fcc (face-centered-cubic)
with two atoms per unit cell
a
(primitive)
Image: http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/a4.html
The First 3d Bandgap Structure
K. M. Ho, C. T. Chan, and C. M. Soukoulis, Phys. Rev. Lett. 65, 3152 (1990).
0.6 J J
J J J J
J J J J J J J J J
J J J J J J
J J J J J J
J J J J J J J
0.5 J J J J J
J J
J
J
J J J J J J J J J
J J
J J
J J J J
(c/a)
J J J J
J J
J J
J J J
J J J J
J J J J J J J
J J
J J J J J J J J J J J J J J
J J
frequency
J J
J J J J
0.3 J
J
J
0.2
J
J X G
W
0.1
J
J U L
K
0 J
X U L G X W K
fabrication schematic
make Si inverse
(12% gap)
5m
5m
dissolve
latex spheres
C rod layer
B
A
hole layer
Up to ~ 27% gap
[ S. G. Johnson et al.,
for Si/air
Appl. Phys. Lett. 77, 3490 (2000) ]
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
side view
substrate
Si
top view
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
expose/etch
A A A A
holes
substrate
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
backfill with
A A A A
silica (SiO2)
& polish substrate
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
deposit another
Si layer layer 1
A A A A
substrate
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
A A A A
A A A
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
& overlapping A A A A
substrate
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
backfill
layer 1 B B B B
A A A A
substrate
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
A B A B A B A B
A B A B A B
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
layer 3
etcetera A A A A
one
C layer 2 C C C period
(dissolve
silica layer 1 B B B B
when
A A A A
done)
substrate
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
layer 3
etcetera A A A A
one
C layer 2 C C C period
layer 1 B B B B
hole layers A A A A
substrate
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
Making Rods & Holes Simultaneously
layer 3
etcetera A A A A
one
C layer 2 C C C period
layer 1 B B B B
rod layers A A A A
substrate
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
C A B C A B C A B C A B
C A B C A B C A B C
A More Realistic Schematic
5 mm
layer 7
A A A A
6
740nm C C C layer 5 C
4
B'
B B layer 3 B B
2
A A A A
layer 1
substrate
80
60
Measurement Simulation
40
(without
defect)
20
Simulation
(with defects)
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4
Wavelength (mm) [ M. Qi, H. Smith, MIT ]
Supercontiuum vs. Theory: Reflection
100
Simulation
80
60
3 dips predicted by
40
cavity-mode calculation
20 localized mode
at 1.3m peak
Experiment
0
1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Wavelength (mm) [ M. Qi, H. Smith, MIT ]
Future Work: X-ray Interference
[ M. Qi, H. Smith, MIT ]
Lithography
(diamond-like, bonds)
Si gap
http://www.sandia.gov/media/photonic.htm
Si
gap
180nm
1.3m
Woodpile by Wafer Fusion
spheres goto a;
enforce
alignment
Stacking by Micromanipulation
[ K. Aoki et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 81 (17), 3122 (2002) ]
Yes, it works: Gap at ~4m
[ K. Aoki et al., Nature Materials 2 (2), 117 (2003) ]
20 layers
50nm accuracy:
absorption
some chemistry
(polymerization)
Lithography is a Beast
[ S. Kawata et al., Nature 412, 697 (2001) ]
l = 780nm
resolution = 150nm
7m
(3 hours to make)
2m
For a physicist, this is cooler
[ S. Kawata et al., Nature 412, 697 (2001) ]
2m
Difficult topologies
absorptive material
(1.4m)
10m
[111] simulated
cleavages structure
5m
[111] titania
closeup inverse
structure
1m 1m
Mass-production II: Colloids
(evaporate)
silica (SiO2)
microspheres (diameter < 1m)
http://www.icmm.csic.es/cefe/
[ figs courtesy
Inverse Opals D. Norris, UMN ]
Template
3D (synthetic opal)
Remove
Template
80C
Convective Assembly
[ Nagayama, Velev, et al., Nature (1993)
Colvin et al., Chem. Mater. (1999) ]
Heat Source
good agreement
between theory (black)
& experiment (red/blue)
Three-photon lithography
with
laser scanning
confocal microscope
(LSCM)
[ Wonmok,
Adv. Materials 14, 271 (2002) ]
Mass-Production III:
Block (not Bloch) Copolymers
two polymers
can segregate,
ordering into
periodic arrays
periodicity ~
polymer block size
~ 50nm
(possibly bigger)
[ Y. Fink, A. M. Urbas, M. G. Bawendi, J. D. Joannopoulos, E. L. Thomas, J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 1963 (1999) ]
Block-Copolymer 1d Crystal
CdSe nanocrystals
for higher index
(with surfactant
to attract particles
to one phase)
(UV bandgap)
[ Y. Fink, A. M. Urbas, M. G. Bawendi, J. D. Joannopoulos, E. L. Thomas, J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 1963 (1999) ]
Block-Copolymer 1d Visible Bandgap
/ homopolymer
Flexible material:
bandgap can be
shifted by stretching it!
dark/light:
polystyrene/polyisoprene
n = 1.59/1.51
[ Y. Fink, A. M. Urbas, M. G. Bawendi, J. D. Joannopoulos, E. L. Thomas, J. Lightwave Tech. 17, 1963 (1999) ]
Be GLAD: Even more crystals!
GLAD = GLancing Angle Deposition
glancing-angle Si
only builds up
on protrusions
rotate to
evaporated spiral
Si
Si
(dont forget
the holes)
(14% gap for Si/SiO2/air)
[ S. Fan et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 65, 1466 (1994) ]
Competition between
3 processes clones
shape of substrate
[ E. Kuramochi et al.,
Opt. Quantum. Elec. 34, 53 (2002) ]
Yablonovite
[ E. Yablonovitch, T. M. Gmitter, and K. M. Leung, Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 2295 (1991) ]
[ image: http://www.ee.ucla.edu/labs/photon/ ]
(Topology is very
similar to 2000
layer-by-layer crystal)
Making Yablonovite
e-beam mask + chemically-assisted ion-beam etching
GaAs
460nm
Si
l=3.1m
Those experimentalists
are damned clever *