A. SMALLER SANSKRT GRAMMAR FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS, Moreshvara Ramchandra Kale, B. A., Author of the * Higher Sanskrit Grammar; 50. $e. 4th. Rdition, revised: BOMBAY: — GOPAL NARAYEN & Co, BOOKSELLERS & PUBLISHERS, KALBADEVI ROADS: | 1994,—e—_—_—_—— Ruaisrenep unper Act XXV or 1867. ALL RIGHTS BESERVED BY THE PUBLISHERS, GOPAL NARAYEN & Co. , Printed by C, S. Deole; at the ‘Bombay Vaibhav Press, . ‘Servants of India Society's Home, Sandhurst Road, - ‘Girgaum, Bombay, - * Published “by ‘D..V. & V.N. “Mulgnokars, Proprietors, Gopal Norayen’ & Co., Kalbadevi Road, Bombay. ~ —————————————————————PREFAOR. i .,, This Smaller Sanskrt Grammar, which is prepared at the request of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Oo., is specially intended. for the Matricalation and the ordinary College students. Its plan of arrangement is the same as that of the ‘Higher Sanskrt Grammar.’ In it the more intricate toles and matter which was thought quite unnecessary for the students for whom it is intended have been omitted. The chapter on the Conjugation of Verbs has been almost the same ag in the ‘Higher Sanskrt Grammar’, Frequen-. tative verbs only being omitted. The last chapter contains but the commonest rales of Sanskrt Syntax. Those who: desire a more thorough knowledge of Sanskrit Grammar: taay use ‘Higher Sanskrt Grammar.’ The wording of many: voles has been the same in both, sothat the two grammars maay be used side by side.“Any suggestions as to alteration. . or improvement will be thankfally received. The students will find reason to thank Mr. Vindyakrao Nérayen, pro- prietor of the firm of Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Oo., for having published this Grammar which. greatly facilitates their task. In‘ conclusion I-hope this Grammar. will: meet. with the same success as the ‘Higher Sanskrt Grammar.” Girgaon, Bombay, : 20th January, 1901. . M.R. KALE.a THE SECOND EDITION. eT This is almost a revised reprint of the firet edition. A fow words of irregular declension and some ‘unimportant roots have, however, been taken off. The wording of a fow ules has been changed so as to. make the sense clearer. My sincerest thanks are due to Prof. 8. R. Bhandarkar, M.A. ‘whose remarks in his report on the book made the work of revision coasiderably easy. The learned Prof. read the ‘book with a care that at once bore testimony to his high sense of duty and sound scholarship (an accurate knowledge of Sanskrt Grammar, such as characterised the old Sastria) and pointed out all the mispriats and a fow inaccuracies that had found their place in the book notwithstanding my best care and also made several important suggestions. | ‘All that was left te me, therefore, was to make the necessary corrections and act on those suggestions. T have also to thank Messrs. Gopal Narayen & Oo., for their” having carefully made a copy ofthe said report and sent the same to mo for use. Any suggestions 4s to improve- ment, cartailment &. will be most thankfully received. Girgaon. Back Ra., Bombay: : , " t M. B. EK. 16th July, 1913. ; —aeCONTENTS. Cuarra, —10 Paga:. J, The Alphabot and the Classification of Letters 1 “IL. Rules of Sandhi see ae Oe 1, Combination of Final end Initial Vowels. ... 9- . 2. The Coalescence of. Final Consonants: with Initial Vowels and Consonants... ' we 12 TLL, Declension =... eee oe 17 1. Bases ending in Vowels °° se vee 19° 2. Bases ending in Consonants § ... we 83 . TV. Pronouns and their Declension ... ws 62- V.. Numerals. and their Declension ..: vee 15- VI. Degrees of Comparison ave wee 82 VIL. Compounds ws oe 84 1. Dwandwa or the Copulative Compoands ° - 85 _ 2..Tatpurusha or the Determinative Compoynds. 89- 8.. Bahuvrthi.or the Attributive Compounds ~... 108 °4. Avyaytbhéva or the Adverbial Compounds '.., 109- 5. General Rules Applicable to Compounds VILL. Feminine Bases ae ore IX. Taddhita: Affixes wae ase X, Indeclinables fee tae XI. Conjugation of Verbs... + wae a “Special or Conjagational Tenses and Moods ... 182 1, Roots with Unchangeable Bases .., ws. 188- 2. Roots with Changeable Bases... ove 144. General or Non-Conjugational Tenses and © Moods . a oo 2 wee 181. The Two Futures and the Conditional “, ... 184.CHAPTER. The Perfect °°. ae oe The Aorist oe ase The Benodictive...- + : . The Passive “ Derivative Vorbs on 8,, Cansals © 4, Desideratives wae we 5. Nominal Verbs. = oe “KML..Verbal Dorivatives «+ oe Participles of the Present Tonge... |” participles of the Perfect we Past Passive Participles . | Past Active Participles |. s+ - _ Participles. of the Futnre Tense ww. Potential Participles ... rer . Tndeclinable P. Participles ee De . Kydantas or Noans formed by Kyt Affizes RIL. Syntax ow - one - Concord: «. ane ts _. Government. or Cases of Nouns _-Browiouns.« eer ] "tenses amd Moods et ‘Participles cae, -Dhatnkosh aeA SMALLER SANSKRT GRAMMAR. . CHAPTER I. Tue Divans‘eani AnpHaper, § 1. Bansxpr, the sacred language of the Hindus, is written- in the Devanagari! Alphabet from lett.to right. - (@) Marathi, Gujaréthi, Bongéli and other characters are also employed in writing Sanskrt in their respective provinces. § 2. The Devandgari alphabet constets of forty-six letters, thirteen: vowels and. thirty-three consonants, which, represent nearly every kind of sound. . These are represented by the following symbols— : : . » Vowels ara cei ou et ee ET, ee L - Te, ai, ayo, and shag, / . ~ Consonants—g k,: kb, Tg, % Bh, = Oy |g e gh, qh ah, Tht othe dG gab 1 ny et, qth, a4, q db; Tay op RPT, db zim; Ry, THI, Zv, 4, Tob, gs, and g be § 8. The thirteen vowels consist of nine simpla vowels, on, © & & %,-%, He, and four dipthongs, vis. q, Ty si, (a) The vowels are also divided into— " (1) Short vowels :—az, g, 3, 9, and w; and (2) Long vowels :—on, # i, % att. -@) Each of there vowels may be; again of two kinds, eis. argarfan oF nasalised, and sraqarraen or without.a nasal sound, .2 Sanszpr Gnaworar, [846 § 4 The consonants are divided into sparsha or mutes, . anéastha or intermediate (the ‘semi-vowels ) and u'shiman or sibilants, arranged as below, - An'az is added to these for. the sake of pronunciation. (See § 18., *). (2) Mutes, which for the sake. of convenience’ are divided into. five groups sash of Give letters, oin— (1) ard or the group aia, &, a. a, 2 (2) raf or the group §—e, 6, 9, a3 (8) eqe or the group z~z, 3, ¥, =) 7. (4) avi or the group ¢—a, 4, ¢, @, 7 (5) oaa or the group 79, &, &, 4, a. (6) Bemivowele—q, ct, &, . (¢) Bibilants—q, ¥, q. : (4) Bonant aspirate yg. + §.5. “Besides the vowels and consonants givin above there are in Sanskrt:— (a) Two nasal sounds called ¢ anuewdra? and .» . g) % 75,7, "s respectively; as q+ enr=anr kd, E+E —fix Ki; similar WOE ghee em EH gE ey ke, & kai, at ko, we5 18) THE ALPHABET. 5 Eixception:—@ when following upon k remaing unchanged, os i, : (4) In compounding consonants they should, be: taken in the order in which they are pronounced; the last consonant takes a vowel, the precading ones generally losing their perpendicular stroke when combized; 6. g. ‘tena’ ought to ‘be written as eq, ‘ua’ as ov, &o. Some letters, however, change their form slightly and others entirely when compounded with ‘other consonants; «9. eq Ipa; — tra, aq ga; mW gra, &e. x: immediately preceding another ‘consonant. (or .the vowel a).is Aenoted by the sign-written above the following consonant, _ as & rka. This then necessarily called a tay ref. (¢). In the conjuncts a (q+ ) ksh, and a a 31) jfia; the component elements are scarcely discernible, (4) A few consonants are written in two ways} 6.9. a, ‘tra; mm, mH, kraj ea, ee, stha; aa, Th, Keay Gr, eR, stra. (¢) -The following are the principal conjunct consonants :— keke, eq k-kne, gem k-kya, gay k-kha, oy k- in, wig k-th; wey E-t-ya, ay or @, K-tra, geq k-t-va, guy k-th-na, % k-na, | a Keays, or k-ma, a ‘k-ya, a of a k-ra, a E-la, @ k-va, a k-sha, er k-sh-pa, aT ; kesh-me, 44 k-sh-ya, 2 k-sh-ve. - “wet Eh-na, wy kh-ya, q kh-ra, : we . ng g-dha, W gma, 7% g-ya, 'g-Ta, ay errs a gla, 3 ava, a gh-na, sq gh-nya, ty gh-ms, eq gh-ya, 7 gh-ra, eq gh-va, = i-ka, & i-k-ta, E ii-k-sha, & a-k-sh-va, @ od-kha, & “Bkh-ya, yf ga, a Agha, & igh Ye, & heghes, g iis, g ima, eq 2. HY Be» . 76 : Basaxp? Gaaititan, {gis oT 998) was ggha, . oe d-ga, @ d-gha, y d-de, 7 aya, 3 = athe: ™ dang, qe -dh-va, x d:na, g d-l -ba, x d-bra, d-bha, os a-bh-} a @ dma, 7 aya, wx d-ra, aT d-zya, wd-va, ey d-v-ys, g d-v-ra, ‘eq dh-na, seq dh-n-ya, wt aie wy dh-ya, q dh-rs, gay | dh-rya; vq dh-va... - _- $a nefe, Fy n-f-ya, Hy Mota, Fy ards, wud+ta, aq sah, wa n-dh-ya; siq-n-db-re, @ D-na, sy-n-p-ra, = noma, = n-ya, ee ra, Fy nota, - L : . _N p-ta, teat &p-ya, W pens, of p-pa, = ‘pemaom Pys, pra, Bla, ce psa, cer Bea. #ar b-ja, b-da, sq-b-dhe, at b-na, aT b-l ba, 24 b-bha, eq b-ya, F bra, ey b-va, oq bh-na, sq bh-ya, of bh-ra, +y bh-va.§ 19-14 } ‘Tax ALPHABET, 7 | FT Mena, FT Mpa, FY m-p-7a,.Fq m-ba, FP M-bha, Fy M-ye, T mrs, a m-la, ey m-va. aq Y-y8, 7 y-ra, cy y-va. a@rka, @ r-kha, af r-ga,-&o.; af r-k-sha, - r-g-ya, r gh-ya, e@ r-tya, &o; eat r-k-sh-ya, xi r-bh-ya, tel r-t-s-ya, @ rd-dh-a. wy L-ks, eq l-ps, eq |-ma, eq Lys, @ I-la, eq La, ‘ST Vona, 8 V-7e, Ff V-Ta, Of v-vA. ‘Sgn, aay So-ya, a ina, qq S-ya, +4 Sra, 2a 4 r--ya, ek 1 74 d-va, wa S-v-ya, ay ida. © th4e, ew sh-tye, g sbet-ra, ga abturye, ¥ eb-t-va, gsh-th-ra, gq sh-th-ya, sy sh-na, coq sh-n-ya, sf sh-pa, sq ch-pra, eq chma, sq gh-ya, : ea e-ka, ee s-Kkha, cq s-te, dq 6-t-yi, op or @ 5-tra, ter s-t-va, oy sh va, eq a-tha, oy S08, HH ON-YS, ET 8-8, SE s-pha, @y -Ma, Gy s-ya, GF 8-1a, EF S-VA, EF s-£0, w bua, gh-na, gma, g rhe, g bra, g L-ha, g b-ve, Sometimes five contonants are found in conjunction wt retemen-ya, a8 in aRTEe- & § 14. As sandAé is of primary iniportanca in Sansket, virma or pause can be indicated only at the end of a sentence. The signs of punctuation, therefore, are only. two, 1 andi. ‘The former is used to mark the close of a sentence or the first halt | of a Sloka, or poetical stanza; the latter is employed.to denote ” the close of'a gloka. co : . " (a) ‘The sign called dvagraha (and which represents half of Axdbakara) is generally employed to mark the elision of short8 : Sansxpr Gramntas. { 5 14-18 az after gor site. 9. fF (ater); aaren sites (anrett + aide )- ‘The double mark ss is sometimes used to, indioate. the elision ‘+ of aye after initial long sf; gar+ HTX =aaT Sse. “ _ (8) The mark’o is sometimes used: to show that something is omitted, and which is to be understood from the context; 4g. eto may atand for srsfq, oaralf for afreran: srt; &e. § 15, Short vowels when followed by sonjemst consonants are eaid to be prosodially long, § 16. The vowels a7, g, eff, and the syllables arg and srr are called Gnnaj the vowels arr, %, wt and the syllables sz and arte are called Vrdhi. The Guna and Vrddbi vowels and syllables ‘that are substituted for the simple vowels will appear from the “following table:— . Simple. V. a | eet zea le eg eo Gana |e |g fa are | ae Vedhi. | om | st fame] ame “G.17.. The threa semivowels @ @ and gq are sometimes nasalised and then they are written with the anundeiia sign. ~ over them, as &, & # : - . § 18, The numerical figures in Sanekrt BIE tn— BR BH Bg Bie 1,3, 3, 4 8, 6 7% 89, 0 : “‘Thase-are- combined to express figures precisely in the same sway a in English, Ry 125, ye 540, &e.§ 19-21] Runus or Saxpuz, 9 CHAPTER IL : Ruzzs of Sanpat oz Evpnoxy. | § 19. SandAt (from qq together and yr to join) is the union or blending togsther of two letters coming in immediate contact with each other. “. (a) Sandhi is necessary in the case of the internal structure of pada, i.e, a verbal root or a nominal base and the termina- tions, prepositions and roots, and a compound word; while in ~ the case of sentences i, ¢. in the case of the ‘final and initial _ letters of tho different words occurring therein, © observances of Sandhi rales depends upon the will of the writer.* T OoMstwation oF FINAL AND INITIAL VOWELS. § 20. If a simple vowel, short or long, be followed by a similar vowel, short or long, the substitute for them, both is the corresponding long :vowel; 4g. Seat safe: = Teanhe:s wat ordta = orareliay cert Rites Safes; Per tsnge = Prenge: eagor to gain knowledge; W@+ casxetes sft + tar aha; thus; wets; at agaarg: wt wotiswgst: the strength of an army; ad+eg=ayy at aT = RATE § 21. When szor ar ria followed by §, 3) ¥¢ oF & short oF long q, sit, at OF agis substituted for both; 6. 9. T+ ES | ateyqart inc ire; care aires orirsdna seteter sate; Fort we He Te TTS TET: ATLA HAG; wat are: Sages verter Sagie:. © qeteod Pear freer qeeetar: ~ Breer cere. ret g or nara10 “ Sanexpr Grammar. ( § 1-28 (a) Exceptions i——Vyddbi - substitute takes place in the following oases -— (1) When g is followed by ae or ws sites; are. @) When "gpg in followed by afaeft; staftfigeft an army consisting of a partioular number of chariots, horse-wartiors &., (8) when is followed by Feand fq; ee:5 ANE ons acting wilfally; Sez wilfully; and (4) when the sf or ar ofa preposition is followed by an initial @ ofa root-form; y+ ee@= areata. § 22. When ay or arr is followed by gor & and aif or af, & _ oF aff takes the place of both; ay+qa=atay 7+ dadegrad; _artaratn aera satend Aart strat =fretegera. _ (a) Baceptions + — @) ts proposition ending in oy be followed by a radical g or Sits the lattor is substituted; y+ gaa =Rae; eq+aitehy=sT- sf. @) ay followed by sj and att (prep.) is dropped; fargra + sit an = fara ara: Pre are Cart ate) Sree. (8) Vrddhi substitute is optional when final eg is followed by sits; e.g Feeg+ ott: =Rreate: or fieate:. (4). wrt fat=anier. . . Q When the following sets of words are combined the final ~ vowel or-the final consonant with the preceding yowél of. the first word is dropped; ¢. g. gras + 8talsgreer one who roams trom. one honse-to another; a woman of bad character; Strat ae Staeq: the white line left on the head by the’ hair parted on ~ either sides’ Caterer in“ other cases )j: qea+ wraqfes: = ame of the celebrated writer of the Mahébhéshya (acom-_ meniary on Pénini’s grammar); qTt-+ sty —areey! a spotted ‘antelope or a kind of bird Caren in other cages ), : §28. When gn % and x, short orlong, are followed by§ 23-27. J Ruizs on Banpat. it dissimilar vowel, a, 3, , and @, are respectively substituted for theme. g. qia-tere=yeae; eft sare=eqeqara; ad grants adit ener sqaure; ayt ait: malts et Shr Sante; a+ sgt: =orehe:. : : § 24. ‘When @, ait, B, and aif are followed by a vowel, tq, ae, ay, and syrg, sre respectively substituted for them; gt+ THR, AeA TSR tigate AAT arta: &o. (a) @ or @,at the end of « word and preceded by at or sir is- optionally dropped when followed by a vowel or a soft con- sonant; gtrgie Sere oF EC Te; Fst + EES Rete oF Pree 48; Pad + gra: =Prargera: or Pray waa: intent on getting: money; e+ sey: =[TOgeN! oF YT wen: longing to see the. “preceptor. Note:—Two vowels brought together by the aropping of an: intervening congonant or visarga do not combine. § 25, When-¢ or sjf at the end of a word is followed ‘by. at the latter merges into the former, aud the sign ‘s’ is sometimes written in its place; «9. gt-tere=etea frst term=RetT. §.26, ‘The aff of ry followed by apf is changed to ez, and to arq when followed by gre and syaq; ait+ gla: =syeqya: a mea~ sure of length (genorally. four miles )} Wy+qra:=aaeR:’ & atout bull; a+ star: =ararar: @ ball-eyed window. - . § 27. No Sandhi takes place in the following cases :— (a) When a dual form (whether: of @ noun; pronoun or verb) endsin §, S,0rg 6.9. et+ca=ae. vats sinatlacly Frog eats aif Tg TAR Ta : @® svt and arg ( forms of the pron. argg ). followed ty a vowel «. 9. sat + Ea: weet fer: 5 OY TET.2 nf Saysxpr Grammar. [ § 27-80 (©) Particles consisting of one vowel, and those ending in athe. ¢. ae aR=s wai Cy Sra MT Fer ” Note:—These vowels are: termed pragrhya. IE. THe cGabRsounon oF PINAL CONSONANTS ‘WITH INITIAL VOWELS AND CONSONANTS, § 28. When q or s sonsonant of the dental class comes in contact with ( i.e. whether it precedes or follows:)— @ ¥ or a consonant of the palatalclaas, ais substituted for @ ( original or substituted for a-visarga ) and the eorrespond~- ing letter of the latter class for the former; 6. g.. § 42. q coming after 9 short or long, ¢ or gin the same word, is changed to of even though a vowel, a semi-vowel except @, anasal or.a létter of the guttural or palatal class, org, - comes between a, ¢ oF & and 5 TTHLETHATAT. qa ar=qeer; a@d-+at=maor. This change does not take placa when q sendy a word. Note:—The “number of intervening letters is not limited j ; t. 9. TORT. § 48. @ preceded by any vowel except spor aff, a semi-vowel, a letter of the guttural class or & generally becomes gj (A+ SSA THT EMS, : (a) The initial q of roota” having & HOTT generally semains upobanged, ference; fatal § 44, The q or ra is changed to an. ahuswéra and visarge when followed by @ form of the rootg; wqtarel=dendis ene; &o The same happens when ges followed: by atta and gw; geatfine:, deme. § 45. qat-the end of a word (oxoept' ‘warg,) is changed to Anuswird and visarga when followed by 4,8, 2,7,a, x “themselves followed by a vowel, a semi-vowel, a nasal OF B35.” arena = aoget hha; Ter Napier ai Waa ahora; aTt sgrT=ategra; but rareaie. “ (a) Tho of aarg followed by arg ‘undergoes the athe change; arg+ are =mteare. §.46. g after avy vowel becomes "5 this, change is optional when long vowel at the end of a word or a grammatical form, except that of'the particle ay and the preposition My procedes it} 4. 9. e+ Era eaTerar; . frsde;, weitere er sedteerans HreeTeaTas aiPeora :16 / Sansxpr GRAMMAR, [§ 47-52 § 47. q at the end of a-word, whether followed by. any letter. ‘or not, the ¥ of way and £ followed by a hard consonant or by nothing are changed to visarga; ty+q=Rq:, frec=Fias arg: arar. § 48. Visarga followed — De is otiangea to gx, by. z, = tog, aod by q, %,.to gs ett mehr =eftarcha fasy: + arar=feeqeqrar; and optionally to q, g, or | when followed by these; qa: + earat =e RATE OF TTAEATATS UTE: TAHT or eT. $49, Visatga ( except that substitated for ¢ ) preceded by short sq and followed by short ey or a soft consonant fa changed to a; (which when combined with the preceding ay becomes af Per taicfry+ stared: =frdised, on taeet= Ja TBR but sire @) Faraearace. 'g 60, Visarga preceded by qr aud followed by-a vowel or a aoft cosonant is dropped; it is also dropped when preceded by az and followed by a vowel except 85 AIT + EES AT FBS rt, aor = 8ar ean; AC + ATS =Ae APTS. § 51. Visarga preosded by a vowel except sq or ayt and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant is changed tog; gft:+ waft eftstere; agit sea oargeaie. Bet the visarga of ¥t: is. ‘dropped before all. vowels and soft consonants; ah args rege Tt as. ‘(a ) ‘The q of sieq not followed by & declensional: termina- tion is changed to x; sigT=eigr=aE: DOM. sing,; syece:; when followed by q1@ ‘the change is optional; sreaier or west | the Jord of the day; the sun, &§ 2 “Zor @ followed by. gorg respectively is dropped and the preteding ¥, ¥ Or g, if short is made long; rete ms ats eee TemeaRo creed er ——§ 58-56} _- Dormygros. Ww § 58, (@) The initial x of roots, except that of 74.10 conj., FE, TE, wT, Tr and a few others, is changed to spatter 4 pre- position containing ¢ ¢. g. qftorara; but wee &e. . @® When the gy of apr is changed tog the qis not changed to 5 SHE. @ The a of the preposition fi is similarly changed to % ; ‘aforrara. Exercises :—(2) Join according to Bandhi roles :-—a7Rifret_ eed eet area eferey wea ae: Bree: Gar: Eat re! TEE anda | aftae ett star ofert: Peat | etrarare facar: sifr- are ager rans Tare Aes MATT MT aT ETA. TET setts sehr ects Sty SPT MPT ATR A+ ere “@_ Separate the words :— . . GR AETs fren va; SOAS TIFT asa; ce, aR 55 irre, Pres; Tear. CHAPTER III. Susana OB Dzotmxsrox. § 54, In the présent chapter Deolension or the inflection of nonng, substantive and adjeutivo, will be considered. . § 55. The ernde forin of a noun (any eolinable word) not. yet inflsoted is technically called a Piatipadika Carkenta)- “§ 56: A noun hes three genders; marouline gender (mas.), 8 fpminine gender (fom.) anid a neuter gender Giou.). No definite an be laid. down “for ‘the Qeterminalion - of “gender in Bauskyit which, therefore, must be learnt from the dictionary. 88 6G 2. ,18 Sansxet Gramican, [ § 57-61 § 57. There are three numbers:—Singular (sing.), dual’ (du.) and ploral (pl.). The singular number denotes one, the dual two, and the plural three or more.. . »§ 68, There are eight cases in each nimber:—Nominative Nom. or N.)}, Vocative (Voo. or V.), Accusative (Acc. or. A.), Instrumental (Ins. or I.), Dative (Dat. or D.), Ablative (Ab. ), Genitive ( Ger. or G,), and Looative (Loo: ‘or LL), These express nearly ‘all relations between words ina sentence. * N. B.—These genders, nuinbers and cages will, for the sake ‘of convenience, be denoted by’ their abbreviations enolate iato brackets after each. — L8 59. Sup. ¢ ‘aD isthe technioal term for a case termination in Sanskgt,. Declension consists in adding ‘the caso termina. ” tlons to the erade form or bise. 8 ¢0, ‘The following aré the normal case terminationa— Mas. and Fem. Neu, > ‘Sing, Dual Plaral | Sing. Dual Ploral NVq a we NA a €or A MM oy » » I. ar are TE Toe rest like the mar, Dg ° se Ab, mE : GQ oon vs ae “Lo € = ‘$61. Tha Vocative is considered to bea diferent aspect of ‘tha Nom, and is identical with it in the dus] and plural, Ié is . therafore t posed to have no separate terminations of itd own, In the ing. tt comstimes ‘coincides with ‘the original stem, aometimes: with the Nom; at other tims it differs from both.$0204] | Duonemeron. 19 DEOLENSION OF NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. § 62, Declension is, for the sake of convenience, divided tato stwo classes :— I. Basus meping In vowEts.” TI,. Basus aNping m8 CONSONANTS, .§ 68, The declension of Adjectives does not, in general, -differ from. that of substantives. It. will’ not, therefore, be ‘given here separately, the points of difference only ‘will: be noted. Adjectives take the gender, number ‘and. case of the vsubstentives they qualify. : SEOTION L 1 BASES ENDING IN VOWELS, Noie-—The variations and modifloations, which ‘the ‘geveral: terminations; given above, undergo when ‘applied to several of ‘the vowel. bases are so numerous that it. has been thonght advisable not to notice them, here, as being tedious, bat simply to. give the forms and leave the students to fd them out ‘for themselves. Every word declined here should. be considered a model and words alike inform should be declined, similarly to it. Nouns ending in st Mas. and Nei. : G06 cm Rime ain knowledge, | . Sing. Dual Plural. | Bing. ‘Dual _Pinral Some ght aan ON. at et arn Vm a a EV ey ” Anum 9 oT Alar (2. ger crapart- eee . Daal Plural RB eft ee, wa: ve " ny A. afta ~ w eg _ iL. aftr fear aftfa: ~ Dow — woo eRe ‘Ab. gt: ” Gon” wai: . tr L. ‘ea. ” ef. : aft fom, intellect.E869 Sansxpr GRramusr. "ge mas. a ve bai te BeEEEE- e wedadas A bh be SEE aSEEEE :€ apdud< oH . gs. th “Bed§.89-70 ] . - Dxocunsron. . . 2a Lanter eoare aftr: Dat fon Ab. ater: ” no Go aft: atten: arererrg, TL. anit » afte . ag neu, honey XN. oag nytt waht Vv. moray a» ” A wy ” ” mga pare AYP: Do a Abo at ” ” Go» ay: | ARTE a » at §70. Adjectives ending in g.and © when ased with neutér nouns are optionally declined like mas. iouns in ¢ and g in the- Dat, Ab, Gen, and Loo, singalars and Gen. and Loo. aaalss«. ge af neu. White, pure; Ye now; heavy.— gf neu. 4383 path 4 1 2 ca ‘4 a eepep ae Ab.” &, L. Sanexpr GRAMMAR, aS nea. we” at Te ge a Bee we ren Tear "Fey get” ” we TET oon oak, gett Georgy 2» _[§70-74 Decline all othet nouns and adjectives ending in and g mas. fom; and new. similarly. . : . 8 71, Irregular bases :— : ‘aft m mas, a friend. : Nn war “wearet Tare: Vv we ” ” AL waraq ly aig 1 wear aferare erent: “De eet a ae afera: © AD. ogg. op oy Gy ewer: - were Le weit oy afar oo). ave mas. a master. a ot aera 2 Mt: we: rea: AL af So» . adhe§ 71-78 ] Duaoueysrow. a) Lo ger afearg afafir: Dd. ww ” afiem: ~ Ab. qeyz ” » a » weit: adr L. qeit ” afeg - § 72, Compound nouns ending in gft such as yaya &. are declined like eft regularly. Words ending in & and mas. and fem. § 73. wet f a river, mat 8 women, 8 bride, : aft fem. : oN ae at wa: Vv. afe a ” AL ae on att: Lower. adage: D. ae ” pe Above: ow ” if a oy CO a wig” Decline all other-fem. nouns in § similarly. . © @) the words erpft the goddess of wealth, wet a boat, and ‘ara & late, do not drop the q of the Nom. ning. 8. 9. watt: fe. ay fem:26 “° gaxeicer Gearon, [ § 78-76 Ab. anat: a . ” Gy ee rT L, gear ” TES Decline -gxy. a mother-in-law, qq an army, Raeyz the,jnjube ‘tree, RHE & phlogmatic woman, qarq rice gruel, qay a class of compositions, and other feminine nouns in # similarly. § 74, Mas. nouns ending in {:— - aré nitrite svat areca: ‘an antelope ad fleet as the wind’; fr. ‘rat sat+€ Unadi IV. 1.— N.Y. qrenft: stage © enero: ALS arene oy arene, Lo qerar seria. erect, De errr wo areata Abe TEA ey woo. G. ” eT: | areata Le arent ” ererfig s Decline ( arfts aftereier) wat @ wayror a horve, Cafe rar tt) oft the sun, &o. similarly. - : “Root nouns ending & or a mas, for, neu: _- § 75.. Bales of Sandki—(a) ‘The ending ¢ or g,- short or Jong of nouns derived from roots with the afix frg,(o) and of “apie changed to ya_or eq before: the vowel terminations; the fem. ‘nouns of this desoription-are optionally declined like 7 . inthe Dat. Ab. Gen. and Log. singulars and. the Gen, pla, * Bat it the ending For @ of many-voweled nown having a root atthe énd-bs not preceded by aradioal conjunct gonsonant9753 , Dzchenuion, bad or the root noun bas a preposition termed af (i, eax. added : to the root ) or a. word governed by the root preseding it, it is shnaged to wor, exept in tho ae of aft end nonenenfing Tn aR ge . Decline similarly raft, Garett ko, mas, and fom. ‘the! Loo. sing, of nouns ending’ in af is. made. up by adding * args 6g. BrADMIR, Bareare eo. - : ‘Decline similarly gd, aubz, &c. mas. and-fem,28 Sanexpr Gaasneas. [875° af neu. like arft. | wey new. like Hg ON, A.sft sfeitaity N.A.@eg aegt aay. Ve Py Vege » ” LL. mar-fiyar &o. option- 1. q@acr-garée.optionally sally like the mas, before the like the mas. before vowel vowel terminations. . terminations. : : © spt fern, \ Creer efit fem. sarer wftefeat: fem. : "Yoo. aing., Dat. Ab. Gen. and Loo, sing., Gen. pla, | Uke wt “he rest like srt ma 30. g. RN. ome: mat - ma Ve aft woo as . Ama pi om Loma mira ehh DL me ” nde: Abra iy on re Lo maqon nfs : 3h (ag varafa ) mas. JV. at: afr afea: AL afer, ” "» Loafer gipara aittte: D, afet » andar: Ab girn . Bo ” Go afm afrare Le ety oy aig . eo neu, like att. wife | wz ap 23 4§ 15-76] Daonxsron. 2 Lk aftrar-afiar, &o. optionally like the mas. before the vowel terminations; Gen, Dual afyat—ar:: eet. self-existent. N.Y. arig: erigay erage: A. Sraay, ” ” Loo ey arpa, ordain: D. edat ” wipe: Ab. erga: , 2 Qo erg: waigere Le erty oe eat ON wig aah aghe: Vv. ashy » » : A. wien we ” Toawber 0. wafparq: sufyfa: D: aah ” overhear: Ab. qaiea: ” . “po. Ay aha: » qatar L. aabare, aes antzg . + Daoline similarly va, aq, gry widow vena, &s, : eit fom. a wornan. Pew: D. mace N. colt VR i AB Ror A. Foan site mo A Gy fora: Reve: etreirg, fern osharg AE Ts. Rete gy - ofig § 76. Mee: words ending i in @ not derived from: roots; 6 g~ gm the name, of 3 Gandharoa,30 Sansxpr GRamMar. ( § 76-77 N,V. ge: Ret = AL ” Lo Lsoger 3 welt: Dw » men Ab. gE: ” n Go» we RT a is Nouns ending in 3% mas. fom. and neu. § 77, Nouns derived trom roots with: the fix z (wT and ah Pan. III, 1 188 and 2.185, ), such as aad a maker, &e, and the words erg fi, me, AE ETT, wta, Wa, aud qureq a8 also . aaa change their eto at in the Nom. sing, and tosme i in the ‘Nom, dual and’ ‘pl. and Ae, sing. and dus), ‘Tq mas. the creator. N. aret arent rare: Ve arez ” gy AL Brae ” TRE Tw 2 aRATL ara: Dea » “area? Absa ny : ” ys art: - ATER L. araft | a ares , “Destse alixilatly wd, Be, 7, mez, mate &e. neu.. § 11-79] / Droraystox,. 81 Loweraen wear waft: De ar-at » area: a SET wgeatn «ity pom. SET MPT L. qraft-afr ao» Tey Decline similarly ad, Az, ae &e. er@q and othér fem, nouns should be declined like qra except in the. Aco, plu, which is formed by adding @ before which the o& is lengthened; ¢. 9. ery. § 78, Nouns expressive of relationship like fy m. a a father § aa f. a mother, %y m, ‘a hugband’s brother’ &o. with the exception of aga grandson, wg a husband, and ea a sister, a8 ‘also. the words eq one who praises (Un. Il. 92) | a man (Un. IL. ‘98 ) and wag a oharioteer, chaige their a to ay in “the Nom, sing. and to arg. in the N. dual and plural and A90: sing. and dual; 6. g. N. fer fred fac ON. ara aredt Tae Ve FRaeRHT iy, We MR ay CAL frag Fagg As aT. oo» arg: Decline similarly we a Decline similarly wee hus- brother, stra 8 sonin- - band’s brother’s wite, afteia” Jaw, ty, cite, wae and q. daughter, and qaqeq or TATE. . The Gen. plu. of < is ere . : oF FT, ‘ § 79. ‘The word site a jickal, is declined like a word aciding an a necessarily in the frit five: inflections and - optionally before the vowel terminations beginaing ‘with the Ins. ting. except that.of the Gon. wn the vod: ‘sing. te my #: g. oe ° oe LS ” As were, ss “ Poe :ss Sansepr Gnasican, [Eg 79-88 Lo merger wiper . wgPr Bt D. ares » Ab wget: ® Gon» | weer on L, ate, att no» (4) aitg becomes mite in the fem, also ey cy Pan. VIL. 1. 98, ) which with the for. term, t becomes sereft and is: deoined Ike * Words ending in wa & § 80. - Here simply the terminations should be waded and sandhi rules observed, & Lae err ait alse) Rime svealth, NA-e st. = NyVe ee” erat oat vee ” ” . Ao way le Ab way, ” a 4 at: gare Lo aff i». aE: Tho neu. ¥e ( swET eT ET TE) changed to wit should be. + declined like apft except before the- consonantal torminations, when it should be deolined like & m. f a : » Words, ending fi in st and Ht. § 81. Veddhi (eit) is substituted for sit of worde . ending im. ait in the: first, five inflections: except the Ace. sing; ay ie substituted for aff in the Ace. sing, and viel, Nouns ending: in * are regularly declined. : .§ 82-84 ] DzoLzystoy. 33 at mas. fem. - - zat mas. a bull or a cow. the moon. - No & Vea aie ara: ON. & Ve aa vert over: A. TM » TT As TeTER . Loo. gar aang site: I ° varar shards D. To ee. Deora reba Ab non Ab Tet oe on Gy TE Te Go yard: Fare a a a a _ Decline similarly aj fom. —_- Deeline similarly af fa boat, 8 / a ship: The tien, arat (ag at: aftaz ) changed to gz should be dealined like mg. Ok Bmomox I Baszs ayprye' In Consonanrs. " § 82, Bases ending in any of the fi sais Jettors of, polase, “nations and observing the. males of sand, : § 83, Bases ending: & a and dace Be ly changeable to q}may opiionsity be “inbertod | Fg. apreG log. nl; of ena erga “Joo. pl, of § Garrone who counts well. Sos ee 8, 5. e. 3. ;: 34 . SANSERT GRAMMAR, { §.85-87. § 85, Bases ending in g,@], 74,2) FH FT TF, and LO v. §86, (a) Asa general rule the q of the nom. singular is “dropped after 4 consonant. If thera be a sonjunct’ sonsonant at :the end of a word the first consonant only is retained, except swhen: af forme the first member; as wh-t- () The final letter is changed to the first or third of ite ‘olass when followed by nothing, to the third when followed ‘by a soft conaonant and to the first when followed by a hard consonant, and remains unchanged before a vowal termination. “© a i ‘te prefized.to the Anal ‘before the ¢ of the Nom.’ and -- Atco. plural i in the cage of neuter ‘nouns ending i ina consonant except 4 nasal or a semi-vowel; but not in the o ase of a noun derived from the frequentative base, ga7. Paradigms :—- e a sft. oly aie sev. “attat aftrat “stra: “AD, afta: atrpare. afrae: Aes afre go OG afin: aftrare be efearetrearg aie L. aftr? 4, after” D. ePt 4 efter: . . Neu. gata (aie: ate. afer) Joo NV. A gefte 9 gafntr qataes hg rest like, ee Orig jthe third Totter should always ke mppnned to- ve aunderstood: .§ 87-89 ] | Drconensron. 85 Dosline similarly. wera, vex, afta, afta, Aare, afer, AMIL, WT, WY, TIL, GT, HA oj 6. g.— : Nom, sing. Nom. dual, I. dual. Loe, ple, er ac ce at ee gq” say oufeey afer oofeapare fiery wage wie aitaat erngRar wigs Neu, . NOV. A. : B.A, on atte afta. vita . Mfr ara. afraer eat aah age wiiga wight. wate - The rest like the més - . § 88. Bases ending in y, &, &, oF a ate § 38°, (a) — or —@& is changed to q| when followed by a “thar consonant or by nothing, and’ ox ‘when ‘followed by 6 ‘soft conaonant, . . (@) The ending or aot root nouns and the fal of wa, AE, WH TL, Tel, and wre are changed to’ q when followed . by any coitonant except a nasal or a semi-vowel or by nothing; ‘the « it changed to gor ¥ whoa at tho end ofa word, and to "| when followed by a soft. consonant, The of. atare is seizilarly ‘changed to z or’ B : (0) Bas the gx of the root noune feet Gms eet, and we is csbanged to @ as alzo the gq of egg ‘a bold or impudent. man’ and the grof.snch words.as free. The a, of ais is changed to @ a may optionally be Anserted between g and the: Loo fh term. @ :$6 ~ Savseer GRasmrr. [89-92 . @ Before vowel terminations the final fame opHonsly: be changed tom: : §20. @E is ‘changed fo ¢ when atthe end ofa pada or whet followed by. consonant éxcept a ‘nasal or a semi-vowel. @) In the ease of roots beginning with ¢ itis otianged to's under the same ‘siroumstances; (0) when forming part of the. roots fq, 38> way and Ferg it is optionally changed to gy #, 6 to ¢ or Gj (d) and in the case of the root ag it. is changed to og under the above-mentioned citcumstances. _ §.01. « When's mono-syllabie root (or xoot noun): begins with g, a, org and. ends with g, z, YZ, Hor |, the H, |, or gris ‘respectively changed to x, uw, y, befors-q or wy or when followed by nothing or when the foal soft aapirate is changed to an unsspirate letter. § 92, Paradigas-arg f epoch, erm shining, aR ‘posoming “faint &o." : - “o Deoline similarly aaitgy, Rey, FTIR, By HL, _ gat, Peer geLand words ond-- Fagr, fag, Fes we nize, ing ip gay and in yond wy... fg and Foot ‘none etiding’ . in gy and Boe:Puy five Brosit ara | Aree ws. zat rary ts . &o. eo. *. & fe fre frat fama fpawag or ay fra Fre rd Preeara, fier ” faq Req fet Remere | ferge s fe i ” - Bz mas. N. ge TE set ae: A. TR cae ” — at ge SPT, PEATE wafers a: | “Dae on gay ghee Ab. ge: ” ” Ly Gey SR aere L.. aft on gu orgeg ora Decline similarly feag.,. ee; fez. gz £0.56. 9.-- . Ny sing.” N. dual. Ta. daa. ‘Loe: -pla. forge. frat. Rreargeare | fera-eg oF aaa. aati at amet ae ,, gee Ro qeargrm gear or at ga rere, Es wanaa 7 ow ?* BS Sansxpr. Geamman, . [8-92-04 Net. The nou. forms of these have 0 ecallaritis other than those mentioned above; ¢. g- NOVA 8 ware sear ‘aenfa aa gf git moe EE ~ The remaining forms like those of the ines. or fom, , TRaEevLaR: Baszs. § 98. (1) The & of gzrare Gndrw i is changed to ° before the consonantal terminations; 6 9. : UN. V. gerara.gerendt gxrene: ©. gerener gerne gcrarsr: A, aware. ,, a» Lograrft qerardt: acnegeeer § 94. The gf of root nouns ending in arg is: changed to = before the vowel terminations beginning with the Acc. pla.; e.g. Preaqrzm. the sustatner of the universe, @ lord :— NV. Rear: Peerat> | fear: cee frame Prdie:.§-94-97 ] DECLENSION. 30 Decline similarly geqere, HEME, WATE, ATE, &o. The Ace. plu., Inst. sing. &. of wag, are wze:, yer &e. § 95. Theg of warag f. ‘a shoe’ is changed tog before and to qbetore the w of a termination; ¢. g. Nom. warqa, TaT- at wares; Ins. aing. and dual qqrer, srrrgeara; Loc. sarale sare, TTA. § 96 - age m. at ox. / N. wage wrgret aragTe: Ve gE ” : ” A. TAgTEq a Loo wager aaggara | wagt®: D-- orHge oy AGE: be mar. " ms 6. agit: HAST L wight mo ES ara nails: erg aa) NYA ogy eagd cragitt ‘The rest like eyqggq mas, Bases derived from the root ara to go, to 9 worship. § 97, Noune derived from the root aya‘ to go” by means of : -wuch affixes a tera, Trg &o. stich ag area ( aT ara) éastorn, sreaag (.srfet-st_) western, aa, Cae-srer) 8 ‘companion, firdag ( Freeearea) going away, aang ( SITE, ) going with ox well, fern, ¢ Freya ) all-pervading, a, | northern, _ Spey x following, &.—40° Sansxar Granmecan, {gar (9) In the Nom. sing. seq becomes s7g. ‘The nasal of wy 48 dropped before all terminations beginning with the Aco. plu, and the preceding semi-vowel is changed ‘to ifs corresponding long vowel before the vowel’ terminations after which s is dropped. When spy is not preceded by a semi-vowel, its sy is changed to ¢ if not preceded by a long vowel ; otherwise it remaing unchanged. fieq becomes fara under similar ciroumstances. In other respects these words are declined like words ending in a. : SX mas. ORV. ate. art ara Ae sara svat are Looser arrare rita: D. - wir “amarg arr Ab. - ary: . ” » : Qo, are: ara Le mt oy 0S . Weaa mas. NV. mer weqedt ea: Ay seaany » aera: Toad. marmang.. seater: “Do mR oy mmaq: Ab my cme @ a wert: watery _ be adie ” rere WV. fete | Rah Abert A. fiat » Farcer:§ 7 J Drcrmyston, a Leow feieare feiPer: L. frei facet: Rete ‘The forms of the reat should be similarly made up; 6. g. N. sing. N. pla, A. plu: Inst. dual Loc. pl, mae We wir: WMA wee WA aay: aara: Srna wT Frere favre: fangs: fasrear, | Frere, were tere at tere, 0 ae Re Bas sara: SAT, ae TR ere ae wena | TTS concn At Note, : : The néu, forms should be similarly-made up. NV. As arg ate ofr fet fect | fais aw: oft, avaty * . erg | tage “fea. Ferg eater nfs. © ‘The rest like the mas. tty Q) When stag means ‘to worship? or.thonour’, “the -nagal .of ” apsez is dot dropped and thess “words are. regularly’ declined, They: dtop their final q oy batore: the - oontonsntal ter- minations; eg. . : “at Mas. Nv. ore, sar wad42 : _ BANERBT Granmus, [$97.98 A WT ae wre: LL. star area area: D. ara » TT: &e, &e. De 7 ome area: rg oF sre fadeq mas; : 7 NV, Reade feat Peete A. frie oy 9% "The rea should ‘be similarly. declined. . Neu. - - NVA. Prte fade i "~ \uBases ending-in @t— § 98. The penultimate sy of nouns ending in @ is lengthened in the Nom. sing. if it doos not belong to root nouns, waa the moon -- N Sar: * TERT 2 rat . yey ag: Ve pert : » * ” Lo aegaer seca rseeiNt: D.. Te moc oe SRT Ab eqna: y an Gy sed TaTETE Le 2 age, .§98 } - “DuoLznstoy, , 48: Decline similarly aq the god Brahms, gare good-minded , garg ill-minded, garry anxious-hearted &. ae neu. the mind. NVA. cae ouardt ania Decline similarly qqaq milk, aq age, STFA protection, fame &o., Haq good, ETE, TIE, ce. (9) Nouns in gq, aq, oF sity euch as waag flaring up- wards, spyage blind, dtafag long-living, dq an arm So. are similarly declined; «. g. . _° Nesings Ne dual sing, Inst, dual, Toe. plu. wate eet sath eee eathaty airy ig aaa: ae eet NV, AL} TE are | reat Pe ire Decline similarly war Tgtrey eftreqy an oblation, a the a, eye, THT bow &o.. SAG, (BG HH ) on who wears & garment well Mas. . | Nou: New: qat-qm =. | N. vA. qu gat qite The rest like wa The rest like aT °He, : we funece Gasinca Deoline Hailey Preare, Freeeg, &e.: § 00. ‘The Nom.s ting. of ate time;: ieee name of Indra and -TUTT name of Stakréohérya, i is ste, getar. and wgaqr respso- tively ; the Voo, sing. of surg is. werry, wert and gat: the obher forma are regular. §-100, Feminine nouns in qeimply add the terminations G20) geet m, a, man, RA gee ‘The rest like the mas. § 102, The penultimate x or g of the words Fries wishing © ‘to read, ayn. fla companion, Pratt wishing'to do, qtgone§ 102-108 ] . :, DEoLzNsion, 45 stepping well, wfagt. a blessing, gga cutting well, and aleo of firg speech, yxa yoke, gre town, all fom, is lengthened. before consonantal terminations; their fina} is changed to vizarga in the Nom. Sing. ¢. 9. Rafeq— Nv. - Ferd: Froreat Frafee: A free a Raaiee: L Fraser fradbate |. feraif: D. free Reate | Prats: - lL ~ Rae Fraest: Pigg The remaining forms should be similarly made up by adding” the terminations. aay. and the following w words should ‘be similarly declined.” Nusing. N.dusl. Losing, 1.dual.° Loe. pla, eqs ag vad sym aspale. ag | Pratt. Pera: Rerattal: feraitst- Prateata. Pree af aft: afte? after afhatg aftr sara seri: sift enfeer adnate srdtegag aq ge eat ogi aed | gers ff Ara fre oa Rg hog st a omg og. a o£ mom og _ Nouns ending. in 8, Fa, - and 2 § 108. erie lengthned i the’ Rona! sing, and’ is insert- ‘ed hotvredti ay'éind the fibal itt the-firat’ five inflections; ‘the ‘Saat ‘is’ ‘dropped th the Nom.’ “sings 5 the at ot wecie Tengthen- ‘6a betore this a except in thie? Voo,.-ding.- ay a46 -. -, SaAneepr Grairsar, ” [$tes=t04. ita mas. talented. Ro drt dtd dere: Vv. drag on a A. dirt ” afta: Te rar diearg 9 traf: : D. . - dae n “irre . Ab. efter ” ae G. rere arrerg L. atafa og ares we Neu UNV. ada 0 Gatto ita ‘The rest like the mas, Decline similarly. fama, ina, van. I Pron, MAT, MAE, CHAT, aT, TTT koe / aq mar. great. N. wert. nerd mere: ¥. AE “A aerE eet oe vO he ret Ik ree ~. New NVA. neq ae: were. The reat like the mas, Jf 14, Pasticipiel bases ending in aq . " @) Thadscleusion of thone-doss not differ from that of nouns | ~ inary except in the Nom. sing. mas, in which the ay of arg is. + mot lengthened, In. the oase of the davl of the, Nom, Woe, ant.§ 104] : - Dxonzxston. aT the Ace, neu., 7 is inserted before the final ¢ necessarily in the tise of the present participles of the roots of the tat, 4th, and ‘10th classes, and of-oausal,. desiderative and: nominal verbs, optionally in the case of those of the 6th clans, of roots ending in a _of the 2nd class, and of those of the, Fut. Par. in eqg oF ‘aq, and not at all in the case of the remaining participles of the present tenge. : ‘wag being. AAT eating W.Viweq wader ON. Yesrea aed rea: Acme, wT AL aR, «BEA: The rest like fray . The rest like wir Deoline all other participles of the Present aod Fu. Par. ia: the mas. similarly. wate” { The rest Tike . | the @as. | (2 Decline qaq, feqe, Graq, Prstia, gaifees, grat, &e. Like aera; anftoag &e. like seq; I OE, seat Brera &o, | dike seq: __NLB, Tho fom. of thete ends in & (before which qisinserted ‘as. before ‘the ¥ of the | New. dual j-and_ has no declenstonal poealiarities : : * Decline seq, 0. erent, go m. a deer, wa drop. of water aad srg the world, Tike ora mae. nee, we48 Sanskar Grammar, { §104-1¢ ‘Oy ia “not inserted at all in the oase of the participles : the Pre. of root of the third olass and.of the Parasm, Fr quentative and the participles grag, TIE, WATTT, TUR, at STAT, Gerd and Fey; in the oage of the Nom, ‘Vos. and Ae plu. neu., however, x is optionally. inserted >—= we | Mas. wet giving : : ae working N.Y. ang, ere lage N,V. sma srt strat Al wm 8 A. SIR» ” Neu. X, a eet Pa sre sre arate "| The rest ike wqq. : - Nouns ending in extend a . '§.105. ‘is. dropped in. the Nom, sing. and ‘before all conso: antal terminations. -In thejease of mas. nouns the- precedin a7 is lengthened in the first five inflections and x.in the Non - sing. only, The sy and are lengthened in the plu. of the Nom Voo, and Acc.,of neuter guns, The sq is. dropped before tk vowel terminations beginning with thie ary of the Aco. pu ‘eqoopt when it ie preceded by a conjunct consonant having oF & for its latter ; member; it is optionally. dropped in-the Lior sing. of mas. and neuter noun and ‘in the Nom,, Voo.. and Aa anal of the. lntter. o \ the gt nme, nose fa optionally rotainet *"Youns ending i in a4. ;, AW mas, the creator, Ret:* $105] DECEENSION. as Vi ER ° -aearett weer: A reas . ” wer: Lo cawer wa wep: Dae wera, wea: Ab. wert: ” a @. * wert: HATA, L. war ” we Decline similarly wrerg the self, qeay a sacrifice, awiq, wornig &e. . a |
VIC, WHT, TIL, ST, FHL, a, and | before all terming- tions beginning with the Ace. plu. -#t@m. an arm. NV. &: ad a A awa at ae: Geren: Peakeparg afhaPr: D. ar ee _. eta: Ab tam | ” ap “Ge » Rare: atare-carg: Te af ftor-e ” aeg-g-rg, Neu. NVA gt at we N.Prer | fre fren: Vv. fre a ” A. frame ” rene: L Reever Prarie, Pearaparg rare: er:-ghe: D. freer * Pa oe Ab. Rrarenat: oa » a. iw Parteat: Rerarcere L. | frarat-fir a Prerer-freg, Reaeaee§-118 ] Droxenston. 5 * SF neu. a summit, a tableland. Xa are ane Vv. ag-ar ” ” . A. ag ” erat, ea Loaner apa, par aah, ahr D. eget wea, eae wget, eT Ab. arga, a ”. ” a. ” wet, at: SRE, SEATS, L. agtragt ” ES: aT ‘The remaining words should be similarly declined according to the deslensions which their various endings follow:— noe arg m. a foot. N. arg: ret ane: Vv. ae ” ” AL WE ” TTATE, TE: Logit, oe aervard, caer, ats, ah: L we, FE ‘aea:, Tat: | afte, Tee: qa m.a tooth. Now, ot re A ee ” rare, OH Leite cer werearcrmerg gett, af, L. wae | eet: ah ag, : an@ar. 7, the nose. N. canter, arf arian: - A. onfeeanrr, ” ae THE0 Sansxpr Grammar, £§.118. Toanterar, var aneareary, hear anteater, ir: D. antrara—ae » ANGE aT LL. antarar-af anferat:, at: TUTATS, TE, TET . ara m..a month. N. ae: aret Satan: A. care ” Rrare-ara: Lo@aaarr oo reraneaparg | arasarir: Le arash aredti, are: 0 aratg-arag-arer @e n. the heart. RV. erat = wear A, aie Lo ater : see, eee | aga-ghe: oe REL 1. blood, NV. ger aesit arate A. srg - ote state, srearhy LST EMT, erafhr-srefr: D. opto ” . Tey ae: L. srafar, siesta west Tee Tay, wT : am. soup. i i a A aE 2. qare-ger: Lqgterger qerar, ear, gh, gat Le aR aferage gaat geet: wee . Waa. the liver. NVoageg.. . | waft wera Vay od Le 2 al ta-erenre’§'118-119 ] Daormyston. |. en OLoaperwar 2° agar, waar, ahah L. waft, frat wean | are-amg 3qH n. water. . N,V. crag we aearhr A were, ae . Sparse: io agar, oar Tara, TeaTE | eee, ae: Lae, seat Tenth, war Tay, Tg : 7 @reg n. the mouth. | . N,V. arerq, are areenrtt . A oy ” ‘y ~TeTPr 1) seas, srer srearare, ereare ses, ora: Lara, sife-erat sneadis erat: areas, sree ara n. flesh. / Nate ate ater Aly : » SRE. Lote ater aterarqareerg até, afer L. ata, atfe ateait:, ate: Atay, aregareg: . gaat f. an army. Nowe. gat a0: AL RR ” we TAR IL garar, yer . rear, gear. vaarfa:, gfr: D. garda " TAIT, Tae L werrarat wernt. gaa, eee. § 119, The following snffixes are. sometimes. added - to- nominal bases to express the meanings of cases.62 Sawsrar Grammar, cs 19-122" @ ‘Tho suffix qgadded to the baso of a noun gives it the sense of the Ab.; as area: ‘from carelessness,’ qegy: ‘trom the real state of the thing, in reality,’ graq:‘ from knowledge’; ©. The suffix x is used to denote the meaning of the Loo. case, and.is gonerally added to pronominal adjectives; as qq in that place, there’; aga ‘in every place, everywhere’, &o. § 120. A fow nouns such as ay ‘earth’, egy ‘heaven,’ qa ¢q year of an era’, srena ‘setting,’ any ‘ease,’ aaa ‘a bow,’ eafta hail, farewell,’ &. are indeclinable. OBAPTER IV. PRONOUNS AND THEIR DEOLENSION. - § 121. The following words are commonly used ag Pronouns . in Sanskrit; —af, fora, 34, Tra, Ha, HHTAT, Fae, Ae, TH, TE MAL, GAIT, TAC, HTC, TIT, KT, AY, ATs TAL, CTA, aT TH, fe, GeRg, NET, TAT, and Favq; as aloo Hae, aaTT, TAT, Ta, and gaz, wat derived from fara, aq and ag by the .affixer stat rand wea. . . : Personal Pronouns. : § 122, The pronouns - wet Tae ‘Thon, ” and wt ~ Your honour.’ :—— : NV. B. Tho declenston of the firat'two of these: pronouns is cthe same in all the three genders. . SAE mM. fin ONL ae STR eae As: Arey AT sara, TEATS, A§122-128 J - Dzcnaxstox. 68 @. ae e ara, 7 sara» a: iL. whe art: FOS wag to be declined like qaa—rarg waedt qaca: N., qaray sored ama: A. &o. sraqag, arte, (see Syntax, Pronouns) care similarly declined. 2—-Demonstrative Pronouns, § 128. ‘The Pronouns ag ‘that or. he, she, it,’ ag ‘this’ gey ‘thie’ and agg ‘that’. (a) The Nom. sing. of the first two is respectively @ and * ei mas. and gy and gar fom. In other cases they become-7 and¢q in the mas. and are declined like nouns in ay exept in the Nom. pl., D, and Ab. sing., G. pl. and.L. sing. the termin- . ations of which are £, e%, ear, gure and, feraG andar and gar in the fem. and are declined like nouns ending in ayy. execept in the D: and Ab, sing. G. sing. and plu. and L. sing. the which are a, cara, care, aie and earq.. All ig in syand aq are similarly declined, vais substituted optidnally for gq inthe Aos., Inst. sing., and Gen. and Loo, duals,($128 Sansxgr GRaMMan. wha ¥ *Ep i.eE “~@ > Qn sBee ae cesthee tiduddgi E* 4: Ee eEEGE® adudded | i E Nand A, we 8. anf an ekel = a . 4 Fete. 3 i — f EE 3 ada§ 122] Ducumyston. . Ab. Teer Tara G. geet eat: erat: L. qafery ” fem. RN. wr ad A. Garg, TAR aa, at T. yearqaar wareary D. vat ” | AD. qaear: ” @. vaear: weal: Tray: Le garage, ” : Neu. N. gag we A. Tad, TT Ga, TF The rest like the mas. 65 varie wera garrl Note:—The Visarga of q: and qq is dropped when followed by any letter except sj in which case the usual sandhi* takes place; @ Tes; TT srraTfes bat qarsresa &0.; 7a: a (a8 the Visarga is finel ). @) eea and apqe_ate irregularly declined; ge also substi- tutes Tq optionally like wag. oN. wag AL REGAL IL ata-gie D. at Ab. ster, 8,8.G. 5. mya mas. vr wig ae e CTA ote TaSansrar GRawMan. {§ 122 86 Ee i tr oH EE ete ‘ E e . . 8 z| ra eae a EE as Be a choise ckE sett +FtTE go wdund Soh wd g¢dudagd wita4§-122-128 } DEctaNston. 8r &. agear: sgt: orrRTE Lagat a . sTay N.& AL ae: ay starr ‘The rest like the mas. 8—The Relative Pronouns. § 128, Thé pronoun ag e-who, which ’;—mas, base a fom, base a— ay Mas, Nom at 2 A am a . ah Lot ara a: D. we » - ee: AD. were a ” G. wer wr. ae L. afew » ay : Fem. N. ar. a ar AL ag » ”, 1, wer aPare, att: D. at » ana: Ab, gear: ” oo Gy aT » WaT L. weart ” we Neu. N.& Avag a att “Tho rest like the mas.68 Sanskpr Grammar, ( § 124-125 4.—The Interrogative Pronouns. § 124. The pronoun farq; eas, base an; fom, base ay— Mas. Row: at a AL aR at aT I at eT a Dawe n~ ae Ab. OTE Pp ” Ger wat: arr LA » ne Fem. NN. oar a ar: AL are a ” Lo war ara ante: Do we » aa: Ab. ayeat: ” yo Gear: wat: Rrart Le wRare 2. ary : Neu. N& Ate _— The remaining eases like the mas. |, .5—Reflexive Pronouns. § 125, Tho sense of the reflexive pronouns is, in Sanakyt, expresked by the word sqreqq‘ self which is invariably used in the masoaline gender and singular number, and by the reflexive: _ adverb way (to add emphasis ); 0.9. ud qegeeart wat: aay arat: They all (she wives of Das‘aratha) saw in dreams that§ 125-180] DacnExston. 6o they were guarded by dwarfs”; so. q or ar warqeraiyy sears Serer erst ert ECAP srarTA, eo. . 6.—Indefinite Pronouns. § 126. Indefinite pronouns are formed by the addition of Fag or a7 or atftt and sometimes of feta to the varions cases of the pronoun féqq in all the genders; ¢.9. aig, art, & certain one, aft, Sirf, arare, aranft; arfterg &c. Sometimes the pronoun ag is prefixed to fang; as a: any Prat wae Fe mTETege sera: § 127, Tho terminations given above are also added to derivatives of fgg to give them the sense of indefinitoness; a8 RINE at sometime, Rarsa, ‘efarry some, fay some- where &e. : 7—Oorrelative Pronouns, § 128, Correlatives are formed by the affixes aq added to. ag, ag and gag; and qq added to qeaand fara in the sense of ‘as much as;’ and gq or gpzin the sense of ‘similar to’; TE, ‘gag and ag become af, gar and ay respectively before these, and gqq and Any g and fig before wy and € and af} before gq OF Te. g. aTAG (ReTeArrTeR), THE (xe aitarTAET), aTET like that, Ege like this, farqg how much &e. iso ‘The affix wafer ia added to ag, wy and fa to show number or measure; ¢. 9. eft “60 many’ afy ‘aa many’, and aft ‘how. many.’ Phese are declined in the plural only, and take no® termination. in the Nom. and Ace.; ¢. g.Nom, and Acc. aft} Inet. anferfine; the rest like nounsing, ~ 8—Resiprocal Pronouns. § 130. Reciprosity is expressed by the. repetition of the ‘pronominal ‘adjectives aya, yat and TE 8 9. SST, TACT, - and qceqe. These are. generally used in the sing. and also7 , Sansrpr. Grammar. { §180-182 adverbially ; ¢. g. qeeats eetraart &e. (Reg. VIL. 14); qeeat, frae-a &o. They are more commonly used as the first members of compounds; as af-arrauitarsrraraya &e. (Ku. I. _ 42). eeitarcarar: (Bis. X. 24.) &o, 9—Possessive pronouns, § 181, Possessive pronouns are formed by means of the secondary affix fq added to aq, gat, eertand gong, and and $7 added to syenq and qema changed respeoti rely. to. are and ara in the sing. and TET and ders in the pla. before these; 0. 9. ered Mas. Sing. o Plu. atte “my, mine? - aera ‘our ours? arr a». are ly + Array wren» , Fem. : Sing. Pinral. attr ‘my, mine’ srerdiar ‘our, ours” afar: oy : arerat ” : mre wrest Me Fem. Bing. - ~ Ploral, ° Bing. | “Plural, ‘thy, thine’ ‘your, yours’ ‘thy, thine’ — ‘your, yours”§ 181-183 ] DrxciEnaton. . cea “thy, thine’ ‘your, yours’ ‘thy, thine’ ‘your, yours.’ Ry wheat argat ater. aren on 7 areate rat, — aTeatar,, atsaratrr >, “aE waR mas. Som, mas. Som. wir afar eagrat WN. B. Thero are delined like nouns ending in of, a or © regularly. ey is a possetisive pronotm by itself and is- declined: ‘as such, - 10—Pronominal Adjectives. § 199. syeq ‘another, sreaae ‘either of two,’ tac ‘ other,” and yarert ‘ one of many,’ qat ‘who or which. of two,’ aqT ¢who or which of many,’ q@q who or which of two,” war who or which of many, qac ‘that one (of two ),” 4a * that: one (of many )’ are declined in all the three genders like We. g. Mas. “ ° ae N. aC: weet mat: Fem. oo” wm eet aa: | New. Na Aware eet ween : § 133, Decline qf, fara, TH (declined in the duel. only } and era ( which has no duel according to some grammarians ) both meaning ‘both,’ gauz and gaat ‘one’ of two,’ like a exoopt in the Nom. sind Aco. sing, of the neu. which is formed. by adding a; 6. g. Lot oe “mas. ‘all’, / Nv ak ef : eS ee ee aeBR Sansxar GRamran, [§ 188-186 L ait aapam | aw: D. wit ° ape: Ab. ederrg » » G. wie aeat: atart, XN. adierg ” wig Fem. ON at ae wai: A. way » ” Lo wtar |. eabarg cali: dD. ate ” aah: Ab. aieat: ” ” @ eet: waar lL. eerq on ante * Neu. NEA wT a aairt Tho rest like the mas. . § 184. eq when it does not mean “a class”? or “ wealth ” is a pronoun and is declined like a} m. f. n.; but it forms its Nom, plu. and Ab, and Loc. sing. optionally like aq when mas.; a8 €% of eq: € one’s own.’ Nom. plu; but ear: (people of one’s class ) only ( declined like qr ). §, 186, stray is a pronoun ( and therefore deolitied like gf mf n. ) when it means “ exterior, outer; or what is to be worn ontside, as a garment * except. when followed by gq; it in optionally declined like nouns ending in sy in the Nom. plo, and Ab,.and Loo. sing. of the mas.; 6.9. s7Gt STITT AT TET sqeat-areaer ar -aremir: ( garments ), But sqeqrpat (outer) gft. § 186. Ray meaning ‘ helf? is a pronoun, but it is optionally -§ 186-189} Ducumxsxon, 18 declined like qa in the Nom. plu, mas,;in other respoots it is declined like a4. ~-§ 187. yz, af ‘prior, osstern ’, sqqt. “ posterior,. western’, ~aferey § southern’, eae ‘ superior, northern, subsequent’, sqqz ‘other’ and apag ‘inferior, lower’; when they denote relation in space, time or person with reference toa particular thing or point of time é&c. and are. not a name, are pronouns and are ‘then declined like qd; but they are optionally declined like . -gpzin the Nom, plu, and Ab, and Loo. sing. when mas,; 6, 9. Nom, gf: gat a or qa: Ab. qeieatera, gharg gary Loo, ge-aifera, &.; bat gare: area (skilful:mosicians ) and not @fat; for gferer does not show any relation here; a0 geet: qa: and not wat, as Tae: is s name here. § 138. sera, eH, steq, sty, fara, and words ending in” the termination qq, optionally form their Nom. plo, like that of pronouns; ¢. 9. quasars; aafera-mnferran:, freer-feear: be. 11—Pronominal adverbs. § 189. The pronominal adverbs that are most commonly met with are derived from the pronouns ag, Cag, WE, 14, faa, and ‘qq and the pronominal adjectives qf, q¢ &o. by moans of -such affixes as ga, , &e. added in the sense of the Ab, or the Loo.; qr, TAT, fe &c. showing time, arg showing point of time, place or direction, sqt, sire, sire &c., expréseing dixeation, a e &o. expressing way or manner &e.; @ ag. qr then; aarti” at that time; aff then, “therefore, Bay 80; wp there, aa: thenoe, thereupon, therefore; &o, eeseneeeecal Tare now; gery thus; apy. heres% Sansxpr Grasp, (§ 180-140- ‘aye: therefore; gq: from this, hence anya now; gg here. TAGeereeeseerveereeerer ee TAG BOW; He thus; ayq: hence, therefore; ara here. There ceescerrereecceenee he When; qer when; Aut at; Wt : - where; aq: whence, since, because. -@re When; aqr when; aq how; Bw where; q where, ga: where;. ‘ whence; ae whence, how. Eocene qT always; aay always; edaz: everywhere, on all sides; ao everywhere, in all places. TRisscisseconsssssesconeeet(@Q: farther on, beyond &. a anee. BAT ses scnecnesssceosenneess MT, TTR. OF STITT, SICA, . behind, below, downwards. Hos soesescescseseseerens tae from behind, afterwards, west: / ward, &o. | HER es vcesssnee aoe ee RPRT TT, afzrora, afermne to_or in. : the south, on the right side. son SUM FHMC, TMM to or in the:- J noith, &o. : ~ § 140. ‘When-a pronominal word is used ai the subordinate- member of a compound, dr is at the ond of ai Tist. Tat,, or of ai entende having thé sense of the Inst, Tat., or at the end of Dwandwa, it isnot declined like’apronoun; 6.9. STRETRA: TS enterd:, wet vifterghy and not cade; or aiftenat gee, TE~-§ 140-141] wota or ait gate and not arergiehi auifartacrome &o,; in the oase of a Dwandwa comp,, however, it is optionally « declined. . Uke « pronoun in the Nom, plu; as sofateet oF § i41.— ont aan © “10 li 12 1B. 57 16 16 Rtg : 18 Btanencewne l ee ve “Duonznstor,” : bis omAPTE R v. Nincmaks. ax ‘THEIR Dzcueston. Cardinals. 19 = 20 21 22 23 a4 26 26 27 28 7) 30 “81 $2. 33 84 - XQ areqera or gaara or ahagnrn or TETeraRTT Ro. Fear 8 caftaet RR artes 23 wirftate Re sardae QS rafrerd Ra wefirata - FES eee rea *. 9 becomes df necessarily when followed by qq (subati- tuted for gry) and qaz, and optionally when. followad by qr; after which q is changed-to sand # to G6. 9. Sal76 +85 86 387 88 89 40 41 sak 47 48 49. ‘50 51 “68 55 56 RS gafirag 57 99 warares R& sefteg 58 %e srerreararg or §o cattery TET Re wentee 59 8 waterTa Roane cara warraeaitarg &e. 60 fo wfe fom. ve senitad / 6l 8 raafe Wo Tarrearteg 62 8 arn or Awe Wo ereeariterg or 63 §R Tage or Prafe fevemtag, 64 Re agua Wo yayenitey 65 && qeaaie Preeafirr 68 84 seme wougeenitva «67 to aga Y& carzeafterg, 88 ke srerafé or veo georeniteg wea Yo arsenitee 69 88 waMe or we srerqenfémte or warrant ko, seweniéan, 70 0 aufa fom, vw Feary oF 1 8 gHane - Go, «72-88 arama or freer e f io oR seat oF am Tavern. Tk oe gear R. eeeTey oF 75 8% qartne feared . , S30 agar 7 ok Segura TRIE OF 7 oo grams STR 78 e¢ serena or areas... agreed 79 6 sweet or vatraret® Tarr &e, . vy 80. ¢o arafify fom. Sansgar GRammar, [ §141§ 141-143 ] Dzonmnstox, — T 181 ecard |. 14 8e aeprare 82. genie 9 88 waa 88 sarsfifa 98 88 Wore 84 ee ages 97 Qe auTafe 85 ¢% Tarif 98 Se werrefa or sreqafe: 86 qeRiT 99 88 aewafe . 87 ¢s aarefife qatraray &o. 88 ¢ aperaita 100 Yoo aa nou, (alo m.) 89 <& aarsifa 200 2oo fea neu or ae: qararafa Ge. 800 00 Frere new. 90 80 ware fom, or sitfer went 92 SR qaaae 1000 Yooo agm nen. 92 82 grata or Pevale * 98 3a serrata or Frvaie 10,000 arga m. n. 100,000 mar new. or maTT fom, TERM. ny. BE fom., By now, TST neu. GF m. 0, TTT mar, HE mats, ery maz., aqeey neu, Heet_and gery nee. Hach of these is ten times aa great as the preceding. or GUTH new. . § 142, The cardinal numbers batween Feata and Freq, rerq, ‘and qeqrfterd, &., it will be sean, are made up by prefixing gay fe, &e. uptoaqa to the lower. The ninth intermediate number~ mag, also be made up by prefizing gaitw, sw oF (ara to -the higher. In these compounds f& fa ond aye are changed‘ to ‘T aa, "and srer necessarily before frgte and Frere, and optionally’ before the rest, except areite before which they: remain unchanged. § 143, The cardinal numbera between 100 and 200, 200 and: 800, &o., are generally expressed by moans ‘of aifyay added to. the number showing the excesé and then optionally, ‘prefixing :eto Sanszpr Gramiwan, [§ 148-146 the whole to 100, 200 &o; 6.9. qarrfteat wa: or qanritrareré 101, grearfyat ae or greartrarra 112, qearaghrerat &e, 150. After 1000 this atfiyar may be repeated with every multiple of ten or hundred; «. 9. M-arracafrerewantanaged 1892, qata- wenttrahrareantrarcramaseatan sere 177689, &. Similarly que may also be used instead of aqfyen; 6. 9. qgi- “qearagatamrag 754. Or these may also be. at times, express- ed by the copulative particle qj; as aqq wana, rata 720. § 144, The Tad. affix ay may be used, instead of sqfym, in ‘the case of the cardinal numbers ending in garg, the numeral Frau and those ending in aq; i.¢. in the case of the numerals - 111-159, 211-259, 811-859, &. before which the final aq, wife and epg are dropped; «. g. ganrgat wae 111, feet ae 120, qearst sre 160, qaeet fied 217, Frat Prva 330 and 20 on. § 145. (a) The ordinals from qa, (&, ft, wat and gy are drregularly formed. They are prm, feeta, aita, tga, aed ve respeotively; for qua,{stfta and smi@q and for qgel, qe and -werar are also used, (4) "The ordinals from other numerals up to gaya inclusive are formed by dropping the final.q and adding w and atter qqrq up to qa¢qrq by simply dropping the “%& . The ordinals from (@qy@ above are formed by adding am or by dropping the fa of feara and the final consonant of the ‘rest; in the case of compound numerals, if there be a final rvowel, that vowel is changed to.sr, while the simple ones . vending in a vowel i, ¢. qi, gait, aritfa and agfe form their ordinals in the first way onl; as gaa 7th, area 12th; far or ‘Peaitat 20th; eeheFer-airas 23 rd; qenitq, Tears 40th but often only; gage: or gage: &e- aq has, invariably daa. . * Deolension of the nomertla (cardinale and ordinsis), $146. qe, ( wet sem ), Fe Car fem. ), Fr (Fag fom.), and agr§ ae-1a8 j Dzoumnaion.. . ” (amg fom. ) are all adjectives and take the gender, number and case of the nouns they qualify. § 147. gay, whens numeral, is declined in the sing, and fr in the dusl only ; (& is. considered as g, and they are both declined like qf in all the three genders ; % 9: on fm. - “ae mas." fom. §. nee, LN. var a -t voor ” ” A. qa ” ” L.. gaa spam The reat like D.: carat ” the mas, Abo cHETE ” : AL THT ” aa: Le wae | TATE ” Way now, Gary N: A. The rest like the mas. . war when it docs not mean ¢ one’ is declined in the dual ana plural also ; ¢: 9. ¢f@ aso think some, * ~.§ 148, fi and qgy are declined in the plu. alona ; «.’g, ¢ mas. Ate on Ae LP et: Loaf: qe: D.Ab. Beg: Prepa: DAbageay: taenq: Swarr Prem. G.ongig qeee,sO Sansepr Gnawnan, [§ 148-161 N.V. A. fir NV. A. peantt The rest like the mas. © The rest like the mas. § 149. qay—segey, These are also adjectives agreeing in case with the nouns to which they are applied. : They are declined in the pl. and are uniform in all the three genders. Tay 3 aTeq NVA se ee aTe-8reF kL - Teatr: ‘wer: STE ass ery: D, & Ab, yeaa: eT SETAE AT a. Say SOT SET ATL i ri ee HeeTETS "Swe, wag and the | following cardinals upto waewg ought to be declined like gers. § 160. aafyafe, ‘fret and other cardinal numerals up to wawafa are all faminine substantives. The numerals Tq, Get &e. (for gend. see § 142, ) have no declensional peculiarities. . They aré declined in the eing. and so used with a plural noun; e. 9. tafrarraten: 25 Brébmanes ; garentaeaaa or Fay- waretr waa at: or @fifr: by 111 men or women 5. PaPTEyaT aaa: with Rs. 999, &o. They may be made to have duals’ and plerals by being used as fixed standards of counting; ¢.g. ° rere freq: many twentios of Brahmanas; t a. qrdcife ‘two hundreds : of women &e. § 181, The ordinals are declined regularly cron —§ 161-153 ] Numezars. 81 srs (00 § 139), Artie and sata aro optionally declined Tike pronouns in the Dat. Ab. Gu. and Loe. sing; ¢. fietiee®, fettara. &e. frdtavar:-fedtaes: &e. The fom. of Preis, avira, ge and gffa is formed by adding ofr and of age and other ordinals by § qqul, fat &o. . Numeral Adverbs, § 152. (a) era once, Px: twice, fiz: thrice, "aq: four times; from qagg onward adverbs of freqaenvy are formed by adding qe: before which final q is dropped; ¢. g. Tage: five times, gaqea: seven times &o. : @) cwar or Pavey in one wav or part; fpr or Ry or Pid in two ways or parts ; fspar or Hur-or aq in three ways, &o., sagal in four ways, drat or gear in six ways, aTgr, Eur, &o. © THU: singly, one by one; fxg: two and two, by twos; so Pra:, gam &o. . § 153. Other derivatives from the numerals:— (@) By the Taddhita affiz@ which is added to numerals ending in syq, and qq, aud F% ( often witt \ rddhi of the first vowel }5¢.9.. Tara: bought for five ( Bs. &e ),. qreqitaen: bonght for forty ; so Fray: bought for twenty (coins, &. ); arate: &e. ; (@®) By means of the Tad. affix qq in the senze of gonsisting of parts ” or “ collections” ¢.g ygEa ( aged Jem.) consisting of four parte or a collection of four; so qaqa ( jem.-af ); wa is optionally changed to spa after fir aud: fr (before which the final ¢ is dropped, ¢. 9. gq or itera ( 4 fom. ) twofold, consieting of two parts or a. pair; aq or farra (-ai fem ) threefold or consistiog of three parte, a collection of three, a triad, (©) By moans of eg and szq 6. g. ugy 8 collection of six; Tag, 8 collection of five, garg a collection of ten, a decad, &. —-0.—_— 8.8. @. 6. .82 Sansxer Grawmrar. ( § 154-168 CHAPTER V. DEGREES OF COMPARISON. § 154. ax and qq are the most common terminations of the eomparative and superlative degrees respectively.* They are added to that ernde form of words which they assume before the Inst. dual termination; ¢. 9. spmraaiaway sy: wget: sratwraaaay og: ayaa; similarly gqa-qrat, aA; Area, Rees wecoraa, srerr; UPRaaT, APA: qag-aigas wigs; ge-qeat, geaa, Se. sne—afqac, WAAA 5 TTA, TAH, Se. § 155. Belore those the final € and = of a prétipadize ax are. optionally shortened; ¢. g. affacy or Prats, airrar ox Parva.” § 156. axand ae when added to verbs, and indeolinables except when used adjectively; assume the forms of atrg and war; Ta, TaitaaTy Thera, Tecra. are, raat; so garry. &e.; bot seeat adj. ( higher ). § 167. $2gis another termination of the comparativo -degree and gy of the superlative.* These aré added to adjec- tives of quality only. Before these the last vowel of a word -of more than one syllable, with the following consonants if -any, is dropped; ¢. g. eq-adiag, afas; 2-Thag, Tess AeT- -agiag, af, &o, 158. The possessive affixes at the ond of words and the -affix g are dropped before faq and yx and then these: termi- «nations are applied subject to the above rule; ¢..g. faa, talented-atrag, ate; Heeniag, Aires shre-aiiad, sara wd-nhag, afte (sdada wat); cire-eadierg, eae: 80 watrag, afarg from aftqa one having a garland &e. 4 Properly speaking these terminations show the excess in «which the excellence of ons thing over another. or more lies = aafererae )-§ 159-161] Duanuzs oF Comrariston. 8s § 169, cia substituted for the s¢ (short ) of a base, pre- ‘ceded and followed by one consonant, before ta, we and the Tad. aff. gigs og. . Comp, Super. wu ‘thin’ tL afte gw ‘strong, frm’ were xiee . afegs ‘head, chief? ahead eats “wa ‘broad’ retary : aire qa ‘much’ wit - afr aay ‘soft? wiwe * after Busy | : ester are § 160, The words a, ge, Ree, ara and at drop their final #yllable (i, ¢, the final vowel with the preceding consonant - only ) and gra its qx before these and their vowel takes its gale substitute, « g. wye-rytiaq=eit+fag and then eapftaa; so cafe; see the list below. : § 161. The following is an alphabetical list of the separ comparatives and superlatives that are commonly met with:— Positive — --- Comparative Superlative cerae Of EK SEY wewide err: ae ‘farm ‘quick’ | aire ate er wal” Rare ate "Ip ‘heavy’ anergy, we af ‘long’ artery wie | ge tdistent? qr a ae weet ‘praiseworthy’ oT. Ror ste ira ‘dear? woa -< Saxiswnr Gruninean, [§ 101-168 . E ‘much’ TK afer TE wera afes are ‘firm, well’ andiag, artes wre ‘young’ wise, airy = ates, whe ge fold? aia srg aide, sar waren great lovely’ pea ae _ Reaetetendy’ eter eas _ Bap ig, large’ eat safer _ feet ‘muh’ : Sa, as : : wey ‘short? eerag was! 7. , § 162. Sometimes the terminations q¢ aud ay are added to she comp, and Super, in fae and gw to intensity the meaning; ‘ss aritaer, adtaers, Reet, Fear, | OBAPTER © VIE. OOMPOUNDS. § 163, In Sanskrt simple words, whether substantives, adjoc- - tives, verba or indeolinables, have the power of entering into -eombination with one another and forming what are called « Bamasas ** sompound words or in short, compounds. . (a) A compound thus formed may farther be compounded with another simple or-compound word and thie again may become the member of a new compound. § 164, Ina compound, as. 8 general rule, words s are simply joined : together, without ary ‘relation between the component. arts. baing actually expressed; the whole cowpound word has the. * From ar with qq to throw together.§ 164-169 } Comrouxns. , 85 power to express. the various relations that exist. between the several parts. The last word only takes the case termination tequired by its grammatical position in a sentence, the remaining words ( those ending in a consonant ) generally assuming their forms before the consonantal case terminations: a9. Pagtsr=fasat: ( see below ), wrara+ yet = ‘erergeg:, &o, § 165. Final vowels or consonants ( modified as mentioned above } of preceding members of compouads combine with the initial letters of the sucoseding members according to the usual rules of Sandhi. . § 166. In afewcases, the intermediate members retain their caso endings in which case ths compounds are called ‘alui’ . (MER): 6 9. Farathra: = fool, after: name of the eldest ~. Phndava, &. § 167. The expounding of a Samésa (i. 0. giving ite VFigraha-vGkya ) consists in the expression of the various -relations existing between the objects or ideas ‘denoted by the ' various members of a samdsa by means of the Proper cases or subordinate sentences. § 168. Compounds are divided into four principal classes" (1) Dwandwa or Oopulative, (2) Tatpurusha or Determinative, <3) Bahuorthi or Attributive and (4) ‘deyaytbhion oF Aa... everbial. : DWANDWA on THE COPULATIVE Oompouxps, : § 169, A Dwandwa compound. consists of two or more. mowas which, if not. compounded, would be connected by the copulative particle = (and'): as erpatdt. which is equat * This is true only generally speaking. For there is « fifth’ . Class of compounds. viz. ag gI-compoands ‘not governed by any of the rules given under the four classes but explained on general principle that any subanta pada may be somponnad with avy other eubanta Pade,88 SANSEET GRaMMAR. [ § 169-172 to qa: | HT! VT; Aree which is the same as qroft q ara q. There are three species of the Dwandwas; eis. gatacard, : SATETCTTE and CRITE. . § 170. When the ssveral members of a Dwandwa com- pound are viewed separately it is called Ztaretara Dwandwa; 4.9. “Trae fisiey’ “Out down the Dhava and the Khadira. trees.’ In thia species each member is of equal importance §. 6, has its own independent meaning. It takes the dual or the plural according as the objects denoted by it are two or more: im number; the gender of the final noun is the gender of the whole; as grew a cock Hatt a pea-hen ot RRea x8 (fem. dual of gaa); but nae ey Fee TITRE es coer eT Fae UAW TARenTTTgAT:; &o. Exceptions way aear a sarees (was. dual) a horse and’ & mare; apgar erfSrar steer: ( mae, sing. ) day and night. § 171, Saméhéra Dwandwa is that species of Dwandwa. which implies an aggregate or the things enumerated in. which constitute a complex idea, Itis always singular and neuter. Thus ‘aqrgreftarvaa' does not merely mean < food, sleep and fear’ but all that characterises animal life. In this ‘apecies the meaning of the different members is subordinate to- the collective sense ont ‘the whole compound. g172. A Dwandwa compound of words denoting limbs of* the body of an animal, parts of an army, inanimate objects: (thinge qearfr and not qualities ), names of rivers differing in gender, as also of countries ( and not villages ), insects, and animals between which there is natural antipathy, is always of this class; qyeft q qrat @ TPrarqa bands and fects. qa§ 172-178 } Oomrouxns, : a7 spantera frararieg, chariot-warriors and horse-men; Taree: fried barley or rice quxeaay a kind of sweetment yrargegte; but et @ caw ware} form and flavour as these denote “qualities; sar q wrorg aaeorg, the rivers Gangé and Sona; but warrgy as these do not differ in gender; ava geet @F geResra names of countries; but srearmepReat ( two villages of that name); aagray Grnare asaya: (two names of the same gender); amr a louse q fara nit yaTeTas sige agers staged a snake and an ichneumon, &. § 178, When words ending in gy and implying relationship by blood or literary avocation are compounded together the last: but one ‘word changes ite a to sq. The same happens - when the word gq follows a word ending in ag under the same. eiroumstances; Stat = dar @ straritarch, two priests so called- siete Gear were aaa a sreviawerqrare:; ( but if two _ words be taken at a time the sg may, at evory step, be changed into er as Gera dara Serer att sara. + erarvat- aTant:, &); fret a gat fragt, avers frar st ararfret,. -also aracfread (Pan. VI. 3. 32) and frat ( Vide § 1778). “"§ 174, “(@) ‘When the names of deities well known to be in constant association with each other are compounded, ayy is substituted for the final vowel ofthe preceding word, except inthe. ease of the word. qTg; e.g. frarestt, ater, arararent Gor but eeferaryor area 4 .@). Tho word. s7fiz followed by the word pt of TET Jengthens its q; 08 srairetat, arias. : §175.. When a Samahéra Dwandwa ends in « consonant of the palatal class or g, oF g, af i added to it; TE TET88° Sansxat Geaweas. [§ 178-178 ‘arrerae speoch and skin, etqq my a bark and garland, aefigg- TY WRT. SMUT, 20 nm rrella and ehoas, &. But argag- Tay (a8 it is not > Bam, Dwa, ), § 176. The following compounds are instances of irregular Dwand was :-— @) abe gad qo arargesdt ar Frage} heaven and earth; so epargdt, area’ ; ag +et= saTaratf the goddess of dawn and the sun. @) sratt+wwa=srarafe, gtd}, and. steqat husband and wife. @ care Rea Trea, 1 fone hele, ahr sa Peart stefF eg all meaning + day and night’, yeEt3 (Et ray) Re. and the Sénan verses, qregTa ( aR + 4TH ) speech and mind, ( the x of arty dropped and sy added to the final of avrg irregular by Pin. V. 4. 77. ) § 177. When several words of the same form ( or dis similer in form but of the same import) are compounded together onty one of them is retained with the necessary namber; 0.9. wag cme ua}, cat core Trae cats; this - called gaiingez. In the ease of words of the mas. and fem. genders the one of the mae. gender is retained; a9 $4 wT yaw Sat; similarly grat, wats wea Go. (a) This priceiple is farther extended to some words dissimilar in form, as in the following examplea :—yray ere T aaa 5 Tee TAT T_T, AAT ay PAA TTA, (seo also § 178). sage ager agit (slo wag?) at art a, & atarax ati ag Tae ator at. In ths ove of words of the mas.-and now. gender taat of the nou. gonder is retained; as qq Quraw i, &. § 178. Tho following 'rales should be observed in arranging the variows members of a Dwandwa compound :— . .§178-180] OomPounns. 89. (4) A word ending in ¢ or ¢ should be placed first, and when there are more than one of such words, one of these ~ahould be placed fizst, the rest being arranged according to the will of the speaker or writer. eftqdt, eftecacs:, eftqeeu:- (3) Words beginning with a vowel and ending in sz onght to precede others; as spqetyeat: or geqracay: This rule should have preferance even over ths above rale in case both would | be-simultaneously applicable; a3 gexrsir. (e) A word that has fewer syllables should be placed first and in case there are more words than one having an equal number of syllables, the one that has more short syllables should be placed first; +. 9. furRwt, stearerdt, gearaa, &e; the mame: of seatons and atars, under this latter circumstance, -should be arranged according to their astronomical order ; as Qaearahreraca:, grraiteeat, &o. Alsoa word of more important significance should precede others; as argaazat- (4) Names of the four castes of men should be arranged according to their order, beginning trom the highest and so -should be the names of brothers beginning from the eldesi wrerrafrafiznars gfutery a. IL, Tatunvsea op rae Dureemmarive Comrounps, § 179. ‘When a compound consists of two members and the’. sfirsé determines the sense of the other, oris attributiye to it sthat is called ¢ Tatpurusha. ? § 180. According to the grammatical nature of the first 7 or attributive member the Tatpurush is divided into siz wwaristies:—(1) Tatpurusha proper.or the Inflectional, (2) Noi.90 Sansear Grammar, [ § 180-188 or, the Negative Tatpurasha, (3) KarmedAdraya or the apposi- tional including ‘ Dwign’, (4, 5) Prédi and Gati or the prepo~ . sitional compounds and (6) Upapada. These are either nouns, adjectives or adverbs. § 181. The final vowel of 4 feminine noun ending in any: of the affixes sq, € or % and forming the second member of a. compound used adjectively is shortened; the ajt of wt is ohanged to q under the some circumstances; ¢.9, 11-+ Hta =: orasfiftra: (Tat. ); exftares:; (Tat. ); gang: ssmething bought for five cows; wgat aedr aere agate: many-veined @e¢: ;- ( Bah. ); Prat arat wer frsrgq: having variegated cows; &e. bat peaqrrrerdien: as the ¥ is not final. (@) Ifthe final € or # be not a fem, termination it. remains unchanged; gg wr: qear: at adits; seamthiet. 1 Tatpurusha. . § 182, The first variety consists of auch Totpurushe com- pounds as have the attributive member in any one of the: * oblique cases, when dissolved. There are six sub-varicties of _this corresponding to the six oblique cases, § 183. (a) A noun in the Acousative case is compounded. - with Pa, wate, Titre, we, steaea, sre and Sra; 98 weer Pra: goaie: one who has resorted to Krishna (as his refaée);: garda: tgs erera: one who, has overcome pain; ae ITH ‘weras: one who has obtained happiness, ® A. word expressive of the duration of an action or ‘state is Sapient’ with another expressive of the action or state, im the Accusative case ; 0, g. aaa agdeere 41 happiness lasting: for.a moment’; qaeat Ta: qaeacaa: residence for @ year &o-§ 188-184 } : - Comrotnns, - _ OL (c) Sometimes s preposition or a word denoting a period of time may take the plage of the Accusative; as ariiga ‘half . done; araafra: (afererex: ) ‘what marks the commencement of s month as the new moon.’ § 184, A noun in the Instromental may be compounded (a) with another expressive of an effect produced by whst is denoted by the noun in the Instrumental case, and with sq; a3- REQVA Weg: SFETAeyT: severed by means ofa knife; qty ape: rear: wealth obtained by means of grain. (® with verbal derivatives when tho Instrumental has the- sense of the agent or the instrument or means of the action; as efter ara: eftara: saved by Hari; qa@fire: Tenia: torn with. the nails &c, _ (> . with the words qq, Agu, TY, aT and words having the: sonee of aH, Hae, Pega, fired, eae and spqe; as area ye mages; ara aea: aTaeae: like the mother; fraaa: equal to- the father; artor apt arared; 0 araPrae: (less by one masha, a particular weight); arar wee: areae: @ quarrel (in words ); ARAL; TERA; STATE ‘thin by the discharge «of religious dutics,’ araq spat: aTETae: ‘younger by a month.’ (@ with ‘another noun signifying’ an article of food or some— thing eatable, the noun in the Instramental caso denoting some Kind of condiment used to season it or another article of food mixed’ with it; as gat sitga: MaigT: rice mixed with curde;, ‘qa ara: qwarat: fried ive mixed with treacle, - (0). Sometimes et may take the place of the Tastrumental;, -ae eqrteea:——done by. one’s. self. .92 Sansxpr GRramian, f § 185-188 § 185. Instances of the Aluk of the Instramental (4. «in whioh the noun in the Inst. does not drop its case term.,—37HaT Sa seargag ‘done honestly’; STEHT ‘done with might;’ cfargsr: ‘one having an elder brother;’ szareq: ‘blind from birth;’ aqreag followed by an ordinal number retains its case endings ‘88 STAT G2IA: STATA: § 186. A noun in the Dative is compounded (2) with another expressive of the material of which the thing -expressed by the noun in the Dative case is made; a8 Uqrg qs | =yqare, ‘ wood for # sacrificial post. ’ (6) and with the words wi, ait, fee, ga and dsra. The compound with syef is a nityasamSrya and takes the gender and number of the noun it qualifies. fare stq fared: qt: broth tora Brthmans; flea g4 fest aarp (water groel); ficara xq feed oa :5 qereit afer: qyrates: on offering to the biu'tas (cortain created beings ; a4 feet thfed good for a cow; TY ge aireey, 1e wierd stele, , '§ 187. Instances of the aluk of the Dat. qretazg aera, MATTEL, ATT. §188. A noun in the Ablative case is compounded— (a) with words expressive of fear or rather with ths. words ara, fra, and fry ae -qremy ra drove fear from a thiol, garg tee: qartya: afraid of a wolf; &. @) and in a tew oases with the words sa, stdte, aun, IETS, wand 3TTHET} ai TSTSIT: Fanta: deprived of happiness; aeeqarar” spite: aeqar Te: ‘transcending thought;” epagan; epiafye: ~allen from heaven, asa sinner;’ aryrtqed: “afraid of, waves.?§ 189-193. Oomrounns. 98 § 189. A noun in the Genitive may, asa gener! rule, be compounded with any other noun; tra: Gey: trsTyes: the king’s man ( an offiver or a servant ). '§ 190. (@) Ibis not compounded with verbal derivatives ending in @ and wy aud denoting the agent of the action; srqt wer, and not § STORET; TeeT wal; Mresem orga: &o 5 bat ger werrg vepTiaar as the spy here does aot denote the agent, Exooptions :—Bat # compound is allowed in the case of the words gra one who employs, as sacrificing priests; qq, afearca. aftr 9 waiter at moale, taryH a servant who Dathes his master or brings bathing water for him, sparqm,. ‘aearea one who destroys, @tz,4d when it-does not mean ‘a “holder, aud others not very important; srerraree; Mere. arnaitarce: &o} wintra areal; &e.; but asreq aay ‘the thunderbolt-bearer.’ § 101. qt, sree, rae, sae and S7¥ neu, are compounded with nouns in the Genitive expressive of the whole and are placed first, ¢. g. g¥ area Giana; the fore part of the body ;. NTT; TATRA) &s,. te Preveai: svitteats bat srangss- (as at ia mas, here ). LN. B. In order that the above rule should hold, the noun expressive of the whole mast denote a single object; henos qf: » the Gret among pupils grqrare, #4 Frovtiarg half of a number~ of pippalis; &ec, and.not erm: &e. § 192, A word expressive of a part is compounded with. another signifying a period of time and is placed first; me ag: warE: mid-day 5 arargys maT: &e. § 193, A word expressive of s. period of time that has- ‘pasted sines & certain occurrence is compounded with another~ ‘expressive of the ocoprrence j as ayat ATaET Seq Tat ATT ATE:104 Sawarar Geamman, [ § 198-198 one since whose birth a month has elapsed,’ so HagaTe:; Jwereataa:; &e. § 194. Instances of the aluk of the Gen, faratitra: a fool, -apeitgftn: skilfal specch, qxeater: ‘one who robs another in ‘his very presence, while he is looking on,’ hence ‘a goldsmith,’ ~a ‘rogue,’ firreqra: ‘Indra’; qrqeqia: ‘the lord of speech, Brhaepati’; with go the aluk is optional when reproach is implied; as rear: gx: or greiga: = bastard, a knave; but § 195. A noun in the Locative is compounded with doe, “ga, Farera 8 rogue, srr, wo are ated, FU, Ts, AED Re, ASH, Um, and ary; as spiry Grog: speretey: skilled in dice; SravgsH: dried in the sun; exrresitet: cooked in a pot; “maeq: fa kind of poetic composition’; &. § 196. Instances of the alk of the Loo. ¥eze: ‘a boasting ‘coward, txt ‘a house hero,’ ‘a carpet knight, qrayae: ‘clever in. eating only, i. ¢.. a good-for-nothing fellow;’ arate: Tees &o. gee: “firm in battle, eqeara: (ere ‘a kind of grass tqa® spat) ‘an elephant’; qatarq: ‘one who whispers into the ear, aspy’; @at ‘a heavenly being’; daregy ‘3 lotus’, weTAT, ToT; &o. a 2. Naw om tax Neeartve Tarrurvena. -§ 197%. The negative particle 4, changed to sy befores eonsonant and. arg before a vowel, may be compounded with any noun to form the Negative-Tatpurasha; as 4 ar@ry: STRATEN: one nota Brahmans, SPA BTA; re non-existent -or-not good, &c. §'198. | The @ is not changed to 97 or ary in the following ~oases; aye ‘that which does not shine,’ ‘a cloud’ qqrq (pre. p.). one who does not protest’; qaqr: ‘one who does. not dmow? tafe: [9 weattf ] mame of a demon slain by Indra; ARE: Ct gareg for the mongoose is snpposed to belong to.n0198-200] Costzounns. 96 «particular species of quadrupeds ); qe [ @ qaea ‘ that. which ‘Teaves no cavity’ or‘does not go to heaven being burnt down with the dead body]; agar [ oft gata]; wart (a arcelifar ) “that which does not move from its proper place, hence a atar 5 ang: ( o7 saradtfa ‘that which does not go far off from water J; caren: [ a sre a srw exile J, aa when it does not qualify an animal retains its q optionally; as ea: or at: ‘a mountain’ or +a ‘tree’; but syaq: aves: ‘a Sudra that cannot move.” NV. PR. It should be noted that some of these are Bahuvrihi -eompounds. 8. KasMADHA‘BAyYA on THE AppostrionaL OomMPouNDS. § 199. ‘panini defines a ¢ Karmadhéraya’ as qareaneracet: ‘aegey: or a Tatpurusha both members of which are in the -aame case relation i. ¢, have the same case when dissolved. § 200. (a) A word expressive of the standard of compa- ‘tison ( zyatr ) may be compounded in a Karmadharaya. with another denoting the common quality or ground of comparison. - a8 Uy fq Sart: Taqara: dark like a oload. Buch compounds © -are called eqarrrdaeartareas. @) Similarly « noun denoting the person or thing compared 4 saa ) may be compounded with words indicative of exoel- ‘lence such as sara, Fas, Wea, As, &o. no mention of the -common attribute (of similarity ) being made; as gedt sant ry ‘qeqears: 4 man like a tiger (é. 6. a8 bold as « tiger ) ger qa *§q GATT: a moon-like face i.e. aa delightfal: as the moon, ge aratrrgerannna&o.; these are called sqanithacreatarcas ‘Note 1—The difference between the two is this:—In the former the common quality of comparison is actually exp ed; while in the latter it is left to be underatood; in fact if” ‘be expressed there can be no compound; as Gey: ean TT gC:96 Saxsxer GRAMMAR. { § 200-202 Note 2—-The above Karmadhfrayas may be dissolved as BUTT Tee: Fewer; gars wat gens, ke. Dissolved either way there will be no difference in the form ofthe com- ‘pounds ; but there will be difference both in the meaning and in the figure, In one case prominence will be given to qeq or the moon and the figare will be ‘Upamdé (a simile )’, while iri the other to g@ or the face in which case the figure will be Ru'pake, Compounds like are ga at qieTHa, rar tt wt Prone are termed srrqreongareartarcas. § 201. An adjective may be compounded with the noun it qualifies in moat oases; as ate + ager y aieters a blue lotus: &o.; but Herarat qiar gray: whore the comp. is necessary. Such compounds are called fPqrreeRsTTTS. § 202, Asa general rule in such compounds the qualifying: word is placed first ; but words in ‘apposition to g-aren, ANT and ayary are placed first; e. g. aygertay: ‘an eminent king’, . ATTeRA:, TETATT:, &o. § 203, Names of quarters and numerals form s Karm. com- pound with any susanta ( a declinable word ), but only when the whole compound is an appellation; «. g. emda: ‘Name of a. constellation of atars’, ‘Ursa Major’; qq nar:* &e.; qigar- afr ‘Name of'a town in the Hast’; bat gaer qar: ‘Northern trees’; gaa mrett: &e. The compound ia forbidden in other ongee. , § 204. The particle a forms a Kar. compound with any’ other words; ageq: ( giewa: Teg: ) a bad man; aqy:, &o. © These are gods, men, gandbarvas, serpents, and pitrs according to some; and Bréhmanas, Kenatriyas, Vaishyas, S‘udras and Nisha- das or barbarians ‘according to others. ( Vide Shankaracharya om Brab, Su. 1. 4. uns. )§ 204-207 J . ComPounns, . - 97 (@ g is changed to (1) aq when followed by a noun with an initial vowel in a Tat., by ep and ag and by gy ‘denoting a species;’ gftesg: arg: ‘a bad horse;’ so arqet. ‘coarse food ;’ but me: ‘having bad camels’ (a Bab. comp. ) arar; eam: ‘a bad chariot’; agg: ‘speaking ill, a bad speaker ;” arg ‘a kind of grass’. ’. .Q) ar when followéd by geq or sya, and meaning ‘a Littler Seared ayrsves ‘a little water’, Tqeqen: HIgET; but gee: Teqe HFISI: oF HIST. (8) and optionally to air or arq when followed by = areot aparey and ager by (1), all meaning * loke-warm, § 205. Two adjectives may also be compounded into what is called the Praga paTeHtarea 5 83 YHRHOT, BTS. (a) Two participles expressive of two consecutive actions of the same individual may be compounded together, the one . expressive of the previous action being placed first ; eqr@t ara: purqayse: Brargfee: ‘fret bathed and then anointed, similar- ly dtararta ‘first drunk and afterwards vomited out,’ rawaag:s aitaattemn: (Bag. I. 1. LV, 41) &s, : (®) A past participle is compounded with another with the. negative particle prefixed to it; qrargraa, ‘what isdone and not-done? é. ¢. ‘partially done’. . - §.206.. The word gyq ‘little’ is compounded with any other word axcept'a verbal derivative, and even with @ verbal derivative when it expresses a quality; as fqferpa: ‘2 little brown,’ Sumvk reddish, &. ° / § 207, The following are the more important of the. compounds given by PAu, as irregular under the class qarsd- warie: | TaRwrat Herne THT: (a cunning peacock,’ so 8. 8G, 7.98 Saxexpr GRa“Mar. [ § 207-210 srieians Tey T NTE WT TTT; 10 Tedtee ‘high and low’, ‘groat and small,’ antr Frat act a: wraras:, aie Fat ret Ter ST: ARAVA, THM TWAT TART, AT APT: ATA, fata Pararty (These are nitya-samésas), orefte fraat gett wad aontrdia’ ar oreftaftaar that in whieh are constantly uttered the word ‘eat and drink’; qreqaear; Ste we fa aeat fearcmeretadt ar sterartaar that in which are uttered the. words ‘I alone, I alone’; hence hard competition, &6.; sty q¢ ste CHR peat PrararnPhftrt ar ereafsenr; 80 errdtgertenr ‘great self-conceit or pride’ ( Bhatti. V. 27); ‘vaunting’ (By. 1. 84) &e. Also ariteaftar ‘put to fight, aq=er accident, &. . “§ 208. In some Karmadbéraya compounds the last member of the first word, which is itself 4 compound word, ia dropped; 6. 9. areata: aire: arate: ‘a king who likes vegetables;’ Rageret set: tararert: &. These compounds, though they should be properly called “Uitamepcdalopi” sre popularly designated “Mfadhyamapadalopi.” Any comp. requiring asimi- Jar explanation is classed under this group ( grararferan )- Dviet on Numupnan Arposrrionan Oompounps, § 200. When the frst member of a Karmadhéraya com- pound is a numeral, it is called “Dviga.’’ § 210. A Dvigu compound is possible when a Taddhite Affix is to be added to the compound so formed ; quay argerra- qed qroargt: ‘the son of six mothers, Kartikeya’, Or when the compound itself becomes the first member of another compound. os as are: wT aes ore TTT: “6 and ‘when the compound denotes an aggregate;in this case§ 210-212 ] - Ooxtrounns. 99 avis singular; as seqrat xaarat qarere: Popa ‘the thros worlds (taken sollectively )? 80 Taare, TaTTE, &. Prxposrrrowan Ooxtrounps, 4 Prodi. §-211. ‘Those Tatpurusha compounds whose first member is a preposition are termed Pradi by Sanskrt grammarians; ome of these prepositions combine with a following noun ia the Nom., some with a noun in the Aoo, &o.} 0. g. Qara: aTraTa: ‘arard: ‘an eminent teacher’, gira: erent sma: Ta:, ‘a chariot that has passed a road;’ sha: aearad quia: ‘taken to 6 path sway? (Wide Bhatti. IIT. 45.); wget are: ward: ‘strong or excessive wind,’ &o. arfaenreat areat syferares: ‘excelling » gar- ‘Ignd’ (in fragrance of beauty), sTfamredt Cf cert at erfecer: “a -charlot-warrior who has no rival or equal;’ go aqfitara ¢ exceed- ing measure, eqfagd &o. stage: aarferran srrntfare: ‘attracted by the cuckoo’; qftrarr: sreqaara Tava: “tired of studying’y ewer atrarccat Reatarea: ‘gone out of Kaudémbi’;. so frag: ke. Aa) A compound with prepositions whieh govern cases (aq smreata) is forbidden; gat ofa. - 5 Gati. § 21a, ' Compounds of the following words with verbal infe- -clinables are. called ‘Gati-compounds,’— NV. B.—Gati is the term applied to propositions and certain -other adverbial'prefizes when immediately’ ioined with verbal forms or derivatives. . . (2) sé or aed and. aTgE; se-chger having accepted; UgtT becoming manifest. (8) The words ag and ataqq.showing respect and disrespect respectively, the prepositions syef in the sense of ‘adorning’, ay:,100 Sayseat Grammar. [ § 212-2146 ‘sied-and fae:; as apeigea ‘having adorned’; but ere gear doing enough (qafufteanl: Sid. Kau. ); rege ‘placing in the front;? fatrgr becoming invisible; xyegsrex. (@) These compounds are alas formed with nouns, derived from roots, for their second members; 4. 9. sfeaaa: ‘sotting of the sun,’ greeqre: reception, showing respect, Fecenre; eae: septa &eo. - . 6. Uparapa Compouxns. . § 218. When the second member of a Tat. Comp. is a root- noun derived from s root which takes a particular Kr¢ affix by” virtue of the presence of the first momber, itis called an. Upapada Tat; as ged ardlea grerare: “a potter’; so arr arraia-ata: one who chants a verse of the Sima-veda; at aarTaraia ataara: ‘desirous of moat’; similarly spqxitdy ‘one- " who. buys a horse’, quedt ‘a tortoise? &e, ‘The noun profixed, to the last member such as grey is called an upapada. . + N,B, The latter member of snch a compound must neither- be the conjugated form of a rootnor a separate verbal derivative, é. e, formed independently ‘of the first member; 4.9. qa@pqt is- not an Upapada Tat., asthe word yz can be independently: formed; it is a Gon. Tat. qedifr ac: cazat we: Tabet: “a clond™ * or ‘the female breast.’ . GuvERat RULES APPLICABLE TO THE . Tarpurvera Ookkrounps. °-§ 214. The word ayia at the end of a Tatpurusha compound! cbanges-its final to a when preceded by a numeral or an indeoli- nable;as = aye APTA rays ate ‘wood ‘measuring’ two ‘Singers; Bebeagionat fryae bo,Gs). Compounns. ~ lot § 215, The following words, when at the endof a ‘Tatpurasha, -drop the final vowel, together with the following consonant if there be any, and add sz under the circumstances mentioned: — (a) efx when preceded by a numeral, an indeclinable, a word -expressive of a part of the whole, such as ¥7,3aq7t, &¢., or by the words wf, deara and goay;.as gat: TSHr: erarere: Peer an -aggregate of two nights (Dvi.), eterna urfwafarcra: that bas spassed a night; the dead of night; a ae: ates: the firat part -of the night; qaf cfr: aden, dearer we seararst, Fo -qrq: an auspicious night, . B, The same change takes place when qrfy is preceded by. eq in « Dwandwa; as speay Ufa STETTT:- , O erarg, TET and afr; 98 TCH: Tra TeTCTT: @ great kings “TET CHT HATS, Tat Be: Taare: an excellent day; gay 7. FATE: CATE, LAAT TANT: TaE:, 60 saEe:, Tare:, &e., Tet ares _goarg (seo below § 218 b.) acholy day, aigarga, wre sar aworae: &e. * Exeeption-3 eq when preceded by an indesitnable; or a word ‘denoting a part of the whole, or by aq or by a numieral with a Taddhita affix.added to the whole compound, becomes arg} a4 csaferreanrg: steerg:, exceeding a day (in duration) qafg: fore~ noon, wat: the whole dey, saqtarg:, aatcgt: 87: TE, waar: &e.5 with dearer the change is optional; ae eer or—:. - NB. The qof the substitute is changed to of when prededed ‘by belonging to the first member ending in s7; as aates, but. TTS TE: Tera: (a8 Ter ends in aq ). (0) afer a thigh becomes qey alter eat; (4, qa and a se denoting an object to which the thigh is compared; yyr~ a, TIT, wemee a thigh like a’ plank.102. Sansxar Grammar. [§ 216-21 § 216. The following words have an sq added to them when at the end of a Tatpurusha compound :— (@) af except when a Tad. aff. is added and then dropped; 4. 9. TeaATT: an excellent bull, qagetq ( 4 collection of five cows) as in jaan; but fea: exchanged or bartered for two cows. (5) ret (4 measure of corn ) at the end of a Dvigu or when preceded by ep} takes the ay optionally, the final € being dropped before it; Frerca-ft; erderrce- fe. Ce) states presaded by fx or Fr in a Dvign, optionally takes ‘st except when a Tad. aff. is added and dropped in which case. the final ¢ is dropped; weraei-fs ‘two handfuls’; but gran Fevat.wite: carers: 1 : +. $217, All the rules given above for the change of the finals of the Tat. compounds do not hold good in the case of the Neg. Tat.; 6. 9. % TAT as One not's king; + war steer ko. (@) But in the caseof the word aftq the final getis optionally dropped and ey added; ayqef or syqeu: ‘absence of a road’. afr when so modified in a Tat, is neu. ( arqy: a8 a Bah. ). GenpEns or Tarevrusea Oompounps. _ § 218. Asa'general rulea Tatpurasha compound follows tlie gender of the final noun, Exceptions ;— (a) Compounds with grq and eqrq for their first member and Pridi compounds follow the gender of the words they quality; srasitften: ae:, srasiifiear eft, Preaartea: gee: &e. y-@)-A Tatpurnshs ending in qa, arg and erg is masculine, exeopt when tr is preceded by a numeral, and avg by yvq and eaftee. 9 CTs TR, TATE, ATCA, HATER, BRAT, alo-§ 218-219 J OoxPounns, « 103 that ending in qy (sndstituted for qfrg Vide § 244) preceded by & numeral or an indeclinable; as sarat Tear: FAITA, PT: aear: Farry bad ora wrong way; but gqear: wfereut: as they do not endin qu, (¢) .A collective Dvign is nen.; but that ending in st is generally feminine and that ending in aq is optionally so, in which oage it takes the termination {; gaxsyqa@ collection of five cows; waret Starat Taree: Prater 5 but warren» ATT, agg7z; &c. paadt, tarazg. The q of final apz is dropped and the Dyiga is optionally feminine, qzqqafi-aq ( droga t aere ). (@) A Tatpurusha ending in wrar is nex, when the objects casting the shade sre many ; qayat STar TS*Sraa- (e) A Tatpurusha having for its first member a synonym of qrarg ( and not yep itself ) or the words tag or frary and q@ar for its latter member is neuter; gaara, Satara, s ‘King’s council; but waren; waaaa, frarvera also that. ending in war when it means ‘a multitude’; as offre ‘an assemblage of women’; but yaaa in the sense of qAwTeT- It, BAHUVRIHI OR THE ATTRIBUTIVE COMPOUNDS. § 219. A Babuvribi compound consists of two or more nouns in apposition to each other the attributive member being placed first and attributes or refers that which is expras. ed by its second member, as determined or modified. by what is denoted by its first member, to something denoted by neither of the two 5 ¢. 9. 3Erarg: * one whose arm is groat ; + tara: “ons whose garment is yellow’, When dissolved, it must have the pronoun qq in any one of the oblique cases: a8 ETE are: weer rere: ( ter: )s fhe orewe wer a atae: (Fe:104 Sansxar Grammar. — [ § 219-222 A Babavrihi compound partakes of the nature of an adjective and assumes the gender of the substantive it qualifies. N.B. The difference between a Kern, and a Bah. comp. is this:—In the oase of the former one of the members alone is in apposition to the substantive it qualifies, while in that of the latter the whole compound is in adjective; «. g. GAqUra: Ae; here one of the members viz. qara: is in apposition to qx: and therefore, the comp, is a Karm.; but in sarees: the whole comp. qualifies Nala. § 220. Bahuvrihi compounds are divided into two classes; earrRcrTEANe and safrencraeaie. . (@) That is a Saméuédbikerapa Bab. in which both the members sre in apposition to each other ¢,.e, have the same ( ear ) case relation ( etfyarcr) when dissolved. Thore are ix kinds of this according as the aq.is in any one of the six bliqne oases 5 6. ge We wear aS STAT area ra: | Bes CT Barat seer: eragry; sae: ede wo ereRTE: Hes TET atrpt wer: ar eyaten erat: He weal get ae Hereac: eft steer: goer: wit @ Aegedt a: § 221, A Vyadhikarana Bah. is that whose members are not ( f@ ).in apposition to each other i. ¢. ara in different oases when dissolved, A Vyadhikerana Bab. is not allowed in any eaie except in the Genitive and Locative; as war art er aa tani: eft; weet et arfadea are qereriets to Trae: wernPe, &e.; ait teat sem stat wirdearc:, &e.; bat craftgarren. Tages: is not allowed, :§ 222. The negative particle af or spyand propositions may sotnatizes, tors Bah. compounds with subatantives. The verbs]§ 222-225 J Compounns. 105. Gerivatives used to express their sense may be optionally setained; area: gu: sea a args; faefar gar vet @ Prgore ruthless; azar HeTT Get | YeRrat: with tho neck uplifted; fara sitfrt aren @ farniita: dead &e. Also atfrerrrge:, &o. aries efit wear: ar stitrefier ait: 8 miloh-cow (where aifee is an indeelinable meaning ‘having *). § 228. “The particle qg may be compounded with 4 noun in ‘the Instrumental case in a Bahuvrihi when there is equal participation in some action; im thie case qe optionally ‘becomes G3 a8 GIT GE GeTs: or TTA:- § 224, The compound of an indeclinable or a numeral or of Brae, we or stfyay With a numeral, isa Bahuvrihi, In the formations of such compounds the final vowel except that of sag and zy, or the final consonant with the preceding vowel of “the latter numeral and the sjfa of fafa are dropped and 8f added; qarat adit & afta 8 wae: ‘about ten’ s. 6. nine or eleven; gf at at a fear: ‘two or throe’s Rar Pr ar fraas. ‘faergared fara: ‘ton repeated twice’ i. «, twenty; sofagar: ke. fraccraar: sreaFar ‘early twonty’, fara: erg: areefar: not far from thirty’, afrarqemitar: ‘more than forty’; but TET, TTA; TAL preceded by TT or fy does not drop -any letter but simply has an sq added to it; spat yr. went ar Praga; weet eft & afar 8 sreaer § 225. Two names of directions may form a Bahuvrihi compound and signify the point or direction “between them; aaferrear: leaner Frarcencrsé eferrgai, so wacqat i: &o. But if the words thas to be compounded are not the names of quarters, no. compound is possible; aa Yaarey (of Indra ) afrats (of Kubera) eracre fee. ‘the point between the108, Sarsxpt GramMar, [§ 225-226 East avd the North; and not Qegfstt@, as these are not the names of the Eastern and Northern quarters. § 226. (a) The words wfay and afaq, both meaning parte of the body, change their final to st when at the end of a Bah. compound—srastag, fait Bea AAT: ‘one whose eyes are like lotuses’; ff afertt gear a edtaee: ‘one having long thighs’, Gpindle-legged’s aqaty ga arferoft qear: oT acrrerTett (OTs ‘eaprerr Byafe: ‘a bamboo stick with big eyelike holes’; but: Sfarer waza ‘a cart with long poles’. @) warrand Yar change their final to ara when. precede by the negative particle, and weand gg; Niro TNT eT arat vrs; having no progeny 5 Zer-THT Aea a ETT: hav- ing bad progeny ; sirrar Rar aera war of good intellect ; similarly gfqq:, sera. . § 227. (a) qt when preceded by a single member in a Bahuveibi becomes wig; weart wi: wea © aearnnt; similarly quraqat (ase Mal. MAd, I, 6 ); but qe: eq: was eee ‘& TcaeTTh; TeTENTa may also he correct if qeyeq be regarded aa one word compounded in a Karmadhéraya. @ ‘age at the end of a Bab. becomes yrqa: as orftyet uy~ ava q: wfsauegt ‘one whose bow is strung’, so qyefycar: Cares xf arg) one whose bow is made of horn 4. 2 the God Vishnu. This change.is optional when the whole compound is a name; qaqararg:. --§ 228: Ab the end of a Bab. Oompound— @ sig is changed to x ‘necessarily’ when preceded by wor: aeqj and ‘optionally when preceded by ail; oat strgett wae “wags one having the kriees' wide apart ive, bandy-logged; dq:-§ 228-280 ] Comrounns, lor @) strat becomes sm:, gadt sire wea w qaania: one whose wife is young; agnifa: Hit. one whose wile is the earth;. 4.6, aking, &, (©) aq becomes afmyq When preceded by zz, gf or g, or when the compound involves comparison; gxq: WF: Hea T saieg: ‘whose smell is spread above.’ qfaaity: ‘having a re- pulsive smell’, gafty:; Trea eT ard: qe ag raaity ‘that which has the smell of a lotus’, This change of aq is possible- only when the smell referred to is inseparably connected: with (looks like a part and parcel of ) the object denoted by. the other member; as qufey get aftr q ( which receives ite odour from the lotuses &. grown in it); gui@ystay but- eran wear seq TrH a: sara: ‘a perfamer dealing in sweet smells’. apeq is also changed to afeq when it means ‘a parti- ole of, ‘a littl’; as qqeq qeq: afere aa, aITTey vista; 80 gaafeq o dinner in which there is a scanty supply of ghee, &e.. § 229. gaa-is changed to gq when preceded by q or TH meaning ‘a friend’ or ‘an enemy’ respectively; dtr exe Wea. wave ‘a friend’, ggq ‘an enemy,; bat gexq: ‘one who has got a good heart’ i, ¢. ‘one who is able to appreciate merits’,. &o.; g&qai ‘a man of wicked intentions’, . . § 280. Two nouns, the same in form, in the Loo. and mean- ing“somoething that can be seized’, or in the Instrumental, meaning ‘weapons or things used7as weapons,’ may be com- pounded in a Bah, when the sense is ‘the fight thus began’ and the reciprocity or exchange of action is to be exprease. In such. compounds the final vowel of the first member is lengthened and the second member takes. before which its final: vowel.is dropped. The compounds so formed are of the nature of Avyayibhivas and are indeclinable, A final, takes guna, substitnte before the final ; 0. g. Rtg ay Wie Ee wre