickle s i nto the bloody b u t lu cr ative

h ar vest o f S yr ia .

T e tidi ngs of th is defe at lle d the D am asc e n e s

h
with g rief and terror ; and fr om their r amp arts the y
beheld the ferocio u s con qu eror s ret urn to t e sieg e .

Amr u le d the va n at the he a d o f n i n e tho u s and horse

and the re a r w as bro u ght u p by Kh aled in perso n ,

w ith the st an d ard of the bl a ck e agle The wretched

h
.

citi z e n s ad m ade every prep a r a tio n d u ri n g thi s

short respite For a time their c ou r a ge w as revived
.

by the e x ample and autho r ity of Thom a s an e x cel ,

le nt soldier tho ugh livi ng in a priv ate st atio n and

h
, ,

so n in law to the Greci an emperor H e af fe cted t o

c o ntemptible Ar abs po or wretche s
- -

h
.

d e sp ise t e ,

goi ng abou t with h un gry bellies n aked and b are

.
,

foot an d a dvised the citize n s to attempt a s ally

n e x t m or n i n g and defe n d them selves to the l as t

hh
, ,

r ather th an s u rre nder W atch w as kept du ri ng t e .

night , a nd the abse n c e of t e sun w a s s upplied with

nu mb erless lights pl a ced in the t u rret s At the gat e .

thro u gh which they were to m arch a lofty cr u ci x

w a s erecte d in s ight o f bot h a rmies a nd before it ,

the b is O p w it his clerg y pl a ced a c opy o f the N e w

'

Te st am e nt o n the cover of whi ch a s he p a ssed,

, ,

Thom a s imprec ated the o verthrow o f the O ppress

or s a nd pr ayed the A u thor o f th at divi n e book to

,

defen d his s erv ants and vi ndic ate his tru th .

 T
EEE
hh m CO N QU ST S OF

on set of the Gr e eks w as m et with r n e ss

TH S AR A C NS . 3 5 1

h
e
by the S ar a c e n s whose ch arge s were trem e ndo u s

h
,

and irresistible The br ave Ab an fe ll by a poi so ned

h
.

a rrow from t e h an d of Thom a s an u n e r ri ng archer ; ,

b u t his de ath w as reve nged by his wife a heroi n e ,

m
who c ou ld h an dle the spe a r and the bow with equ al
de x te rity In the hottest of the b attle she so u g t

hh
.

the pl ac e where is m u rderer fo u ght ; her rst a rrow

pierce d the h an d o f is st an d ard be arer tho u gh the

m
-
,

e ngi n es from the w alls p o ured sto n e s and m issile s

o n the besiegers thick a s h a il ; her sec o n d wo un ded
Thom as thro u gh the eye while e ng aged in single

m
comb at with an Ar ab who ad seized is falle n

h
st an dard The wo un d w as dresse d on the ra mp art
.
,

a nd the un d aun ted ch a mpi o n o f the C hristi an s r e

fu sed to qu it the eld till n ight sep ar ated the co

b atan ts . The devoted w idow w a shed the c orpse

o f her h u sb an d and witho u t a gro an o ra te a r b u r ie d
,

i with the u s u al rite s H appy h appy ar t tho u , ,

y de ar ! tho u ar t go n e to the L ord who rst j o in e d ,

Us a nd h a th p a rted u s a s u n der
, He n c eforth sh all .

no an ever to u ch me m ore ; fo rI h ave de dic ate d

myself to the servic e o f God .

The citize n s were dishe arte ne d ; their p atie nc e

h
and their provi sio n s began to be e x h aus t e d ; and
a fter a siege o f seve nty d a ys the br ave st o f their

h h
,

chiefs y ielded to the ha rd dict ates o f n e cessity .

Kh aled w as in e x or able and decline d the ch an c e o f

h h
,

c pi l atio n le st the Chr

a tu ,

ist i an dogs might stip u
l ate for their live s and fort une s and is soldiers be ,

deprived o f their pl un der In the mild virtu e s o f .

O b e id a the be sieged ad som e hope At m idnight .

a dep u t atio n o f on e h un dred o f the clergy and p r in

ci p al i n abit ant s were i ntrodu c ed to is te nt W here ,

they were c o urteo u sly rec eived and o bt ain ed a ,

writte n agreem e nt th at ho stilitie s sho uld c e as e

th at su ch as chose might dep art w ith as m u ch of
their e ff ects as they co uld c arry aw ayand th at on ,

paying tribute the r e st sh oul d e nj oy the irland s

.
 hE m
m
hh
1

h
3 6 C O NQ UE S TS o r TH

S ARA C EN S .

m
an d house s wit the use an d posse ssio n o f se v e n
,

h h
c hur che s O n t e se c o n di t io n s he w a s all v e d t o

mh
.

e nt er t he t ow n by the ga t e ne a re s t his c a mp where ,

t e n e c e ss a ry o s t ag e s were delivere d i nt o is
h an d .

O f t hese t r an s ac t io n s K h al ed w as e nt irely ig n o

h
r an t ; an d at the t im e t e t ru c e w a s c o nc luded e

, ,

w a s s t or i ng the w alls o n the Opposi t e side By .

t he t re ac hery o f a pries t who pre t e n ded t o h ave dis ,

c over ed in the b oo k o f D an iel the fu ture gre a t n e ss

o f t he S a r ac e n empire a p ar t y o f o n e hu n dr e d H a
,

y ar it e s were se c re t ly c o n v eyed i n t o t e t ow n an d ,

b y the ir m e an s the re ai n der o f t he a rmy e ffe c t e d

h
t heir e nt r anc e The horrid te cb ir(t he A r ab i an w ar
.

c ry) o f A ll ah akba r ann ou nc ed t o the a s t o n ished

m
C hris t i an s t h a t t heir c i t y w a s los t T he we apo n s
. .

droppe d from t heir h an ds a s they he a rd the cr y of

h m
N o qu a r t er from t he fero c ious K a led The .

ru thle ss Sc imi t a r e s e d i t sel f t o t he full an d a t or

'

re n t o f C hri st i an b lood poured down t he s t re e t s o f

D a m a s c us .

The sl au gh t er c o n t i n ued t ill t hey r e ac he d t h e

c hur c h o f S t Mary where t he s angui na ry c o n quero r
.
,

b eheld wi th indig natio n and surprise the pe ac eful '

h

O b e id a an d hi s t ro ops wi t h t heir swords in t heir ,

sc abb a r d s an d surrou n ded b y a ul tit ude of pries t s

an d m o nk s A n angry r . e o n str
ance e nsu e d b e s

h
t we e n the t wo g e n er als ; t he o n e ur g i ng hi s art i c le s

of t
_ re a t y an d t he f a i t h o f M ussulm an s t he l a tt er

thre a t e n i ng i n ri gh t o f is o f c e a s g e n er al t o p u t
, ,

every uiib e lie ve rt o the sword T he r ap ac iou s an d

h
.

c r uel A r ab s would h ave o b eyed the wel c ome c om ,

m an d b u t O b e id a a ver t e d the a t ro c ious m a ss ac re

,

b y a de c e n t an d di gn i e d r m n ess A c ou nc il o f .

w a r a ssem b led i n o n e o f t he c hur c hes : whe n i t w a s

a g r eed a ft er v iole n t al t er cat i o n th at the p ar t o f the
, ,

c i ty whi c h h a d surre n dered t o Ob e id a should b e

e nt i tled t o t he b e n e t o f hi s capi t ul at io n ; an d t o
this p ac i c m e a sure K h aled relu c t ant ly a sse nt ed
 m
E
m
mE
3 8 1
W i lli ng ,

B ut

h
hhh
CX p e d itn
,
C O N Q UE S T S
li k e t he relu c t an t C znsart o refuse the k i ngly
c row n a s h avi ng n o o cca sio n for the pl ac e
,

replied t he o t her the pl ac e h a s n eed o f

The t i tle of C al iph o f t e C aliph o f the A pos tle
o f G o d b ei ng deemed t au t olo g i c al an d l i k ely t o in

c re a se t o an i nc o n ve n ie n t le n gt h w a s e x c h ang ed fo r
t h at O f ircl M u e nin o r m pe r _
or o f t he F a i t h
ful H is r s t me a sures were t o foll ow up t he mili
.

t ary o p er a t io n s o f is prede c ess or ; an d a ft er a s o r

o n i n t o I r ak wi t h i n di ffere n t su cc e ss Ob c i
d ah c o n t i n ued t o prose c u t e t he w ar i n Syri a
,
t
o rT

,
,

h

: S ARA C EN S

,
,
.

,
.
.

h
h
.

T he D a m a s c e n e e xiles h a d b e e n fo ur d ays an d
n ig ts o n t e ir m a r c h an d mi gh t h a ve re t ire d u n ,

m o les t ed b ut for t e im prude nc e or p a ssio n o f a

,

yout h ful lover A n o ble cit i z e n na med Jo na s w as

b e tro t hed t o a we al thy m aide nb ut her p are n t s o n
.
, ,

som e sli gh t pre t e x t del ayed t he c o n summ at io n o f

E
,

t heir n up ti als Duri ng t he pressure o ft he sie g e t e

.

h
d ang er o f t heir si t u at i o n i n du c ed them t o a tt emp t
th e ir e s cap e H avi ng b ri b e d t he n i gh tly w a t c h a t

t he gat e K eis an Jo na s rode forw a rd t o le a d the ,

m
w ay b u t w a s surroun ded an d s ei z ed b y a squ a dro n

hh h
,

o f t he p a t rol u n der B er a r : A n o t her horsem an fo l

E
lowed (i t w a s t e l ady) ; b ut t he si g nal i n G ree k
whi c h t he A r ab s d id n o t un der st and
,
4 T he b ird i s '

t ak e n ! a dm o n ished his a dve n t urous mis t re ss t o

h a s t e n her re t ur n H e w a s b ro ugh t b ef ore Kh aled .
,

w o promised hi m his wi fe whe n t he c i ty w a s t ak e n ,

h
,

o n c o n di t i o n o f hi s em b r ac i ng t e reli g io n o f t he

m
K or an ; if n o t e m us t die o n the spo t The lover

c hose apos t ac ypro fessed his b elie f in M oh a mmed

.
,
.

m
,

an d c o n t i n ued in t he e n emy s ca m p t o per form the

hh hh
dut ie s o f a b r ave an d si nc ere M ussul a n T he l ady .
,

h
who m t e t r ag i c muse h a s na me d udo c i a i n desp air ,

and de t es t a t io n o f her a po s t at e lover shu t hersel f ,

up i n a nunn y e r

O n t e fate of th e se lov e r s,w h o e c alls P ocy a s a nd

'
'

u do cia M rH u g h es as c onstru cte d is trag e dy t e S ie ge

,
.
,

of Da a scu s .
 mE
E
m h
h c ox ou s s rs o rTH
W he n t he c i t y surre n dere d Jo na s e w t o t e

h
m o na s t ery where u do c i a h a d t ak e n re fu g e ; b u t

h
his na e w a s for g ott e n hi s p a s sio n s c orn ed : s e
,

pre ferre d her reli gi o n t o her lover and t oo k her de

p art ure i n t he c ar av a n o f fu g i t ives

.

b iddi ng adieu
t o a c ou n t ry whic h w a s o lo ng er free an d a n at

S ARA CEN S

,
.

h
h
3 9 1

mm
,

tac e nt whic h c oul d o nly b e r em em b ered wi th

s orrow Jo na s w a s i nc o n sol able ; an d i n t e O p e
.
,
'

o f resc uing his wife ur g ed the c o n queror t o pursue

,

t he we a ry e xil es who he a ssure d him mi gh t ye t b e

, ,

ov e r tak e n an d o ffered hi s servi c e s a s guide

,_ K h al ed .
~

yielded t o his importuni t ie s ; and at the he a d o f four ,

t hous an d horse i n t he dis guis e of C hris t i an s t oo k ,

t he rou t e o f the fu gi t ive s I n a we t and d ark ni gh t

.

t hey t r aversed t he ro ck y p a sse s o f M ou n t L e ban o n ; -

an d a t t he d aw n o f d a y t hey b eheld i n a ple a s an t ,

v al l ey b elow t he t e n t s o f D a m a s c us shin i ng i n t he

m
, ,

m or n i ng su n O f the h aples s w an derers som e l a y

.
,

over co e wi t h fat i g ue an d sleep o thers were spre a d ,

i ng t heir dre nc hed ga rm e n t s t o dry K h aled divided .

his t r0 0 p i n t o four squ a dro n s who rushed su c c e ss ,

h
iv e ly o n t he u na rme d an d pro i s c uous mul t i t ude .

The C hr is tian s de fe n ded them selve s wi th b r avery ;

b ut t he loss o f t heir g e n er a l whose h e a d w a s in

sulting ly m ou nt e d o n t he s t an d ard o f the c ross ,

, ,

ann ounc ed t h at vi c to ry h a d de c l a red for t he e n emy

O ne m an o nly e scaped t e fury o f t he b arbar i an s t o ,

carry t o the c ourt of C o n s t ant i n ople the dis al s t ory

m
o f t he c a t a s t rophe .

In t he t umul t o f t he battle Jo na s s ou gh t an d fou n d ,

t he obj e c t o f his fat al pursui t The i n di gnan t l a dy .

repulse d hi s a dv anc e s s w ord in h an d A ft er a h ar d .

-

fou gh t c om ba t she b e c a m e hi s pri so n er ; b u t lo a th

h h
,

i ng his p e r d iou s em b r ac e s i n a t o f t r an quil d e

Sp a i r she s t ruck a p o ni a rd to her he art The wid .

owed d au ght er o f H er ac lius a pri nc e ss o f admira ble ,

b e a ut y w a s t ak e n ca p t ive an d o ffered t o the di s

, ,

c o n sol at e lover ; b u t he yielded t o the wish es of

Kh aled w o sp a red an d r e le a se d her wi t o u t a n
,
 m
m
w

m
m
h
E

mm
m
3 8

hE
m
ta r

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ca r
h
1

h
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.

y pe r
r
ill i , lik e

1
cox q us srs o rr

c ro w as h a vi ng n o o cca sio n for t he p

,

B u re p li ed t he o ther

,
: s

t he relu c t an t C aesa r to re fu se t
,

t he pl ac e h a s
,

ful His rs t me a sure s were to fo ll o w up tl

y o u The t i tle o f C aliph o f th e C aliph o f t he

o f G b e in g dee e d t a u t olo g i c al an d li k e
c re a to an inc o n ve ni e n t le n g th w a s e x c a i
:

t h a t r iral M u e nin or m pe r
,

or of t e

a tio ns o f is prede c e ss or ; an d a ft e r
x c s x s.

p e tio n i n t o I r ak wi t h i n di ffere n t su c c e ss
,

h
d a h tinue d t o pro se c u t e t he w ar i n S yri a
Tl D a m as c e n e e x il e s h a d b e e n fo u r d
i g t o n t hei r m a r c h an d i gh t h a ve re t
,

e le e d b u t fo rth e i mprude nc e o rp a s s
.

y o u tf ul l
b e tr i ed
 m
E
E
2

h
l

3 0 C O NQ UE S TS OF TH S ARA CE N S .

h
so ; se ndi ng her aw ay wi th a h au gh t y m ess ag e o f
de a nc e t 0 t he e mperor t h at he should n ever e nj oy
,
,

pe ace t ill his d au ght er an d hi s dom i n io n s were i n

posse ssi o n o f t he S a r ac e n s The b e r e ave d J o nas .

fou g t an d fell i n t he servi c e o f his a dop t e d reli g i o n .

To e nc our ag e proselyt es R ap i a b ro t her o f c er

h
, , ,

E
de c l a red he h a d see n t he bless ed m a r t yr i n a v i sio n

h
w al k i ng i n t he verd an t me a d ows o f p ar a dise wi t h

h
,

g old slippers o n his fe e t an d for g e t t i ng t he love o f

h
,

h
u do c i a i n t he e m b r ac e s o f seve n ty vir gi n s s o .

b ri ght an d fa ir th at h a d o n e o f t he m b u t h al f nu

h
-
,

veiled her c h a rm s i n t hi s world t e su n an d m oo n ,

mus t h ave p aled b e fore t e sple n dour o f her b e au t y .

A b u Ob e id a h a d displ ac ed K h aled i n t he c om
m an d ; b u t he a d n o x ed pl an o f operat i o n an d

h
,

is w a v eri ng poli c y w a s u nc er t a i n w he t her t o dire c t

m m
t he m a r c h o f t he b elievers t o Jerus alem o rA n tio c .
.

A n e x pedit io n w a s su gg e s t ed an d u n d e r tak e n to

whi c h t he A r ab s were solely promp t ed b y their i n

hh
.

sat i ab le c upidi t y The fa ir o f A b yl a or the M o na s

y o f t e H o ly F at hera pl ac e n e a r t he e a s t ern
.
,

te r ,

b a s e of t he A n t i L ib anu s ab ou t t hir t y miles fro m

-
,

D a m a s c us w a s a nn u ally c ele b r at ed at a s t er b y a
,

v a s t c o ncou rse o f m e r

h
c h ant s T he c ell o f a devou t

.

e rmi t a t t r ac t e d c r owds o f pil g rim s

m
y ou ng an d
old ,
ri c h an d po or soli c i t ed his b lessi ng ; an d n o
,

a rried c ouple t hou gh t t heir c onj ugal fe licity c o

h
p le te t ill t e y h a d re c eived his b e n edi c t io n I n t he .

h o pe of an e a sy c o n ques t an d a l ar g e spoil A b d al ,
.

h
lab w as d e sp a t c e d wi t h a h a nd ful of ve hun dre d
ca v al ry .

This fe s t iv al h appe ned t h at ye a r t o b e ho n oured

b y t he n up t i al s o f t he d a u gh t er o f t he g ov er n or o f
Tr ip oli ; an d the usu al c rowd w a s swelled b y an

e s c or t o f 5 00 0 horse th at atte nd ed t e perso n o f t he

b ride who h a d c o e t o h a ve her fa i t h an d her fe r

tility c o n r m ed b y t he pious anc hori t e The i n v a

ders w ere awe st ru ck b u t sh a me preve n t ed t heir

-
,

r e t re at ; and t heir d roopi ng c o ur ag e re vi ved in t e

 E
E
m hh cox q ursrs or TH S A R AC KS . 3 21

o r n i ng whe n the fa ir c omm e nc ed an d t e te mp t i ng ,

m er c h andi se w a s spr e a d b e fore t heir eye s T e .

revere n d prior h a d b e g un his serm o n a tt e n ded b y a ,

v a s t t hro ng a m o ng whom were m any of t he no

,

b ility an d o f c ers ri c hly dr e ssed The a v ari c e o f .

the S a r ac e n s w a s i n a me d P a r adise e x c l a ime d
.
,

A b dall ah is u n de r t he sh a d ow o f swords : ei the r

h
,

w e sh all su cc eed a nd h a ve t he plu n der or die an d ,

h
h

ga i n t he c row n o f m a r tyrdom The r apidi t y of .

t heir o n se t gav e them the r s t a dv ant ag e b u t t hey

we re e nc o mp a sse d an d alm os t overwhe lm ed wi t h
n um b ers so soo n as t he e n emy h a d re c overe d from

h
t heir surprise A asty m ess ag e i n formed K h al ed
.

t at t e b eli evers were i n d ang er o f b ei ng los t

~
.

W i t h a t ro op o f ca v alry he e w t o t he ir relie f ; an d

mmm h
ab ou t t he hour o f sun se t a c loud o f dus t ann ou nc ed

h
m
t heir ap pr o ac h t o th e : we a ry c om bat an t s whos e ,

h hh
d imi n u t ive ba nd a mid t he sw a rm s o f t e ir a ss ail
,

an t s is fanc i fully lik e n ed t o a wh it e spo t o n a b l ack

,
1 '

c am e l s s k i n

T hei r ar riv al c h ang ed t e fo rtu n e o f t he d ay ;

shou t s o f A ll ah akba r re n t t he sk ie s ; t e C hris t i ans

h
w ere disperse d an d pursue d wi th g re a t sl a u gh t e r

h
h
as far a s t e river o f T ripoli who se w at ers s a ved ,

them from t he ve ng e anc e o f the c o n qu e rors T e .

v arious e r c h an dise o f t he fa ir t he fr ui t s an d pro ,

a

m
visi o n s an d t he
,
o n ey b rou gh t t o pur c a s e them ,

b e ca m e the prey o f t he spoilers T e m o na st ery .

,

i n w i c h t e g over n or s d au gh t er an d for t y o f her
w a i t i ng m a ids were t ak e n w a s pro fan ed an d ro bb e d
-

h
,

o f i t s pl at e c urt a i n s an d ga y de c or at io n s ; a On g
, ,

w hi c h we a re i n form ed w a s a c lo t h o f c uriou s w or k
'

, ,

m an ship em b roidered wi th an i a g e o f t he b lessed

h h
,

S aviour whi c h w a s tr an sport ed t o Y em e n an d sold

, ,

fo rt e n t ime s i t s wei gh t i n g old H orses a sses and .

, ,

ule s were dili g e n tly lo a ded wi th the we al t y

plun der an d the glu tt ed ba rba ri an s re t ur n ed i n tr
, i
umph t o D a m a s c us .

T e lu x uries o f S vr ia ad b e g un t o c orrup t the

 m
m
mmE
m h
3 2
2 C O N Q UE S T S OF TH S ARA CE N S . .

a b s t e i ou s A r ab s an d the m es se ng er t h at carried
,

h
t o O ar the n ews o f t his se c o n d vi c t o ry repor t ed ,

t h at t e M ussul ans h a d le a rn ed t o dri nk wi n e

-
'

h
.

A pu n i sh e n t of fours c ore s t ripes o n t he sole s o f

m
t he fee t w a s order e d t o b e i n i c t ed o n the o ffe n ders ;
and so t e n der w a s t he c o n sc ie nc e o f t he b eliever s ,

mh
t h a t o n t he pro c l a m a t io n o f O b e id a n um b er s sub

.
,

itte d W it hou t an acc user t o t he pe nanc e o f t he la w .

Terror ad al re a dy spre a d the fa m e o f t he S ar a

m
c e n s b eyo n d t heir ac t u al c o n que st s ; t hou gh i n the
pro se c u t i o n o f t he w a r t heir poli c y w a s n o t less

E
e ffe c t u al t h an t heir swords The c i t ies o f S yri a
.

i n dividu ally t rem bled for t h eir se c uri ty I n s t e a d o f

h m
.

ac t in g i n c o nc er t e ac h w a s willi ng t o m ak e the fall

,

o f o t hers t he si gnal fo rt heir ow n capi t ul at io n and ,

ag re ed t o p ur c h a se a t e p o r

h
a ry respi t e at an e n or ~

o us r an som whi c h o nl y e n ri c he d t he e n emy b y

,

m
impoverishi ng t hem selve s C h al c is alo n e w a s t a x e d .

at 5000 ou nc e s o f g old a s m an y o f silver 2 00 0 ro b es

r
, ,

o f sil k an d a s
, ary g s an d olives a s would lo a d
.

5000 a sses T e l ess we al t hy o rless o b s t i nat e p aid

.

i n propor t io n By t e se shor t an d s ep a r a t e t re at ie s
.

t he u n io n o f t he C hri s t i an s w a s di ssolved ; t heir

an ds w ere t ie d up from ut u al a ssis t anc e while
t he A r ab s were r av ag i ng t he c ou nt ry ; an d at t he
e x piry o f t he t ru ce t heir e xh aus te d m agaz i n e s an d

h
arse nals le ft t he m an e a sy prey t o t he b esie g ers

h h
.

m
H o ms or e s a an d B aalb e c or H eliopoli s b o th
, ,

p opulous and we al thy c i t ies were t he n e xt th a t

.
,

yielded t o t he r ap ac i t y o f the ba r ba ri an s B u t t he . ,

slo w n e ss of t heir p r o gr ess w a s o ffe n sive t o t he ca

h
lip who wo n dere d a t t he sil enc e an d i nac t ivi ty o f

hh

is soldier s I n an epis tle t o O b e id a he g e n t ly in

si n u at ed hi s suspi c io n s t h a t t he wives an d t he spoil

o f S yr i a were de a rer t o t hem t h an t he servi c e o f
G o d an d his a pos t le The M oslem s u n ders t o od
.

t e re b uk e an d wi t h t e a rs o f r ag e an d remorse
,

d e a n d ed to b e led fo r t h to t e battle s of t e

Lo r

d .
 m
hEE
m
2
3 4 c ox aU s rs
'
o r TH S ARA CE NS .

t ry t he e ffe c t a c o n fere nc e w as c ommu n i cat ed to

of

h
,

O b e id a and K h a led w as i n s t ru c t ed t o rep air t o t he

h
,

C hris t i an ca mp A ddressi ng himsel f t o the r ap ac i t y

.

o f t he M oslem s Manuel e ngag e d t o se c ure t he p ay

m
,

e n t o f a sum o f mo n ey provided t hey would wi th ,

dr aw from t he c ou nt r y : to O m a r a s t heir soverei g n

di nars " t o O b e id a o n e h al f t h a t
,
'
,

1
- -
,

; to a hu n dred o f is pri nc ip a l o f c er s 0 00
di na rs e ac h ; t o ev e ry horsem an 1
su .
,

00 ; an d t o every ,

foo t soldi er 5 0
- K h ale d o n his p a r t o ff ered t o
, .
, .
,

t heir c hoi c e t he usu al c o n di t i o n s o f c o n versio n ,

t ri b u t e or the sword ; re c o mme n di ng a s the b est ,

m e an s o f aver ti ng fur ther cal a mi t y t h at t hey

m

,
.

sh ould a d i t t he l a mp o f e t er nal t rut h i nt o their

h ab i t at io n s i b u t t he o ff er w a s rej e c t ed w i t h s c or n .

B o t h si des w ere prep a red fo rac t io n Man uel dis .

p o sed o f his m ul t i t udi n ous le gi o n s i n t o sever al divi

sio n s e ac h c o n sis t i ng o f
,
m e n M ou nt ed o n a .

b l ack c h a r g er an d c l a d i n g org e ous a rm our he c o n

h hh
, ,

du c t ed t he m ovem e n t s o f t he c e n t re i n perso n The

h
h
.

m
v an o f the M os le ms w a s led o n b y K h aled res t ored

o nc e more t o t he suprem e c omm an d ; while his c ol

'

m
le ag ue wi t h the yellow nag u n der whic h M oh a m ed
,

h a d fou gh t a t K h a i ba r w as po st ed i n t he re a r t h a t
.
, ,

t he i gh t o f t e b elievers mi gh t b e c e ck e d b y t he _

prese nc e of thi s c o n se c r at ed e n si gn K aula an d .

hmm
her ban d o f A m a z on s w ere st at io n ed i n t he s a m e

mm
m
m m
li n e an d fo rt he sa m e re a so n T e e x hort at io n o f
,
.

m
K h aled w a s of t rem e n dous b revi t y : P a r a di se i s

m m
b efore you t he devil an d hell r e b ehi n d !

Thei r

hh
-

mh
arc h t o t he e ld w a s i n pro fou n d an d awful si

h hh
le nc e ; b u t t he r ank s of t e C hris t i an s pres e nt ed a

h
di ffere n t sc e n e The i ngled n oise o cca sio n e d b y
.

h
d i ffe re ntly e sti ate d fro 5 to
d d inar

1
T e g ol as b een 3

6d w e
. .

3 3 . e tak e n a
. e diu o r9
av 3d. T dr ach of , s. . e

g old is r eck on e d qu i le nt to ab ou t 5 gd e I n spe ak i

ng o f t e
va .

ar k once fo rall th at
plu nd e rof t e S ar a ce n we ay r e s, , ,

a rd in g to Maj or B rice t e al u e of one y the n ay b e taken

,
v
ten ti 3% h t e pr
esent d ay

es t an at .
 m

E E
m m
h
m
2

m
c on Q U S A RA CE NS 3 5

i TH

sT s

.
o .

mhm
t he prie st s c h an t i ng their g ospels , an d t he o t io ns

h
o f t heir b e a ds an d C h aplet s i s c o p are d t o t e r oll
,

o f dis t ant t hu n der while the gli t t eri ng o f t heir ar a

tn o u rrese b led ashe s o f li gh t n i ng

h
.
p

_ Their r s t e ffort w a s d ire c t ed aga i n s t the c e nt re

of t he A r ab s , whi c h b y a v iole n t a ss a ul t t hey e
d e a Vo u r e d t o pe n e t r at e ; b u t t he whole o f t e divi s

si o n w a s ann ihil a t e d b y K h aled wi t h a b ody of

h
horse An o t her an d an equ ally un su cc ess ful at
.

m
t e pt w as a de ; ye t su c h W a s t he wei gh t o f t e
R o an c avalry t h a t t he ri gh t w i ng o f t he S a r ac e n
,

Was b r o k e n an d sep ar
.

at ed fro m t he
_
ai n b ody .

Thri c e did t hey re t r e a t i n c o nfu si on an d t hri c e

h
,

W ere t he y dr ive n back t o t he c a r g e by t e b low s

' '

an d repro ac hes of t he wome n , whose t e n t pole s

mhhm
-

Were m ore e ffe c t ive th an t he t er rors o f everl a s t i ng

h
m
pu n i shm e n t T he ba tt l e r a g ed fo rsever al d ays ;

h h
.

and n i gh t se pa r a t ed t he c om ba t ant s o nl y t o re n e w
t he e nc o unt er I n t e i n t erv als of ac t io n m an y a
.

l anc e w a s shivered i n single prowess ; an d su c h w a s

t he c u nn i n g an d sk i l l o f t he A rm e ni an a rc hers , th at

m
in o n e d ay t e D ay of B li n di ng 7

00 of the M osl e s

l o st o ne orb o t o f theireyes a de fo r
, ,

m ity w ic h ,

E
-
,

h
i n s t e a d of c o n sideri ng a misfor tun e ; they gloried i n

h
ar k o f D ivin e fav our

as a

h
.

h
The car nag e at Y e r o uk sur

h
y

pa ssed t h a t o f any

m
e cedi ng battle : t he ve t er

h
pr ans o f former w ars c o n s

m
fessed i t t o b e o n e o f t h e o s t d e sper a t e an d doub t

h hh
ful e nc o un t ers t hey ad ever see n b u t i t w a s de c i ~

siv e S eve nty t ous an d o f t e b es t t r

.
oops o f H e r a :

cliu s w i t
,
t h e ir g en er al an d a v a s t n um b er of is
,

h h
p ri nc ip a l o f c ers , were le ft o n t e e l d Of t e .

fu g i t ive s who att e p t e d to es cap e m an y pe r is ed

h h
-

duri n g t e c o n fusio n of t e night i n t e Wo od s a nd

r av i n es or i n t he pre c ipi t ous w a t erco urse s th at Iiii
,
-

te r se ct t he a dj oi n i ng m ou n t ai ns B eside s t hos e t h at .

w er e sl au gh t ere d a ft er the defe at , an fo un d 8

,

y
f

w at ery g r ave i n t e Y e r ouk w ic h i n t eir p anic

the y ad e n de avoured to c ro ss Al t o g e th er
,

, t e

.

V OL I u e
 E
EE
m
m h
h
2
3 6 CON QU ST S o rTH S AR AC NS.

hh
h
C hr isti an s r st ated to h ave lost
a e en in
killed , a nd in
priso ners P erh aps t e Ar ab s

h h
.

ay e x agge r ate in poi nt o f nu mber ; b u t the Greek .

histori an s themselves h ave ad mitted t e tot al over

hh
throw o i the R om an powe rin Syri a in this san
g uin ar y e ngageme nt (N o v w ic t e y lo ng

hh
.
'

a fter bew a iled a s a j u st retrib utio n for their si n s .

0 f t e S ar a ce n s 40 3 0 m artyrs were b uried o n t e

h
,

spo t . N e x t to the pr ayers o f the c aliph the glory ,

o f t e tri u mph a s bee n a scribed to the fem ale w ar

h
riors for their ablest ge ner al s c o n fessed th a t their
br avery ad bee n in v ai n a d n o t the b attle bee n
,

a ga i n a nd a g a i n restored by the rm n ess o f the

h
.

wom e n The i ntellige n c e o f t e vi ctory together

E
.
,

with the leg al proportio n o f the spoil were spe edily ,

c onveyed to t e thro n e o f O m ar and rec eived with

m
,
,

the most lively dem o n str atio n s o f j oy and gr atit u de .

A fter det aili ng the loss o n both side s I fo u nd ,

,

s ays O b e id a in his letter som e he ad s cu t o ff no t

,

kn ow in g w hether they belo n ged to M u ssu lm an s or

mmE
C hr isti an s I pr ayed over them a nd b u ried them
, ,
.

The nu mbers drow n ed are u nkn own to a ny b u t God ;

h
m
as for those th a t e d to the deserts a nd mo unt a i n s

h
,
we h ave destroyed them a
R ecovered from the t oils o f the c a mp aign at D a
ascu s the S ar a ce n s were e ager to be le d to n e w
,

co nqu ests The dispersio n o f the Christi an s left

. .

them free to choose whic o f the fortied tow ns

shou ld be t e obj ect o f their rst att a ck ; and in ,
obe dien ce to the c aliph s c omm and s they pr

oc eeded

m
,

forthwith to the redu ctio n o f j lia o rJ er u s al em .

Tr u sti ng to their e ngi n es an d the s an ctity o f the

pl a c e the fe arle ss i nh abit an ts disd ai ned to reply to

hh
,

the p a cic m ess ages of the e n e y and prep ared for ,

a vigoro u s defe n ce Te n d ays wer e w asted in pr aye r

.

and v ain e x pect atio n ; a nd o n the eleve nth

, the , .

to w n w as bele ag u ered by the whole stren gth of the ,

A na e d er ive d fr o t e c ol ony of t e p er
or ling
Had r
ia n .
 E
EE
m
2
3 8 C ON QU S TS on TH S A R AC NS .

h
w as n ever ab and on ed in the m or n i n g witho ut the
r eg ul ar perform an c e o f pr ayers O n the j o u r n ey .

h
he redressed the wro ngs o f some po or tribu t ar ies

h
,

r ebu k e d the lic e ntio u s pol yg a my o f the ign or ant

Ar ab s and ch a stised the l ux u ry o f the S ar
.

a c e n s by
H
, ,

strippi n g them of their rich silks the spoils of Y e r ,

s
:
'

o nk and orderi ng them to be dr a gged with their

,

m
fa c e s in the dirt At Jopp a v e st ages from Jeru
.
,
.

sal em ,
e w a s m et by O b e id a with the pri n cip al ,

of c ers o f the army Apprehe n sive lest the m e a n

m
n e ss o f hi s a ppe ar an c e for a cc ordi n g to some

hh h
.

h
w riters he w a s le adi n g the c am el by the bridle ,

while the sl ave w as m o u nt e d in is tu r n the anim al

bei ng their j oi nt property sho u ld e x cite c o ntempt

h h
,

h
,

in the eye s o f a n a tio n lo n g h abit ua ted to m ore pol :

is e d O bserv an c es they prev a iled with him to a ttire
,

him self in a s u it o f white app arel a nd a c c ept t e ,

horse which they ad pro vided for i ntrod u ci ng i

a mo n g his n ewly c o n qu ered s u bj ects
-
B u t he soon .

fe lt t e e nc u mbr an c e of thi s n o vel equipme nt and ,

r es u i n g is b a rb a r ou s g uise he e nter e d t e c a mp

h
,

before J er u s alem e x cl a imi n g a gai n s t the abs u rdity

,

o f fors ak i ng e st ab lished u sa ge s for the mere g r a ti e

c atio n of a v a i n and ridic ulo u s c apric e .

The arti cles o f c a pit ul atio n by virtu e of which

h
,

the i nh abit ants were e ntitled to the fre e e x ercise o f

t e irreligio n to their proper tie s and the p rotectio n

m h
, ,

of the c aliph were s ign ed ; and the sovereignty

,

o f the pl a c e an d o f the whole a dj a c e nt territory

w as vested in the c o n qu eror In t hese c o nditio n s.
,

t e b a sis o f m ost o f the tre aties si n c e gr anted by

h
the Moh a mmed an p ri n c es to the C hristi ans a bro a d ,

h
lin e of di sti nctio n i s dr aw n b etw e e n t e follow ers

'

o f the C ross a nd o f the K or an The former were .

.

t o admit the l atter i nto their chu rches at all times :

to e ntert ai n them gr at u ito u sly o n their j o ur ney for
t e sp a c e o f thre e d ays : to rise u p a s a m a rk of ,

respect when they ar

, e dispos ed to sit ; to a void t e
sa e dress , name s l ang uage and forms o f s al ut a
, ,
 EEE
h h
CON QU ST S o rTH S AR A C NS . 2
3 9

h
ti en ; to ren o un c e the u se of s a ddles arm s an d , ,

i nto x ic ating liqu ors ; to h ave no crosse s in their

ch u rches stre ets o rbooks ; and n o t to r i ng b u t

m
, , ,

m erely to toll their bells , .

O n the r atic atio n o f the term s the ga te s we re

m
,

throw n O pe n and t e Moslem s with O m ar a nd the

, ,

o f c ers of the army at their he ad to ok possessi on ,

h h
o f the city The C hristi an p atri arch e ntered by the
.

side o f the c a liph w o c o nvers ed wit him fa mi

h
,

liar ly p u tti n g m a n y qu est io n s c o nc er n i n g the reli

,

g io ns an tiqu it ie s o f the pl a c e They visited the

C hu rch o f the R es u rre ctio n together ; and at the ,

ho u r o f pr ayer the c al ip decl in ed o ff er in g is a d o

h
,

r atio n s in the temple preferri n g the steps o f the ,

porch ; where he spre ad his at a nd pe r for e d is ,

devotio n s .

Thu s fell Jeru s alem the glory o f the E a st the , ,

imperi al se a t o f D avid a n d S olo m o n The number

h h
.

o f the sl a i n and the c al amitie s o f t e be siege d wer e

re a ter th an whe n t a ke n and s a cked by the le gi o n s o f
g
T it u s ; yet the servit ude o f the R om an s e ither in its ,

c o n ditio n o rits d u r a tio n w as n othi n g in c omp ari so n ,

with the tyr annic al swa y o f the S ar

m
a ce n s in who se ,

h ands it as c o n ti nu ed to the pre se nt d ay e x c ept ,

fo ra n i nterv al of n i n ety ye ars whe n the v al o u r o f

h
,

the Crus aders r es tored it to the possessio n o f the

C hristia ns By c omm and o f t e c aliph the gro u n d
.
,

o n which stood the Temple o f S olomo n Was cle a red

o f its r ub b i sh and prep ared for the fo u n d atio n o f a

h h
,

mosqu e which still be ars the na m e o f Om ar

, .

Aleppo the B e r
,
aaa o f the Greek s ad n o t the n ,

h h
a tt a i ned the c ommerc i al c elebrity o f l a ter tim e s ;
b u t it w as a pl ac e o f c o n sider abl e stre ngth The . .

c astle w as b uil t on a high artici al m o u nd a t a little ,

dist an c e from the tow n O b e id a fo und the in ab .

ita nts m ore d isposed fo rc apit ul atio n th an de fe nc e ;

a nd in the abse nc e o f t e govern or
, thi r ty o f the ,

c hief m erch ants sec u red their live s and religi o n a t

a od er ate com positio n The surre nder o f t e .

B e e
m
m
h
EE
h
330

h
E
h
h C ON QU STS o r TH SARA C NS

m
.

t own did not i n clu de th a t o f t e c it a del w hich t e

h
,

arti al ge niu s o f Y o u kinn a who at the he a d o f

h h
, ,

en ad r e nted a det a chme nt o f Ar abs w as

, ,

d etermi ned to m ai nt ai n to the l a st For m ore th an .

fo ur m o n ths e set the arms o f Ob e id a an d the

v alo ur of Kh aled at de an c e Three hun dred C hri s .

ti an captive s wer e behe a ded before t e c a stle w al l ; -

b u t thi s e x e c u tio n ad n o e ffect i n s u bdu i ng t e

r e so lu tion of the besi eged O arWas appl ied to .
-

fo ra dv ic e an d a rei nforc em e nt o f fresh troops w as

m
,

h
de spa tched with a tr , ain o f horse s an d ca me ls to
,

ex pe d ite their m ar ch Am o n g the se s ubsidi arie s

hh h
m
.

w as D a m es a gig an ti c Ar ab o f servil e b ir th b ut o f

, , ,

invi n cible stre ngt h a nd c o u r age ; and his si ngle in

mm
a

trepidity effected wh a t the u nited pers ever anc e o f

the Mo slem s a d failed to a cc ompli sh W e ary at
"

h *
.

s e ei n g t heir hope s and their p a tie nc e c o nsu m e d at

.

t e foot o f this impregn able io r tre s s o n t e fo rty ,

h
seve nth d ay a fter is arriv al he propo sed w ith onl y
.
,

thirty e n to t ake the pl a c e by str a t agem

, H is .
.

d esign w a s c o n ce al ed un der the appe ara n c e o f a -

h
retre a t ; an d t e te n ts of the Ar abs were re m oved
to the dist an c e o f thre e mile s from Aleppo A Greek .

bel on gi ng to the garrison w a s se ized and fr om i ,

s om e u sefu l c omm un ic atio n s were e x tr a cted At .

the de a d o f n ight the a dve ntu r ers cr awled to the

fe e t of the w all where the y lay in a mbu sh T eir
, .

le ade rw as c overed wi th a sh a ggy ski n and p r

.

o vid e d ,

w ith a h a rd cru st O f b r e ad th at in c a se of disc overy

e

, , ,

he i ght e lnd e su spicio n b y i it a ti ng the n oise o f a

'

h hh
d o g g n aw ing a bo n e H avi n g sc aled the most ac
. .

c e ssible p art o f the precipic e he ordered seven of ,

his comp an ion s to m o un t o n e a ch other s sho ulders

h h h
h
,

hh h
hi m se lf s u st a i n i n g an d r aisi ng the weight o f the

h
whole c olu m n till the highest re a ched the top of
,

t e b attlem e nts The w atc m e n w o w ere aslee p

. , ,

G od cu r t e se d og s

said t e illite r
ate sl ave w en e
se ,
"
e ar
d t e Gree k sp e ak W at a b ar
,bar ou s lang u ag e t ey use I
 EEEh
hh
m
33 2 C ON QU ST S o r TH S AR AC NS.

di n ars of gold The importunitie s Of is

c o urtiers ad for a time ret arded the ight o f Her a
cliu s ; b u t whe n he beheld the b attlem e nts clos ely

h
in vested by the S ar a c e ns is p atriotism yielded to

h
,

c o n sider atio ns of perso nal s afety H avi n g a ss em .

bled the bishops and pr incip al e n o f the c ity in the

Greek ch u rch he there bew a iled the u nhappy fate
,

of Syri a which he devo u tly a scribed to the si n s o f

,

the p ri n ce a nd the people W hile his e ars ad bee n .

d a ily a ss ailed wit r u m o u rs o f de fe at his im agi na ,

tio n w as terrie d with dre a ms o f a fallin g thro n e ,

a n d a crow n toppli n g from his he a d A sc e ndi ng a .

hill in the n eighbo urho od he c a st a l a st look o n hi s

,

h
beloved An tioch and the lo ng fru itfu l v alley (the
,

Hollow o r O ce lo sy r
,
ia) stretchi ng aw a y with its

o urishi n g tow n s a nd glitteri n g t urrets from n orth ,

to s o u th betwe e n the s nowy ch a i n s o f the two L e

h
,

b an o n s ; and with e x pre ssio n s of regret an d c o nv ic

t io n th at e sho u ld n ever m ore behold these i nter
e sti ng and favo u rite regio n s he m a de hi s w ay with ,

a few dom estic s to the Mediterr a n e a n shore an d

h
,

priv ately emb arked for C o n st anti n ople A Moh a m

h
m
.

m ed an tr a ditio n a s l ab o ured to m ake him a c o n

ve r ,
t by m e an s o f a c ap se nt him by O m ar in which ,

w as sewed a te x t o f the K or an ; a nd which c u red

h
hi m o f an obsti nate he a d ache whe n every other
rem edy ad failed History perh aps with som e
.
,

tr uth , a s rec orded a c o nvers atio n betwee n hi s

i mperi al m aj esty and on e o f the Moslem c aptive s ,

a s to the perso n a nd dign ity o f their sovereign .

W h a t sort o f a p al a c e s aid Her a cli u s

, a s yo u r ,

c aliph 2
Of
ud

f An d who ar . e his a tte n d

an ts Beggar sand poor people W h at t apes

1
.

try do es he sit u po n J u stic e and u prightn ess .

A nd wh at is his thro ne l Absti n e n c e and wis

dom . A nd wh a t is his tre a s u re

Tru st in

A n d who ar

God . e his gu a rds l The br avest

o f the Unit ari an s .

C o n s tanti ne the elde st so n o f Her acli us Was sta

, ,
 EE
mhE QU AR AC 333

m
C ON STS OF TH S NS .

tione d at r the seco n d m etropoli s o f P ale s

C sa e a ,
ti n e ; b u t a fter the ight o f is father and the sur
re n der o i so m any pl ace s o f stre ngth he fo un d ,

hims elf u n able to c o nte nd ag ain st the un ited forc e s

of the c aliph Amru w ith a divisio n of the arm y
.

m
i nfe sted th at p art of the c o unt r y an d w as prep a red ,

m
to give b attle to the Christi an s ; b ut the pri n c e dis ,

p ir ite d with losses and a fr a id of fall i ng i nto th e

h an ds o f the S ar a ce n s left his gover n e n t a nd , ,

h
t ak in g shippi n g in a tempe stu ou s night with hi s
fa mily and hi s we alth dep arted for the tr an quil

m
hh h
,

shore s of the B osphoru s The Cze sare an s ab an

mh
v

h
.
,

do u ed by their chief an d withou t the m e an s o f

m
~

defe n c e with on e c o n se n t s urre n dered the city t o

,

A r
'

av in g p u rch a sed their se c urity by p ayi ng

m
u ;
piec es o f gold .

O b e id a fe ar in g le st the l u x u rie s of Antio ch m ight

e n erv a te hi s troops
,

for the Greci an wo e n ad

,

b e gun to sedu c e t e stern virtu e s of at e Ar abs ,

h
withdr ew hi s army a ft er a brief re freshm e nt of thre e
d ay s B ut O m ar w as o re i ndu lge n t th an hi s lie u

m
.

te nant to the in r itie s o f the faithfu l

G od s aid .
,

he in an epis tle mildly ce n s u ri n g i for hi s un ki nd

,

n ess to the Moslem s h a th no t forbidde n the u se

h
,

o f the good thi ngs o f this life to fa it fu l en and

h
,

su ch a s h ave perform ed g o Od works where fore y ou

o u ght to h ave give n the S ar a ce n s le av e to rest
them selve s and p art ake freely of the good thi ngs
,

which the co u ntry afforded th a t whosoever of them ,

ad n o fa m ily in Ar abi a might m arry in Syri a an d

h
,

p urch ase as m any fem ale sl aves a s they a d o c c a

sio n for The fall o f D am asc u s J er u s alem Aleppo
.
, , ,

an d A ntioch ay be s aid to h ave c ompleted the

c on qu est of Syri a The m ou n t a i no u s districts o f
.

P al esti n e were ove r r un by a troop of 3 00 Ar abs a nd

1 000 bl a ck sl ave s w o in the depth of wi nter
, , ,

climbed the s n owy ridge s o f L eb ano n Tripoli and

Ty re were betr ayed ; a eet of fty tr an sp or
.

ts d e s ,

ti ned fo r C ypr us and C rete , e nteri ng the h a rbo ur o f

 EE
m
33 4 C ON QU ST S o r TH E S AR AC N S.

Tr ipoli were seized by Y oukinna and yielded to

, ,

the S ar a c e n s a welcom e s u p p ly o f a rms and provi

sio ns The tow ns or provi n c e s o f R a ml a Acre

h
,
.
, , ,

Jopp a Asc alo n G a z a Shechem or N ab lo ns and

, , , ,

Tiberi a s s urre ndered witho u t resist ance ; and their

,

ex a p le w a s follo w ed by the i nh abit an ts o f S ido n

'

h
,

B eiro ut , L a odic e a Ap a me a an d H ie r o p olis W ithi n

six ye a rs a fter their rst e x p ed itio n an d 7
, , .

00 a fter ,

P ompey ad despoiled the l a st of the M a c edo ni an

ki ngs this fertile an d popu lou s regio n submitted t o
,

the r ule o f th e Ar abi an c aliph E a stw ard , Khal e d .

ad e x te n ded his victories and r edu ced B eles , ,

R a c c a R ah ab ah and v ario us other forti ed town s

h
, ,

o n the E uphr ates

m
I
.

The s am e ye ar th a t c omplet ed the su bj u g atio n o f

S yri a visited the c o nqu erors with a dre a dful pesti
le nc e m ore fat al to their r anks th an the swords o f
the Gre eks o rthe l u x u rie s of An tioch Five
,

an d .

twe nty tho u s and o f the Moslem s i ncl uding Ob e id a , ,

Y e z id S e r
, j ab il and m an y of the m ost di sti n gu ished
,

c omp ani o n s of Moh a mm ed were swept o ff by the

pl a gu e o f E mm au s (the pl a c e where it m ade its rst

h
a ppe ar an c e ) which S pre a d its r av a ges w ith a terri
, ,

ble m ort ality both to e n a nd c attle , over the whole

m
c o u ntry as f arso u th as Medi na
,
.

Kh al ed tho u gh he esc aped a species o f de ath so

h
,

u nwelc om e to a soldier s ur vived his fellow con -

h
,

qu e r or s o nly thre e ye a rs a nd e nded is d ay s u n de r ,

h
a clo u d o f i gn omi ny a nd i nj u stice However u nr e .

q u ited by the c aliph the m erit o f the c o n qu ests in

,
'

h
S yri a and P alesti n e w as by the p ublic voic e a scribed

h
t o the s uperior skill an d si n gul ar prowe ss Of t i s
g all ant soldier the fa m e of whose e x ploits ad lo n g
,

r e ndered i the theme of ge n er al admir atio n O ne .

o f the poets of the d ay who u n dertook to perpetu ate ,

hi s glory a s c elebr ated the terrors of his m a c e

,

and t e light n i ng of hi s scimit a r which spre a d ,

wretchedness an d m o urni n g a mo ng the c ities of the

Fr anks A ch arge of embe z zleme nt and of appro
.
~
 EE
mE
h
m h h
336 CO N QU S TS o r TH S R A AC NS .

Moslem a rmy devolved o n Amru ; a nd the pl a ce o f

the rst c o n qu er ors w as s upplied by a n e w ge ner a 1 -

m
tio n o f thei rchildre n and c o u ntr y e n n T e terror s

h
o f t e pest i le n ce w e r e lo st: in t e p assio n for vi ctory

a nd m artyrd om whi ch a nim ated the he arts of the

m
M uss ulm ans Thei re agern ess for this sort of rep u

h
.

tatio n ay be e x press e d l the words of an Ar abi an

y o u th wh en te ar i n g him self from the embr a c e s o f

his m other and si ste r
,

to j oi n the b ann e r
_

o f O b e id a :

It i s n o t s aid he the deli c a cie s o f Syri a or the

E
, , _ ,

fa di n g d elights of this world th a t h a s prompted m e , p

to devote y l ife it e c au se of religio n -

I seek

h
the favo u r o f God and his apostle an d I h ave he ard
th at the spirits o f the m artyrs will b e lodged in the
a p s o f gree n birds who sh all t a ste the fr uits and

h
,

dri nk of the ri vers of P ar adi se F arewell , till w e .

m eet ag ai n a m o ng the gr oves and fo u nt ai n s which

G od as provided for his ele ct The d e v a st atio ns .

o f the pl a gu e re ndered the prese nc e of O m ar n e c e s

sa ry to rep a ir a s fara s possible the de sola t e st ate

h
, ,

o f t e n orther n provin c e s D aring a reside n c e at

h
m
.

R a ml a in P alesti ne he l led the n u me r o u s V a c an c ies

E
h
, ,

reg ul a te d the s u pply o f provisions for the s oldiers

h
,

a nd a ssig n ed to the heirs o f the dec e a s ed Moslem s

all e st a tes to which j u st and equ it able cl a im s co u l d
b e prod u c ed The Gre eks ad bee n driv e n from
.

eve r y p art o f the e x te n sive tr act betwee n t e u

p r ate s an d the Mediterr a n e an T o the north o f

h hh
h h
.

Sy ri a t e co n qu erors p a ssed Mo u nt Taur u s a nd

, ,

red u c ed to their obedie n c e the rich pl a i n s o f Cilic ia ,

with its c apit al T ars u s the ancie nt r eside n c e o f the
, ,

Assy ri an k g s B e y o nd a se co nd ridge of the sa m e

.

m o u nt ai n s they spre a d the a me o f w arra ther th an

h
,

h
t e lig t o f religio n as faras t e sho r e s of t e

E ux i n e and the n eighbo urhood of C o n st anti n ople

,
.

To the e a st they a chieved the c o n qu e st o f Diar b ek e r;

th u s viol ati n g the u tmost limit o f Au gustu s t e ,

lo ng d isp u te d b arrier b etwee n P ersi a and R ome

~ . .

Alre ady ad Y e z id thre ate n ed to cross the up r a

te s ; b u t is retr e at w as p urch ased by the gov e r nor
m
m E
m h
E
h
E
7

m
r TH E AR AC

h
CO N QU S TS o S NS . 33

of the p rovi n c e a t the en orm o u s annu al trib ute o f

pie ces of gold Ay a z at the he a d o f 5 000 .
,

h
en arched i nto th a t t erri tory ; the w al ls of

h
,

Edes s a Am id a D ar a and N isibis w hich ad r

, , e sisted
, ,
'

t e ar s and e n gi n e s o f Sha poor an d N o o s ir a

w an were level led in the d u st

, b u t the vi ct or was
rec alled and di e d a t Em e s a
,
.

P R SIA to w ic w e sh all n e x t a cco p any the

h
,

vi ctorio u s S a r a c e ns w as o nly sa ve d from an e arli er

h
,

doom by the w ar in S yri a The we a lth o f thi s .

a n ci e n t empire w as o f itse lf a s u f c i e nt a ttra cti o n ;

h
while its we ak n ess l e ft it an e a sy p rey to the ro vi n g

b ands o f n aked liz ard e ater s from the d es ert -
.

F orm ore tha n thirty ye ar s the rei gn of K o o sr oo

P ur ve e z ad b ee n m a rked by a s u c c e s s n ever S u r _

p assed b y the mo st re n ow n ed o f his a n ce stors B ut

is m a gnic e n c e fell with u ne x a m pl e d r apidity .

W ithi n six ye ars he lost all hi s foreign co n qu ests

and saw hi s domi ni o n s overr un by the legio n s o f

h
Her a cliu s (A D who m arched in o n e dire ctio n

h
. .

a s fara s the C a spi an and in an other t o Isp ah a n , .

The r av age s o f the Greeks were s u c c eeded by the

a c c u m u l ated evils of fam in e an d an archy the d is ,

pu te s of the n oble s and a su c c e ssio n o f we ak ,

or

so vereign s r at er the p age an ts o f riva l fa c ti on s

-

h
,

o f whom n o few e r t a n _six possessed the thro n e in

the brie f sp a c e o f a s m any y e ars In thi s st ate o f .

diss e n sio n a nd dec ay the Mo slem s fo u nd P ersi a

whe n they rst dire c ted their w arlik e o p er atio n s
tow ards its fro ntiers A nd we sh all p erce ive in the .

sequ el t at a s m u ch time and e x ertio n were ex pe nded

h hh
,

in a chi evi n g the c o n q u e st o f the n arrow slip o f

c o u ntry o n the b ank s o f the O ro n te s as w as em ,

p loy e d in the s ubj u g atio n o f those O p u le nt and

'

e x te nsive regio n s which ll the sp a c e betw e e n the

E uphr ates a nd the dist ant O x u s .

e de ath o f A b u B eker and the prob ability o f a

T ,

V OL I F f
. .

c onte st ed su c ce s si on ad e n co ur ag ed t e P e r ,sian
 m
hEE
mE
mm
"

h h
338 C ON QU STS orT H .
S AR AC NS .

gover n men t to atte p t a m ore e ffectu al re sist anc e .

,

t o t e e n cro a chm e n ts o f the Ar abs ; an d even to

e x pel the from their u su rp a tio n s in Ir ak where ,

M o t anna pre sided O ve r the i nterests o f t e c a liph

h hm
an d the K or an The atte ntion o f O m ar w as c alled
.
,

a t the c omm e n cem e n t o f his rei gn , to the golde n

soil o f C h al de a so fam ed for its fertility the ag
, ,

ni c e n c e o f its citie s the v ariety o f its anu fac

m
,

t u res and the m ul tit u de of its o cks an d herds The

, .

a v aric e o f the beli evers w as stim u l a ted b y the

illu si o n s o f dre a m s and the e x hort atio n s of p r ayer ;
a nd t e an cie nt aw e o f the p o w e r and reso u rc es o f ,

the P ersi an m o nar chs fa ded a w ay before the d azzli ng

sple ndo u r o f c o n qu e st and sp o liatic A mr u O beid

.
, ,

and S aleit w e r e d e sp atc e d with fre sh s u p lies from

M edi na to j oi n the troops in Ir ak ; and pheir rst

h
, ,

victory w as over tw o sm all det a chm e nts o f th e

e n emy c omm ande d by J ab an and R o o stu ; the

h
,

l atter showi ng gre at per so nal gall an try , by killi ng

with his o w n h an d s e ver al o f the br ave st o f the

'

Mosle m s B u t t e m ai n a rmy a m o u n ti n g to
.
,

un der the c omm an d o f Jal an o u s or G al e n w as o n

.

its m arch an d took post o n the e as ter n b ank o f the

,

h h
.

E u phr ates opposite t e b ridge c o n str u cted by O beid

,
-

h
,

whose r a sh n es s proved fat al to the S a r a ce n s D is

h
.

p ir ite d by the d e ath o f their le a der they ed in co n ,

fusio n N u mbers w ere sl ai n and 4000 d row n ed in

.
,

a ttempti ng to r e cros s the rive r .

M ot anna w o m ade a good retre at c omm uni

, ,

ca te d to the c aliph t e n ews o f thi s d is a ster which ,

ad n e arly lost fo rever the fru its o f Kh aled s v icto

ries A fresh levy m arched i nto Ir ak under J arir ;

.

an d in a sec o n d e n co u nter n e ar Hir a which l asted

h h
,

fro m n oo n til] s u n set the e n emy were p ut to ight, .

,

M ahr a n their ge n er al h avi ng fal le n in si n gle comb at

, ,

by the h and of the Moslem le ader The p urs u it .

w as m ost s an gu i nary and w as rem embered a s the ,

D ay o f D ecim atio n eve r y Mu ss ulm an bei ng s aid to

,

h ave slain te n o f is ad ve r sar ie s ; so th a t t e sl au ghte r

3 40 C ON

whe n y ou ret ur n to yo ur
QU E
EE
m ST S o r TH S R A AC NS .

h
n ative l and y ou ay fe ast

yo ur c ou ntrym e n Bu t be assu red if y o u ar. e ins e n ,

'

sible to my ge n erosity and still rem ai n in P ers ia , ,

y o u sh all n o t esc a pe my j us t ve n ge an c e . .

The Ar abi an messen ger s he ard unmoved a S pe ech

displ aying at o n c e the e x trem es of p r

m
ide an d o f

h
we ak n e ss T e y did n ot p alli ate o rd eny the sc an ty
.

reso u rc e s of their c ou nt r y ; and briey o ffered to his

choic e the Kor an trib ute or the sword Y e z dij ir d

h
, , .

w a s too pro u d to liste n to s u ch degr ad i ng term s ; the

e mb as sy w a s dismissed and w arresu m ed with all

h
,

t e vigo u r of whi ch the decli n i ng e mpire w as c ap a

-

ble The hosts o f P ersi a were as nu m ero u s and as

m
.

feeble as in the d ays o f D a riu s and on this oc c asio n

hh
the forc e o f the gre at ki ng a s be en est im a ted at
e n the co mm a nd o f which w as i ntr uste d
,

to R oo stu T e S ar a c e ns w ere stre ngthe n ed by

re cr u its fro m Ar ab i a and Syri a their whole army
.

, .

b ei n g au gm e nted from to troops the ,

be st s oldiers the E a st ad e ver see n

The pl ai n of C ad e sia o rK u d se a lyi ng on the

h
,

sk irt s o f the D esert , abo u t tw o st a ges from C u fa w as

h
,

the sc e n e o f a ctio n ; b u t fou r o nths were sp e nt by the

P ersi an s in n egoti ati ng an d devisi n g v ain e x pe die n ts

h
,

to protr a ct hostilitie s with o u t the h a z ard of a b attle .

The Ar abs were disposed in thre e li n es ; S aa d

a vi n g directed hi s c apt a i n s to c on sider the rst
te cb irwhich they sho u ld he ar him u tter from is
pos t a t e rr a c e of the c a stle as the signal to adj ust
, ,

t e ir r anks ; the sec on d to x their arrow s in the ,

level to c o u ch the ir l an c es a nd dr a w their swords ;

, ,

a nd the third to r u sh u po n their a dvers a ry V ario u s

h
.

skirmishes a nd tri al s o f i ndividu a l v al ourin si ngle

,

c omb at to ok pl a c e in the i nterv al betwe e n the tw o

,

a rmi es ; b u t the b attle itself l a sted for sever al da ys ;

e a ch disti ngu ished by its pe c u li ar appell atio n ou .

the rst c alled the D a y of C o nc u ssio n d ark ne ss pu t

, ,

a n e n d to the c o nte st both sides reti r i ng to their

e n c a mpm ents witho u t cl a imi ng any ad v ant ag e W it .
 CO N QU E
EE
STS o rTH
the morni ng su n the co nict w a s ren ewed ; and
,

while the armie s were e ng aged with equal fu ry and

o bsti nacy the crim so n b ann ers o f the adv an ced
S AR A C NS . 34 1

h
,

gu ard of the Syri an rein forc eme nt m ade its appe ar

hh h
m
an ce and in three erc e and s u ccessfu l ch arges
, ,

c o ntribu ted gre atly to d amp the ardo u r of the P er

si an s From thi s well tim ed a ssist anc e the D ay o f
S u c co urobt ai ned its n a me It w as signalized by
-
.
,

h
.

the heroism o f a Moh a mmed an w arrior M a uj e n , ,

w o for h avi n g i ndu lged too freely in the u se of

,

h
wi n e w as doi ng pen anc e by orde r of his g e ner al in
,

one of the ch a mbers o f the c a stle S e ei ng t e .

b attle r agi ng below e co uld no t restr ai n his e nt u

h
,

sias ; a nd h a vi ng prev a iled with o n e of t e fem ale

hh
at t e nd an ts S elm a to un do his fetters u nder prom ise

m
, , ,

of retu rning in t e eve ni ng h e mo u nted a pieb ald ,

ch arger and s allied i nto the eld His e x tr aordi na ry

,
.

prowess w as i nstr u me n t al in sec u ri n g the victory ;

and as hi s perso n a d n o t bee n disc overed he r
'

h
,

s umed hi s ch ai ns and is c ap tivity in s trict co nform

h
,

ity with his e n gageme nt S aad who ad wit ne ssed

.
,

m
the se a so n able gall antry of the i ntrepid str an ger

m
,

w as s u rprised to nd himself i n debted to the i nter

mm
positio n o f hi s o w n priso n er ; he embr a ced him with
gr e at a e ctio n ; prese nted i with t he m are and the

a rmo ur he ad u sed with so m u ch disti nctio n ; r e

le ased hi m forthwith from his c o nn eme nt and fro m

m h
,

a ll restrictio n in fu t ur e with regard to his favo urite

indulge n c e The loss o f the M o slem s in this si n gle
'

a ctio n is st ated a t 2
.

0 00 and th at o f the Persi an s at

,

en .

On the third mor nin g the c ontest w as ag ai n co e

h
,

e n ce d ; a nd if we ay c o nj ect u re from t e title o f

the Day of C orm or ants the c arn a ge m u st h ave e x
,

c e e d e d th at of the precedi n g The Ar abs sho u ted

.

o n e u n ivers al te cb irto terr ify the e n emy yet su ch

w a s the de sper ate perti n a city with which both sides
a i nt ai ned their gro u nd t a whe n the m i niste r
, s
to u se the f p w e r

o f d esti ny ,

if 2
y l angu a ge of the E a st
 E
m
hE
E
h
m
34 2 C ON QU ST S
'

o r TH S ARA C N S.

m
r histori an s
e n ad c o ndu cted the ch a riot o f the
,

sun to the obsc u re ch ambers of t e W est the b attle

h
,

still r a ged with u nab ated er ce n e ss by the light o f

h h
, ,

their a b e aux d uri n g the whole of the s ucc e edi ng

m
,

night ; the cupbe arers of d e a th b u sily p ar aded the

bloody eld with remorseless r apacity , admi nister
ing to the u n fort u n a te the bitter dr au ght of dissolu
-

tio n while t e star s in the e n a e lled v au lt o f

hh
, ,

e ave n c o nti nu ed to witn ess t e s an gu i n a ry t um u lt

ti ll the h arbi n gers o f the m or n i ng anno unced the

m

retu rn of d ay This n octu r nal c onict rec eived
.

the whim sic al tho u gh descriptive nam e o f the Night

of B arki n g ; fro t he disc ord an t cl a mo u rs o f the
troops r b ling t e i nartic ul ate so u nds o f fero
'

e se
c ion s anim als .

N either fatig u e norw an t o f rest c o ul d sl a cke n

h
their e x ertio ns till n e ar the n oo n of t e fou rth d ay ,
,

whe n a re al orim agi nary whirlwi nd dr ove a clo ud

o f du st a g a i nst the fa ces o f the in d ls It bore .

aw a y the p av ilio n o rc an opy un der whi ch R o o stu ,

o n his bed of st a te , w as viewi n g the p r ogress o f the

h h
a ctio n ; an d so impet u o u s were the he a t and t e
tempest th at he w as c ompelled to t ak e shelte r
,

a mo n g the b a gg a ge m u les The r ank s o f the Per

-
.

si an s were soo n throw n i nto disorder and att a cke d

, ,

by the Ar abs , be tter a c c u stom ed to the hu rric ane s

hh
o f the Desert T e empty thro n e arrested t heir

m
.

a tte n tio n ; ab an do n ed by its m a ster , who w as de

te c te d behi n d o ne o f the be a sts o f b u rde n T e .

be au ty o f his ti ar a and the s u rp a ssi ng richn ess of

,

hi s girdle and m ail , procl aim ed the prize whi ch for

h h
t une ad c a st in their w ay The d an ger w as immi

h
.

n e nt , an d i n the O p e of esc ape he threw himself

i nto the rivulet H ullal i n st an tly di sm o u nted ;

.

pl un ged witho u t hesit atio n a fter him i nto the stre am

a nd ,
seizi ng him in the str u g gl e b y the heel he ,

s u c ceeded in m aki ng i his priso ner T e victor .

the n asce nded the thro n e an d with the he ad o f t e ,

Pe rsi an g e ne r al x ed o n hi s l anc e , ann ounced to t e

3 44 r r TH E
E
m
c o n q u ns s o S AR k C NS .

for silver , the u se o f which w as better known .

The leg al fth w as c o nveyed to Medi na c o n sisti ng ,

o f tre a s ure beyo nd comp u t atio n j ewels i ne stim able , ,

fur ni ture of gold and silver broc a des and cloths o f ,

silk e mbroidered c ap a riso ns of horses c a mels

, , ,

m ule s a nd arms of every d escriptio n The victory

, .

of C ad e sia w as followed by other m ore r apid and

h
e x ten sive co nq u ests S aad in the m o nth of N o.
,

ve b er crossed the E u phr ates a nd in a single b attle

, ,

redu ced the whole Me sopot ami an pe ni nsu l a W ith .

a forc e a u gme nted to horse he n e x t crossed ,

the deep w aters of the Tigris : the terried Persi an s

ad e d witho u t o fferi ng the le a st oppositio n and
'

c o uld n o t forb e ar e x c l a imi ng th at an army o f demo n s

hh
w a s c omi ng u po n them These a c c u m ul ated losse s
.
,

and a su perstitio u s belief th at the l ast d ay o f their

religio n an d empire w a s at h and i ndu c ed Y e z d ij ir d

m
,

to ab ando n his c apit al o f Mad ay n H avin g lodged

a c o n sider able p art o f his tre asur
.

es in bo ats o n the
.
.

Tigris he ed to J e lw alla at the foot of t e Medi an

, ,

hills t aki ng with him his fam ily and the m ore v al u

h h
,

able o f his e e c ts The S piritless troops followed

.

his e x a mple le avi n g their c o u ntry at the mercy o f

,

the S ar ac e n s who m arched o nw ard sho u ti n g in

, ,

religio u s tr ansport a s they e ntered the gate s of the

,

deserted metropolis This is the white p al a ce o f

,

K o o sr o o ! This i s t e p r ise o f the apostle o f

'

o

G od !
The i nv a ders c o u ld no t e x press their mi ngle d

h
_

se ns atio n s o f s u rprise and delight while su rveyi ng ,

in thi s sple ndid c apit al the mir a cle s o f architect u re

a nd ar t the gilded p al a ce s the stro ng and st ately
, ,

portic oe s the ab und anc e o f victu als in the m ost e x

,

qu isite v ariety and profu sio n which fe a sted their

se nses and cou r te d t e irobserv atio n o n every side

'

.
,

Every street added to their a sto nishme nt every ,

ch a mber reve aled a n e w tre as ure ; and the greedy

spoilers were s u dde nly e nriched beyo nd the me as ure
o f th e i rhope s o rtheir knowledge To a peopl e . .
m
m
EE
E
m
E
CONQ U ST S o rT H S AR AC NS .

h h
em ergi ng from b arb arism the v ariou s wo nd ers w hi ch
,

ro se before them in all dire ctio n s l ike the e e ct of

m a gi c m u st h ave bee n a striki ng spect a cl e W e

,

hm
,

ay th e refore believe them whe n they air wha t

, ,

i s n o t i p ro b able th at the di ffere n t articles of m er

h
clia nd ise ;7 t e rich an d be au tiful p ie ces of m an u
fa cture which fell a pr ey o n this o c c a sio n were ,
-

in such i nc alc ul able ab u nd an c e t h a t the thirti eth , ,

p ar t o f their e stim ate w a s mor e th an t e im a gi nat io n

c o u ld emb r a c e The gold an d silver the v ari o us
.
.

E E
w ardrob e s a nd preciou s fu r nit u re sur p a sse d say s , ,
.

Abulfed a t e c alc u l ation of fan cy or n u mbers a nd

,

t e histori an l a c in ve nt u red to c omp u te the se

u ntold a nd almost i n n it e store s at the v al u e o f

h
pie c e s o f gold
O ne a rticle in thi s pro d i gio u s bo oty be fore whic h

EE mhh
h
,

all oth e rs seemed t o rec ed e in c omp a riso n w as the ,

s up erb an d celebr ated c arpet o f silk an d gold c loth

m
.

si x ty c ub its in l ength and a s m any in bre adth

h h
_
,

m
which de c o r ated o n e o f t e ap artm ents of the

m
m
p al ac e It w as wro u ght i nto a p a r adise or garde n

hh h
h
m m
,
.
,

w ith j e w el s of t e m ost c u rio u s and c ostly spec ies

h
m
m
h
m
hmm
G ib b on (in a note , c ap li ) t r to arraig n t e accu
ven u e s

h
' '

. .

r l a c in , o rr a t e ro f t e L a t in v e r r

m
sw n o f
a c y of p e niu s

hh h
h
,

But t e a ccu r a cy of t e S a r ac e n isto rian a nd is le ar ne d ,

translator, is con r e d b y O ckle y (v ol i p t e or ig inal

h h
. . .

mm
A ra b ic b e i ng c o r re ctl y r e n d e rd
e ie ce s o f g old

h
m
.

T e po p ou s ar r o g an c e o f G ibb on , w o c on e sse d i se l f

h
h h hh
o a y ig nor
t t ll of or ie n tal l ang u ag e s, is r at e r

m

ant a u sin g , in

hhhhh h
errora o is ce le b r a te d as t e r estor e ro f

m
c ar g g i
n w it an w

A r te ra tu r ur rp e niu s fe lic ISS I u s ille A r

m
e in

ab i c li op e . a
lite r ar ins tau fa tor is t e co p li e nt p aid i b y

b icar u u

H otting e r If w e ta ke e ac o f t e se p ie c e s a t t e v a lue of a

h h hh
.

ty w as t e p r
,

h
d ine r ,
w ic in all p r ob ab ili ice e a nt, t e n t e

w ole w il l b e e q uival ent to st e r

ling , e x ce e d ing

h
ste r ling t e total value of g old a nd silv e re x
by
tr a c te d fr ine s of Aer ica b e tw e e n t e y e a r s 4 99 and 1
1
o t e
80 3 , a pe r iod of 3 04 ye ar s . B u t w e n w e ta ke into ac co unt t e
d iffe r e n c e in t e v alu e of o ne y t e n and n o w , t e w ole

pr od u ce o f all t e g ol d a n d silv e r ine s on t e g lob e w ou ld not

W a nt to t at su i 1
n 000 y e ar s .
 m
h E
m
hE
mh
3 48 rs r TH AR A C

m
co x q uss o S NS .

hh h
i mbolden ed j ir
Y ezd i d,
who a d bee n drive n from ,

Je lw alla w ith the loss o f e n a nd imme nse

m
tre a s u re to m a ke a no ther e ffort for the r
,
-
e co ve r p f
y

hi s domi nio n s Tr 0 0 ps dr aa from Khor a s a n R e .

,

H a a d an and tho se provi nc es which the spoli atio n

hh
h
,

o f t e e n em y a d n o t yet re a ched were a s se mbled , ,

to th e nu m b er o f t e c o m a nd o f whom

h
w as a ssig n ed to Fir o o z a n o ne o f his able st
g e n er ls

mm
a , .

Am ar applied to Medi na fo rr e in fo rce e n ts ; a nd

N o om an ib n M akr an w as the perso n s ele cted by

m
O m ar as le ade r o f the S ar a c en o st; w ic a mo u nt ed
Only to en

N a a v und an obscu re town am o n g the hill s 45

,

h
,
.

miles so u th o f H a m ad an (the an cie nt E cb at ana) ,

w as the m em or able po st where the P ersi ans Ve n

'

r r

h h
h
tur e d to m ake a nal st and for the i elig io n and
their c o u ntr y Th e i rpositio n w as stro n g fortie d
.
,

with a r p ar t and a dit ch ; and tw o m o nths wer e

'

a
w a sted in a serie s of p art ia l and i ne ffect u al o stili .

tie s F ir
. o o z an m a de te nders o f a cc omm od a tio n ,

a s u s u al e n ded in dis a ppoi n t

'

w ic e n t O n ad
'

hh
, , .

missio n i nto hi s p avilio n the r u de Ar ab who a cted ,

as amb a ss a dor perceiv ing i se ated o n a gold e n

,

thro n e with a r adi a nt ti ar a o n hi s brow and a cro w d ,

o f o f c er s st an di ng a ro un d i n sole ntly de cl ar e d th at ,

u ntil they we r e m a ster s o f the roy al emblems th at

glittered so brilli antly be fore him is c o u ntrymen ,

w o ul d never c o n sen t to re cede and witho ut fu rther

h
c er e mo ny bo u ndi n g forw ard he s e ate d him self o n
, , .

the thro n e by the s ide of the P ersi an s atr ap T e

h
n egoti atio n e nde d with the alter native of trib u te o r

h
b attle The c o ntest w as l o n g and obsti nate befo re

h
.

In m ar sh alli n g
'

su c c ess decl ared for either p arty

is troops N oom a n th u s a ddresse d them zf My
.

h
,

frie n ds prep are yo urselve s to c o n q uer o rto dri nk o f ,

the sw eet sherbet o f m artyrdom I sh all c all t e .

t s c ir thre e tim es ; a t the r st gird yo u r loi ns ; at ,

t e sec o nd m ou nt yo u r ste eds ; at the t ird point

, ,

y o url anc e s and r ush to vi ctor y or p ar

. ad is e On .
 E
m
hE
h
Eh
m
3 50 C ON QU ST S o rT H S AR AC NS .

l ati on ; and Isp a ang afte ra b r ave resist an c e w as

'

m
c ompelled to s ubmit to the prowess o f A b d alla u
'

h
The c ities of Shi rw an, R T ab r ee z o r T au ris
'

m
, ,

C asb in an d K o were t ake n while the p rovin c es

-

m
, ,

of A Ze r b ij an an d M az und er a n c om p rehe ndin g the

hh
an cie nt M e di a A r
,

m e n i a and Hyrc an i a , fell before

h hh
, ,

the m ar ch o f the c o nqu ero r

s , who th u s e x t e nd ed
their vict ories fr o the sho r e s of the C a spi an to t e
Medite r r ane an Their progress e a stw ard w a s equ ally
. .

r ap id a nd e x te nsive By the di r e c tio n of O m a r , .

'

e n i n v a ded the provi n c e o f Klr or a san , w ic

h
,

with t o se o f K e rm an Me k r a n S eist a n , and t e dis

m
, ,

m
t an t B alkh were added to the possessio n s of I sla :
,

O n the Wall s o f Ah w az Istak ar(the re n owned

h
,

h
P ersepolis and c apit al o f F ars) K ej H er at Meru ,
, , , ,

and other pl ac e s o f import an ce the st a nd ard o f M o

h
,

h a m e d w as pl anted b y is impet uo u s disciples

'

The gr eate rportio n o f t e v an q uished p r e fe rrin ,

the ab ando n m e nt o f their r

eligi o n to O pp re ssi o n o r

de a t a dopted t e fa ith o f the ir n e w m asters whil e

h h
, ,

the re c u s an ts ed self b an ished into di st an t l an ds -

.

T e a d inistr atio n o f P ersi a w as re gu l a ted by an

h
h
hh
a ct u al s u rvey o f the people the c a ttle , a nd the fru it s
of the e arth a m o nu me nt which attests the vig i
,

-e
,

l anc e and j u sti ce o f O ar W ith a m a zi ng c elerity

' '

the Ar a bs ad tr aversed from the I n dia n O c e an to

'

the O x u s ; b ut the se v a st a cq u isitio ns w e r e n o t yet

p erfectly se c u red The su cc e ed in g c alip s . ad

m any formid able i n surrecti o n s to qu ell in t e ir P er

h mm
.

m
si an domi nio ns O n v ario u s oc c asi o n s the i nh abit '

.
,

ants evi n ce d their abhorre n ce of a fo reign yoke and

h
,

their reg ard for the r e worship o f their a ncestors -

until at le ngth d efe a t , m ass a cre and e x ile qua shed

h h
,

the spi r it o f revolt and s u c ce eded with few e x ce p

hh
tio n s in ble ndi ng the v an qu ished w it t e irO p p r
, ,
'

,
es
sors u nd e r the u nited and powerful s w ay of the

b
'

Tlle Ara s in K or n B alk , and e v e n in t e vici

asan , i n ity
of B ok a a ar r
e still nu er n r

'

dus ; but, ex cept i t e , t ey

 E
E E
W AR S o rT H C AL IPH S . 35 1

mm m
m m
E
hh
C HAPTE R I

m
'

h

.

m h
Wa a s AL IP H S

m
OF TH C

h
h h
.

m
m m
rPe lusiu S ie g e

m m
t tion o f Far s
lnv asion o f , R
e d uc

gy p o
a nd C ap itu la t i of Me S ur re nd e ro f Al e x and r

h h h
i ia

h

on

h
p s .

Bu rnin g of t e L ib r y C onq ue st a nd De scr

ar ip tion on y pt

h
A ssassina tion of O a r A ccession of Ot anC ap tu re of

h
a , and R od e sI ic a
-

h
Cy prus A ncy r nva sion o f A fr De feat of
P re fec t G re g o ry M urd e rof O t anA cce ssion of Ali

hh h
,

hh
b anp e s Ba ttle of S e e in
t e
Po lit ical Distu r Mo a w iy a Fo und e r

.

a d an Dy a sty usu rs t e C ali t

f t e O i Ali assas

o a e
p p
s a te d A b d icat i on of H a ssa nDe at of M oaw iy a Fat e
,
'

of I a H osse in at K e r b el aT e O ia d e s or C alip s
ascu s a cte rx p e ll e d b y t e Fa
'

'

m
o f Da T e irC ar ily of

h
s

A bb as , w o se i
ze t e T r
one .

m
E GY P T w as a c o u ntry fa mili ar to the re aders o f the
K or an ; b u t it w a s a la nd o f rom an ce for in their ,
-

tiou s wo nders rested on its

e ye s a clo u d o f s u pe rst i

h mh
.

ac tual co nditio n The pride and t e fall of Ph ar aoh

.
, ,

a nd the prod i gie s th at atte nded the ight of

I sr a elites were rec orded in their s a cred vol u m e as

h
,

w arn i ngs to a disobedie n t people Of its popul a tio n .

,

its s tro ng and nu e r ou s c iti es its st u pe ndo u s build

m
,

ings a n d mysterio u s rive rthey a d b u t o bsc u r

l

e co n ,

m
c e p tio ns whi ch te nded r ather to d amp th a n sti u

m m
, ,

l ate their a dve nturou s ze al Bu t the m agnan i o us .

O m ar ad s e e n the d i a dems of Caes ar a nd K o o sr

h
.

h h
oo

h h
m
h
l ai d at his feet and he still tru st ed to G o d and the

h
h h
,

sword The co nqu est of this a ncient and c eleb r

hh
ate d

h
.

kingdom th en in the h ands of the R o a n s (or G r

hh
,
eeks
av e no c iefs of any d istinction , it avin g be e n t e p olicy of
b ot t e T a r tar A
fg a ns to scatte rand w e ak e n t e
.

s and
r
.

T ou g a ny of t e se tr ib e s av e p r e se ve d t e na e and a p
"
.

pea r a nc e b f r ab iA
a ns, t e y a ve b o p le te ly lo st t e lang ua g e .

M alco l

s Hi s tory q ers ia ; v o l i p
i . . .
35

as
2

m
they ar
E

hm h e ind i e r
WA R S

e n tly c a lled) w as i n t r
the c al iph s c omm an ds to Amr u W hose v al o ur ad

alre a dy bee n tried in m ost of the b a ttles a n d sieges

in Syri a
o

u sted by
'
r TH.

C a L IP H s

,
,
.

m
.

F ar a or P e lusiu the key o f E gypt w as r

m
e , ,

d u c e d a fter a siege of thirty d a ys ; and by this c on

qu est the co u ntry w as l aid ope n as fa ras the m odern
C a iro . Followi n g the c o u rse o f the N ile the S a r a ,

c e ns m arched directly to Misr orM isra the Mem phis

hh
,

h
of the old ge ogr aphers sit u ated on the wester n b ank

h
,

of the riv er ftee n miles above the D elt a and o ccu

, ,

p yin g the spot where the vill age of Ghizeh a t prese nt

h hh
st an ds This import ant city Amr u i nvested with

E
,

m
4 000 en ; and a fter a fru itle ss siege of seve n
m o nt s e w a s obliged to solicit a r
'

,
ei nforc e ent

hh
from the c aliph w o inst antly d esp atc e d a forc e of

h
,

h h
equ al a m o u nt u nder the c om m and o f Z ob e ir Eve n
, . .

t is s upply with all their e x pe rie n c e in t e Sy r ia n

h
'

w a rs wo uld h ave proved i ns u fcie n t to c ar r

mm
, y t e n

pl a c e b u t fe rthe religio us h atred betwee n the Jaco b

,

ite s and the Melchites a nd t e tr e ac e r y o f Ma

'

h h
,

k aw k as t e gover n or ; T i s pe r son thou g the

h
,

prefe ct o r lie u te n a nt of H e ra cliu s w a s a m ort al ,

a

e n emy to t e Greek s ; and h a vi n g a ma ssed an i

'

h
m e n se fort un e by emb e zzli n g the trib ute o f E gyp t
'

m
,

he re solve d to b etr ay the i nterests of hi s m a ster in

order to s e c u re t e v a st tre asures he ad s o unj u stly

m
T e city c apitul ated o n t e usu al
1
a c c um u lated
'

h h
.

terms each m al e 0 ag e be i n g r ated at two dinars

m
,

ye arly The nu b er o f t ax able pe r sb nsj lracin

-
.

c ompu tes at c o nse qu e ntly the su ann u

hh
ally c ollected u st h ave amo u nted to

h
dinars of gold
The Greeks ad a ssembled a c onside rable for c e in
the D elt a where the nat ur al a nd artici al c ann els
,

o f the N ile a fforded a s u c ce ssio n of fo r mid able de

fe nc es To th at qu arter Am r ui d ia tly d ire cte d

.
l

his atte ntio n ; tru st ing is safe ty to t e z e al and

b ised 1
_ ,
,

gr atit ude of the E gy pti a ns who ad p r

n , ,
 Em
m
mh
3 54 W ARS o rTH ca p u s.

h
betters spe ak A re ady t ale w as fe ign ed of a de sign
.

o n the p art o f the S ar ace n ge n er al to r a i se the siege

a nd n egoti ate a n ac commod a tio n The credulo us .

C hristi an s were deceived and the priso n ers dis ,

mi ss ed ; b u t they ad soo n c au se to r e p e nt of their ,

fo lly ; i nste a d of a p a cic e b assy their e ars were ,

a ss a iled with the t u m ult u o u s a c cl a m ati o n s o f j oy in

m
the c a p of the Ar abs as they h ailed the ret ur
, n of
the br ave Amr u W e aried a nd h ar a ssed with a
.

siege o f fo urte e n mo nths they c o nse nted o n the , ,

rst Friday of the n e w m oo n o f Mo ar r a n (D ec .

A D
. . to the su rre n der o f Ale x andri a .

The i ntellige n c e of this s u c cess which c ost the ,

Mo slems lives w as co nveyed to the c aliph

, ,

with a n i nt im atio n th a t the imp atie nt troops were

desiro u s o f e x erc isi ng their right o f c o nqu est in
pl un deri ng the town The bu lleti n o f Amru
. ay

g ive so m e ide a o f its e x tr a ordi n a ry we al th a nd ag

n itu d e I h a ve t ake n the gre at c ity o f the W est

m h
. .

It is impossible for m e to e nu mer ate the v ariety o f

its riches a nd b e au ty ; a nd I sh all c o nte n t myself
with obs e rvi n g th a t it co n t ain s 4 000 p al a c es 4 000 ,

b aths 4 00 the atr es o rpl a ce s o f am u seme nt

, ,

sh e ps for the s ale of veget able food a nd ,

tribu t ary J ews The town as bee n s ubd ued by

.

force o f arm s w itho u t tre aty o rc apitul atio n a nd the

h
, ,

m
Moslems ar e e a ger to seize the fr u its o f their vic
to ry
O m ar rej ected the ide a o f pill age c om

m
.
, :

and e d his lie u te n ant to re str ai n the impetu o u s

r ap a city o f the soldiers an d preser , ve the we alth
and reve nu es o f the pl a ce for the p u b lic service .

The i nh abit ants were nu mbered ; and besides t e

h
,

ra te o f two di n ars a he ad a tax w as l a id o n vi n e

h
,

y ard s and propertie s a ccordi ng to their ann u al

, ,

re nt .

O ne ev ent c onn ected with the c ap tu r e of t his city

is too fa mo us t o be p a ssed in sile n c e
.

the bur ni ng ,

o f the Alex an dri an libr ar y ; which as do ne o re to

fa il ia ri z e us w ith the name o f O m art an all the .
 m
hh
E W AR S o rTH C AL IP H S . 3 55
'

h
ther dev ast at io n s committed in his r eign P r
o e .

su in g o n his fa m ilia rity with Amru J ohn the

h
,

Gra mm ari an a d ve n tu red to solicit the gift of the

m
roy al m anu scripts which he observed the c o n qu er
,

or s ad omitted a s o f n o v al u e in se al i n g u p the
, ,

ot er m ag a z ines and repositories of we alth The

h
.

ge ne ral seeme d dis p o sed to comply ; b ut a s it w as

beyo nd is power to al ie nate any p art of the s po il ,

the c o nse nt o f the c aliph w as n ec ess a ry The

an swer of the l atter is well kn own
.
.

a s ophism th a t ,

might c on vi n ce an ig nor an t fanatic b u t c o uld o nly ,

e x cite t e a sto nishme nt and regret of a philo sopher .

Wh at i s writte n in the books y o u ention is e ither

E
h
a gree abl e to the book of God (the Kor an) o rit is

E
,

no t : I f it be the n the Kor a n is s u fcie nt w itho ut

,

them if otherwise tis t they sho uld be destroyed,

.

h
The i ndis crimi nate se nte n ce w as e x e cu ted with blin d

h mh
obedien ce a nd th u s perished the liter a ry store s
which the pride or le a rn in g of the Ptolemys ad

m
coll ected from all p art s of the world They were .

distribu ted as fu el to w arm the ba ths of the city ;

a nd s u c w a s the prodigi o u s m ul t it ude o f volu m es ,

that six months were sc arc ely s uf c ie nt for their

co n su mpt io n .

T is i n st anc e of o rie nt al b ar
-
b ari sm i s by som e

h h

do ubted or tot ally d iscredited
,
For my o w n p art .
,

s ays G ibbo n Ia stro ngly tempted to de ny both

,

the fac t and the c o n sequ e n c es A nd is skep ti cism

h
.
,

h
in which he is j oi n ed by Mo ns L ang ls he s u pports .
,

by the sile n ce o f the two ann al i sts l acin a nd ,

u ty c iu s who a mply de scribe t e m ilit ary tr an s

-
,

a ctio ns o f the Ar abs ; both Chr i sti an s ; both e .

h h
t iv e s of E gypt ; and both anterior to Ab ulfar ag e the ,

o nly au thor he alleges who re cords the catas tr

,
Op e
,

W ere this st ateme n t correct or did the eve nt r est

,

u po n y report of a s tr
the solit ar an ge r who wrote
a t the e n d of 60 0 ye a rs

it might st agger o urfaith ,
.

in t e n a rra tiv e of the Arminian historian Bu t the

fa ct does not r e st on is s ol e au thor
.

'

ity 0 n the .
3 56

co nt a
a nd
W AR S E
E
o r TH
rry the circ u m st an ce is m e nt io n ed by M akrisi
o n the a ntiqu ities o f
,

both of whom h ave writte n e x p ressly

A bd ollatif,
gy p tf

T akin g the a cco un t
C AL IPH S .

h
as recorde d (for it is impossible to e x plode it as a
.

ctio n i nve nted by A b ulfarag e ) it will n o t be e a sy to ,

e stim ate the loss which liter at ur e su st ain ed It i s .

true th at in t alki ng of the libr aries of an tiqu ity w e

, ,

m u st n o t be misled by m agnice n t descr iptio n s or ,

the a mple c at alogu es of the ir co nte nts T e m an u

m
.

sc ripts we r e nu m e rou s b ut the m atter they co n

h
,

t aine d wo u ld in moder n pri n t be compressed withi n

a sm all sp a c e The ftee n books for e x ampl e o f
.
, ,

E
O vid s Met a m orphoses which the n composed as

h
.
,

m any volu m es a r e n o w redu c ed to a few doze ns of

h
,

p a ge s Yet we c ann ot ren o u n c e the belief th at

. .
,

tho u gh m u ch as fortun ately e sc aped the r av ages of

E
ignor ance and the c al amities of w ar a g re at de al ,

m u st h ave perished in the sack of this fa med m etro

poli s T e fall of Al e x an dri a ay be s a id to h a ve
.

mm
a c i eved the c on qu est of E gy pt A proportio n of .

t ax es for the be n e t of the st ate w as dedu cted

, , ,

h h h
according to the ir a nn u al in come from the cle a r ,

h
prots of the we althier cl a sses an d of those e ng aged

mmE
h
,

h
in the p u rsu its of a gric u lt u re an d c ommerc e

h
h h
mh
.

At no se ason could the po ss es sio n of this hostile

h h
hh
h

T e B ar is tr

m
on d e S a cy in a long n ote to a n slation o f A

h
, .

a s colle c te d var

m
d ollatif (R e lation d e l g yp te p

ious te s

h
h
, .

an w r s, p r

m
ti onie s fr t e w or k s o f Ar ab i ite r ese r ved in t e

m
h h
o

h h
h
R oy al Lib r ary a t P ar is, w ic c on cu rin e sta blis ing t e cr

hh m
e di

h h
b ility of Ab ulfar a g e s n ar ra ti B u t t e se t e ar r

og a n t G ib u

h
ve

h
.

a d ne ve rse e n P rofe ssorW ite in is g yp tiaca (p

'

h
.
, ,
.

e n te r
s into an i n d ig n an t r e fu tation o fG ibb on s d oub ts, and s ow s

h hh
t at is re fe r e n ce s to A
ul u s G e lliu s, ianu s, and O r osiu s A
ar e for ei g n to t e p u r p ose forw ic t e y ar e cite d , as t e se w r i

h
te rs only no tice t e a ccid ental con ag ra tion of t e Alex and r

h
ian
lib rary , in t e t i e o f J u liu s C aesa r ,
w en v o lu e s ar e
said to av e b e e n d e str oye d c o n sider a b le nu
. A
b e rw as sa ve d
in t e T e p le o f S e r a p is, a nd a t t e ti e o f t e S a r

t e collec tion ad in cr vol u

a c e n inv asion

11
e ase d to n eld s H i


es st

los ol ii p 2 H o e s Intr 27 1
.

of P i 31

v . . . . . od to t e S tu d y of 50 .
 h
E
m h
r TH

m
3 58 W AR S o C ALIP H S

h
.

h
and moon W he n the annu al
dispe n s a tio n of Pro

h
. .

"

vi d e nce unlocks the spri n gs a nd fo un t a i n s th at no n

hh
m
rish the e arth t e N ile rolls his swelli ng and soun d
,

ing w aters thro u gh the l an d

T e elds ar .e over

spre a d by t e s alu tary ood and the vill agers ,

c omm unic ate with ea ch other in their p ai nted b a rks

.
.

The retre a t o f t e i nu n da tio n deposite s a fertilizi ng

m
ud for t e recepti o n of t e v ario u s seeds a the

h
crowds o f h u sb andmenw o bl a cke n the el d s ay
l

be c o mp ared to a sw arm o f i n du s triou s an ts ; and

hhh
E
their n ative i ndole n c e i s qu icke ned by the l a sh of

m
; ,

h
the t a sk a ster and the promise o f the owers and
,

fr uit of a ple ntiful i n cre a se Ac cordi ng to the vicis

.

situd e s o f the se a so ns the fac e o f t e c o u ntry i s

a do r

h
,

n ed w i th a silver w ave a verd ant emer ald or , ;

the dee p yellow o f a golde n arve stg ue T e p e .

m
no e n o n o f a co u ntry alte r n ately a g ar d e n and a

h
se a w as n e w to the dwellers in the D esert T e ir .

im a gi n atio n took a lic ense from these wo nders ; b u t

h hhh
a more a c c ur a te i nqu iry as e n abled u s to rec ify
t

m
m any of their fab u l ou s a nd ex a gger a ted s t a teme nts .

Their cities and villa ges ar e lim ited by an

m
7
,

au th en tic e sti at e o f the tw lfth c ent u r , to 2 00 ;

e y

h
.

the of i n a bit a nts h ave c q llap se d to o n e

m E
ft of th at c al cu l atio n a n dt e piec es
o f old orsilv e r th a t were annu ally p aid to t e tr

g ea

p
l
su ry of the c al iph a ve be e n fou n d to b e an e r ror .
u

l acin and redu ce d by R en au d o t to th e mor e

of ,I

h
m oder ate reve nu e o f p ie c e s o f gold o f , ,

hh
w er
|

whi c e co n sun ie d :b y the p ay of the

,

1
so ld ie r s f
The a b ition of Amru w as no t con

*h
si ng l e co nqu est ; he b e g an to e x te .

westw ar d i nto t e ki ngd o s of Afric

short tim e ade hims elf m a ste ro f all
,

which li es betw ee n t e Nile and t e dese r to

3 !
,Mu rta d i M e r lle s d9 I g YPte
ve i
1 1

, v
d H
t Hist Patr iar
. c A lex p 3 34 . . '

I H
 E
hh
mm
WAR S 0 1H
'

T C ALIP H S . 3 59
In the mids t o f this c ar
eer , ter the r apid acqu i a nd af

m
sitio n of a power which ; a d it n ever e x t e n ded fa r
the rmight de serve the nam e of a fo r

h
, m id able empir e "

h
,

the dagger of an a ssa s si n put an e nd to t e life and

re ig n of O m ar : This obsc ur e i ndi vidu al Was a Per:
si an sl ave n amed F ero u z W atchi ng his oppor

m
ti
'

h
, .

hm
mhm
nity ,while the c aliph w as e ng aged at ornin g
p r ay ers in the m osqu e the m u r der

h
er r
I s e d forw a rd
I
'

h
,

to the pu lpit and with a sm all d agge ror k unj e r

m
,

i nicted six wo u n ds o his perso n on e o f which ,

'

below the n avel Was p r o no u n ced o rt al

, The .

a ssembly were th r own i nto the gre at e st ce nste r

na a

tio n and i e di ately s urrounded the vill a i n w o

h
,

ad imbru ed his h ands i n the b lood o f th eir sove

'

reign He m ade a desper ate resist ance h avi ng

m
.
,

wou nded thirtee n of his a ss a il a nts seve n of the ,

o rtal l y At le ngth e w as sei zed by o n e of the

.

c al iph s atte n d an ts w o thr

e w a antle o ver him ;,

b u t he avoided the tort u r e th at aw a ited i by ,

st abbi ng himself on the sp ot .

m
The piety j ustice absti ne nc e , and s implicity o f

h
, ,

O m ar p r oc u red i m or e r ever en c e th an his su e

h
cess e r s with all their grande u r c o uld comm an d .

His w alki n g stick , s ays A lw ak id i st r

u ck ore

h
-
,

terror i nto those who were prese nt th an an other

m an s sword

H is diet w as d ates or c o a rse b arle y
.
,

h m
br e ad dipped in s al t ; hi s drin k , w ater ; and so e t ne s,

h
m
by w ay o f pe nan ce , he woul d e at i s b r e ad Witho ut
'

s al t O f religio us d uties he w as a pun ctu al observer ,

.

and du ring his b r ief c al iph at e ad per form e d ni ne

h
, ,

pilgri ag es to Me cca He p r e a ched in a t attere d

h
'

c otton gow n, torn in twelve pl a ce s ; an d a Persian

h
s a tr ap whe n e p aid hom ag e to the co nque r
,
o ro f
his natiOn fo u nd him ly i ng a sleep a mon g the b eg
,
:

g a rs o n the ste p s o f the m osq u e a t Medi n a Du r in

g .

the te n ye ar s of is admi n istr atio n 4 00 0 chur che s

1
,

were dest r oy ed , and 4 00 o sq e s erected on t e i r

r u ms
o ns t e ar
.

O m ar ad devolved on six co pani

da

c
 E
m h rT H

hhm
3 60 WA R S o C AL IP H S .

o us t ask of choosi ng a C omm ander o f the Fa it ful .

m m
The co n cl ave assembled witho ut delay a nd fo ra , .

h
while the b al anc e of the Mo sl em s u cc ession tre m
bled be twee n O thm an and Ali A n i n sidio u s pro . .

hh
pos al o f Abd elr ah an d ec ided the c o ntest : Th at

h
.

whoev er w a s chos e n sho ul d c o nse nt to r est the

ba sis of is govern me nt o n the law o f the Kor an a nd
the tr aditio ns and t e virtu ous e x a p le of is tw o p re
,

m
d eaessor s . Thi s l atter cl au se Ali rej ected a s it ,

implied a t a cit a ck nowle d gme nt th a t he ad n o

i nhere nt or pre fer able title to t e thro ne Ot _ .

an who w as af icted with no s u ch scr uples e

, ,

br a ce d the terms witho u t l imit atio n o rrestrictio n .

P arti al revolts both in Egypt an d Persi a thre at

m
, ,

e ned to dist urb the comme n ceme n t o f hi s reign b u t

m h h
h
they were su ppressed by the prompt applic atio n o f
the sa bre The Greeks o n the fro ntier of A sia Mi

n o rand the T art a rs in Shirw an an d o n the we ste r

,
n ,

S hore of the C a spi an were c ompell e d to s u b i t to

h
,

the yoke o f I sl a m In the L ev an t the arm s of the

.

Ar abs we r e equ ally s u cc essful Mo aw iy a t e .

,

li e u te nan t o f Syri a equipped a pow e r ful arm a me n t

, ,

a nd i nv a ded the isl an d o f C ypru s A S n eithe rthe .

i nh abit ants n orthe i p eri al troops were a ble to

O ppose i they agreed to c apitu l ate o n c o n ditio n
, ,

th at the whole r e ve nu es of the isl an d a mo u nti ng to

h
,

du c ats, sho uld be equ al ly divided betwee n t e

c aliph an d the E mperor C o n st an c e gr and so n of

m
,

Hera cli u s This tribut e the S ar a c e n s e nj oyed for

.

n e arly two ye ars whe n they were dispossesse d by

,

the C hristi an s O n the redu ctio n of C ypr u s Me a

.
,

h
w iy a took An cyr a and A rad u s (R u ad ) ; a ro cky
islet, 2 00 pa c es in the s e a b u t c o nt ai ni ng a popu lo u s
,

city and a fo r tre ss o f gre a t stre ngth P e netr ati ng .

as fara s R ho des he seiz e d th at i sl an d and destroyed

, ,

the fa mo u s braz e n C olo ss u s a gigantic s ta tu e of

1
,

Apollo o rthe S un se ve nty cu bits ( 0 5 feet ) in heig t

, ,

erected a cross the e ntr an c e o f the h arbo u r to co ,

memora te the fr uitless sie g e o f D em e tr i u s; abo u t

36 2

m E WA R S
'

the S ar a ce n gen er al In the midst o f a s andy pl ai n

the two ar ie s w e r
.
r TH

e erc ely e n g a ged for sever al

C ALIPH S .

m
d ays from m or ni ng light till the ho u r of noo n
, ,

h
whe n he a t a nd fati gu e compell ed the soldiers to
s e ek the shelter of thei r te nts
By the side of Gr eg ory fo u ght his d aughter
.

m
,

m a id o f s u rp a ssi ng be au ty and spirit The ri chn ess

h h
.

o f her a rmo u r a n d app ar e l w as c o n spic u o u s in the

forem ost r anks of the b attle H er ch arm s a d c ap .

h
tiv ate d every he art and the c ou r age o f the br avest
,

w as e x c ite d t o a desper ate e nterprise by the promise

o f her h a nd a nd p ie c es o f gold t o the an

who sho u ld bri ng t e he a d (if Abd all ah to the c amp

mh
o f the Afric a ns The prize w as glorio u s ; b u t u n
.
,

fort unately it o ffered an equ al tempt ati on to the

,

e n emy which the ge ni u s o f Zob e ir who ad sig nal

m
, ,

iz e d him self in Egypt c onver ted int o a s u c c e ssfu l ,

H e a dvised the Moslem ge n er al to retort

h
str at age .

o n the in d e ls their u n ge n er o u s a ttempt a nd pro ,

cl a im thro u gh the r anks th at the he a d o f Grego r y

sho u ld be rep a id w ith is c a ptive d a u ghter and he r ,

m a gnic ent dower .

To the c o u r age and discretion o f Zo b e irw as in

tr u sted the e x e c u tio n o f his o w n str at agem Bot .

ar mi e s e ng aged n e x t m or ni ng a s u s u al and the ,

c o b at w as prolo nged till the he a t o f the id d ay -

su n bec am e i n s u pport able The Greeks retired to .

h
h
their c amp ; the M u ssu lm ans threw dow n their
swords u nbridled t eir horses l aid their bows a cross
, ,

their s a ddle s and by every appe ar anc e of l a ssitu de

h
dec eive d the e n emy i nt o se c u rity O n a s u dde n .

the ch arge w a s so u nded ; Zob e ir with a p art o f the ,

forc e s w o a d l ai n c o n c e aled in their te nts spr ang

h
,

from their a mbu sh fre sh activ e 3and vigoro u s and

, , ,

m o u nti ng their horse s a ss ailed the Gree k s a sto n , ,

is ed and e x h au sted with fatig ue The l atter seized .

their arms in h a ste ; b u t their r anks were soon

broke n a nd dispersed Gregory w as sl ai n by the .

hand o f Zob e ir; and the sc atter ed rem ains o f is

.
'
m
m E
h W AR S o r TH C A L IP n s . 3 63

h
r y sou ght refuge in t e tow n o f S u fe tala ( 5 0

a
i les to the so u th o f Carth a ge ) , which s u rre n d e red
.

a fter a short resist an c e , yieldi n g a S poil o f 3 000

h
di nars o f gold to every horsem an, and
1
0 00 to every foot so ldier

m
-
:

The pre fe ct s d aughter ad an im ated with her

c o u r a ge a nd her e x h o rt atio ns the soldiers o f her

h hh
c o u ntry a nd so u ght reve nge for the de ath o f her

m
,

f ather til l s e w a s s u rro u nde d b y a squa d ro n o f

,
.

horse an d led c a ptive to the prese nc e of Ab d all a h

h
.
,

The victor appe ared not to cl ai m his pre ci ou s rew ard

a nd from his sile n c e it might h ave bee n pres u m ed

h
th a t he ad falle n in the a ctio n u ntil t e te ars and ,

e x cl am a tio n s of the priso n er at the sight o f Z obe ir

reve aled a t o nc e the an w o slew her f ather and ,

the m ode sty of the g all ant soldier W y d o y ou

1
.

n o t cl a im the m e ed o f yo ur v alo u r said A b d all ah ,

a s t o n is e d at his i nd i ffere n c e in the prese n c e of so

h

u ch be au ty My sword s aid the e nthu si a st

.
, ,

c o olly , is c o nse cr ate d to the servic e o f rel igio n

.

I ght for a rec ompe ns e farabov e the e nj oyme nt s

o rthe riche s o f this tr a n sitory life

The virgi n .

a n d the gold he a c c epted with r el u c t a nc e ; b u t a

rew ard m ore c o nge n i al to hi s temper w a s the o n
our ab le c omm issio n o f a nn o u n c i n g to the c aliph the

h
m
s u c ce ss o f his arm s In the m osqu e at Medi n a the
.
,

c omp a ni o n s the chi efs and the people a ssembl ed

, , ,

to he ar from Z ob e irthe i ntere sti ng na rr ative o f the

A fric an w ar an d as the or a tor forgot n othi n g e x c ept

hh
his o w n m erits the n am e of A bd all ah w a s j oi ned by
,

t e Ar abs with those o f Kh aled a nd Amr u Disco ur .

a ged by these reverses ; the n ative s appe ar to h a ve

reli nqu i shed all hope of further re sist anc e and their ,

c o n qu eror c o nse nte d t o gr ant them a pre c ario u s

pe ac e for t e alm ost i ncredible su of
di na rs of gold (abo ut
The de ath o f O thm a n a n d the politic al fe u ds th at
,

distr a cted the re ig n o f is s u c c essor s u spe nded the ,

ro gres s o f the we stern c o n u e st s of the A r ab s for

p q
3 64

ne arly
WAR S o r TH
t w e nty ye ars A spirit o f disc onte nt ad
.

beg un to prev a il ge n er ally thro u gho u t hi s domi n

.
E
C

h
mh
AL IPH S .

h
i o ns a nd this w a s ag gra v ate d by a c o nti nu e d system
, .

o f favo u r

hh
itism o n the o ne h an d a nd of ill j u dg ed ,
-

sev erity o n the other The ale co nte nts in t e

.

di ff ere nt provi nc e s held c orre s po nde nc e on their

m ut ual g riev a nce s a nd the m e ans o f redress T o .

a pp e a se their fury O t m a n ow n ed from the p ulpit

,

o f the m osq u e t e fa u lt s of is a dmi n istr a t io n

h
.

B u t h e so o n forgot hi s resol u ti o ns ; a nd whe n

cro w ds of the fa ctio u s n oble s and i ndi gnant citize ns

h
a ssembled a t the g ate s of the p al a c e he refu se d to ,

gr a nt the m either au die nc e or a dmissio n A erc e .

a nd s a ng u i nary c o nte st e n s u ed ; for a b an d o f 5 00

~

ad r alli ed in the

h
o f his a tte n d a n ts pri nc ipal c o urt

h
.

m
At le ngth the a s sa il a nts m a de their w ay to the ca
lip s a p ar tme nt where they fo u nd him with a co p y

,

o f the K or an in hi s l ap N i ne wo unds we r
. e i nict e d

h
o n his b o d y of which he e x pired The fa ithful
,
.

N a il ah thre w herself betwe e n her hus ban d a nd t e

d aggers o f the a ss a ssi ns a n d a d the ng e r , s of o ne
h a nd stru c k o ff in this heroic e ffort of c o nj u gal
te nder ne ss .

Th e c a ritie s o f O thm an were c ar ried to e x tr

m
av a

gan c e yet he l eft i m e n se riches behind hi m

h
, ,

dr a chm s an d di nar s be i n g fo u nd
in his c o ffers ; besides di nars s et ap a rt for
pio u s u ses (in all 63

mh
m
,
.

h
C o nsideri ng the cl aims and perso nal merits o f A li

h
,

h
his af nity to the Prophet an d his tri ed v al ou r in ,

m any a eld u nder the b an ne r s o f t e K or an it is

h
,

hhh
a p p are ntly wo n derful th at the na tio n o f the fa ithful
sho uld h a ve q u ietly toler a ted his repe ated disap

h
poi nt e nts T o u gh still O pposed by t e fa cti o n
.

o f Aye sh a , is im p l a c able e n emy the o ste nsible o ,

sta cl e s t o his elev a t io n were n o w r emoved a nd t e ,

s overeig nty a d desce nded to i eve n in t a t o r

. der

1
o f s u cc essio n which a d hitherto b e e n d e te r ine d
v

r ather b y degre e s o f sa nctit y t a n o f ki nd r ed n .

 E
m h m
3 66 W AR S o r TH C ALIPH S .

h hhh
resembli ng the q u ills of a porc upi n e The br aves t .

in the r anks s u c c e ssively held the rei n s o f the a ni _

al ch a nti ng pie ce s of poet r

,
y an d in this a rdu o u s
d u ty n o t fe w e rth a n 2 80 were n u mbered a mo ng the
.

h h
killed a nd wo u nd ed m ost o f whom ad l o st a h an d
, ,

T e ve n er able heroi n e w as n o t i ncl uded in the li st

o f b o nd w o e n b ut d isniisse d w it
, a select escort t o
her home a t Medi na The b a ttle of K o r aib a or
.
,

the D ay of the C a mel the rst th a t st ain ed t e ,

a rms of t e Mosle m s with civil blood w as fo u ght in ,

the thirty s ix th y e ar of t e H ej ir a (Dec ember

-

h
h
,

A D

m h
. .

M a ster of Ir ak A li re c eived the s ubmiss ion o f

,

E g pt Ar abi a P ersi a a nd Khor a s an ; b ut the sword

y
, , ,

o f rebellio n w as n o t brok e n A m ore formid able

. .

a dvers a ry rem a i n ed to be v an qu ished in Sy r i a in the ,

h h
pers o n o f the gover n or M o aw iy a w o ope nly
'
, ,

threw o hi s al legi an c e an d ad bee n procl aimed ,

c al iph by the we ster n provi n ces The m o squ es .

re so unded with cries o f ve nge an c e for the de a th o f

their legiti ate sovereign To i n spire a j u st a bhor

h
.

r e nc e of t e g u ilty perpetr a tors the bloody shirt ,

o f the m u rdered O thm an with is wife s n ger

,

pi nn ed u po n it w a s e x p osed o n the p ulpit o f Da m a s

,

c us and p ar aded at the he a d of the troops

, .

The p a cic overtu res o f Ali were rej ected ; b oth

p artie s a ppe aled to the s abre as t e arbi ter of their
c o ntested titles ; and o n the pl a i n o f S e ffe in which ,

e x te nds al o ng the w e ster n b ank o f the E u phrates ,

n e ar R a c c a the t w o armie s pi
, tched their c am ps .

O n this sp a cio u s a nd bloody the a tre Mo s

lems w aged a des ultor y w a ro f 02d ays ; for both 1
c ompetitors seem ed u nwilli ng to peril their c au se

h h
o n the h a z ard o f a ge n er al e n g a geme n t N i n ety s

a ctio n s or skirmishes ar e re corded to h ave t ake n

pl a c e and in these the h um a nity o f Ali w as as co n
S p ic u o u s as his v al o u r He strictly e nj oi ned his .

troops i nv ari ably to a w a i t the rst o n set of the

e n emy to s ar
p e t e f ug itive s an d resp e ct t e vir ,
 E
m
hm m
wa s o r TH ca p u s. 36 7
tue the femal e c aptive s N ot a d ay p as se d in
of

hhh
.

w hich he displ ayed no t som e e x tr a ordi na r y fe a t of

perso nal stre n gth and skill The br ave st le ade r . s
o f the Syri an host fell in s u cce ssio n by the si n gle
prowe ss of is re sistless ar For d e ath itse lf ,

dwelt o n the poi nt of his spe ar and perditio n in the ,

hilt o f his sword The id e ou s a nd g ig an ti c K er
.

r
,

e ib who c o u ld obliter ate with is th u mb t e i

h
,

p ressio n on a silver c oi n he c left at o n e strok e from

h h h
,

the crest to the s addlebow Tw o w a rri ors at t a cked

.

him in disgu i se ; b ut with a sweep of hi s double

scim it ar he b i se cted the forem ost thro ugh the mi d dl e

with s u ch ra pidity and pre cisi on th a t the rider r e ,

m ain e d x ed o n th e s addl e ; t e spe ct at o r s con

h
cl u din g he ad mi ssed hi s blow until t e motio n

h
,

o f the horse threw the bo d y in h alve s to the gro un d

h
.

hh
The tw o c o n c lu di ng d ays were t e m ost s an gu i

m
n a ry ; a nd s u ch w as the c a r n a ge th at the m o st h ard ,

m
e n ed veteran s were see n to we ep alo ud on behold
ing the sce n e o f de str u ctio n a r ou nd them On t e

h
.

r st ch arge the r a nks o f t e Syri an s were broke n

h
m
.

The b attle ra ged n evert e less t e c av alry dism o u n t ,

ing to comb a t o n fo ot a nd eve n o n the ir k n e es with

, ,

their sw ords an d d a ggers T e c o nte st s u ffered no

.

i nterru ptio n from th e settin g sun Mo u nted o n a .

pieb ald hors e a nd cl ad in t e a c co utrem e nts o f the

h
,

Prophet with is po nderou s s abre Ali che ered o n
,

h
,

his troo ps a i d the c o nfu si o n and obsc u rity of the

h
ni g ht As o fte n as he smote a rebel th e sho u t of

h
.
,

h
All ah akb a r ro se ; and before mor ni ng he w a s he ard

h
t o repe a t th at trem e n do u s e x cl a m a tio n 5 23 ti es

h
.

T e u s u rper o f D a ascu s a lre a d y m e d it ated ig ht ;

for 7

h
000 o f hi s tro ops ad peri she d in the sl a u ghter

hhhh
o f t at m em ora ble nig t b u t a str at ag em o f Amr u
snatch e d the victory from t e gr asp of is riv al He .

o rdered t e Sy r ia n soldiers to x their c opie s o f the

K or an to the nu mber of 5 5 0 o n t e poi nt s o f their
, ,

l an ces and st atio n ed in fro nt o f t e li n e to a w ait

, ,
.

t e app ro ac of t e assai lan t s T e a rti c e w as .

 mm
m
mh h
h
3 68 W AR S o rran ca p us .

s u c c essful ; the c o n scie nc e o f the Moslems w as

over a w ed by this solem n appe al to the s a cred vol
u in e Ali w as n o t to be i p osed o n by this spe
c io ns devi c e b u t e w a s c om pelled to y ield to the
.

cl a o urs of his follo w ers we ary of bloodshed and , ,

willi ng to embr a c e a ny re aso nable term s o f a ec om

o d a tio n The so n of He nd a a s v anq ui shed !

h
.

h e e x cl aim ed in an ago ny o f ve x atio n whe n he fo u nd

h
,

disc ord a n d di sloy alty spre a di ng a m o n g the fa n atic al

p art of his army w o dem a nded th a t the swor d al
, ,

re ady w avi ng in tri umph sho uld ret u rn to the sc ab ,

b ard in revere nc e fo rthe K or an The b a ttle w as

h h
. .

a c c ordi ngly s u s p e nded a nd M o aw i y a s al u ted ca ,

lip . W ith sorrow an d i ndign atio n Ali retre a ted t o

m
C u fa ; b u t his p artis a ns sep ar a ted i nto fa cti o ns and ,

m
his i nterest from this fat al period began gre atly to
decli ne .

M o a w iy a to ok rev e nge for the lo sse s he ad

'

s u st a i n ed at S e e in Hi s troops pl undered sever al .

d istricts in Mesop o t a mi a an d for a t im e m a i nt a i n ed ,

possessio n o f B u ssor a O ther det a chm e nts m ade

'

h
.

i nc ursio n s i nto Ar abi a where they c om mitted t e r ,

rible dev ast atio ns P e n etr at in g i nto Hej a z they

.

'
,

red uced Medi n a T a if a nd Mec c a and e x te nde d

mm
, , ,

their r a vage s i nto Y e a a a nd Yem e n the g ar ,

riso ns o f which u nable to oppos e the i nv aders ed

h
, ,

wit pre cipi t atio n to C u fa The au thority of the

h hh
.

u s u rper w as th u s q u ietly e st ablished over the s an c

tu ar ie s o f the Moslem fa ith and m any o f the mo st ,

import ant provi nc e s o f the S ar ac en domi ni o n s .

The s am e tr agic fate aw aited Ali no w h a r a ssed ,

a nd he art broke n with misfort un e th at

- ad c u t o ff ,

h
is two imm edi ate predec essors T r e e of t e K 0

h h h
.

r aj it e s or schis atic s he ated with fan a ticis an d,

reve nge resolved in secret to e x pi ate the sl au ghter

,

o f their c omr a des by pl u ngi ng their d a ggers in the

,

bosom s of the thre e pri n cip al l e a ders Ali M oa , ,

w iy a a nd Amr u
,
E a ch o f the a ss a ssi n s poiso n ed
.

is w e ap o n an d s ele c ted ,
is victi m M o awiy a .
 3 7
0 W AR S o r TH E
m ca p u s.

m
e nj oy cert ai n reve nu es ; an d th at n o s u c c essor to
the t hro ne sho u ld be appoi n ted d u ri ng his life The .

Syri an chie f a c cepted the terms with the u tm ost

h hh
s atisfa ctio n The u na m b iti ou s pri nc e we ary of the
.
,

world retired to Medi na devoti ng his life to reli

m
, ,

io n a nd S pe ndi n g his v a st reve nu e s of

g
,

ye ar in deeds o f Ch arity the whole of which he

m
, .

twic e distrib u ted a mo ng the poor Here he fell a

h
.

victi to t e j e alo u sy o f M o aw iy a a nd the crim

m
i nal de ed w a s perpetr ated by his o w n wife Ja id a

hh
(A D. . by r ubbi ng him while w arm with a li ne n
cloth impreg na te d with poiso n .

hh
The abdi c atio n o f H a ss an left an un divi ded b ut ,

n o t a power fu l thro n e to M o aw iy a
, This pri n ce .
,

the rst o f the dy na sty o f the O m i ade s w as the .

s o n o f A b u S o an who ad u s u rped the power o f

,

A b u T aleb a t Me cc a and third in d esce nt from O

,

mi ah the fo u nder o f the fa mily o f th a t n a me who

m
, ,

w as a n ep e w of H as e b e in g the so n of a y o u n ger
,

brother and co ns eq u e ntly a coll a ter al br an ch of the

,

n oble tr ibe o f the K ore ish His cl a im however .

, ,

a cc ord in g to the pri n ciple s o f leg itim a cy w a s pos ,

te r io rto th a t o f the desc e n d ants o f F a tim a and eve n

h

,

o f the childre n o f Abb a s the u n cle of the apo stle

h
, .

It i s a si n g ul ar re ectio n th at the e arliest and m ost

h
,

i n veter ate perse c u tors o f Moh a mm e d sho uld h ave

h h
u s u rp ed the i nherit a nc e of his childre n while his ,

perso n and s a n ctity were yet fr e sh in their e m ories

h
a nd th at the boldest c a mpio n s o f idol a try sho uld

h
,

in the short s p a c e o f forty ye ars a ve bec ome the ,

sovereig ns of th at hier a rchy w hich t e y ad l abo u re d

to overthrow In is yo uth M o aw iy a
. ad bee n ,

hh
ho n o u red with the o f c e s of alm o ner and secret a ry
to the ap ostle a nd w as employed to register is
,

revel atio ns For twe nty ye ars he a d ex ercised

.

s u prem e au thority in Syri a whe n his elev a tio n to ,

the c aliph ate divu lge d the import an t tr uth , th at the

city o f the Prop et w as n o t t e o nly pl a ce th at e n
j oyed the rights and privileges of electio n .
 His
WA R S OF TH

ccessio n did n o t qu iet the m u rm u rs o f fac

a
tio n a n d his reign w as Oc c u pied wi th l ittle else th an
,

deposi n g chiefs a nd gover nors whose loy alty he

Em C AL IPH S

,
.

h
m
c o uld n o t tr u st ; and he a pi n g ho n o urs and e o lu
m e nts o n others, wh ose p a ssio n s c o u ld th u s be m a de
s ubservie nt to the adv an c em e nt of hi s o w n i nterests .

The i ntrigu es of A yesh a at Medi na were no secret

h
a t the c o u rt of D a m a sc u s ; a nd in a perso n al visit
t e c aliph re ceived an in s ul ti n g refu s al o f her alle
g iance .B u t his a pprehe n sio n s from t hi s q ua rter

h
were spe edily re move d The ill u strio u s widow w as .

i nvited to a n e ntert a i n me nt ; the ch air desti n ed for

h
her re ceptio n w as pl a ced over t e m o u th o f a deep
well or pit slightly c overed with le ave s ; and the
,

m o e nt the u n s u specti ng g u e st se ate d herself at

h hh

t able s e s ank to everl a s ti n g night S u ch say

.
, ,

the P ersi an au thors at le ast w as the fate of this

h
,

a mbitio u s m other o f the fa ithful M o aw iy a soo n

h
.

a ft er qu itted thi s abode of cl ay forthe m an sio n s o f

eter n al retrib u tio n The m ost import an t fe at u re in

m
.

t e gover n m e n t of thi s c aliph w a s is c ang in g the

m o n archy from bei ng electiv e an d m aki ng it here d

h
,

itar y in

i s o w n fa mily S u ch w a s his i n u e n c e
.
,

th a t e s u c c eeded in Obt a i nin g n o t o nly the su b ,

missi o n o f all cl asse s in Syri a a nd l r ak b ut the ,

m
a cqu iesce n c e o f Mec c a an d Medi na to the n om i na

h
,

ti o n o f his so n Y e z z id a feeble and dissol u te yo u th

, .

This pri n c e ad the wisdom to ret a i n his father s

h
m
lie ute n ant s in their pl a ces and his reig nw as alm ost
e x clu sively employe d in s u bduing the refr actory
' '

p artis an s o f Ho ssei n brother o f H a ss an , .

h
T e e l a ncholy fate o f this im am d e se r ves a pl ac e
in the history o f his n atio n The i nj u stice d o ne to
.

is family and the we ak ch a r a cter of the reig ni ng

,

c aliph revive d a symp athetic loy alty for the child

,

o f F ati a a nd s u ggested the tho u ght of rei nst ati n g

,

him o n the thro ne The i nh abi ta nts o f C u fa i nvited

.

i to m ake his a ppe ar an c e in their city a n d a li st

w as secre tly tr an smitted to Mec c a o f Mos e
3 7
2 WAR S

h E
m
m
mh
h
o rr : u s.

h
lems in Ir ak w o professed their att a chm e nt to is

h
,

c a u se a nd were re ady to dr aw their swords as so o n

hh
,

as he sho uld a rrive o n the b nks o f the uphr ate s

a
1
.

Unde ra sle nder e sc o rt o f 40 horse and 00 fo ot

m
e .
,

left Mec c a ; a nd w ith a nu m ero u s reti nu e o f wom e n

m
and childre n i n cl udi ng t e whole o f his ow n fa mil
y

h
,

h
.

and the gre ater p art o f is brother s , he tr a verse d

the deserts o f Ar ab ia in the O p e o f re a chi ng hi s

,

h
fri e nds before the lie u te nant o f Y e z z id s ho uld h a ve

hh
rec eived i n form atio n o f his de si gn Hi s e x pe ct a .

tio ns w ere miser ably d i sa ppoi nted Ob e id alla the .

,

go ver nor of C ufa a d detected and p ut to de ath is

,

faithful a ge nt ; and in qu e n chi n g the rst sp a rk o f

,

hh
revolt t e d e fe ctio n o rr ui n o f his p arty w as ac co

p lis e d A s Hossei n appro a ched the c on ne s o f

.

m
l r ak the ho stile fa c e o f the c o u ntry , the wells and
,

pl a c e s o f refre s e nt o n the ro a ds bei ng de stroye d ,

h
told the m el ancholy tidi n gs ; a nd his fe ars were co n
rm ed by the inte llig e nce t at 4000 o f the e nemy

were o n their w ay to i nterc ept him Al a s s a id .
,

he e n c u m b ered w ith a ll thi s fa mily o w c an I

h
, ,

an d q u itti ng the direct r

retre at l
, o u te he pitche d ,

his te nts by t e brook o f K erb e l a Here he w as .

im m edi ately s urro un ded ; hi s a ttempt s to obt ai n .

m
ho n o ur able c o nditio n s o fp e a c e o ra ret u rn to Me ,
-

di na were abortive ; fo rthe c o m and o f the in e x

,
.

Br

h h
or able O b e id alla w as peremptory : i ng m e either
H o ssei n orhi s he ad
His little b and tr u e to hi s fortun e s and r
, e s olved
to sha re his fa t e drew up to m eet their ass ail a nts
, .

h
Terried by the disp arity o f nu mber s and the ce r
t ai n prospect o f de at the wome n and childre n g ave,

h h
ve nt to their sorrows in lo u d and bitter l ame nt a
tio ns The ar chers galled them with t e ira r r

. o w s, '

and in o ne ch arge twe nty o f them were killed o n

t e spo t The s u rvivo r
. s m a i nt ai ned the co b a t
with u nsh ake n c o nst ancy until the he a t o f the d ay ,

an d t e imp ulse o f d esp a ir re ndered their thi r st in

supp o r t able : b ut r eli ef c ould not be ad ; forth ey
 7
3 4 W AR S o

l agers and c ommitted to o n e comm on g r ave T e

r TH Eh C AL IPH S .

h
.
,

wretched fem ale c aptive s were c a rried to Cu fa ,

thrown a cr oss the ba cks o f c a mels The n c e they .

were co ndu cted in ch ai n s and e ntirely n aked to , ,

the Syri an c apit al and a fterw ard dismisse d to Me

,

d i na The he ad o f H o ssein w as l a id before the

h
.

c aliph ; a nd like Ob e id alla

, he c ou ld n o t refr ai n ,

from o fferi ng the Sam e br u t al i ndig nity o f be ati ng it

o n the mo u th with a whip or c a n e ; o n which a n
a ged M u ss ulm an e x cl a imed Upo n these lips I ,

h ave se e n the lips of the ap ostl e o f God The

hhh
.

m emory o f thi s im a m is still de ar to is P ers i an v o

t aries The D ay of H ossei n i s an annivers ary of
.

we epi ng and l a me nt atio n a nd the h atred o f the t w o

m
n a tio n s is preserved and prolo nged by thi s solem nity .

The r s t s ult an o f the B o w id e s re ared a s u mpt u ou s

m o n um e nt o n t e spot (Me s id H ossei n) which still ,

m arks the sep ulchre of the m artyr C rowds o f pil .

grims c o nti nu e to pay their annu al devotio n s at his

shri n e The soil n e a r is gr ave i s pu rch a sed with

hh
.

h
avidity a n d i s s a id to possess the m o st mir a c u lo us
,

h
virt u es ; while the privile ge of bei n g i nterred ne ar
the rem a i n s of the s ai nt i s bo u ght by the rich at
a n e x tr a v a g an t price Ali his two so n s and their
.
, ,

desc e nd ants to the ninth ge n er atio n for the twelve

m
, ,

im am s o f t e S e a s The l a st o f these c alled

'

h h
,
.

the M o a d i o rg u ide they s u ppose to be still alive

, ,

b u t i nvisible ; an d th a t he will appe a r before the

l ast d ay to e st abli sh a sort o f mille nn i al rei gn on
,

e arth .

The l a st a ctio n o f the reign of Y e z z id w as to qu ell

the i n s u rre ctio n s w hich a d broke n o u t a t Medi na
and Me c c a p a rtly o n a c co u nt o f H o sse in s d e at

, ,

an d p artly in c o n sequ e n c e of ch ange s in the govern

e nt The former pl a c e w as redu c ed to obedie n ce
.

in a si ngle b attle (A D The i n su rge nts ed

. .
,

a nd took shelter withi n their w all s ; b u t the troops

o f D a m a sc u s e ntered with them an d for three d ays
the city w a s o ne u nivers al sc e n e of pillag e and
 h
E 7

m
W AR S r TH AL IPH S
'

o C . 3 5

l
s au g hter duri ng which 600 0 of the pri ncip al i nh abit
,

a nts ar e s a id to h a ve perished At Mec c a the p ar

m
.
,

h
tisan s of Hossei n ad procl a imed Abd all a h the so n of ,

Zob e irc aliph o f Ar abi a Ir ak Khor a s a n a nd E gypt

, , , , .

h
To this pl a c e the Syri an army directed their m arch ;
a n d for forty d ays it deed all the a rts an d e n gi ne s

h
o f the besie gers The w all s were s everly b attered ;
.

sever al pill ars o f the temple w e r e de olis e d by

'

sto n es thro w n fro m the c at apu lts ; a nd o n e o f the

m a chi nes lo a ded with n apht a bei n g disch arged
, ,
r
a g ai nst the K aa b a the line n v e il whi ch c overed it

w as set o n r e and red uc ed to a she s T e c ity

h
.

shortly after w a s stormed by H ej aj e b u t A bd all ah .

,

m
tho u gh deserted by his follo w ers to the a mo u nt o f

h
disda i n ed to su rre nder and r u shi n g furi , ,

o u sly i nto the thi ckest of the e n e y he obt ai ned

h
,
.

from their swords the ho no u r able de ath which he

h
s ou ght Before this o c c u rrenc e ad t ake n pl a c e
.
,

Y e z z id to u se the words of the Persi an origi nal

, ,

w a s e nro lled a mo ng the dign it a rie s o f t e i nfer n al

regio ns The dom estic history o f his s u c c essors
.

m erits little atte ntio n The rec overy of Mec ca ad .

est ablished the sove r eignty of the ho u se of O ia

over the whole M oslem world ; a nd m ost o f the

h
s ubsequ e n t reign s were oc c upied in s u bd u i ng r e frac
tory provi nc es o r

h
qu e lli n g the revolts o f p etty chief
t a i ns S om e o f these insu rre cti o n s were a tte nded

m
.

w ith e x tr aordi n a ry sc e n es o f a trocity an d bloodshed .

It w as the bo a st of Mokt ar who su pported the i

h
,

te r e st s o f Abd all ah in P ersi a th at he ad dest royed ,

n e arly of the e n emie s of the Alid e s e x cl u ,

s ive of tho se who perished i n the seve r al b attles

which he fo u ght H ej aj e who w as a ppoi nted g o v

.
,

er no rof Hej a z w as a cr u el a nd s an gu i n a ry tyr ant

, .

D u ri ng the twe nty ye ars th at he a d pre sided ove r

Ira k he is s aid to h a ve de stroyed
, perso n s
o f r an k ; an d in the v ario u s priso n s u nder his u
j
n sd ictio n were fo und at his de ath e n and
wome n .
m
h7E
m
3 6 WA R S OF TH C AL IPH S .

m
T followi ng T able will e x hibit in the order o f
e

m
.
,

s u cc e ssio n the n am es an d rei gn s of the c aliphs who

m
,

l led the Mosle m th r o ne from the de ath of Moh a m

med till the termi n ati o n o f the O iad an dyna sty :

h
h m
A l)

h
. .

Ab u B e k e r 684 65 A b d ol ale c
O a rI 705 W a lid I 86
1 7 S ol i an

h h
7
. .

Ot
1
an 6 9

m
7 8 O a rI I 99
7
2 1 12 Y e z z id II
.

H assan
1
660 0
7
2
.

h
M oa w iy a I 3 04
42 1
a
7 7
.

hm
1
6 6 d ll 5
7

h
-

2 Y e z zid III
.

M oa w iy a I
I
1
43 6
7 7 Ib ra i
2
.

h
.

A b d lla
1
a 44
744 7 M a rw an II
2

The here d it ary li n e o f t e O mmi ade s w as broke n

in the perso n o f M e r w an I w o tr an sferred the

h
,
.

c al iph ate to his o w n son i nste a d o f le avi n g it to t e

yo unger brother of M o aw iy a II to whom he ad

h
,
. .

be en appoi nted g u ardi an The reig n o f A bd el ale c .

w as sig nalized by the red u ctio n of the pre cio u s

m et al s to a S pecic st and ard thro u gho u t the empire ;
'

a nd for the e st ablish e nt of a regul ar c oi na ge bot

in gold an d silver Previ ou s to this time the Ar abs

h h
.

ad a do pted n o c u rre n cy o f their o w n bei ng in the

h abit of tr a di n g with the Gre ek and P ersi an mo ney .

The v al u e o f the gold di nar w as the n re cko ned eq ui

m
v ale nt to 83 sterli ng W alid I a b olished the Gree k
. . .

l an gu age a nd ch ar a ct ers whi ch before hi s elev atio n

h
,

ad bee n u sed in ke epi n g the a c c o u nts o f the p ublic _

r eve nu e and ordered is clerks and se cr

,
e tarie s to _

s ubstitu te the Ar abic ! a ch an ge to which ve r ,y ,

prob ably we owe the i nve ntio n or at le ast the

, ,

famili ar u se o f o urprese n t num eric al g ures ; and

,

th u s a s Gibb o n rem arks a reg ul a tio n o f o f ce as

, , .

prom oted the m ost import ant discoveries of arith .

m etic alge br a and the m athe atic al scie nces

, , .

The leis u re tim e o f this p ri nc e w as o c c upie d in

 7
3 8 WA R S o rTH E C A U PH S

hm
.

dist urbed by a rebellion in Khor asan ; b ut the p r o

hh
gress of the in s u rge nts w as arrested by his brother ,
the br ave Moslem ah who dispersed them in a b attl e
,

fo u ght at Hir a He di ed of grief at his favo u rite

.

re side n c e on the b anks o f the J b rd ann W hile a m u s

ing him self in the g arde n by tossi n g gr apes i nto the

m
m o u t o f a favo urite c o n c ubi n e one o f the m nu

l uckily st u ck in e rthro at and prod u c ed imm edi ate

su o c a tio n a n a c c ide nt whic h he s u rvived o n ly
,
'

ftee n d ays The life of W a lid II w as o ne c o n

. .

t inu e d sc e ne o f d eb au chery bei ng a ddicted to g a ,

ing gl u tto ny dr u nke nn ess a n d every spec ies o f

mh m
, , , .

obsc e nity a nd in th e pilgrim age to M ec c a e c ar r ie d

h
w i th him w i n e a nd dogs for his a m u seme nt .

h
m
The n a m e s o f Y e z z id III a nd Ibr a hi m n eed only .

be m e ntio n ed as a o n g the ephem er al sovereigns

wh o e x hibited a prec ari o u s and tful sple n dou r j u st
before the po w er o f the O mmi ade s w a s nally e x _

t ing u is e d .Mer w a n II the fo u rte e nth and l a st o f .

,

the r a c e ad sig n alized him self by hi s victories in

,

the n eighb o u rhood o f the C au c a s u s and ag ai n st the

T art ars His v alo ur and i ntrep idity g ai n ed hi m the

.

title of H i a ral Jez ira or the Mesopot a mi an A ss, ,

a n am e which however c o ntem ptible it

, ay so und

h
in E u rope a n e a rs w a s a proverbi al c o plime nt in
,

h
Ar abi a ; the w arlike bre ed o f th at c o u ntry i nste a d ,

o f an emblem o f st upidit y bei ng rem ark able for ,

h
c o u r a ge a nd n ever k no w n to y befor e an e nemy

h
.
,

h
m h
O n his a c c essio n he fo u n d the whole empire from
, ,

a v ariety o f c a u ses pr eg nant wit i ns u rre ctio n

, .

E me s a set t e r st e x a mple o f r evolt ; the D am a s

c e ne s n e x t thre w o ff their allegi an c e ; the citize n s
o f C u fa depo sed t e Syri an g over nor and procl a imed ,

a c alip o f t e ir o w n At B u ssor a an other riv al

. .
,

w a s elev a te d to the thro n e who s u pported his pre , ,

te nsio n s w ith a nu m ero u s army ; b u t he w a s rou t e d

in the n ei g hbo u rhood o f D a m a sc u s with the loss of ,

en .

Disgu sted wit h the s an gu i na ry de spo ti sm o f t e

m
h E WA R S o rTH C AL IPH S . 3 7
9

h
r
ei gni ng fa mily the partis an s o f the ho use
, Abb as of

ad t urn ed their eye s and their wishe s tow ards the

ill u strio u s li n e o f H ashem in pre fere n c e to the Fa

h h
,

ti ites who Were p a ssed by a s r a sh or p u sill ani

,

m ou s Moh a mm ed the gr an dso n of Abb a s in his

.
, ,

obsc u re reside nc e in Syri a ad lo ng fo stered the ,

secret hope s and re ce ived the hom age of his frie nd s

, .

At his de ath the rights a nd ho n o u rs of his fa mily

,

a d bee n tr an sferred to is so n Ibr a him and w he n

the revolt o f K erm a n g av e them an opport u nity of

O pe nly disclosi n g their views a body of w arriors ,

g athered ro und his perso n and the two bl a ck st and ,

a rds c alled the N ight a n d the C lo u d were u n furled

, , .

U nder thes e allegoric al emblems A b u Moslem pro

hh
,

cl a imed his m a ster the rightfu l emperor au d im am

o f the fa ithful P arty c olo u rs h a ve alwa ys bee n
.

u sed a s b adges o f disti nctio n a mo ng c o n te n di ng fac

tio ns The Moslem s adopted this e x ped ie nt in the

m
.

appro a chi ng w ar of s ucc e ssi o n gree n _w as the

symbol of t e F atimites ; white of the O mmi a de s ;
while bl a ck w as adopte d by the followers o f Abb a s .

C ities a nd provi n ce s hoisted the re specti ve a gs ;

a nd from the I nd u s to t e E u phr ate s the E a ster n

h
-

world w a s c o nv u lsed betwe e n the stru ggles o f the

bl a ck and the white armies Eve n the se r vic e o f .

the mo squ e w as divided betwe e n the riv al sove

rei gns ; some reciti ng their pr ayers in the n am e o f
Me r w a n others in th a t of Ib r a him In K o r the

as

m
, .
,

i ntere sts o f the O mmi ade s a d bee n br av ely m a i n

hhh
t aine d by the gover n or N a sr S ay a r ; b u t a series o f
,

dis a sters and defe ats at le n gth c o nvi nc ed him th at

he w as n o lo nger c ap able o f c onte ndi ng with the
i nvi n cible A b u Moslem Ibr ahim w a s u nfort u nately

h
.

w ayl a id in a pilgrim a ge to Me c c a seized a nd c arried , ,

to t e p r e se nc e o f t e c aliph who forthwith ordered

him to be s u ffoc ated by e n closi ng is he ad in a b ag

o f q u icklim e His t w o you nger brothers S affah and
.
,

Alm an sor h appily el uded the se arch o f the tyr

, ant ,

a nd e sc a pe d to C ufa where t e fo r e rw as sal u te d

,
 m
h m

3 80 WA R S o r TH E ca pu s .

c al iph from the p ulpit B ut it w as in the b attle eld . y -

r ather th an in the mosqu e th at the import ant c o n

tr ove r sy w as dec id ed Alre ady A b u Moslem and

m
.

his lie u te nant K ot ab a ad red u c ed the wester n

h
,
.

hh
provi n ces of Ir ak from the E u phr ates to the C a spi an
, .

M er w a n w a s a ro u sed from hi s u n a c c o u n t able s lu

m
b er; b u t the st ar of his fort u ne w as o n the de cli ne .

O n the b anks of the Z ab betwe e n Mos ul a n d Arbel a

m
, ,

a spot re n dere d memor able by the n a l victory o f

Ale x a nder over D ari u s he m et an d e n co u ntered t e

hm
,

force s o f is a nt ago n i st H ere his tro ops were .

tot ally defe a ted O verw e lmed with sorrow an d dis

h h
.

gr a ce he W a ndered from the sc e n e o f c o nict a cr oss

hh
,

the E uphr ates c a s ti n g a m el a n choly look o n his

,

p al a c e of H arr an a nd dire cti n g his steps tow ards the

,

S y ri a n fro ntier Everywhere the deserted o narch,

s u ch is the l ot o f the u n fort un ate fo und the
.

m
,

g ates of is o w n cit ies closed a g ai nst i Fro .

hh
m
D am a sc u s e directed his ight thro u gh the v alleys

hh
o f P ale sti n e to the b orders of Egypt Abd al l ah .

p urs u ed the fu gitive tr a ck ing is ro u te by the b ur n

,

in gs a nd dev a st ati on s w hich he ad c o m itt ed to

ret ar d the progress of the e n e my Followed u p the .

m
N il e to A b o u sir e w a s s u rprised in on e o f the
.

h h
C hri sti an ch u rche s where e a d t ake n refuge with
a so lit ary atte nd a nt a nd bei ng tr an s x ed with a
,

l anc e e x pired on the spot W hile t e p u rsu ers

, .

g athered r o u n d to c on templ ate the spect a cle of falle n

,

gre at n ess a sl ave dis o u nted a nd p ut a nal perh aps

, ,

a welcome period to his

,
i sfortu nes by striking o ff
.
,

is he ad . The dyna sty of the O mmi ades o cc u pied

the thro ne e x actly eighty nin e ye ars tho u gh their -
,

power ay be tr a c ed in a s ubordi na te degree to the

c aliph ate of O m ar whe n M o aw iy a s u c c eeded to
the gover nm e nt of D a m a sc u s ,
Histori an s h ave .

rem arked with s urprise th at while they m a i nt ai n e d ,

their a sc e n d en cy u nder we ak an d dissol u te pri nc es ,

they sho ul d h a ve fo u nd their e x t inctio n in the reign

of a sovereig n alike m ag nanim o us in vi cto r y and
 m
m
h
38 2 ti es o r TH E C AL IP H S .

him to be priv a t e l y a ss a ssi na ted In the pilgrim age .

to Mec ca he a d appe ared with a riv alry of sple n

,

do ur th at faro u tsh on e his sovereign For the co n

.
.

v e y an c e o f his kitche n equ ip age a lo n e 2 00 c am els

-

h h
were n ec e ss ary Eve n o n ordi nar . y o cc a sio n s his
uni c e n c e w as ex t ra v a g an t Twelve h u ndred .

m ules or c am e ls were requ isite for his ho u sehold

b a gga ge ; he employed 000 c o oks an d the d aily 1 ,

c o n su mptio n o f his t able a mo unted to 3 000 c akes

1
,

0 0 0 sheep beside s o x e n po u ltry a nd other provi

, , ,

sio n s
. T e steed and the s ad dle which ad c ar r ied
an y o f his wives were i n st antly destroy ed and b u r nt ,

le St they sho uld be a fterw a rd u sed by a n i ndivid ua l

o f the other s e x
N o w arrior
.

h
w a s m ore prodig al o f life and s u ch

w as the ster n fero city o f his temper th a t he w as ,

h
n e ver see n to sm ile e x cept o n the d ay of b attle ,
'

a nd a mid the horrors of blood and sl au ghter

. He .

c o u ld bo ast with ple a s u re , p erh aps with tru th th at

'

he ad destroye d of his e n e mies e x cl u siv e ,

o f those who perished o n the eld ; Hi s eve ntfu l

story a s we l e ar n from Price
,
as be e n wro u ght
_ ,

i nto a very i nterestin g rom an c e e ntitled the Ab u ,

Mosle m N am eh well k n ow n in th e E ast and in

, ,

which a mid a tiss u e of e x tr av ag ant adv e nture,

,

m any su rprisi ng facts h ave do ubtle ss bee n i nte r

w ove n .
 E
EE
C ON QU ST o r A FR ICA A ND S P A IN . 3 83

E
h
E
E h
CHAPTE R

h
hm
h
X
'

h h
E
h
E
A F R IC A A ND S PAIN
C O NQ U OF

h
ST

h
.

R e ne w al of t e W rin A fr icaVictor i s o f Akb a Fou n ding

a e

h h
of C i r o nR o lt of t A frican R e d u ction of C rt ag e

m
a a ev e s a
De fe at of t e S arac n b y t e M o rsS cce of Musa

m

e s o u ss

hh h
l i f t G r k n d n l S b j ti n f A fri I

h
xp s un o e o e a u u g a o e
ca n s a o

v asi on of S p in b y T an k De fe a t o f t e G o t sR ap id Con
a
q e sts of t M o le S u rre nd e rof C or

m
d o a S e il le and

m
u e s s v v

T ole d oR d u tion o f t e C o ntr

m
, ,

e y s far as t e B a y of
c u a

h h
B iscay R e cove r of S ill D n t i t L d Pr

h
y e v e e sce n o a n g u e o c e

h
-

h
r ti f t S r t b d r R e call and Dis

m
n n o u u

p a a o s o e a a ce s s e u o pe
r f M A r b i S l r i S i P rog re ss of t e

tt

h
e o n e e s n n

h
g ac u sa a a p a
S ar a ce ns in Fr anc e De fe a t o f ud e s Victo r y b y C ar le s
'

M ar t el a t T o u r s x p ulsi on o f t e S a r a c e ns f o Fr anc e r

m h
a st S i

h
h
S u cce ss of t e M osle s in t e e g e s o f C o nsta nti

m
no

p le R e p u ls e o f t e ra b s ~
A
T e ir C on q u e sts b e y ond t e
O x u sS ur ca nd l nv asion of I ndia x te nt
.

re n d e ro f S a
. ar

of t e M o a e d an p ir e

h
.

UNW IL L IN G to ble n d the forei gn c o n qu ests of the .

S a r a c e n s w it t e ir civil di sse n sio n s or c o nn e ct

,

their ilitar y e X p lo its with the history of i n dividu al

'

'

c aliphs we h ave p u rpo sely left u nn otic ed the pro

,

gress o f their arm s abro ad a fter the de ath o f O t

an . D o w n to th at period the Ar a bs ad appl ied
themselve s solely to the e x te n sio n o f their do i nio n s
'

h
W ith the a cc e s

h
and the prop a g a tio n of their cre ed .

sio n of Al i spr ang tho se c al a mito u s schis s which

lighted u p the re s o f revolt in ev ery provi nc e o f

h h
their empire Yet s u ch were the e n ergies of this
.

s u rprisi ng people th at whil e Syri a Persi a and , .

, ,

Ar abi a w ere c o nv ul sed with rebellio n t e ircitie s '

,

l a i d in a she s and their rivers died wit m utu al

,

sl au ghter their armie s wer e e x te nd i ng the domi nion

,

of t e K or an, and spre ading their tri um p hs to t e

 Em h
m hh
3B4 C O NQ U rA FRIC A
'

ST o A ) N.
s PAI

remotest re gio n s o f the E a st a nd the W est W e n

h
.

the O mmi ades ad x ed them selves with heredit ary

order o n the thro n e an d c em e nted the irreg ul ar

h
,

fabric of the ir a u thority with t e best a nd holiest

blo od o f A r abi a the c amp aign s o f pl under and pros
,

e ly tis w ere re newed fresh squ adro n s is su ed from

m
t e Desert to tre a d in the footsteps and riv al the
glory of their prede ce ssors

In Afri c a the victorie s o f Abd all ah ad bee n at

h
te n ded with n o de cisive res u lt the troops re tur ned

h
with their spoil to Medi n a a nd it w as not till a fter -

a l a pse o f twe n ty ye a rs ( A D 64 8 668) th at the . .

crie s o f the O ppre ssed i nh abit ants rec alled them to

m
th at q u arter The Gre ek emperor w as n ot igno
.

r ant o f the tribu te which the Ar abs ad e x a cted

fr o is Afric an su bj e cts ; b u t i nste a d o f pityi ng ,

h
o rrelievi ng their distresses he i mpo sed by w ay o f
.

, ,

ne a se c on d t ax o f an eq u al a mo unt In the pro

h
, .

m
vo c ati on o f de sp air th ey abj ure d the r ,el igio n of the
R om an gover n me nt an d d e cl ared their prefere n c e
,

o f a Moha mm ed a n to a C hristi a n tyr a nny The .

c aliph M o aw iy a eq u ipped an e x peditio n o f

,

hh
,

e n c om m a n ded by B a sh ar a nd a n other ge n er al o f
,

hi s o w n n a me who pe n etr at ed as fara s t e territo r

, y
o f C ar th age took sever al import ant tow n s de fe ated
, ,

hh
a forc e o f G reeks an d c arri e d aw ay , .

c aptiv e s together with imm e n s e spoil

, .

B ut t e title o f c o nqu eror o f Afri c a m ore j u stly

belo ngs to A kb a the s u c c e edi ng li eu te nant ar
, id ,

O ne o f the gover n or s o f E gy p t H e le ft D a asc us .

a t the he ad o f a br a ve t o u g n o t nu m e r o u s arm y

a nd pu shed his vi ctorie s fari nto the i nterior O f his .

hh
Nu m idi a n c o n qu est we h ave n o c ert ai n a cc o u nt ;

h
for little credit i s d ue to the ori e nt al wri ters who ,

h ave peopled those regio n s w ith ctiti o u s m u ltitu des ,

a n d pl anted them with im agi n ary cit a dels and tow n s

t o the ex tr av a g a nt nu mber of 3 60 Tow ard s the .

se a co a st his progress w a s de ned by t e w e ll kn own -

c iti es of B uj i a a nd T an gier the l a tter o f whi c t e ,

3 86 C ON QU E ST o r A F R IC A AN D S PA IN

h
.

h
a g arriso n it b e c am e the c apit al of the provi n c e and
,

the re side n c e o f the govern ors In l ater a ge s it

h
.

i ncre a sed in we al th and pop ul atio n m a i nt a i n ed a ,

o urishi n g tr a de and w as c elebr ated for its st ately

m
,

b u ildi ngs an d its emi n e n c e a s a se at o f le a r n ing

h
.

W i t all his prec au ti o n s A kb a w as u n able to

m ai nt a i n hi s rec e nt c o nqu ests The crowds o f dis

h
.

c o nte nted G r eeks an d Moors th at ad bee n a t

h
hh
tr acted to his st an d ard p e r d io u sly threw o ff their
ckle all e gi an c e Thi s ge n er al de fectio n re c all ed
.

t e impet u o u s c o n q u eror from the shores o f the

m
Atl a nti c O f the m uti ny j u st re a dy to e x plode he
. ,

w a s a ppriz ed by an Ar ab chief who ad disp u te d ,

with i the c omm a nd ; and w as the n su fferi ng in

h
_

iro ns t e p u nishme nt o f hi s uns u cc e ssful a mbiti o n

h
m
.

The i n s u rge nts a d tr u sted to the d i sc o nte nt an d .

reve nge of the c aptive b u t he ge n ero u sly disd a i ned

thei ro ff er and pre ferred to die with his c o u ntr

h
m
, ym e n .

The rebellio u s m ul tit u de s u rro u nde d them in thei r

mm
c a mp an d left them no re so u rc e b u t th at o f a n o n
,

our ab le d e at In the ho u r o f d an ger A kb a u

h h
.
,

lo cked the priso n er s fetter s and a dvi sed him to

r etire b u t he c ose to pe r ish with hi s riv al The .

ardo u r o f fri e ndship reviv ed they un she athed their

sc im it ars broke their scab b ar
, d s and m a i nt a i ned with
,

the z e al o f m artyr s an obsti nate c omb at till they fell ,

h h
by e ach other s side a o n g t e l ast o f their slau g t

'

e red b and Zob e ir the third c o an d e ro f A fr ic a

.
, ,

reve n ge d o n the native s the fate o f his predec essor .

He v anqu ished the in m a ny b attles b u t his vi eto

-

r ie s w e r e n o t prod u ctive o f any solid c o nq u est ; a nd

in a ttempti ng to redu c e t e Greek d epe nde n c ie s o n
the se a c o a st he w as tot ally d efe ated by the power
,

ful a rm a me nt whi ch the Emper or J usti ni an II ad .

se nt to the relie f of C arth ag e A b d ol al e c o n his .

,

a c c essio n u ndertook the s u bj u g a ti o n o f the W est o n

,

a so u nder pl an a nd with far superior re so u rce s

,
.

The st andar d w a s i ntrusted to H a ss an g overnor of

'

,
Em c o nq u s s r o r A FR IC A
gypt ; while the reve nu e o f th at we althy pr ovin c e
A ND S PA IN . 7
38

m
with br ave Ar abs were devoted to th at i .

m
port a nt servic e .

Hithert o the scimit ar app e ar s to h ave bee n the

mmm
m a i n i mpleme nt in the w ars of the S ar a c e ns There .

w a s little ro om for m il it a ry t a ctic s o rthe t ale nts of

h
,

the e ngi neer s u ch as w e nd in the w arlike Oper a

,

tio ns o f the Greeks and R om an s To lie in amb u sh .

,

to s u rpri se by a s s au lt to i nvest a c ity by arm ie s

E
hh h
,

r ather th an by li n e s or w alls and p atie ntly to avv ,j ait

the e ffects o f disc o nte nt o rfam in e were the o nly ,

a rts which the Mo slem s ad employed in co n qu er

ing the st r

h
o ng holds o f their e n emi e s Bu t a o re

hh
-

h h
.

e x te nded i nterco urse with n atio n s better skilled th an

t e s e ly e s in t e mech an is o f w ar fare tau ght t e
the u se a nd adv a nt ag e s o f m ore powerful instiu e nts
th an the sword in co ndu cti ng regul a r sieges H as
- .

san c arri e d in hi s tr ain a nu mber of w a rlik e e ngi n e s

hh h
.

h
The i nterior o f t e c o untry a d b e e n ov e r run by is _

prede c e ssor ; b u t the Mediterr an e an c o a st still r e

h
m a i n ed in the h ands o f the Gre ek s C arth age t e .
,

pro u d c apit al o f A fric a ad bee n yet un ass ailed

, ,

and the nu mber o f its d efen ders w a s re cr u i ted by

h
t e fu g itiv e s from C abe s a nd Tripol i In t e ye a r
69 7

h
,

it w as redu c ed a nd pill a ged in sp ite o f t e su c

m
,

c o urs from J u st i ni a n I I and from g iz a the Got i c

.
, ,

ki n g of Sp ai n w o w as anx io u s to rep el t e ti d e of

h
,

S ar a c e n co nqu est before it sho uld ru sh erc ely o n

is o w n shore s .

B ut their triu mph w as so o n dist u rbed T e Chris .

h
ti an s u nder John the P atrici an a ge n er al of gr e at

h
, ,

e x p erie n c e and re no w n emb arked at Co nst a nti n o ple

h
,

for t e se at o f w ar The e x peditio n w as j oi ned by

.

the ships and soldiers of Sicily and a form id a ble r e,

info r ce c nt o f Goths from Sp a i n The co n feder ate .

'

a rmy appe ared o C arth a ge and bre aki n g t e ch ai n

,

th at gu arded the e ntr ance to the arbo u r they o f ,

fe cte d a l an di n g The citize n s a iled the e n signs

.

o f the C ro s s as the emblem s of victo r and delive r

y .
 E
h h
hh
ro r A FR IC A A N D
'

3 88 C O NQ U S
'

S PA IN .

an c e The Ar abs were c ompelled to ev a c u ate the

.

tow n and retire to their c amps in t e d esert ; b u t in

,

the c o urse o f t e foll o w i ng spri ng they e q uipped a .

ne w and m ore nu mero u s a rm a m e nt by se a a nd l a nd ,

w h en the C hristi a n p a trici a n in his t ur n w a s drive n

fro m t e c a pit al w ich w as n o w c o nsigned to the

h
,

a m e s In the vi ci nity of Utic a a se co nd b attle w as

.

fo ught : the Greeks and Goths were defea ted ; and

to s a ve themselve s from tot al e x termi na tio n they ,

set s ail for C o n st anti nople B u t their e x p u lsio n .

did no t l e a ve the A r abs e ntirely m asters of the c o un

h
try In the inl a nd p arts t e M o o r s o r Berber s a
'

h
.
, ,

na me an cie ntly appli ed t o all n a ti o n s e x c ept the

Greeks a nd nally r estricted to the i nh abit ants o f a
'

local district o n the n orthe r n c o a st o f Afric a m ai n ,

taine d a diso r derly resist an c e to the arms and the r e

lig ion of th e S a r a c e ns The fam e o f Ca ina whom .
,

they a ck n owledged for t eir qu ee n a nd eve n revered ,

a s a prophetess attr a cted the r ovi ng tribe s to her

st and ar

d He r e nthu si a sm i n spired them with u n io n

.

and e n ergy H a ss an g ave b attle ; b u t hi s veter an

h
.
.

b a nds were rep ul sed by the s u perior n u mbers of

the Moors A si ngle d ay lost the c o nqu e sts of an
.

ag e a nd the Moslem chi ef retired to the co n fine s o f

m
,

E gypt where he w a ited ve y e ars the e x pected

,

s u c c o urs o f the c ali ph .

W he n the i nv a der ad go ne C abi na assembled ,

her follo w ers and re co m me nded a m ode o f defe nc e

,

e x tr a ordi na ry in itself b u t n o t unusu al o rinco n ,

siste n t with the b ar b aro us po licy o f w anderi ng

h
O urci ties

hordes s aid she nd the gold an d

hh
.
, ,

s ilver which they c o nt ai n perpetually attr a ct the ,

a rm s o f the Ar abs These vile met als ar e no t the

'

obj ects o f o u ra b ition : we c o nte nt o ur s elve s with

the simple fr u its of the e arth L e t u s destroy those .

c itie s ; let u s b u ry in their r u in s t o se pern icio u s

tre as u res a nd whe n t e a v aric e of ou rfoe s sh all be
,

destit ute of tempt atio n perh aps t e y w ill c e a se to ,

d i st u rb the tr anq u illit y of a w arlike people The .
 mhhh
m
rCF A F RI C A
.

3 90 C CNQ I s A ND SP AIN .

m
c arried by the tre a chery o f the c o u nt imself w o ,

a b a ndo ned his rightful s overeign a nd m a de a te n der

o f his perso n a nd his s w ord to the Ar abi an le a der .

A des ultory w a ro f forty ye ars ad th u s su ice d

h
to drive the Gre eks fro m their Afric an possessio ns .

m
The native s were solem nly i nvited to re n o u n c e the

h
fa ith o f the C ross a nd a c c ept th at of Moh a m ed

h
, .

For a time they preferred to p u rcha se fr eedo of

'

h
c on scie n c e a nd religio u s worship by the p ay me nt of

h
a n a nnu al t ax By de g re e s t e irr
. e lu cta nc e w as
/

o vercom e their m i nds were tempted by the i nvisible

as well as the tempor al blessi ngs o f t e A r ab ian

prophet . They ad bu t to repe a t a se nt enc e and

s ub i t to the rite o f e x cisio n and the su bj ect or t e
,

h
sl ave the c aptive o rt e cr i in al were from th a t

, ,

m om e nt free ho no ured as c omp a ni o n s and i nve sted

, ,

h
with the prerog ative s o f c itize ns Moti ves o f in .

te r e st or c o nve nien c e m ight yield to seri o u s co n

v ic tio ns a nd a r a c e o f si n c ere pro selytes wo uld

h
,

spri ng up wit the risi ng ge ner a tio n S o r apid w a s .

the progress o f the K or an th a t i n less t h a n fty

ye ars a fter the c o nqu est e ffected by M u s a t e lie u ,

te na nt of the rst A bb a ssid ar i c aliph c o uld i nform

his m a ster th at the tribu te impos e d o n the M og r e b in

h
o rwe ster n in d e ls the n u nder his govern me nt
, ad ,

mh
tot ally c e as ed thro u gh their u nani mo u s ad optio n o f

m
the tr ue faith

h h
.

In their clim ate and gover n m e n t a s we ll as in ,

their diet a nd m ann ers the i nh ab it ants of Afric a

resembled the w a nderi ng Bedo u i ns of t e Deser

h
,

t;
it w a s there fore no d i icult e nterprise to a c c u stom
them t o believ e in the a po stle o f G o d and obey ,

the c o mm ander of t e fa ithful W ith t e religi o n .

they were pro u d to adopt the n am e and the l a n gu age

o f Ar abs . T e blo od of the str angers gr ad u ally
i ngled with th at of the v anqu ished n atives Thirty .

tho u s a nd o f the b arb a ri a n yo uth were e nlisted in

the b att al io ns o f W alid ; while colo nies of Ar abi an
e igra nts ab and o ning t e i ro w n co untr
, y , crossed
 E
hh mh C

a ppella tio n and

CN Q U ST

.
OF
'

th e N ile and sc attered their te nts over the s andy

pl ai ns of L iby a Thou gh a few of the Moori s
tribes still re t ai ned their pec u li ar i d iom with the
A F RI C A

ch ar acter of W hite Afri c an s yet

A ND SP AIN

,
.

,
39 1

h
s u ch as b ee n t e i n ue n c e of ti e a n d i nterc o urse

in softe ning down na tio nal disti n ctio n s th a t o n e a nd

h
,

the s a me people seem to h a ve di ffu sed themselve s

over the v a st regio n s betwee n the E u phr ate s and the
Atl a nt i c .

D u ri ng the fth c e nt ury Afric a ad bee n the

the a tr e of religio u s w ar The hostile fu ry o f Mo ors
.
,

V and als and D on atists ad overt urned 5 00 epis

,

c op al ch urches the people l an g uishe d witho u t dis

hh
The do ctri n es o f Cyp ri an and
"

c ipline or k n owle d ge .

A u gusti n e were no lo nger st u died ; Christi an ity

i tself driv en before the tide o f i nv a sio n n ally
, ,

ab an do n ed the so u ther n c o a sts o f the M e d ite r ra

h
n e an; the o nly l an d in which the light o f the Gospel

m
,

a fter a lo ng and perfect est ablis m e nt a s bee n to ,

h
t ally e x ti ng u i shed .

From A fric a the tr an sitio n to Sp ai n w as e a sy

h h
,

no r w a s it altogether un tried ; for the Mosle m s ,

u nder Abd all ah a d visited the shore s o f A nd al u si a

,

a s e ar

m
ly a s the t ime of O thm an Thi s c o u nt r y a fter .
,

w itn e ssing t e t r i umphs and be c omi ng trib ut a ry

,

h
to the power of the C arth a gi ni an s a nd R om ans in
s uc ce ssio n ad s ubm itted e ar
,
ly in the fth ce nt u ry , ,

to the g over nme nt of the G oths the m ost for id a ,

ble o f the norther n i nv aders B ut these impet uo u s

h
.

c o n qu erors no lo n ger re sembled t e erc e sol

h
diers o f Al aric who ad m arched victori o u s over
,

the wide dom i nio n s of the C es ars from the bord ers ,

W itho u t

h h
o f Sc andina vi a to tho se of the Atl antic
'

divesti ng them selve s of their primitive r u de ness ,

they ad adopted a ll the false re n e e nts o f the

v an qu is e d n atio u s a nd p a ssed by r a pid steps from
,

the e x treme of ig no r ance and poverty to th at o f

lux ur y and vic e .

A fte r t e dece as e o rde p o sitio n o f W itiz a is tw o ,

 h m

m
h
m
89 2 C oN Q U R s ror AF RI C A AND M AIN .

h
m
o
s ns were suppl anted by the a mb itio n and the in
tr ig u e s o f R oderick the l a st of his r ac e whose fa
, ,

ther ad b e e n a provi nci al gover n or But the ate

h
.

ri al s o f revolu ti on were l urki ng in the bosom of t e

c o untr y , a nd the sm allest sp ark w a s s u icie nt ta)

m
thro w them i nto c omb u stio n C o unt J uli a n by is .
,

r a sh i nvit at io n of a foreig n p ow erw as the i ndivid

h
,

u al th at re d the tr ai n .

The i n u e n c e o f this n oblem an r e nd e r

ed i a

h h hm
'

h
useful s u bj ec t or a for i d able e nemy His es t ate s .

were a mple ; hi s foll o w ers bo ld and nu e rous ; and

as gover nor of And al u si a and the o pposite p r ov i nc e
o f M au rit a ni a it w a s evide nt he held in his h and t e
, ,

key s of Sp a i n The alleged sed u ctio n of his d aug

. s

ter C av a by R oderic k m ade i a rebel and a trai

, , , .

t or to his ki ng To o feeble however to ve nt u r e

.
, ,

with hi s o w n re so urc es o n the e x ec ut io n of reve nge ,

h
e determi n ed to implore the a id o f t e S a r a ce ns ;
and cro ssi ng t e se a b e r ep aired to t e c a p of
,

M u s a In a perso n al i ntervie w with th at ge n er al

h
h
.
,

he reve aled the we ak n e ss and the we alth o f hi s

h
c ou ntry for in the abu nd a n ce of its gold and silver
.
,

Sp a i n w as t e Me x ic o a nd P er u o f antiqu ity .

Before emb arki ng in this ne w c o nqu est M u s a se nt ,

to obt ai n the permissio n o f W alid The answe ro f .

the c aliph w as favo u r able ; b u t it implied t at t e

scie nc e of ge ogr aphy ad b ee n little stu di ed at t e
c o urt o f D am a sc us H e c au tio ned him no t to ve n
.
,
.

t ur

h
e r a shly with the Moslem s o n the na viga tio n of a
perilo us oc e a n ; and directed him to m ake an i ncu r .

h
sio n i nto the c ou ntry th at he might pre vio u sly as
,

c ert ai n its a ctu al st ate The l ie u te nant in repl y

.
, ,

g ave the emperor of the faithful to und erst and , th at

h
the se a bet w e e n Afric a and Sp a i n w as n ot a tre
'

,
. a

m e ndo n s o c e an b ut merely a narrow str ait (S abt a )

,

which the eye c o u ld re a ch a cro ss ; in c omplianc e ,

wit his i nstr u ctio ns however , he r esolve d to m ake

,

a previo u s tri al o f this u nk n o w n regi o n A t once .

to prov e the sin cerit y o f J ul ian a nd ob ey t e cau ,

 h
E
h m
m
3 94 C CN Q U sI o
'
r AF RICA A ND S PA IN

h
.

hh hm
the Ar abs g ave t e Gothic m o narch saw himself at ,

the h ead o f or en a formid abl e ,

-

power ad their delity and d iscip line b e e n e qu al to

,

h
their n u mbers T ari k o n le arni ng the s upe r i or
ity

m
,
. .

o f the e nemy a pplied fora s sist an c e to M u s a w o

, ,

w a s actively employed in c oll e cti n g troops a nd pre

p a ri ng tr an sport s A rei n force me nt w as i nst antly
.

desp a tched ; and a body of M o sle s und e r

m m
'

the c o ndu ct of J ul ia n w o u n de r to ok to g uid e them

hh
,

thro u g the p a sses o f t e h ill s an d ga ther i n for a

tio n ad v a n ced to t e n eighbo ur
, hoo d o f C ad iz e ag e r ,

for pill age and a nx io u s to try t e m et al of thei r

,

sc imit ars a ga i n st the t e rr ibl e s ub ver te r

m
s of the
W estern E mpire .

'

R oderick a dv an c e d to m e et t e fo e and t e tw o .
,- ,

h
c amps were div ide d by the s all stre a m of the G ua
d elete The sc e ne of the m em or able b attl e th at de

h
.

t e r ine d the fate o f Sp a i n is ge n er ally u n derstood

in E urope to h ave be e n n e ar the tow n of X e r es ;
tho u gh the Ar abs i f the ir ge ogr a phy can b e tr us ted
, ,

pla c e it at Medina S ido n i a s outh fro C a di z For

h h
.
,

seve n d ays from S un da y till S u n da y t e Goth s a nd

h
mm
, ,

t e S ar a c e ns e n co u ntered e a ch oth er s st r

h
e ngth in

h hh h
skirm ishe s and si n gle co b a ts B ut the i nflu e nc e .

o f J u li an a nd the disco nte n t o f the C hristi an chi e fs,

,

were secretly Spre adi n g the le ave n o f d efe cti on

am o ng the r ank s o f R oderick T e two so ns o f .

W itiz a w o c om m an ded t e right and le ft wing s Of

,

t e Gothic army a d in the O p e o f r eg a i n i ng t e i r

h
, ,

h h
father s thro n e stip ul ated with Tar ik previ ously to

, ,

the en ga gem e nt to desert the u surper in t e m idst

,

h
o f the b a ttle o n co n diti o n th a t the Ar ab i an g e n er al
, ,

i f victorio u s sho ul d sec ure to the the ir p atr

, i oT
ni a l i nherit ance in Sp a i n a mo un ti ng to 3 00 0 valua .

ble farms or m an ors The l atte rd id no t e sit at e to . .

ac cept t e ir propos al an d o nly w aite d an O p port unity ,

to t u r n their d efectio n t o the best acc o unt

t w as n o t till the eighth d ay (ab out t e 2
.
g

I 5t o f
Jul y ) th at the two armie s j oi ne d in the de adly and
 Ehhm
m
CO N QU S T 0 F A RR ICA A N D S P AI N . 3 95

dec is ive co nict R oderick who ad brou ght w ith

.
,

him to the eld a sple ndid reti nu e o f w ago ns con

h h
ta i ning his tre as u res w a s d resse d or r a ther c u
, ,

b ere d with a owi ng r obe o f gold a nd silke n e

,

b roide ry ; a di ad e m of brilli ant pe a rls a dorn ed is

h
he a d ove r which w as e xp an d e d a c anopy set with
,

r ubies a nd emer al ds ; a nd hi s thro n e a litter or ,

c o ac o f ivo r y o n which he recli n ed w as o e b e ,

t we e n tw o white m ules In this eq u ip a ge u ch

m
.
,

m ore s u ite d to the l ux ury of an Asi atic c o u rt th an a

c a mp a ign he appe ared before his troops and ar
, ,

a ng u e d them o n the import an ce of the obj e cts for

h
which th ey we r e c o nte ndi n g T ar ik s u st a i ne d the .

v alo u r o f his fa i nti ng co mp a n io ns by appe ali n g to .

the rec olle ct io n o f their form er e x ploits My

h
.

frie nds c o nti nu ed he in the brief b u t to u chi ng elo

h
, ,

q u e nc e o f his c o u ntry the e n emy i s be fore y ou

, ,

the se a i s behi nd ! W hit er wo u ld y ou y ? Fo l

'

h
low yo u r ge n er al ! I a resolved either to los e my

hh
life o rtr ample o n the pro st r ate ki n g of the Goths !
,

B oth side s m a i nt a i n ed t e bloody comb a t with

the ir cha r a cteri stic fury ; until t e well timed de -

s ert io n o f O pp as a rchbishop o f Tol edo an d the two

, ,

pri nc e s hi s n eph ews t u r n ed t e tide o f b attl e in fa

,

v o u r o f the i n v a ders The two wi ngs a d give n

'

w ay y e t fo r a while R oderick m ai nt a i n ed is gro un d

h
,

with the ce ntr e v ainly en de a vo u ri n g t o rec all is

h
m
,

dispers ed and terried squ a dro n s His o w n c o u r age

h h
.

a t l ength forsook him he st arted from hi s g au dy

p al anqu i n m o u nted O reli a the e e te st o f hi s steeds
, , ,

a nd like the rest o f hi s n obles c o ns ul ted his pe r

, ,

s o nal s a fety a mid t e ge n er al disorder

hh h
.

The ge ni u s o f Sp a i n a s c o ntrived to throw a veil

o f rom a n c e over t e fat e of R oderick a fter is de
'

p art ure from the pl a i n o f X eres S om e ridic ulo u sly .

a ssert th at he e sc aped a nd to ok re fu g e in a hermit s

c ell ; a nd C erv ante s in hi s i nimit able ctio n o f the

,

c hiv a lro u s Q u i x ote ; as c a st i alive i nto a tub

full o f serpe nts, which ar e m ade to i nict o n is
 h
h
m
3 98 cox q u s s
-
r o rA F RIC A A ND S P A IN .

h
b ody the pec uli ar pe nan c e which is crime s d e ,

m
served The Ar abi an writers tell wh at i s prob ably ,

m
.

the tr uth th at tho ugh he ed e o nly avoided a sol

, ,

dier s d e ath to perish m o r

e ign obly in the w aters o f
the B r e tis (o rG u ad alq uive r ) The Mosl ems fo und
-

his di adem a nd robes c a st o n the b ank and is

horse be ari ng a s addle c overed w ith gold a nd r
,
u
bies pl un gi ng in the u d where o ne o f his boots
, ,

w as a lso disc overed sticki ng ; le avi n g no do ubt as to

the fa te o f the v a n q uished pri n ce an e nd as a ,

h
v ali ant histori an o f the Ar abs rem arks worthy o f ,

h

those ki ngs who withdr a w fro the eld of b attle .

As the body w a s lost in the stre a m some n e w er ,

h
he a d m u st h ave be e n e x po sed in tri u p h at D a m as
cus to gr ati fy the pride and ignor a nc e of the c aliph

h
.

h
Thi s vi ctory t e S ar a ce n s pu rch ased at the e x
pe nse of live s The eld w as strew n with
. .

t e ir s l a i n ; yet the G oths s uffered m ore severely :

A p urs uit o f thre e d ays s c attered o rdestroyed t e

rem a i ns of thei ra rmy ; their chie fs and n obles w o

h
ad fal le n were d isti n gu ishe d by t e ri ngs o f gold

h
o n their ngers ; those o f i n ferior c o n ditio n by
tri nk ets o f silver ; a nd the sl ave s by simil ar orna

h
m e nts of b r a ss .

The n ew s o f T ar ik s s u c ce ss and the spoils th a t

,

a cc omp a n ied it w ere n o so o n er c o nveye d a cross t e

,

str a it s t an crowds o f adve nt urers ocked to him

hh
m
from all q uarters p a ssi ng the n arro w s ea in every
,

bo at or b a rk they c o uld nd The sight o f this fres .

_

i nv a sio n obliged the frighte ned Sp a ni ards to qu it t e

c o ast a n d the pl a i n c o u ntry and b etake them selves

h
,

h
to their mo u nt a i ns and fortre sses The c o nq u eror .
,

by the a dvi ce of J uli an who ad n o w pl unged too

h
,

de eply i nto gu il t to e x pect reco ncili at io n a dopted ,

m e as ure s to seize the c apit al Toledo witho ut del ay ,

an d s u bd u e the e ntire c o u ntry befo r

, ,

.
e t e distr acted ,

i nh abit ants ad tim e to ele ct a n e w sove r ei g n .

Det a chme nts wer e de sp atched to redu ce t e most

i po r tan t o f t e p r o vincial to w ns A bod y o f 7

00 .
3 98

h
Eh
CON QU S T OF A

Directi ng his steps throu gh the Sierr a More na

th at divide s An d al usi a from C a stile the S a r a c e n
ge n eral ap p e ar e d w it
r
nicA

his victorio u s b an d u nder the

'

w alls of Toledo The C atholic p art o f the i nh abit

AND S

,
P A IN .

h
.

a nts ad ed to a depe n de nt tow n beyo n d the mo u n

t ai ns c a rryi n g with them the relics of their s ai n ts
, .

The Jews a nd others th at rem ai ned were gl ad to

s u rre nder on a fair and re aso n able c apitul at io n

h
.

The volu nt ary e x iles were permitted to dep a rt with

their e ffects The C risti ans w ere allowe d sev e n

h
.

ch u rches for the u se of their worship ; the arch

bishop and his cler g y the mo nks and the m a gis ,

tr ates were left fre e to e x ercise their re spective

,

fu n cti o ns The Hebrews w o were received and

.
,

tr u sted by the c o nqu erors in prefere n c e to the

C hristi an s and to w o se secret or O pe n aid T a rik
,

w as deeply i n debted for his s u cce ss were tre a ted

m
,

with ki ndn ess a nd generosity N orwere they u n .

gr atefu l to the restorers o f their politic al libertie s ;

for the frie n dship betwee n the disciple s o f Moses
and Moh a mmed w as m ain t a i n ed till the n al e r
'

a of
their c ommo n e x pu lsio n Am o n g the v al uable
pl un de ro f Toledo are e nu mer ated 7 1

h
.

0 cr ow n s

h
forme d of pe arls rubie s an d other pr e ciou s sto n e s

hh
, , .

It is al so rel ated th at there w as a gallery o r h all

,

ful l of gold and silv er ves sels so l arge as to a e com

h h
,

o d ate a body o f horseme n in their dive r sio n o f

t r owi ng the spe ar

h h
.

From the Gothic m etropolis T arik p u rsu i ng t e , ,

fu gitives spre a d his c on qu ests to t e nor

, t ove rt e .

h
re alms o f C a stile a n d L eo n P a ssi ng the Astu ri an .

h h
m o unt ai n s e bo un ded his victories by t e m aritim e
,

town of Gij o n ; and westw ard by the city o f A stor

'

ga ,
.

W ith the spee d of a tr aveller he ad e x t e nded is

m arch 7
,

00 mil es from the R ock o f Gibralt a r to t e

,

B ay o f Bisc ay ; a nd in the c ou rse of a few m onth s

'

1c ountry w ich in a m or e savag e and dis

, ,

redu ced 2
e sisted for 2
,
,

orderly st ate , ad r 00 y e ar s t e arms

o f the R om an s .
 CO N QU Eh
ST o rA FR IC A
The r apid co nqu ests of his l ie u tenant ad at rst
g a i n ed the a ppl au se of Mu s a ; b u t his i ncre a si ng
A ND S P A IN . 3 99

h
re no w n cre ated a Spirit of e n vy Je alo u s of his o w n .

fa me he bega n to apprehend th at T arik wo uld le ave

,

him n othi ng to s ubdu e C ommitti ng the Moorish .

provi nces to the c are of his eldest so n Abdall ah he

h
, ,

c rossed over to Sp a in at the he ad of Ar ab s

m
a nd 800 0 Afri c an s Sevill e ad throw n o ff its al le
.

g ianc e to the Moslems ; b u t a fter a siege o f som e ,

mo nths it su rre ndered to Mu s a He n c e he p asse d

, .

o n to Me rid a a stro n g city formerly the se at of the

, ,

W e n the Ar ab chief

m
L u sit ani an gover nme nt .

b eheld the a qu edu cts the atres temples and other

h
, , ,

works o f R om an m a gn ice n ce I sho uld im agi n e , ,

s a id he th a t the hum an r a c e m u st h ave unite d

,

their ar t and power in the fo u nding of this city .

H appy is the an who sh all bec ome its m a ster \
.

The i nh abit ants rep ulsed the i nv aders with deter

mi ned br avery Disda i ni n g t e c o n n eme n t of their
.

m
w alls they s all i ed fe rth and gav e b attle o n the pl ai n ;
,

b ut their ret u rn w a s i ntercepted and their temerity

h hh
,

c h a stised by an ambu sc a de The besiegers roll e d

their woode n t urret forw ard to the foot of the r

a
p art ; b ut the citize n s ass a iled them so fu riou sly , ,

th at they we re compelled to retire an d the Tower

o f the Ma rtyrs lo ng c ommemor ated the fall o f those

h
,

who ad bee n sl au ghtered in this m achi n e

'
.

A n artic e o f M u s a is s a id to h ave h a ste n ed the

terms o f c apitul atio n At is rst i nterview w ith

h
.

the depu tie s of the pl ace his h a ir and e ar d were ,

undressed and white as wool

, N e x t d ay they were .

s urpri sed to nd is be ard red ; and on the third

still more asto nis e d to n d it of a bl a ck colo ur

h
.

Bei ng tot ally unacqu a i nte d with the Ar abi an c u sto

o f st ai ni ng the h air t e y represe nted to their fellow
,

to w nsme n the hopeless ness o f res isti ng a g e ne r al

who w as a prophet who co uld ch ange his appe ar,

a nce at ple a s u re and eve n tr ansform himself from

,

ag e to yo uth The c ondition s were accepted ; t e

.
h
E 4 00 c o NQ U s r o rA F R IC A
i nh abit ants s aved their o w n properties b ut con
~
AND S P AIN .

m
,

se nted th a t the e ffects of the fu gitives and the sl ain ,

m h
wit all the riche s and ornam e nts o f their churche s,

m
sho uld be delivered u p to the S a r a ce n s

m h
.

M us a a dv anc ed to w ards Toledo ; b u t T arik in

formed of his appro a ch and a w ar e of his i nte ntio ns,

h
we n t forth with a reti nu e of his chiefs to rec eive

h
"

him ; a nd the two c o nqu erors met n e ar T al aver a

h h
.

Their rst s al u t atio n w as c old a nd form al Proce ed /

.

ing to the ca pi tal they e ntered together t e p al a ce

m
,

o f the G othi c ki ngs M u s a e x a cted a rigid a c co unt

m
m
.

o f the booty and p u blic tre a s u re s in is h an d s He .

eve n c arried is ani o sity so fari f we ay believe ,

Ga rd o nne as to stri ke i with his whip to lo a d

m
, ,

i w ith abu se a nd eve n with ch a i n s : all of whi ch

,
-

h
i ndign ities the p atie nt hero bore ; so p u re w a s the
z e al and so high the se n se of di scipli n e and s ubor

h
'

d inatio n in the Ar abi an a rmies The me r it and

hh
.

robity o f T arik appe ar to h ave c o nvi nced him t a t

pis susp icio u s and his rese ntme nt were al ike u nj us t

h h h
.

He ga ve him the h a nd o f frie ndsh ip an d restored

i to th e c o m an d of the v an .
I

Fro T oledo t e Moslem s c o nti nu e d their v icto

r io ns ar n or t w ar d S ar a goss a w as redu c ed

hh
.
,

a nd a mosq u e erected by the lib er al ity o f the K 0

r eis .The port of B arc elo na w as O pe ned tO t e

ve sse ls o f Sy r
'
i a The w ole provi nce s as faras
.

the o ce an a nd the Pyre nee s s ubmitted with ou t r e

sistance ; s u ch w as the al a rm which the S a r a c e n
na m e a d i n spired The Goths were ch ased beyo n d
.

the mo unt ai ns i nto the territor y of L angu e d o c and

hh
a c ol u m n or st at u e er e cted by M u s a a t C ar
,
ca ssone ,
m arked the limi t o f is p r ogr e ss in N ar b onne se

h
G aul In the chu rch o f St M ar
. y at this l atter pl a c e
.
, ,

were seve n eq uestri an st at u es o f m a ssy si lver -

which the c o nqu eror prob ably c arried o ff as the rst

trop i e s he ad w o n o n the soil of Fr an c e T arik .
,

a fter t aki ng the city o f N arbo nn e and o ne ortw o

obsc u re fortresses m arched o nw ards as far , as t e

 mE
40

h
2 CON QU ST o rA FR ICA A ND S P A IN .

m h
h
The se d ari ng proj ects however e x tr av agant

,
.

they ay a ppe ar a dmitt e d o f e asy e x ec u tio n and

, ,

m ight perh aps h ave bee n re alized ad no t the ,

s chem e by som e ch ann el bee n c omm u nic ated in an

, ,

u n favo ur able li ght to the c aliph who w as gre atl

y

h h
,

te r ried a t t e risk his for ces wo uld i n c u r in s u ch .

a n e nterprise and desp a tch ed a n e nvoy to re c all

,

M u s a a nd in c a se of his refus a l to bri ng the Mo slem s

,

b a ck himself The a dve nt u ro u s hero w as e ngage d

'

in s u b d u i n g the G alici an s , and so int e nt w a s he o n ~

this i nv asio n, th at he bribe d t e fo r be ar an c e o f t e

e sse nger by offeri ng him h alf o f his own sh are o f
,

the spoils Thi s del ay W as followed by a h arsher

.

and m ore peremptory s u mmo n s A seco n d e nvoy .

from Syri a e nter ed the c amp of M us a at L u go and ,

a rrested the bridle o f hi s ho r se in prese n c e o f the

"

whole army Hi s o w n loy alty or th at of is troops

.
, ,

h
s u ggested the du ty of i n st ant c ompli anc e L e aving .

his two gover n me nts in the h a nds of his two son s ,

Abdall a h and Abde l a zi z he set o ut for D am as c u s to
a1 1
, ,

w e rin prese nc e o f the c aliph no t o nly for di s ,

obe d ie n c e o f orde r s b ut for his pro ceedi ng s in reg ard

,

m
to T arik whose frie nds ad co nveyed to the roy al
,

e ara tr u e st ateme nt of the se r vices and wro ngs o f

th at disting u ished chief M u s a and his i nj ured riv a l .

left C air o an together prec eded by a v ast bo oty , ,

which displ ay ed in lo ng tri umph the spoils of Afric a .

an d Sp a i n Fo ur hu ndred o f their n obles with

.
,

golde n c oro nets a nd girdles atte nded his tr ai n b e

h
,

h
s ides fem al e c aptives select e d for their birth ,

hh h
o rtheir be a u ty .

O n re a chi ng E g ypt he Was i nform ed o f the d ana

gero ns ill ness of W ali d by a priv ate m ess age from ,

S olim an the pres u p tive heir who requ ested him

, ,

to alt wishi ng to rese r ve for i m self so sple ndid a

'

p rize M u s a proceeded ; b u t o n arrivi ng a t D a m a sc u s

.

e fo u nd an e n emy o n the thro n e In his tri al .

b efore a p arti al tr ib u nd he w a s c o nvicte d o f a v arice ,

a nd fd se o o d , a nd a merc ed for is r ap a cio us e x ac

 E
h
m
CoN Q o ST OF . A F R ICA A ND SP A IN . 4 03

m h
tio n s in a ne o f piec e s o f gold H is acc u a .

s ers ch arged him w ith co n c e ali ng a j e wel more

val u able th an a ny th a t ad bee n s ee n si n c e the c o n

h
q u est o f Persi a The j u stic e o f T ar
. ik s c au se w a s

a ck n owle d ged an d hi s unworthy tre atme nt e r np ly

hh
,

revenged

h
.

Amo ng the c oiite st e d s p oils w as t e c elebr ated

'

T able s a id to h ave belo n ged to S olomon and brou ght ,

fro J er u s al em to R ome where it w a s fo un d by t e

h
,

G oths whe n they s a cke d and b ur n t th at an cie n t

c apit al. W h a tever ay h ave bee n its or ig in w e t e r ,

a J ewi sh o ra C r i sti an relic (for the l atter were in

m
the c u stom o f bequ e a thi ng s u ch v al uable property

h
to their churche s ) its richness and workm an ship
,

ar e hig l y e x tolled The fabric w a s o f pu re g old

.
,

o thers say o n e so lid pie ce o f g r ee n j a spe r set w ith

hh
,

the m ost precio u s r ubie s and emer ald s Its feet , .

c omposed o f the s a m e m ateri als ar e r e po rt e d to ,

h ave am o u nted to 3 65 in nu mber T i s fa mo us .

hh h
trophy w as fo un d in the p al ac e orc athedr al of To
ledo whe n it su r r e n dered to T ar i k, and co n stitu ted
o ne o f the c h arge s bro u ght by i again st Mu s a ,

h
who cl a imed it for him self an d de n ied it ad ever ,

b ee n in the possessio n of his riv al B u t this a sser .

m m
tio n w as disproved o n the spot for the wil y T arik

ad t a ke n the p r_
ec au tio n to bre ak off o ne o f the

m
legs which he n o w pr odu ce d from un der is dres s
, ,

and c o n vi nc ed t e c o u rt th at the Sple n di d booty ad

m
be e n rst in his h ands N e w i ndign itie s were .

he aped o n the de gr aded comm ander After a p ublic .

hh
whipp ing he w as compelled to s t and a whole d ay in

h h
,

the su n be fore the gate of the Caliph So u tterly .

w as he red u c e d by he a vy e x actio n s th a t o n bei ng ,

rele a sed from priso n he w a s led abo u t l ik e a n othe r

Belis a ri u s a s a c o m o n b eggar to solicit fro

, ,

b lic c a rity t e sc an ty m e an s o f s u bsi ste n c e

ppor w as t e rese ntme nt of S olim an appe a sed by t e
.

r uin o f the father : his ve nge ance de ande d t e

e x ti rp atio n o f the w hole fa i ly A se ntence of

.
 E
E
mh
h
m
404 rorAFR ICA A N D PA IN
'

'
C ON Q U
'
s S .

de ath w a s de sp at ch e d with secrec y ; and the tw o

govern ors o f Afric a and S pa in were its victim s ,

.

A b d o laz iz who ad m arried

, gilo n a , the h au ghty
w ido w of R oderick w as sl a i n in the mos qu e o r
, p alace
o f C ord o v a By a r e ne
. e nt o f cr u elty t e he ad
i

w as b r o u ght to Mec c a where M u s a li n gered in ,

wretched n ess an d e x ile ; K n o w ye the fe atu res o f

a r

ebel i s aid the t au nti n g e s se nger of the c aliph .

I kn ow my so n s aid the a ged chief with ind ig
,

n atio n I a ssert his inn oce n c e and I imprec ate a

j u ster fate ag ai n s t the au thors o f hi s de ath This .

tr u ly gre at a n d s u c c essful c omm an der e x pired o f

grief an d absol u te w an t at hi s n ative pl ac e in Hej az
(A H His fate reects di sgr a c e o n his u n

m
. .
~

gr ate ful sovereign tho u gh it might serve to C o n

,

vi n c e the a sto nished aux ili a ries o f the Ar abi an

ar mie s in the W e st th at service s howeve r merito

h
,

rio ns or crim es however sc an dalou s c o u ld n e v er

h h
, ,

e sc ape the pote nt j uri sdiction o f the c aliph

h
.

The Sp anish revol utio n so speedily e ffected w as , ,

m arked by the ch ar a cteristi c b arb arity o f the i

v a ders The lice ntio u s soldie r
. y pill a ged the town s ,

profan ed the chu rches a nd desol ated the c o un try ; ,

while the ise r ie s o f _t e v an qu is e d as a n a tiv e

~

histori an as rem arked a ppe ared to c o n stit ute the ,

h appi n ess o f the victorio u s ge n er al The dis ciples .

o f the Kor an a v ailed themse lve s fully o f its liber al

pri n ciple s in s atisfyi ng their p a ssio ns of av a ric e and
v ol uptu o u s n ess ; n o rcan their m oder atio n be m u ch

m h
a p pl au ded eve n whe n c o nt r a sted w ith the i nv asio n

o f th at pe n i n su l a by the Goths , orIts rec overy fr om

h
the M o slem yoke by Ferdi nan d o f C astile .

Sp ai n , like other c o n qu ered c o u ntr ie s gr adu ally ,

l ost its natio nality , be c a m e reco n ciled to the yoke ,

and a ssimil a ted to t e h abits o f its victors The .

ti nctu re of Gothic R om an and P u nic blood which

, ,

it ad s u cc essively imbibed in a few ge n era t io n s ,

d i sappe ared in the na me a n d m anners o f the Ar abs .

A nu e i ou s t r ain o f C ivil and m ilit a r y foll owe r

s

a
E
hm
4 06

h h
CO N QU ST OF

dding to the faith o f the Kor an wh atever yet r

A FR ICA

m a i ned u n s ubdu ed of Fr an ce or o f E urope H avi ng

s uppressed the domestic i n s u rre ction of M unu z a a
Moorish chief who ad a c cepted the allian c e and
e
A ND SP A IN
.

m
,

t e d au ghter of E u des Ab d alr a an at the he a d

, ,

o f a formid able host tr averse d the Pyre n ee s , and

,

h aste ned w itho u t del ay to the p a ss ag e o f the R ho n e

and the siege of A r ie s The C hristi an s attempted

h
.

the relief of the city ; b ut they were ro uted with

se vere loss M any tho u s ands of their de ad bodie s
.

were c arried dow n the stre am to the Medit er r an e an ;

h
and the tomb s of their le ader s were sti ll visible in the
thirtee nth c e ntiir y .

W estw ard the progr e ss of Ab d alr a an w as n o t

h
,

less s u c cessful He p assed withou t oppositio n the

.
, ,

G aro nne and the D ar d o gne ; b u t he fo u n d beyo nd

the se rivers the i ntrepid E u des who ad form ed a ,

sec o nd army A fter a bold resist an c e the duke

.

tain e d an other defe at so very fat al to the Christi ans

,

th at a cc ordi ng to the c on fessio n o f Isid or

, e b is 0 p ,

o f B ad aj os G od alo n e C o uld r
,

m
, ecko n the nu mber o f
the sl ai n From B orde aux the impetu o u s S ar a c e n s

h
.

overr an the provi n ce s of Aqu it a i n e whose G alli c ,

n am es ar e disg u ised r ather th an l ost in the m odern

a ppell atio n s o f P erigord S a into nge and P o ictou

h
, , .

To u rs an d S e n s w ere c ompelled to O pen their gate s

m h
to the co n qu eror while det a chme nts of his troops
,

overspre a d the k i ngdom of B urgundy as faras t e

cities of L y o n s and B e Sango n '
.

Everywhere the tr ack of the inv aders w as m ark e d

with re and sword ; for A b d alr a an sp ared n eithe r
the c o un try no rthe i n abit an ts The mem ory o f .

these dev a st atio n s (to u se the r apid and glow ing n ar

r ativ e o f Gibbo n) w a s lo ng preserved by tr a ditio n ;
and the i n v a sio n o f Fr an c e by the Moors o rMoh am
e d ans affords the gro un dwork of those fables ,

whi ch h ave b ee n so wildly disgu red in the rom a nces

o f chiv al ry and so eleg antly a dorn ed by the It al i a n
,

m u se In the dec li ne o f society and ar

.
t the desert e d
c
CON QU Eh ST

itie s cou ld afford b ut a slender booty to the Moslem s

their riche st Spoil w as fo un d in the chu rche s and
m o na st eries which they stri pped o f their orname nts ,
OF A FR IC A A ND SP A IN . 40 7

h
,

a nd d e livered to the ames .

A victoriou s li n e o f m arch ad be en prolo nged

a bove 1
0 00 miles from the R ock O f Gibr alt ar to the

m
,

b anks o f the L oire The r epetitio n o f a n equ al

h
.

S p a c e wo u ld h ave c arried the S ar a c e n s to the c o n

m
nes o f Pol and an d t e Highl an ds o f S cotl and The .

R hi ne is not more imp as sable th an the N ile o rthe

E uphr

E
ates and the Ar abi an eet might h ave s ailed
,

witho u t a n av al c omb at i nto the mou th of the

h
m
T h a mes T e seve n S ax o n ki ngdom s o f Brit ai n,
.

tor n by w ars and fa ctio n s m u st h ave prese nted b u t

h
,

a feeble b arrier to the E a ster n i nv aders whos e

h
,

h ardy fr a e s seem ed equ ally ad apted to all clime s

a nd all c ou ntries The Hept archy whi ch the vie
.
,
.

tor

m
io us a rm s an d j u dicio u s policy o f Egbert ad
u n ited might h ave p a ssed i nto the h ands of a vice
,

roy fr o m the co u rt o f B agd a d P er h aps t e inter .

pr e tatio n o f the Kor an might h ave b eco e t e

m
\

s chol a stic divi n ity in the h all s of O x ford and E din

h
s

EE
b urgh O urc a thedr als might h av e b e e n supplante d
.
r

b y the gorgeo u s m osqu e ; and o urpu lpits e ploye d

in dem o n str ati n g to a circ u m cised pe ople the t r uth
O f the a postle ship an d revel atio n s of M oh a m ed .

S uch w a s the desti ny th at seemed to inip e nd over all

u rope from the B al tic to the C ycl ade s whe n t e

m
m
, ,

s t an d ard o f Isl a m o ated over the w all s of To ur s ii

i

m
.

m
From these prob able c al amitie s w a s Christe ndo

m h
delivered by the ge ni u s and fortun e O f o ne an .

C h arles M artel w a s the illegitim a te so n of the elder

P epi n an d e nj oyed the title of M ayor or D uk e o f the
,

Fr ank s In a l aborio u s a dmin istr atio n of t w enty

, .

L es A r
ab e s
pl ant le s stand ar
q r
v ain u eu s au aie nt rd es d e
lI
'
sla is e S ur le s rivag e s d e la B altiq ue De M a rl s Hist d e
11

. .

la D o in d es Ar ab en sp ag ne to e i p 4 H eer en , 880 5
d es , p 2
. . .
, . .

r
1
l In ue n ce d es Cr
Tu rn ers Hist of
1

t ois a 65 ,
. . .

i p 3 4, and iv p 409 G ibbon , c ap 5

'
. . . . . . . .
 E
h
h

4 08 C ON QU ST OF A FR I C A A ND A
S P IN.

fo u r ye ars e ad restored and su pported the dig nity

h
,

o f the thro n e by cr u shi n g the rebels in Germ any and

G aul In the p ublic d anger the hopes of his c o u ntry
.

tu rn ed to this a ctive and su cc essful w arrior an d he

hh m
,

w as s u mm o n ed to the c o mm an d in pl a c e of hi s riv al
the D uke O f Aq uit a i ne W e have lo ng he ard
.
,

ex cl aimed the te r r i ed F r anks

o f t e n a m e a nd ,

c o nq u ests o f the Ar abs W e were a pprehe n s ive o f .

their att a cks from the E ast ; they h ave no w c o n .

q u ered Sp a i n and i nv a de o urc ou ntry On the side o f

E
t e W est Y e t t e irn u mbers and si n c e they h a ve
.
,

n o b u cklers their arm s ar ur w n

,e i nferi or to o o .

If y o u follow my advic e s a id the pr u de nt m ayor ,

o f the p al a c e y o u will no t i nte r ru pt their arch

, ,

n o rprecipit ate yo u r a tt a c k They ar e like a torre n t .

which it is d ange r o u s to stem in its c ar eer The

thirst o f riche s a nd the co nscio u s ness o f s u cc ess

redo uble their v alo u r and v a lo u r is o f more av ail ,

th an arm s o rnu mbers Be p atie nt till they h ave .

lo aded themselve s with the e nc u mbr an ce o f we al th .

This spoil w ill divide their co u ncils and a ss ure yo u r

h

victory .H a vi ng c ollected his forces C h arle s ,

so ught and fo un d the e n emy in the c e ntre O f Fr an ce

h
m h
,

be tw ee n To urs and P o ict ie r His m arch w as

m
s .

c overed by a r ange O f hills , and the Ar abi an ge ner al

appe a r s to h ave bee n s urprised by his un e x pected

pr e se nc e T e n atio n s of Asi a Afric a and nr O e

p
.
, ,

m
a dv anc ed to the e n co u n ter with eq ual a rdo u r

n .

t e rst six d ays o f des u ltory c om b at t e c a v al ry ,

and a rchers o f the E a st m ai nt a i n ed their a dv ant a ge ,

hh
b ut in the closer O nset o f the seve nth d ay the ori
'

e nt al r anks were O ppressed by the stre n gth and

" _

h
st at ure o f the G erm an a ux ili aries who with sto u t

h
h
hh
, ,

he art s and iro n hands vi nd ic a ted fro the gr a sp o f

despotis the c ivil an d religio us freedom o f their

posterity Ch arle s wielded a huge m a c e ; and t e
.

e pithet o f M artel o rthe H a mmer which , e e ar n ed ,

o n thi s o c cas i on is e x pressive o f the resistless for ce

,

w it w i e de al t hi s blow s Abd al r an fe ll ;

v
e a .
 1
4 0

hh
am
h
SI

E
E EGE o r c oNsrA N T INOP L
H avi n g see n the progre ss o f these c o nqu ero r
a rrested in the W est we m u st t ur ,

scimit ars ag a i n st the Goths and Fr ank s in E urope

an other a rmy w as e x te n di n g the terrors o f the S ar a
c e n n a m e i nto the froze n regio n s of T a rt ary and a
third o cc u pied in red u ci n g Asi a Mi nor and the Cap i
t al o f th e Greek e mperor

o f C o n st anti n ople .
.

s
n o u reyes o n c e
m ore to their e xp loits in the a st ; fo rwhile T arik
and A b d alr an were tryin g the edge o f their

S o e arly as the rei gn o f

c om m an ded the e x peditio n The troops su ff ered

.

M o aw iy a the Ar abs ad appe are d u nder the w alls

,

Y e z z id the so n of th at pri n c e
.
,
,

the e x tremity o f h ar d ship o n their m arch b ut their

c o u r a ge w as ani m ated by a ge nu i n e o rctitio u s say
.

ing of the Prophet th at to the rst a rmy who sho u ld

,

h
t ake the city o f the C e sars their sin s wo u ld be for
give n D u ri n g m any d ays the li n e o f a ss aul t w as

m
.

e x te n ded from the Golde n G ate to the e a ster n prom

o n to r y an d the forem o st r ank s w ere impelle d by
,

the weight an d e n th u si a sm of the s u c c eedi ng co l

umu s . B u t the besiegers ad m isc alcu l a ted the
stre n gth an d resou rce s of the imperi al m etropolis

h
.

B af ed by this rm an d e ffectu al resist an c e the

m h
,

Ar abs tu r n ed their arm s to the m ore c o nge ni al

-

oc c u p atio n o f plun deri ng the E urope an an d Asi a ti c

c o a sts o f the Propo ntis From April to S eptember
.

their pir a ci es w ere c onti nu ed ; b u t on the appro a ch

o f winter they retre ated t o t e isl e o f Cyzic u s ,

where they ad e st ablished their m ag azi n e o f spoil

and provi sio n s D u ri ng the six followi ng s u mm ers

h
.
,

su ch w as their e nth u si asm a nd persever an c e the ,

sam e o de o f att ack and retre a t w as repe ated w ith ,

a gr ad u al ab ate e nt o f hope and vigo ur till the

h h
,

a c c u m u l a ted misch an c e s of shipwreck and dise ase ,

o f re and sword c ompelle d them to reli nqu ish the

,

fr u itless e nterpris e Thirty tho u s an d m artyrs ad

.

falle n du ri ng the siege o f C o n st anti nople and

a mo n g these w a s A b u A
y ub o n e o f the A n s a rs and
,

l a st o f t o c omp anio n s of Moh a mmed who ad ,

 SI GEE OF C O NS T A N TINO P L
fou ght by his side at the b attle s o f B e d rand O hu d
The m osqu e be ari n g hi s nam e ro se o n the tomb ;
{and so m u ch w as its s an ctity esteem ed by the T u rks
th at they selected it for the i n au gur atio n o f their
s ult ans who ar ,
e here girded with the sw ord o f st ate
. 4 1
1
.

o n their a cc essio n to the thro n e .

By this rep ulse the glory o f the S ar a c e n arms su f

fe r e d a mom e n t a ry eclipse C o n st anti ne a ssu m ed
.

the a ttitu de of a c o nqu eror H is a mb a ss a dor ap

.

p e ar e d and w as favo u r ably received at the c o u rt o f

D am a sc u s ; in a ge n er al c o un cil a tru c e o f thirty

m
ye ars w as r atied betwee n the two c o n te n din g n a
tio n s ; an d for the rst tim e in the hi story o f the
Moslem s w e behold the si n gul ar o c c u rre n c e o f their

h
, ,

p ayi ng tribu te to the Gre e k em peror at a tim e whe n ,

they were in posses sio n of his fa ire st territorie s in

Asi a The annu al tax impo sed o n the c omm an der

hm
.

o f the fa ithful w a s fty horse s of a n oble breed fty ,

sl aves an d 3 000 pi ece s o f gold The fe u ds and di s

,
.

p u te s which ad det a ched Per si a an d Ar abi a from

,

the c aliph a te o f S y r ia re ndered the O

, iad an
prin ces to o feeble to oppose the pre ssi n g dem an ds
o f the C hristi an s ; an d the trib u te w as i n cre a sed to
a sl ave a horse and
,
1
000 piec e s o f gold for e a ch o f
,

the 3 65 d ays of the sol ar ye ar which c o nti nu ed to

,

b e p aid until t e e mpire w as ag a i n u n ited by the

mhm
m
a rm s and policy o f A b d o l al e c .

In the reign of S olim an the Ar abs m ade a se co n d

a nd equ ally un s u cc essful attempt o n C o n st anti n ople

h
.

The so un d o f w arsoo n re ached the Byz an ti ne c o u rt

a nd while the m o st e x te n sive prep ar a tio n s were
m aki ng to repel the i nv a ders Moslem ah the brother
, ,

o f the c aliph and gover n or o f Upper Mesopot ami a ,

w as a dv an ci n g at the he a d o f Ar abs and

P ersi an s In is pro gress thro u gh Asi a Mi n or he
.

r ed u c ed the cities of Ty an a A r o r , icu an d P erg a ,

u s ; b u t before he re a ched the shores of the H e ]

le sp on t the Greci an sc eptre
, a d be e n tr an sferred
from Theodosi u s III to the rm er h and of L e o the
.
4

h
1
2
.
s ure s o r C O N S T AN T IN O P L
I s au ri an At the w ell know n p a ss age o f Abydos
-

the Moh am med an sq u adro n s were tr an sported from

Asi a to E urope a nd b y a c irc u ito u s a rch they in
E
m .

h
ves te d C o n st anti n ople o n the l a nd side M oslem ah .

ad i n str u cted his troops to fu r n ish them selves with

two m o nths provisio n s which they piled in a v a st
,

he ap o n o ne side o f the e n c a mpm e nt They n e x t .

pl an ted their e ngi n e s of a ss ault re ared h abit atio ns

,

h
o f wood a nd prep are d the gro u n d for ti ll age ; t u s
,

de cl ari ng by word and de ed, their p atie nt d etermi na

,

h
tio n of e x pecti ng the ret ur n o f seed tim e and h arvest
-
,

sho uld the obsti na cy of the besieged prove e q u al to

their o w n .

T e terrie d citize n s wo uld willi ngly h ave p u r

ch a sed the dep ar tu re o f the inv aders by an a ssess

m e nt o f a p ie ce o f gold o n the he a d o f e a ch in ab

h
itant b u t the p r O p o sal w as rej e cted by Moslem a h ,

whose c o n de n c e w as eleva ted by the S pe edy ap

pro a ch of the S yri a n an d E gypti an n avie s which
1
,

h
ar e s a id to h ave a m o u nted to 80 0 ships This .

h u ge a rm ad a m a de its a ppe a r a n c e in the B ospho r us

and t e Gre eks beheld the sm ooth s u rfa ce o f the

str ait oversh ado w ed with a m ovi ng forest A night .

w as x e d for a ge n er al a ss a u lt by se a a nd l an d ; and
to allure the c o n d e n c e o f the a ss aila nts L e o ad

h
,

c au sed the ch a i n to be re moved th at u s ually g u arded

the e ntr an c e to the h a rbo ur The str at age m to ok
.

e ffect ; for while the S ar a c e ns hesit a ted whether

they sho u ld s eize the opport u nity or avoid the
s nare the mi nisters of destr u c tio n were at h and
, .

The Gre eks i ntrod u c ed their celebr ated r

e s ip s ,

h h
a nd the Ar abs with their arm s a nd vessels were
, ,

i n st a ntl y wr appe d in the u nqu e n ch able a mes .

Disorder s eized their r anks the yi ng b arge s were

either d a shed ag a i n st e a ch other or overwhelmed in
th e w aves ; an d soo n n o t a vestige rem a i n ed of the
fle et th at ad thre a te ned to e x tirp ate t e R om an
nam e .

Yet the si ege w as prolo nge d thr o u gh the wi nter b y

 E
m

1
4 4 SI G o r
to D am asc u s The rem a i ns o f the e et were so
.

d a m aged by the repe a ted att a cks o f tempest and

re th at o nly
, v e g alleys re ached Ale x andri a .

The d eliver anc e o f C o n st an ti n ople in both sieges , ,

m u st be a scribed no t to the w ant o f pr u de n c e or

,

c o ur age o n the p art of th e besieger s b u t to the ter ,

rible e ic acy o f the Greek r

e u sed o n these o c c a

m
sio n s In this e x tr aordi n ary c o p ositio n the pri n

h
.

ci p al i ngredie nt w a s n aphth a o r liq u id bit u me n a , ,

te n a cio u s and i n a mm able o il whi ch spri ngs from

the e arth and c atche s re a s so o n as it c om e s in

h
,

c o nt a ct with the air Thi s su bst an c e w as m i ngled

.

with c ert ai n proportio n s o f s ulphu r an d pitch e x ,

tr a cted from evergre e n rs ; and from t e m i x tu re \ ,

which prod u c ed a thick sm oke and a lo u d e x plosio n ,

pro c eeded a erc e am e th at bu r nt with equ al v e ,

e e n c e in all dire ctio n s and w as q u i cke n ed r ather , ,

th an e x ti ng u ished by the elem e n t of w ater

.
,

Thi s terrible compo u n d obvio u sly s erved the p u r

pos e o f the ro ckets bombs and artillery o f m oder n

hh
, ,

w arfare ; and might be e mployed by se a or l an d in ,

b attles o r in siege s For the annoy a n c e of the

e nemy it w as either po ured from the r amp arts in

,

l arge boilers o r l au nched in red hot b alls o f sto ne

,
-

a nd iro n o r d arted in arro w s a nd j a veli n s twisted

,

ro un d with ax and tow which ad de eply imbibed

the i n a mm able o il S om etime s for a m ore sweep
.
,

h
ing de str u ctio n it w as depo sited in r
,
e s ip s ; and
w as m ost c omm o nly blow n thro u gh lo n g t ube s o f
c opper pl anted o n the prow an d fan cifu lly sh aped
, ,

i nto the m o uths o f s av age m o nsters vomiti ng

stre am s o f c o n s u mi ng r e The e arly Fre nch .

writers de scribe it as yi ng thro u gh t e airlike a

h
wi nged lo ng t ailed d r ago n abo u t the thi ck n ess o f a
-
,

hogshe a d a nd dispelli n g the d ark ness o f the night

,

by its de adly illu mi natio n The u se o f the Gre ek .

o r m aritime re wa s a fterw a rd a dopted by the

S ar ac e n s and c o nti nu ed to the middle o f the fo ur
,

te e nt ce nt ury whe n the inve ntio n o f g unpo w d e r

, ,
 E
E
m
EE
mE
m
X T NT o r TH sa u ce r
: MP I
R 4 5 1

hh
.

an a ge n t o f sim il ar b u t m ore powerfu l qu alitie s ,

e ffected a ne w revol u tio n in the milit ary ar t

h
.

E a st w ard be y o nd P ersi a the O ia d an pri nce s

h h
m
, ,

h
m ade co nsider able a dditio n s to their territori es In .

the c aliph a te o f O t a n t e O x u s form ed the bo u nd

,

ar y o f the S ar a c e n e mpire The r ap a cio u s con

h
m
.

qu e r or s rep e a tedly cro ssed th a t li i t Un der Mo a

h h
.

w iy a the T a rt ars w ere drive n i n to B okh ar a their

hhh
qu e e n in e rprec ipit ate ight le avi n g o ne of e r
, ,

s lippers behi n d which the Ar abs v al u ed at 2 00 0

h
,

pi ec e s o f gold The se n e w a cqu isitio n s w ere co n

.

rm ed and i ncre a sed by K atib a t e lie u te n ant o f ,

h
W alid who s ubd u ed t e who le provi nc e o f K o ras

hh h h
, ,

the d istrict o f Fe r g an a an d a p a rt o f T a rt ary i

, ,

cl udi ng the wi d ely e x te nde d regio n s betwe e n the

-

J ax arte s and the Ca spi a n At t e he a d of

,
. en
he pro ce eded to S am arc and and i nvested t e city , ,

which ad alre ad y m ad e a n omi n al su bmi ssio n b u t ,

ad t ake n a re c e n t O pport u n ity o f viol ati ng the

tre aty The h au ghty g arriso n from their r am p arts
.
, ,

t aunte d t e b esiegers w ith t e v an ity of t o se t oils

hh
a nd d anger s to which they were e x posi n g the m
selves The credu lo u s Moslem s e n c o u r a ged by an
. ,

obsc u re predictio n re d o ubled their e x ertio ns a nd by

, ,

m e an s o f their w arlike e ngi ne s effected sev era l

bre a ches in the w all which led to i n st ant c apitu l a
,

tio n (A D . . The i n abit an ts agreed to m ake

an an nu al p aym e nt o f dr a c m s
1 and a s u pply of 3 0 00 s la ve s of the v al u e o f
1
33

h
.

2 0 0 d r a chm s e a ch (4 n o t o ne of who m
.

w as to be in a st ate o f i n fa n cy o ri n e ffective fro m ,

o ld ag e o rdebility The mi n i sters o f religio n were

.

to b e e x pelled from their temples and their i do l s to

h h
,

be bu r nt o rd estroyed .

O n e n teri ng the city K atib a c a r ried hi s stipu l a

,

tio n s i nto imm edi ate e x ec u tio n H e perform ed the .

rites o f I sl a m in the pri n cip al temple whi ch w as ,

c o nverted i nto a m osq u e The idols o f p ag a n wor .

s ip were collec te d i nto a h ea p and with is ow n ,

E
m Em
mE
E

h
4 6 X TE N T o rTH l
si est MP IR

h
. .

h an d he set re t o the pile which w as soo n c on

h
,

s u med to a she s ; and we ar e a ss u red th a t

e sk al s of gold and silver were produ ced fro m the

m elted n ails which ad bee n u sed in the workm an
s i p of the im ages N o un believer w as to be al

E
.

lowed to re m a i n withi n the g ates lo nger th an a ri ng
o f wet cl ay sho u ld pre serve its m oist ur e o n is

m
n ger for i f it be c a me dry be fore they qu itted the
pl a c e every i ndividu al se e n in arm s whether T u rk
, ,

o rT a rt ar w a s to s uff er de ath witho u t m ercy Du r

h
.
,

ing a few y e ars the citize n s secretly cheri shed the

idol atry o f their an c e stors b ut the ze al and a ssiduity
o f their gover n or S peedily e ffected their c o nversio n

(A D
. . a nd the S cyt hi an shepherds at le ngth
a b an do n ed the do ctri n es of Zoro a ster and the re ,

worship of the M a gi an s o rGhebers for t e faith o f ,

the K or an .

This r em ote city however little it ay n o w seem

,

to cl aim the atte ntio n o f c iviliz ed E u rope e nj oyed ,

a t the tim e o f its s ubj u g a tio n a c omp ar ative sple n

dou r It w a s fa m ou s a s the gre at resti n g pl a ce o f
.
-

the c a r av an s fro m C hi n a to W e stern Asi a an d u

rope a so u rc e from which it c o uld n o t fa il to dr aw

h
,

i mm e n se we alth S ilks and other l ux u rie s were

.

derived from the i n du stry o f the E a st lo ng before ,

hh
their m anu fa ct u re w as kn o w n by the Gre eks orR 0
m an s the pri n cip al ro u te o f the tr ans it tr a de bei ng
a cross the Gre a t D esert to C a s g arand S a m arc an d

h
m
,

an d the n ce thro u gh P ersi a to Syr ia .

The rst appe ar an c e o f the st ar o f Isl a m in H in

h
dost an w a s abo u t t e forty fo u rth ye ar o f the He
-

j ir a whe n the provi n c e of C abu l ad bee n redu c ed

,

h
to s ubj e ctio n Thirty ye ar s a fterw ard on the trib
.
,

u t ary impost bei n g withheld Ob e id alla , the govern or ,

o f S eist an rec eived orders from H ej aj e to i n v a de

th at c o un try an d n ot to retu r n till he ad either

,

s u bd u ed or tot ally destroyed the whole provi n c e .

B u t he w as deposed fro m t e c o an d and Abd ur

v

r ah am an appoi nted to repl a c e him who with ,

 1
4 8

p owerful
E X TE N T
a nd
o r THE
E
E
E S

bsol u te sovereign s o n e arth Y e t

a
s u ch w a s the fa c t Their c aliphs e x ercised a most
.

u nlimited and un de n ed prerog a tive u nfettered by

AR A C N M P IR .

m
,

p opu l ar rights the votes o f a se nate , o rthe l aws o f

,

a free c o n stit utio n They united in their o w n per

h
.

s o n the reg a l an d s a c erdot al ch ar acters ; an d if the

K or an w a s the r ule o f their a ct io n s they were the ,

su prem e j u dges an d i n terpreters of t h at div in e book .

They reign ed by the right o f c o n qu est over n a t io n s

to whom the n a m e o f liberty w a s un k n own and ,

who ad n o t yet le ar n ed to detest those a cts o f vio
le nc e an d s everity th at were e x ercise d at their ex
p e nse Under the l a st o f the O m i a des the S ar a
.
,

c e n e mpire e x te n ded 2

00 d ays j o u r n ey from e a st to
w e st ; a nd tho u gh the lo ng and n arrow provi n c e o f
Afric a the sleeve o f the robe as their writers style
it were withdr aw n the solid and c omp act domi n
, ,

, ,

io n withi n the Jax ar te s the Hellespo nt an d the

, ,

I nd u s wo uld spre a d o n every side to the m e a s u re

,

of v e m o nths of the m arch of a c ar av an in le n gth ,

and fo u r in bre a dth From this e stim ate an import

.

a nt fr a gme nt w a s so o n det a ched by the revolt o f

S p ai n ; b u t its loss w a s m ore th an c o u nterb al a nce d
by the s ubsequ e nt c o nqu est s in I ndi a T art ary and , ,

E urope an T urkey This v a st empire w as r ul ed by

h
.

a wretche d po litic al system in whi ch we se ek in ,

v a i n for the un io n and discipli n e th at perv a ded the

E
govern m e n t o f A u gu stu s and the Anto ni n e s The .

o nly n atio n al fe at u re w as th at ge n er al res embl an c e

o f m ann ers an d opi nio n s which the progress o f
I sl am ad di ffu sed over this imme n se Sp a c e The .

l an gu a ge an d l aws of the K or an were stu died with

e qu al devotio n at S a m arc an d and S e vi lle ; the Moor
a nd the I ndian embr a c ed a s c o un trym e n and brothers
in the Templ e o f Mec c a ; an d the Ar abi an l an gu a ge
w a s a dopted a s the pop u l ar i d iom in all the prov
'

ince s to the westw ard o f the Tigri s .

ND O F V OL . I
.