Anda di halaman 1dari 3

Compendium Notes Chapter 5 – Cardiovascular System: Heart and Blood Vessels

5.1 Overview of the Cardiovascular System (Mader p. 86)

-Cardiovascular system: Consists of (1) Heart which pumps blood to (2) Blood vessels.

Functions of the cardiovascular system:


(1) Contractions of the heart generates blood pressure, which moves blood
(2) Blood vessels transport the blood, which moves from the heart into arteries,
capillaries, and veins before returning
(3) Exchanges at the capillaries (smallest of vessels) refreshes blood and tissue fluid
(sometimes called interstitial fluid).
(4) Heart and blood vessels regulate blood flow according to needs of body

-Lymphatic System: Collect excess tissue fluid and return it to cardio system. Water
enters lymph vessels. As soon as fluid enters lymph vessels, called lymph.

5.2 The Types of Blood Vessels (Mader p. 87)

-Arteries: Has three layers. Innermost is thin layer called endothelium, middle thick
smooth muscle and elastic tissue, and outer is connective tissue.
-Arterioles: Small arteries just visible to naked eye.
-Capillaries: Arterioles branch into capillaries. Each is very narrow, micro tube with a
wall composed only of endothelium (*a single layer of cells).
-Capillary Beds: No cell is far from capillary because of these.
-Veins: Back to heart (except for cardiac veins).
-Venules: Small veins that drain blood from capillaries and join to form a vein.
-Valves: Veins have valves to keep from flowing backward.
-*In any one time, 70% of blood is in veins.
(Mader p. 87)

5.3 The Heart is a Double Pump (Mader p. 88 – 91)

-Heart: Cone-shaped, muscular organ located between lungs and behind sternum.
-Myocardium: Consists largely of cardiac muscle tissue. Serviced by coronary artery and
cardiac vein (not by blood it pumps).
-Pericardium: Surrounds the heart; thick, membranous sack that support and protects.
Inside is lubricated with secretions.
-Septum: Separates the heart into right and left side.
-Heart has four chambers:
(1) Right and left atria (upper portion of heart) – thin walled
(2) Right and left ventricles (lower portion) – thick walled
-Atrioventricular Valves: Lie between atria and ventricles (supported by chordae
tendineae).
-AV valve on right called tricuspid (three flaps)
-AV valve on left called bicuspid (two flaps)
-Semi-lunar Valves: Lie between ventricles and attached vessels.
-Pulmonary Semilunar Valve: Between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk.
-Aortic Semilunar Valve: Between left ventricle and aorta.

Path of Blood through Heart:


(1) Superior vena cava and inf. vena cava carry O2 poor blood and enter right atrium
(2) Right atrium send blood through atrioventricular valve (tri) to right ventricle
(3) Right ventricle sends blood through pulm. semilunar valve into pulm. trunk. The
pulm. trunk (carries O2 poor blood) divides into two pulm. arteries, which go to
the lungs.
(4) Four pulm. veins (carry O2 rich blood) enter left atrium.
(5) Left atrium sends blood through atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) to left ventricle.
(6) Left ventricle sends blood through the aortic semilunar valve into aorta to the
body.

-Cardiac Cycle: Each heartbeat is called a cardiac cycle.


-Systole: Working phase, refers to contraction of the chambers.
-Diastole: Resting phase, refers to relaxation of the chambers.
-Nodal tissue has both muscular and nervous characteristics
-SA (sinoatrial) Node: Located in the upper dorsal wall of right atrium
-Initiates heartbeat every .85 seconds. Called pacemaker.
-AV (atrioventricular) Node: Located in the base of the right atrium near septum.
-Travels to AV Bundle before reaching smaller Purkinje Fibers.
-ECG (Electrocardiugram): Records the electrical changes that occur in myocardium
during cardiac cycle.

5.4 Features of the Cardiovascular System (Mader p. 92 – 93)

-Blood Pressure: the pressure of blood against the wall of a blood vessel.
-Systolic Pressure: Highest arterial pressure reached during ejection of blood from the
heart.
-Diastolic Pressure: Occurs while the heart ventricles are relaxing.
-Blood moves slow through capillaries and allows time for exchange of substances
between blood and surrounding tissues.

Blood flow in veins:


(1) Skeletal muscle pump
-Moving muscles push blood toward heart (with help of valves)
(2) Respiratory pump
-When inhale, chest expands, and reduces pressure in thoracic cavity. Blood flows
form high pressure to low. When exhale, pressure reverses.
(3) Valves in veins
-Don’t allow backward flow.

5.5 Two Cardiovascular Pathways (Mader p. 94 – 96)

-Pulmonary Circuit: Exchange of Gases


-Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with Tissue Fluid

5.5 Exchanges at the Capillaries (Mader p. 96)

*See Mader p. 96.

5.7 Cardiovascular Disorders

-Hypertension: High blood pressure.


-Atherosclerosis: Accumulation of soft masses of fatty materials, including cholesterol,
beneath the inner ling of arteries; called plaque.
-Thrombus: A clot that remains stationary.
-Embolus: A clot that dislodges and moves with blood.
-Thromboembolus: Moved with blood, but is now stationary.
-Stroke: Cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Small cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by
embolus.
-Heart Attack: Myocardial infarction (MI). Partially blocked coronary artery is called
angina pectoris.

Anda mungkin juga menyukai