4.

1 Introduction

There are many reasons for studying initial and final conditions. The most important reason is that
the initial and final conditions evaluate the arbitrary constants that appear in the general solution
of a differential equation.
In this chapter, we concentrate on finding the change in selected variables in a circuit when
a switch is thrown open from closed position or vice versa. The time of throwing the switch is
considered to be t = 0, and we want to determine the value of the variable at t = 0 and at
+
t = 0 , immediately before and after throwing the switch. Thus a switched circuit is an electrical
circuit with one or more switches that open or close at time t = 0. We are very much interested
in the change in currents and voltages of energy storing elements after the switch is thrown since
these variables along with the sources will dictate the circuit behaviour for t > 0.
Initial conditions in a network depend on the past history of the circuit (before t = 0 ) and
structure of the network at t = 0+ , (after switching). Past history will show up in the form of
capacitor voltages and inductor currents. The computation of all voltages and currents and their
derivatives at t = 0+ is the main aim of this chapter.

4.2 Initial and final conditions in elements

4.2.1 The inductor

The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence t = 0 corresponds

to the instant when the switch is just open and t = 0+
corresponds to the instant when the switch is just closed.
The expression for current through the
inductor is given by
Zt Figure 4.1 Circuit for explaining
1
i = vd switching action of an inductor
L

278 j Network Theory

Z0 Zt
 i =
1
L
vd +
1
L
vd

 0
Zt
 i(t) = i(0 ) +
1
L
vd

Putting t = 0+ on both sides, we get

Z0+
+ 1
i(0 ) = i(0 ) + vd
L
0
 i(0
+
) = i(0 )
The above equation means that the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously.
Consequently, if i(0 ) = 0, we get i(0+ ) = 0. This means that at t = 0+ , inductor will act
as an open circuit, irrespective of the voltage across the terminals. If i(0 ) = Io , then i(0+ ) = Io .
In this case at t = 0+ , the inductor can be thought of as a current source of Io A. The equivalent
circuits of an inductor at t = 0+ is shown in Fig. 4.2.
t = 0+

Figure 4.2 The initial-condition equivalent circuits of an inductor

The final-condition equivalent circuit of an inductor is derived from the basic relationship
di
v =L
dt

Under steady condition,

dt
di
= 0. This means, v = 0 and hence L acts as short at t = (final 
or steady state). The final-condition equivalent circuits of an inductor is shown in Fig.4.3.

t=

Io
Io

Figure 4.3 The final-condition equivalent circuit of an inductor

 Initial Conditions in Network j 279

4.2.2 The capacitor

The switch is closed at t = 0. Hence, t = 0

corresponds to the instant when the switch is
just open and t = 0+ corresponds to the instant
when the switch is just closed. The expression
for voltage across the capacitor is given by
Zt
1 Figure 4.4 Circuit for explaining
v = id
C switching action of a Capacitor

Z0 Zt
 v (t) =
1
C
id +
1
C
id

 0
Z t

 v (t) = v (0 ) +
1
C
id

Evaluating the expression at t = 0+ , we get

Z0+
v (0
+
) = v (0 ) +
1
C
id  v (0
+
) = v (0 )
0

Thus the voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously.

If v (0 ) = 0, then v (0+ ) = 0. This means that at t = 0+ , capacitor C acts as short circuit.
q0 q0
Conversely, if v (0 ) = then v (0+ ) = . These conclusions are summarized in Fig. 4.5.
C C

Figure 4.5 Initial-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor

The finalcondition equivalent network is derived from the basic relationship

dv
i =C
dt

Under steady state condition,

dt
dv

= 0. This is, at t = , i = 0. This means that t = 
or in steady state, capacitor C acts as an open circuit. The final condition equivalent circuits of a
capacitor is shown in Fig. 4.6.
280 j Network Theory

Figure 4.6 Final-condition equivalent circuits of a capacitor

4.2.3 The resistor

The causeeffect relation for an ideal resistor is given by v = Ri. From this equation, we find that
the current through a resistor will change instantaneously if the voltage changes instantaneously.
Similarly, voltage will change instantaneously if current changes instantaneously.

4.3 Procedure for evaluating initial conditions

There is no unique procedure that must be followed in solving for initial conditions. We usually
solve for initial values of currents and voltages and then solve for the derivatives. For finding
initial values of currents and voltages, an equivalent network of the original network at t = 0+ is
constructed according to the following rules:
(1) Replace all inductors with open circuit or with current sources having the value of current
flowing at t = 0+ .
q0
(2) Replace all capacitors with short circuits or with a voltage source of value vo = if there
C
is an initial charge.
(3) Resistors are left in the network without any changes.

EXAMPLE 4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.7(a). Find i1 (0
+) and iL (0
+ ). The circuit is in steady state
for t < 0.
=

= t=0 1W 1W

Figure 4.7(a)
 Initial Conditions in Network j 281

SOLUTION

The symbol for the switch implies

that it is open at t = 0 and then
closed at t = 0+ . The circuit is
in steady state with the switch open. 1W 1W
This means that at t = 0 , induc-
tor L is short. Fig.4.7(b) shows the
original circuit at t = 0 .
Using the current division principle,
Figure 4.7(b)

iL (0 ) =

2 1
= 1A
1+1
Since the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously, we have
+
iL (0 ) = iL (0 ) = 1A

At t = 0 , i1 (0 ) = 2 1 = 1A. Please note that the current in a resistor can change

instantaneously. Since at t = 0+ , the switch is just closed, the voltage across R1 will be equal to
zero because of the switch being short circuited and hence,
+
i1 (0 ) = 0A

Thus, the current in the resistor changes abruptly form 1A to 0A.

EXAMPLE 4.2
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.8. Find vC (0+ ). Assume that the switch was in closed state for
a long time.

Figure 4.8

SOLUTION

The symbol for the switch implies that it is closed at t = 0 and then opens at t = 0+ . Since the
circuit is in steady state with the switch closed, the capacitor is represented as an open circuit at
t = 0 . The equivalent circuit at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.9.
282 j Network Theory

vC (0 ) = i(0 )R2
Using the principle of voltage divider,

vC (0 )=
VS
R2 =

5 1
= 2:5 V
R1 + R2 1+1
Since the voltage across a capacitor cannot
change instaneously, we have Figure 4.9

+
vC (0
) = vC (0 ) = 2:5V
That is, when the switch is opened at t = 0, and if the source is removed from the circuit, still
+
vC (0 ) remains at 2.5 V.

EXAMPLE 4.3
Refer the circuit shown in Fig 4.10. Find iL (0+ ) and vC (0+ ). The circuit is in steady state with
the switch in closed condition.

Figure 4.10

SOLUTION

The symbol for the switch implies, it is closed

at t = 0 and then opens at t = 0+ . In order
to find vC (0 ) and iL (0 ) we replace the ca-
pacitor by an open circuit and the inductor by
a short circuit, as shown in Fig.4.11, because
in the steady state L acts as a short circuit and Figure 4.11
C as an open circuit.

5
iL (0 )= =1A
2+3
Using the voltage divider principle, we note that

vC (0 )=

5 3
=3V
3+2
Then we note that:
+
vC (0 ) = vC (0 ) = 3 V
+
iL (0 ) = iL (0 ) = 2 A
 Initial Conditions in Network j 283

EXAMPLE 4.4
In the given network, K is closed at t = 0 with
zero current in the inductor. Find the values
di
2
d i
of i; , at t = 0+ if R = 8 and L = 0:2H.
dt dt2
Refer the Fig. 4.12(a).

SOLUTION

The symbol for the switch implies that it is open Figure 4.12(a)
at t = 0 and then closes at t = 0+ . Since the R = 8W
current i through the inductor at t = 0 is zero, it
implies that i(0+ ) = i(0 ) = 0.
+
+ 2 + L = 0.2H
di(0 ) d i(0 )
To find and :
dt dt2

Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in

Figure 4.12(b)
Fig. 4.12(b), we get

di
Ri +L = 12
dt

 8i + 0:2
di
dt
= 12 (4.1)

At t = 0+ , the equation (4.1) becomes

di(0
+)
8i(0+ ) + 0:2 = 12
dt

 0+02 di(0
+ )
8 : = 12
dt

 di(0
+ ) 12
=
dt 0:2
= 60 A=sec
Differentiating equation (4.1) with respect to t, we get
di
2
d i
8 + 0:2 =0
dt dt2
At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes
di(0
+) 2 +
d i(0 )
8 + 0:2 =0
dt dt2

  60 + 0 2
2 +
d i(0 )
8 : =0
dt2
2 +
d i(0 )
Hence = 2400 A=sec2
dt2
284 j Network Theory

EXAMPLE 4.5
di
2
d i
In the network shown in Fig. 4.13, the switch is closed at t = 0. Determine i; , at t = 0+ .
dt dt2

Figure 4.13

SOLUTION

The symbol for the switch implies that it is open at t = 0 and then closes at t = 0+ . Since there
is no current through the inductor at t = 0 , it implies that i(0+ ) = i(0 ) = 0.
R = 10W L = 1H

C = 1mF

Figure 4.14

Writing KVL clockwise for the circuit shown in Fig. 4.14, we get
Zt
di 1
Ri +L + i( )d = 10 (4.2)
dt C
0
 Ri +L
di
dt
+ vC (t) = 10 (4.2a)

Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.2a), we get

+

di 0+

Ri 0 +L + vC 0+ = 10
dt


 R 0+ L
di
dt
0+
+ 0 = 10


 di 0+
10
= = 10 A/sec
dt L

Differentiating equation (4.2) with respect to t, we get

di
2
d i i(t)
R +L + =0
dt dt2 C
 Initial Conditions in Network j 285

At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes

di 0+ 2
d i 0+ i 0+
R +L + =0
dt dt2

C
  10 +
2
d i 0
+
0
R L
2
+ =0
dt C



2
d i 0+
100 + =0
dt2
2 +


d i 0
Hence at t = 0+ ; = 100 A/sec2
dt2

EXAMPLE 4.6
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.15. The switch
K is changed from position 1 to position 2 at
t = 0. Steady-state condition having been
di
reached at position 1. Find the values of i, ,
dt
2
d i
and at t = 0+ .
dt2

SOLUTION Figure 4.15

The symbol for switch K implies that it is in position 1 at t = 0 and in position 2 at t = 0+ .
Under steady-state condition, inductor acts as a short circuit. Hence at t = 0 , the circuit diagram
is as shown in Fig. 4.16.
20

i 0 = 2A =
10

an inductor cannot change
Since the current through
instantaneously, i 0+ = i (0 ) = 2A. Since there is
no initial charge on the capacitor, vC (0 ) = 0. Since
the voltage across
a capacitor cannot change instanta-
neously, vC 0 = vC (0 ) = 0. Hence at t = 0+
+

the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.17(a).


For t 0+ , the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.17(b). Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17(a) Figure 4.17(b)

286 j Network Theory

Applying KVL clockwise to the circuit shown in Fig. 4.17(b), we get

Zt
di(t) 1
Ri(t) +L + i( )d =0 (4.3)
dt C
0+

 Ri(t) +L
di(t)
dt
+ vC (t) = 0 (4.3a)

At t = 0+ equation (4.3a) becomes

+

di 0+

Ri 0 +L + vC 0+ = 0
dt


 R 2+ L
di 0+
dt
+0=0


 20 +
di
dt
0+
=0


 di 0 +
= 20 A/sec
dt
Differentiating equation (4.3) with respect to t, we get
di
2
d i i
R +L + =0
dt dt2 C
At t = 0+ , we get




di 0+ 2
d i 0+ i 0+
R +L + =0
dt dt2

C
 (
2
d i 0
+
2
R 20) + L
2
+ =0
dt C



2 +
2  106 A=sec2
d i 0
Hence;
dt2

EXAMPLE 4.7
In the network shown in Fig. 4.18, the switch is moved from position 1 to position 2 at t = 0. The
di
2
d i
steady-state has been reached before switching. Calculate i, , and at t = 0+ .
dt dt2

Figure 4.18
 Initial Conditions in Network j 287

SOLUTION

The symbol for switch K implies that it is in posi-

tion 1 at t = 0 and in position 2 at t = 0+ . Under
steady-state condition, a capacitor acts as an open cir-
cuit. Hence at t = 0 , the circuit diagram is as shown
in Fig. 4.18(a).
We know that the voltage across a capacitor
cannot
change instantaneously. This means that Figure 4.18(a)
vC 0
+ = v (0 ) = 40 V.
C

At t = 0 , inductor is not energized.

This means that i (0 ) = 0. Since current in an inductor
cannot change instantaneously, i 0+ = i (0 ) = 0. Hence, the circuit diagram at t = 0+ is as
shown in Fig. 4.18(b).

The circuit diagram for t 0+ is as shown in Fig.4.18(c).

Figure 4.18(b) Figure 4.18(c)

Applying KVL clockwise, we get

Zt
di 1
Ri +L + i( )d =0 (4.4)
dt C
0+

 Ri +L
di
dt
+ vC (t) = 0

At t = 0+ , we get
di(0
+)
+
Ri(0 )+L + vC (0+ ) = 0
dt

 0+1 di(0
+)
20 + 40 = 0
dt


+
di(0 )
= 40A/ sec
dt

Diferentiating equation (4.4) with respect to t, we get

di
2
d i i
R +L + =0
dt dt2 C
288 j Network Theory

Putting t = 0+ in the above equation, we get

+
di(0 )
2 +
d i(0 ) i(0
+)
R +L + =0
dt dt2 C

 (
2 +
d i(0 ) 0
R 40) + L + =0
dt2 C
2
d i(0
+ )
Hence = 800A/ sec2
dt2

EXAMPLE 4.8
In the network shown in Fig. 4.19, v1 (t) = e t
for t  0 and is zero for all t< 0. If the capacitor
2
d v
3
d v
2 2
is initially uncharged, determine the value of and at t = 0+ .
dt2 dt3

Figure 4.19

SOLUTION

Since the capacitor is initially uncharged,

+
v2 (0 ) = 0
Referring to Fig. 4.19(a) and applying KCL
at node v2 (t):

v2 (t) v1 (t) dv2 (t) v2 (t)

+C + =0
R1 dt R2
 
 R1
1
+
R2
1
v2 (t) +C
dv2 (t)
dt
=
v1 (t)
R1
Figure 4.19(a)

 0:15v2 + 0:05
dv2
dt
= 0:1e t
(4.5)

Putting t = 0+ , we get
dv2 (0
+)
0:15v2 (0+ ) + 0:05 = 0:1
dt

  0 + 0 05 dv2 (0
+)
0:15 : = 0:1
dt

 dv2 (0
+) 0:1
= = 2 Volts= sec
dt 0:05
 Initial Conditions in Network j 289

Differentiating equation (4.5) with respect to t, we get

dv2
2
d v2 t
0:15 + 0:05 = 0:1e (4.6)
dt dt2
Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.6), we find that
2 +
d v2 (0 ) 0:1 0:3
= = 8 Volts/ sec2
dt2 0:05
Again differentiating equation (4.6) with respect to t, we get
2
d v2
3
d v2 t
0:15 + 0:05 = 0:1e (4.7)
dt2 dt3
3
d v2 +
Putting t = 0+ in equation (4.7) and solving for (0 ), we find that
dt3
3 +
d v2 (0 ) 0:1 + 1:2
= = 26 Volts/ sec3
dt3 0:05
EXAMPLE 4.9
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.20. The circuit is in steady state with switch K closed. At t = 0,
dvK
the switch is opened. Determine the voltage across the switch, vK and at t = 0+ .
dt

Figure 4.20
SOLUTION

The switch remains closed at t = 0 and open at t = 0+ . Under steady condition, inductor acts
as a short circuit and hence the circuit diagram at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.21(a).
+
Therefore; vK (0 ) = vK (0 )
=0V
For t 0
+ the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.21(b).

Figure 4.21(a) Figure 4.21(b)

290 j Network Theory

dvK
i(t) =C
dt
At (t) = 0+ , we get
dvK (0
+)
+
i(0 )=C
dt
Since the current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously, we get
+
i(0 ) = i(0 ) = 2A
+
dvK (0 )
Hence; 2=C
dt
dvK (0
+) 2 2
= = 1 = 4V/ sec
dt C
2

EXAMPLE 4.10
dv
In the given network, the switch K is opened at t = 0. At t = 0+ , solve for the values of v;
dt
2
d v
and if I = 2 A; R = 200 and L = 1 H
dt2

Figure 4.22

SOLUTION

The switch is opened at t = 0. This means that at t = 0 , it is closed and at t = 0+ , it is open.

Since iL (0 ) = 0, we get iL (0+ ) = 0. The circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig. 4.23(a).

Figure 4.23(a) Figure 4.23(b)

+
v (0 ) = IR
=2  200
= 400 Volts
 Initial Conditions in Network j 291

Refer to the circuit shown in Fig. 4.23(b).


For t 0+ , the KCL at node v (t) gives
Zt
v (t) 1
I = + v ( )d (4.8)
R L
0+
Differentiating both sides of equation (4.8) with respect to t, we get
1 dv (t) 1
0= + v (t) (4.8a)
R dt L
At t = 0+ , we get
1 dv (0
+) 1 +
+ v (0 )=0
R dt L

  400 = 0
+
1 dv (0 ) 1
+
200 dt 1

+)
8  104 V/ sec
dv (0
=
dt
Again differentiating equation (4.8a), we get
1 2
d v (t) 1 dv (t)
+ =0
R dt2 L dt
At t = 0+ , we get
1 d2 v (0+ ) 1 dv (0+ )
+ =0
200 dt2 1 dt
  8  10
2 +
d v (0 ) 4
2
= 200
dt
= 16  106 V/ sec2

EXAMPLE 4.11
In the circuit shown in Fig. 4.24, a steady state is reached with switch K open. At t = 0, the
switch is closed. For element values given, determine the values of va (0 ) and va (0+ ).

Figure 4.24
292 j Network Theory

SOLUTION

At t = 0 , the switch is open and at t = 0+ , the switch is closed. Under steady conditions,
inductor L acts as a short circuit. Also the steady state is reached with switch K open. Hence, the
circuit diagram at t = 0 is as shown in Fig.4.25(a).
5 5 2
iL (0 )= + = A
30 10 3
Using the voltage divider principle:

va (0 )=
5 20 =
10
V
10 + 20 3
Since the current in an inductor cannot change instantaneously,

+ 2
iL (0 ) = iL (0 ) = A:
3
At t = 0+ , the circuit diagram is as shown in Fig. 4.25(b).

Figure 4.25(a) Figure 4.25(b)

Refer the circuit in Fig. 4.25(b).

KCL at node a:
va (0
+) 5 va (0
+) va (0
+) vb (0
+)
+ + =0
10  10  20  
 +
va (0 )
1
+
1
10 10 20
+
1 +
vb (0 )
1
20
=
5
10
KCL at node b:
vb (0
+) va (0
+) 5 2vb (0
+)
+ + =0
20
 10
 3
 +
va (0 )
1
20
+ vb (0+ )
1
+
1
20 10
=
5
10
2
3
 Initial Conditions in Network j 293

Solving the above two nodal equations, we get,

+ 40
va (0 )= V
21
EXAMPLE 4.12
dvC (0
+) diL (0
+)
Find iL (0+ ); vC (0+ ); and for the circuit shown in Fig. 4.26.
dt dt
Assume that switch 1 has been opened and switch 2 has been closed for a long time and
steadystate conditions prevail at t = 0 .

SOLUTION Figure 4.26

At t = 0 , switch 1 is open and

switch 2 is closed, whereas at t = 0+ ,
switch 1 is closed and switch 2 is
open.
First, let us redraw the circuit at
t = 0 by replacing the inductor
with a short circuit and the capacitor
with an open circuit as shown in Fig.
4.27(a).
From Fig. 4.27(b), we find that Figure 4.27(a)
iL (0 ) = 0

Figure 4.27(b)
294 j Network Theory

Applying KVL clockwise to the loop on the

right, we get
vC (0 ) 2+1 0=0 
 vC (0 )= 2V
+ +
Hence, at t =0 : iL (0 ) = iL (0 ) = 0A
+
vC (0 ) = vC (0 ) = 2V

The circuit diagram for t 0 + is shown in

Figure 4.27(c)
Fig. 4.27(c).
Applying KVL for righthand mesh, we get
vL vC + iL = 0
At t = 0+ , we get
+
vL (0 ) = vC (0+ ) iL (0
+
)
= 2 0= 2V
diL
We know that vL =L
dt

At t = 0+ , we get
diL (0
+) vL (0
+) 2
= = = 2A/ sec
dt L 1
Applying KCL at node X ,
vC 10
+ iC + iL = 0
2
Consequently, at t = 0+
10 vC (0
+)
+ +
iC (0 )= iL (0 )=6 0=6A
2
dvC
Since iC =C
dt
dvC (0
+) iC (0
+ ) 6
We get, = = 1 = 12V/ sec
dt C
2

EXAMPLE 4.13
For the circuit shown in Fig. 4.28, find:
(a) i(0+ ) and v (0+ )
di(0
+) dv (0
+)
(b) and
dt dt


(c) i( ) and v ( ) 
 Initial Conditions in Network j 295

Figure 4.28
SOLUTION

(a) From the symbol of switch, we find that at t = 0 , the switch is closed and t = 0+ , it is
open. At t = 0 , the circuit has reached steady state so that the equivalent circuit is as shown in
Fig.4.29(a). 12
i(0 ) = = 2A
6
v (0 ) = 12 V
+
Therefore, we have i(0 ) = i(0 )
= 2A
+
v (0 ) = v (0 ) = 12V
(b) For t 0
+, we have the equivalent circuit as shown in Fig.4.29(b).

Figure 4.29(a) Figure 4.29(b)

Applying KVL anticlockwise to the mesh on the right, we get

vL (t) v (t) + 10i(t) = 0
Putting t = 0+ , we get
+ +
vL (0 ) v (0 ) + 10i(0+ ) = 0
 vL (0
+
) 12 + 10 2=0
 vL (0
+
)= 8V
296 j Network Theory

The voltage across the inductor is given by

di
vL =L
dt

 di(0
+)
+
vL (0 )=L
dt

 di(0
+) 1 +
= vL (0 )
dt L
1
( 8) = = 0.8A/ sec
10
Similarly, the current through the capacitor is

dv
iC =C
dt
dv (0
+) iC (0
+) i(0
+)
or = =
dt C C

0.2  106 V/ sec

2
=
10  10 6
=

(c) As t approaches infinity, the switch is open and the circuit

has attained steady state. The equivalent circuit at t = is 
shown in Fig.4.29(c).
i() = 0 Figure 4.29(c)

v () = 0

EXAMPLE 4.14
Refer the circuit shown in Fig.4.30. Find the following:

(a) v (0
+) and i(0+ )
dv (0
+) di(0
+)
(b) and
dt dt

(c) v( ) and () i

Figure 4.30
SOLUTION

From the definition of step function,


1; t>0
u(t) =
0; t<0
 Initial Conditions in Network j 297

From Fig.4.31(a), u(t) = 0 at t = 0 .


1; t>0
Similarly; u( t) =
0; t<0

1; t<0
or u( t) =
0; t>0

From Fig.4.31(b), we find that u( t) = 1, at t = 0 .

t = 0+

t = 0

Figure 4.31(a) Figure 4.31(b)

Due to the presence of u( t) and u(t) in the circuit of Fig.4.30, the circuit is an implicit
switching circuit. We use the word implicit since there are no conventional switches in the circuit
of Fig.4.30.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0 is shown in Fig.4.31(c). Please note that at t = 0 , the
independent current source is open because u(t) = 0 at t = 0 and the circuit is in steady state.

Figure 4.31(c)

40
i(0 )= = 5A
3+5
v (0 ) = 5i(0 ) = 25V
+
Therefore i(0 ) = i(0 ) = 5A
+
v (0 ) = v (0 ) = 25V


(b) For t 0+ ; u( t) = 0. This implies that the independent voltage source is zero and hence
is represented by a short circuit in the circuit shown in Fig.4.31(d).
298 j Network Theory

Figure 4.31(d)
Applying KVL at node a, we get
dv v
4+i=C +
dt 5
At t = 0+ , We get +) +)
dv (0 v (0
4 + i(0+ ) = C +
dt 5
 dv (0
+) 25
4 + 5 = 0:1 +
dt 5
 dv (0
+)
= 40V/ sec
dt
Applying KVL to the leftmesh, we get
di
3i + 0:25 +v =0
dt
Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get
di(0
+)
3i(0+ ) + 0:25 + v (0+ ) = 0
dt

  5 + 0 25 di(0
+)
3 : + 25 = 0
dt

 di(0
+) 40
= 1 = 160A/ sec
dt
4
(c) As t approaches infinity, again the circuit is in steady state. The equivalent circuit at t = 
is shown in Fig.4.31(e).

Figure 4.31(e)
 Initial Conditions in Network j 299

Using the principle of current divider, we get


i( ) =
4 5

=
 
2.5A
3+5
 
v ( ) = (i( ) + 4) 5

= ( 2:5 + 4)5
= 7.5V
EXAMPLE 4.15
Refer the circuit shown in Fig.4.32. Find the following:

(a) i(0+ ) and v (0+ )

di(0
+) dv (0
+)
(b) and
dt dt


(c) i( ) and v ( ) 
Figure 4.32

SOLUTION

Here the function u(t) behaves like a switch. Mathematically,


1; t> 0
u(t) =
0; t< 0
The above expression means that the switch represented by u(t) is open for t < 0 and remains
closed for t > 0. Hence, the circuit diagram of Fig.4.32 may be redrawn as shown in Fig.4.33(a).

Figure 4.33(a)

For t < 0, the circuit is not active because switch is in open state, This implies that all the
initial conditions are zero.
That is, iL (0 ) = 0 and vC (0 ) = 0

for t 0 +, the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig.4.33(b).

300 j Network Theory

Figure 4.33(b)
From the circuit diagram of Fig.4.33(b), we find that
vC
i=
5
+
At t = 0 , we get
+
vC (0 ) vC (0 ) 0
+
i(0 ) = = = = 0A
5 5 5
Also v = 15iL

Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get
+ +
v (0 ) = 15iL (0 )

= 15iL (0 ) = 15  0 = 0V
(b) The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is shown in Fig.4.33(c).
We find from Fig.4.33(c) that
+
iC (0 ) = 5A

Figure 4.33(c)
From Fig.4.33(b), we can write
vC = 5i
 dvC
dt
=5
di
dt
Multiplying both sides by C , we get
dvC di
C = 5C
dt dt
 Initial Conditions in Network j 301

 iC = 5C
di
dt
Putting t = 0+ , we get
di(0
+) 1 +
= iC (0 )
dt 5C
=
1
5 14

5 
= 4A/ sec
Also v = 15iL
 dv
dt
= 15
diL

dt 
 dv
dt
= 15 1  diL
dt

 dv
dt
= 15vL

At t = 0+ , we find that
 dv (0
+)
= 15vL (0+ )
dt

From Fig.4.33(b), we find that vL (0+ ) = 0


+
dv (0 )
Hence; = 15 0
dt
= 0V/ sec
EXAMPLE 4.16
In the circuit shown in Fig. 4.34, steady state is reached with switch K open. The switch is closed
at t = 0.
di1 di2
Determine: i1 ; i2 ; and at t = 0+
dt dt

Figure 4.34
302 j Network Theory

SOLUTION

At t = 0 , switch K is open and at t = 0+ , it is closed. At t = 0 , the circuit is in steady state

and appears as shown in Fig.4.35(a).

20
i2 (0 )= = 1:33A
10 + 5
Hence; vC (0 ) = 10i2 (0 ) = 10 
1:33 = 13:3V

Since current through an inductor cannot change instantaneously, i2 (0+ ) = i2 (0 ) = 1.33 A.

Also, vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) = 13:3V.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig.4.35(b).
+ 20 13:3 6:7
i1 (0 )= = = 0.67A
10 10

Figure 4.35(a) Figure 4.35(b)

For t 0 +, the circuit is as shown in Fig.4.35(c).

Writing KVL clockwise for the leftmesh,
we get
Zt
1
10i1 + i1 ( )d = 20
C
0+

Differentiating with respect to t, we get

di1 1
10 + i1 =0
dt C

Putting t = 0+ , we get
+) Figure 4.35(c)
di1 (0 1 +
10 + i1 (0 )=0
dt C


+)
0.67  105 A/ sec
di1 (0 1
 1  10
+
= i (0
6 1
)=
dt 10
 Initial Conditions in Network j 303

Writing KVL equation to the path made of 20V K 10    2H, we get

2di2
10i2 + = 20
dt
At t = 0+ , the above equation becomes
2di2 (0+ )
10i2 (0+ ) + = 20
dt

  1 33 + 2 di2 (0
+)
10 : = 20
dt

 di2 (0
+)
= 3.35A/ sec
dt

EXAMPLE 4.17
Refer the citcuit shown in Fig.4.36. The switch K is closed at t = 0. Find:
(a) v1 and v2 at t = 0+
(b) v1 and v2 at t = 
dv1 dv2
(c) and at t = 0+
dt dt
2
d v1
(d) at t = 0+
dt2

Figure 4.36
SOLUTION
(a) The circuit symbol for switch conveys that at t = 0 , the switch is open and t = 0+ , it is
closed. At t = 0 , since the switch is open, the circuit is not activated. This implies that
all initial conditions are zero. Hence, at t = 0+ , inductor is open and capactor is short.
Fig 4.37(a) shows the equivalent circuit at t = 0+ .

Figure 4.37(a)
304 j Network Theory

+ 10
i1 (0 )=
= 1A
10
+ +
v1 (0 ) = 0; i2 (0 ) = 0

Applying KVL to the path, 10V source   10  10  2mH, we get

K

10 + 10i1 (0+ ) + v1 (0+ ) + v2 (0+ ) = 0

 10 + 10 + 0 + v2 (0+ ) = 0
 v2 (0
+
)=0

(b) At = , switch
t K remains closed and circuit is in steady state. Under steady state
conditions, capacitor C is open and inductor L is short. Fig. 4.37(b) shows the equivalent
circuit at = .
t

i2 ( ) = 10 10+ 10 = 0.5A
i1 () = 0
v1 () = 0 5  10 = 5V
:

v2 () = 0

Figure 4.37(b)

(c) For t 0 +, the circuit is as shown in Fig. 4.37(c).

Figure 4.37(c)
 Initial Conditions in Network j 305

Zt
1 v1 (t)
i2 = v2 ( )d =
L R2
0+

Differentiating with respect to t, we get

v2 1 dv1
=
L R2 dt

Evaluating at t = 0+ we get

dv1 (0
+) R2 +
= v2 (0 )
dt L2

 dv1 (0
+)
= 0V/ sec
dt

Applying KVL clockwise to the path 10 V source   10  4

K F, we get

Zt
1
10 + 10i + [i( ) i2 ( )]d =0
C
0+

Differentiating with respect to t, we get

di 1
10 + [i i2 ] =0
dt C

Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get

di(0
+) i2 (0
+) i(0
+)

dt
=
C  10 2 3
i(0+ ) = i1 (0+ ) + i2 (0+ )
0 1 4 5
=
 
10 4 10 6
=1+0
= 1A
= 25000A/ sec

Applying KVL clockwise to the path 10 V source   10  10  2 mH,

K
we get

10 + 10i + 10i2 + v2 = 0
 10i + v1 + v2 = 10

Differentiating with respect to t, we get

di dv1 dv2
10 + + =0
dt dt dt
306 j Network Theory

At t = 0+ , we get

di(0
+) dv1 (0
+) dv2 (0
+)
10 + + =0
dt dt dt

 dv2 (0
+)
10( 25000) + 0 + =0
dt


+)
= 25  104 V/ sec
dv2 (0
dt

(d) From part (c), we have

Zt
1 v1
v2 ( )d =
L 10
0+

Differentiating with respect to t twice, we get

1 dv2 1 d2 v1
=
L dt 10 dt2

At t = 0+ , we get

1 dv2 (0
+) 1 d2 v1 (0+ )
=
L dt 10 dt2
2 +)
= 125  107 V/ sec2
d v 1 (0
Hence;
dt2

EXAMPLE 4.18
Refer the network shown in Fig. 4.38. Switch K is changed from a to b at t = 0 (a steady state
having been established at position a).

Figure 4.38

Show that at t = 0+ .
V
i1 = i2 = ; i3 =0
R1 + R2 + R3
 Initial Conditions in Network j 307

SOLUTION

The symbol for switch indicates that at t = 0 , it is in position a and at t = 0+ , it is in position

b. The circuit is in steady state at t = 0 . Fig 4.39(a) refers to the equivalent circuit at t = 0 .
Please remember that at steady state C is open and L is short.
iL1 (0 ) = 0; iL2 (0 ) = 0; vC2 (0 ) = 0; vC1 (0 )=0
Applying KVL clockwise to the left-mesh, we get
V + vC3 (0 ) + 0  R2 +0=0
 vC3 (0 ) = V volts:

Figure 4.39(a)

Since current in an inductor and voltage across a capacitor cannot change instantaneously, the
equivalent circuit at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig. 4.39(b).

Figure 4.39(b)

+
i1 (0 ) = i2 (0+ ) since iL1 (0
+
)=0
+ +
i3 (0 ) = 0 since iL2 (0 )=0
Applying KVL to the path v C3 (0+ )    
R2 R3 R1 K we get,

V + R2 i1 (0+ ) + R3 i2 (0+ ) + R1 i1 (0+ ) = 0

308 j Network Theory

Since i1 (0+ ) = i2 (0+ ), the above equation becomes

V = [R1 + R2 + R3 ] i1 (0+ )
+ + V
Hence; i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = A
R1 + R2 + R3

EXAMPLE 4.19
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. 4.40. The switch K is closed at t = 0.
di1 (0
+) di2 (0
+)
Find (a) and (b)
dt dt

Figure 4.40

SOLUTION

The circuit symbol for the switch shows that at

+
t = 0 , it is open and at t = 0 , it is closed.
Hence, at t = 0 , the circuit is not activated.
This implies that all initial conditions are zero.
That is, vC (0 ) = 0 and iL (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.
The equivalent circuit at t = 0+ keeping in mind
that vC (0+ ) = vC (0 ) and iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) is
as shown in Fig. 4.41 (a). Figure 4.41(a)

+
i1 (0 ) = 0 and i2 (0+ ) = 0:
Figure. 4.41(b) shows the circuit diagram for t 0 +.

Zt
1
Vo sin !t = i1 R + i1 ( )d
C
0+
Differentiating with respect to t, we get
di1 i1
Vo ! cos !t =R +
dt C
 Initial Conditions in Network j 309

At t = 0+ , we get

di1 (0
+) i1 (0
+)
Vo ! =R +
dt C


+
di1 (0 ) V0
= A/ sec
dt R
di2
Also; Vo sin !t = i2 R + L
dt

Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get

di2 (0
+)
0 = i2 (0+ )R + L
dt

 di2 (0
+) Figure 4.41(b)
= 0A/ sec
dt

EXAMPLE 4.20
In the network of the Fig. 4.42, the switch K is opened at t = 0 after the network has attained
steady state with the switch closed.
(a) Find the expression for vK at t = 0+ .
di(0
+)
(b) If the parameters are adjusted such that i(0+ ) = 1, and = 1, what is the value of
dt 
dvK +
the derivative of the voltage across the switch at t = 0+ , (0 ) ?
dt

Figure 4.42

SOLUTION

At t = 0 , switch is in the closed state and at

+
t = 0 , it is open. Also at t = 0 , the circuit
is in steady state. The equivalent circuit at
t = 0 is as shown in Fig. 4.43(a).

V
i(0 )= and vC (0 ) = 0
R2
Figure 4.43(a)
310 j Network Theory


For t 0+ , the equivalent circuit is as shown in Fig. 4.43(b).
From Fig. 4.43 (b),
Zt
1
vK = R1 i + i( )d
C
0+
 vK = R1 i + vC (t)

At t = 0+ , vK (0
+) = R1 i(0+ ) + vC (0+ )

 vK (0
+
) = R1
V
R2
+ vC (0 )
V
= R1 volts
R2

Figure 4.43(b)

(b)
Zt
1
vK = R1 i + i( )d
C
0+

 dvK
dt
= R1
di
dt
+
i
C

Evaluating at t = 0+ , we get

dvK (0
+) di(0
+) i(0
+)
= R1 +
dt dt C

= R1 ( 1) +
1
C
1
= R1 volts/ sec
C
 Initial Conditions in Network j 311

Reinforcement Problems
R.P 4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig RP.4.1(a). If the switch is closed at t = 0, find the value of
2 +
d iL (0 )
at t = 0+ .
dt2

Figure R.P.4.1(a)

SOLUTION

The circuit at t = 0 is as shown in Fig RP 4.1(b).

Since current through an inductor and voltage across a capacitor cannot change
instantaneously, it implies that iL (0+ ) = 18A and vC (0+ ) = 180 V.

The circuit for t 0+ is as shown in Fig. RP 4.1 (c).

Figure R.P.4.1(b) Figure R.P.4.1(c)

Referring Fig RP 4.1 (c), we can write

Zt
2  10 3 diL
dt
+ 60iL + 288  103
iL (t)dt =0 (4.9)
0+
312 j Network Theory

At t = 0+ , we get
diL (0
+) 
60 18 + 180
dt
=

2 10 3
= 
450 103 A= sec

Differentiating equation (4.9) with respect to t, we get

 10  10
2
3 d iL diL 3
2 + 60 + 288 iL =0
dt2 dt

At t = 0+ , we get
2 +
d iL (0 ) 60(450)103 288 103 (18) 
dt 2
=
2 10 3 

= 1:0908 1010 A= sec2

R.P 4.2
2 +
d vC (0 )
3 +
d vC (0 )
For the circuit shown in Fig. RP 4.2, determine and :
dt2 dt3

Figure R.P.4.2

SOLUTION

Given 
2; t 0 +
i(t) = 2u(t) =
0; t 0
Hence, at t = 0 , vC (0 ) = 0 and iL (0 ) = 0.

For t 0+ , the circuit equations are
Zt
1 dvC (t) 1
+ vL (t)dt = 2 (4.10)
64 dt 2
0+

 1 dvC (t)
64 dt
+ iL (t) = 2 (4.11)
 Initial Conditions in Network j 313

[Note : iC + iL = 2 because of the capacitor polarity]

At t = 0+ , equation (4.10) gives

1 dvC (0+ )
+ iL (0+ ) = 2
64 dt

Since, iL (0+ ) = iL (0 ) = 0, we get

1 dvC (0+ )
+0= 2
64 dt


+
dvC (0 )
= 128 volts= sec
dt

Differentiating equation (4.10) with respect to t we get

1 d2 vC (t) 1
+ vL (t) = 0 (4.12)
64 dt 2
Zt
vC vL 1
Also; = vL dt = iL (4.13)
24 2
0+

At t = 0+ , we get
vC (0
+) vL (0
+)
= iL (0+ )
24
Since vC (0+ ) = 0 and iL (0+ ) = 0, we get vL (0+ ) = 0.
At t = 0+ , equation (4.12) becomes

1 d2 vC (0+ ) 1
+ vL (0+ ) = 0
64 dt2 2
 1 d2 vC (0+ ) 1
64 dt2
+
2
0=0 

2 +
d vC (0 )
2
=0
dt

Differentiating equation (4.12) with respect to t we get

 1 d3 vC
64 dt 3
+
1 dvL
2 dt
=0 (4.14)

Differentiating equation (4.13) with respect to t, we get

dvC dvL
dt dt 1
= vL
24 2
314 j Network Theory

At t = 0+ , we get
dvC (0
+) dvL (0
+)

 dt
24
dt
=
1
2
+
vL (0 )

dvL (0
+)


128
dt
=0
24
 dvL (0
+)
= 128 volts= sec
dt

At t = 0+ , equation (4.14) becomes

1 d3 vC (0+ ) 1 dvL (0+ )
+ =0
64 dt3 2 dt


3 +
d vC (0 )
3
= 4096 volts= sec3
dt

R.P 4.3
In the network of Fig RP 4.3 (a), switch K is closed at t = 0. At t = 0 all the capacitor voltages
and all the inductor currents are zero. Three node-to-datum voltages are identified as v1 , v2 and
+
v3 . Find at t = 0 :

(i) v1 , v2 and v3
dv1 dv2 dv3
(ii) , and
dt dt dt

Figure R.P.4.3(a)

SOLUTION

The network at t = 0+ is as shown in Fig RP-4.3 (b).

Since vC and iL cannot change instantaneously, we have from the network shown in
Fig. RP-4.3 (b),
+
v1 (0 ) = 0
+
v2 (0 )=0
+
v3 (0 )=0
 Initial Conditions in Network j 315

Figure R.P.4.3(b)

For t 0
+, the circuit equations are
9
Zt >
>
1 >
>
v C1 = i1 dt >
>
C1 >
>
>
>
0+ >
>
Zt >
=
1
v C2 = i2 dt (4.15)
C2 >
>
>
>
0+
Zt >
>
>
>
1 >
>
v C3 = i3 dt >
>
C3 >
;
0+

From Fig. RP-4.3 (b), we can write

v (0
+)
+
i1 (0 )= ;
R1
v1 (0
+) v2 (0
+)
+
i2 (0 )=
R2
+
and i3 (0 )=0

Differentiating equation (4.15) with respect to t, we get

dvC1 i1 dvC2 i2 dvC3 i3

= ; = and =
dt C1 dt C2 dt C3

At t = 0+ , the above equations give

dv1 (0
+) i1 (0
+) v (0
+)
= =
dt C1 R 1 C1
dv2 (0
+) +
i2 (0 ) v1 (0
+ ) v2 (0
+)
= = =0
dt C2 R 2 C2
dv3 (0
+) +
i3 (0 )
and = =0
dt C3
316 j Network Theory

R.P 4.4
For the network shown in Fig RP 4.4 (a) with switch K open, a steady-state is reached. The circuit
paprameters are R1 = 10, R2 = 20, R3 = 20, L = 1 H and C = 1F. Take V = 100
volts. The switch is closed at t = 0.

(a) Write the integro-differential

equation after the switch is
closed.
(b) Find the voltage Vo across C be-
fore the switch is closed and give
its polarity.
(c) Find i1 and i2 at t = 0+ .
di1 di2
(d) Find and at t = 0+ .
dt dt
di1
(e) What is the value of at
 dt Figure R.P.4.4(a)
t= ?
SOLUTION

The switch is in open state at t = 0 . The network at t = 0 is as shown in Fig RP 4.4 (b).

Figure R.P.4.4(b)
100V 10
i1 (0 )= = A =
R1 + R2 30 3
VC (0 ) = i1 (0 )R2 =
10
3
20 =
200
3
volts 
Note that L is short and C is open under steady-state condition.

For t 0+ (switch in closed state),
di1
we have 20i1 + = 100 (4.16)
dt
Zt
6
and 20i2 + 10 i2 dt = 100 (4.17)
0+
 Initial Conditions in Network j 317

+ 10
Also i1 (0 ) = i1 (0 ) =
A
3
+ 200
and VC (0 ) = VC (0 ) = Volts
3
From equation (4.16) at t = 0+ ,

 103
di1 (0
+)
we have = 100 20
dt
100
= A=sec
3
From equation (4.17), at t = 0+ , we have
 
+ 1 200 5
i2 (0 ) = 100 = A
20 3 3
Differentiating equation (4.17), we get
di2
20 + 106 i2 = 0 (4.18)
dt

From equation (4.18) at t = 0+ , we get

20di2 (0+ )
+ 106 i2 (0+ ) = 0
dt

 di2 (0
+)
=
106 53 
dt 20
106
= A= sec
12
At t = ,
i1 ( ) = 100
20
=5A

() = 0
di1
dt

R.P 4.5
2 +
d i1 (0 )
For the network shown in Fig RP 4.5 (a), find .
dt2
The switch K is closed at t = 0.

Figure R.P.4.5(a)
318 j Network Theory

SOLUTION

At t = 0 , we have vC (0 ) = 0 and i2 (0 ) = iL (0 ) = 0. Because of the switching property

of L and C , we have vC (0+ ) = 0 and i2 (0+ ) = 0. The network at t = 0+ is as shown in
Fig RP 4.5 (b).

Figure R.P.4.5(b)

Referring Fig RP 4.5 (b), we find that

v (0
+)
+
i1 (0 )=
R1

The circuit equations for t 0 + are

Zt
1
R1 i1 + (i1 i2 )dt = v (t) (4.19)
C
0+
Zt
1 di2
and R2 i2 + (i2 i1 )dt +L =0 (4.20)
C dt
0+
| {z }
vC (t)

At t = 0+ , equation (4.20) becomes

di2 (0
+)
+
R2 i2 (0 ) + vC (0+ ) + L =0
dt

 di2 (0
+)
=0 (4.21)
dt

Differentiating equation (4.19), we get

di1 1 dv (t)
R1 + (i1 i2 ) = (4.22)
dt C dt

Letting t = 0+ in equation (4.22), we get

di1 (0
+) 1  + +
dv (0
+)
R1 + i1 (0 ) i2 (0 ) =
dt C dt
 
 di1 (0
+) 1 dv (0
+) v (0
+)
= (4.23)
dt R1 dt R1 C
 Initial Conditions in Network j 319

Differentiating equation (4.22) gives

2
  2
d i1 1 di1 di2 d v (t)
R1 + =
dt2 C dt dt dt2

Letting t = 0+ , we get
2 +
 +) +)
 2 +
d i1 (0 ) 1 di1 (0 di2 (0 d v (0 )
R1 + =
dt2 C dt dt dt2


2 +
d i1 (0 ) 1 di1 (0
+) 2 +
d v (0 )
R1 = +
dt2 C dt dt2
 

2 +
d i1 (0 ) 1 1 dv (0
+) 1 2 +
d v (0 )
+
= 2C v (0 ) +
dt2 R1 C R1 dt R1 dt2

R.P 4.6
Determine va (0 ) and va (0+ ) for the network shown in Fig RP 4.6 (a). Assume that the switch
is closed at t = 0.

Figure R.P.4.6(a)

SOLUTION

Since L is short for DC at steady state, the net-

work at t = 0 is as shown in Fig. RP 4.6 (b).
Applying KCL at junction a, we get
va (0 ) 5 va (0 ) vb (0 )
+ =0
10 20
Since vb (0 ) = 0, we get
va (0) 5 va (0
) 0
+ =0
10 20
 va (0 ) =
0:5
0:1 + 0:05
=
10
3
volts

Figure R.P.4.6(b)
320 j Network Theory

va (0 ) 5
Also; iL (0 ) = iL (0+ ) = +
20 10
2
= A
3
For t 0 +, we can write
va 5 va va vb
+ + =0
10 10 20
vb va vb 5
and + + iL = 0
20 10
Simplifying at t = 0+ , we get
1 + 1 + 1
va (0 ) vb (0 ) =
4 20 2
1 + 3 + 1
and va (0 ) + vb (0 ) =
20 20 6

+) 40
Solving we get, va (0 = = 1:905 volts
21

Exercise problems
E.P 4.1
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.1 Switch K is closed at t = 0.
di(0
+) 2 +
d i(0 )
Find i(0+ ), and .
dt dt2

Figure E.P.4.1

di(0+ ) d2 i(0+ )
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0.2A, = 2  103 A/ sec, = 20  106 A/ sec2
dt dt2
 Initial Conditions in Network j 321

E.P 4.2
di
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.2. Switch K is closed at t = 0. Find the values of i; and
dt
2
d i
at t = 0+ .
dt2

Figure E.P.4.2

di(0+ ) d2 i(0+ )
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0, = 10 A/ sec, = 1000 A/ sec2
dt dt2
E.P 4.3
Refering to the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.3, switch is changed from position 1 to position 2 at
di
2
d i
t = 0. The circuit has attained steady state before switching. Determine i, and at t = 0+ .
dt dt2

Figure E.P.4.3

di(0+ ) d2 i(0+ )
Ans: i(0+ ) = 0, = 40 A/ sec, = 800 A/ sec2
dt dt2
322 j Network Theory

E.P 4.4
In the network shown in Fig. E.P.4.4, the initial voltage on C1 is Va and on C2 is Vb such that
dv1 dv2
v1 (0 ) = Va and v2 (0 ) = Vb . Find the values of and at t = 0+ .
dt dt

Figure E.P.4.4

dv1 (0+ ) Vb Va dv2 (0+ ) Va Vb

Ans: = V/ sec, = V/ sec
dt C1 R dt C2 R

E.P 4.5
In the network shown in Fig E.P. 4.5, switch K is closed at t = 0 with zero capacitor voltage and
2
d v2
zero inductor current. Find at t = 0+ .
dt2

Figure E.P.4.5

d2 v2 (0+ ) R2 Va
Ans: = V/ sec2
dt2 R1 L1 C1
 Initial Conditions in Network j 323

E.P 4.6
2
d v1
In the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.6, switch K is closed at t = 0. Find at t = 0+ .
dt2

Figure E.P.4.6

d2 v1 (0+ )
Ans: = 0 V/ sec2
dt2
E.P 4.7
+
di(0 )
The switch in Fig. E.P. 4.7 has been closed for a long time. It is open at t = 0. Find ,
dt

 
+
dv (0 )
, i( ) and v ( ).
dt

Figure E.P.4.7

di(0+ ) dv(0+ )
Ans: = 0A/ sec, = 20A/ sec, i() = 0A, v() = 12V
dt dt
324 j Network Theory

E.P 4.8

  
diL (0
+ ) dv (0+ )
In the circuit of Fig E.P. 4.8, calculate iL (0+ ),
C
, , vR ( ), vC ( ) and iL ( ).
dt dt

Figure E.P.4.8

diL (0+ )
Ans: iL (0+ ) = 0 A, = 0 A/ sec
dt
dvC (0+ )
= 2 V/ sec, vR () = 4V, vC () = 20V, iL () = 1A
dt
E.P 4.9
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.9. Assume that the switch was closed for a long time for
+
diL (0 )
t < 0. Find and iL (0+ ). Take v (0+ ) = 8 V.
dt

Figure E.P.4.9

diL (0+ )
Ans: iL (0+ ) = 4 A, = 0 A/ sec
dt
E.P 4.10
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.10. A steady state is reached with the switch K closed and
+
dv2 (0 )
with i = 10A. At t = 0, switch K is opened. Find v2 (0+ ) and .
dt
 Initial Conditions in Network j 325

Figure E.P.4.10

dv2 (0+ ) 10Ra Rc

Ans: v2 (0+ ) = 0, = V= sec.
dt Ca (Ra + Rb )(Ra + Rc )

E.P 4.11
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.11. The network is in steady state with switch K closed.
+
dvk (0 )
The switch is opened at t = 0. Find vk (0+ ) and .
dt

Figure E.P.4.11

Va Rc
Ans: vk (0+ ) = Volts,
Ra + Rb + Rc
dvk (0+ ) Va (Ca + Cb )
= V/ sec
dt (Ra + Rb + Rc )(Ca Cd + Cb Ca + Cb Cd )

E.P 4.12
2 +
d i1 (0 )
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P. 4.12. Find .
dt2
326 j Network Theory

Figure E.P.4.12
 
d2 i1 (0+ ) 1 10
Ans: 2
= 10 + 2 2 A/ sec2
dt Ra Ra Ca

E.P 4.13

di1 (0
+)
Refer the circuit shown in Fig. E.P. 4.13. Find . Assume that the circuit has attained
dt
steady state at t = 0 .

Figure E.P.4.13
di1 (0+ ) 10
Ans: = A/ sec
dt RA
E.P 4.14
Refer the network shown in Fig. E.P.4.14. The circuit reaches steady state with switch K closed.
+
dv1 (0 )
2 +
d v2 (0 )
At a new reference time, t = 0, the switch K is opened. Find and 2
.
dt dt

Figure E.P.4.14
 Initial Conditions in Network j 327

dv1 (0+ ) 10 d2 v2 (0+ ) 10Rb

Ans: = V/ sec, = V/ sec2
dt Ca (Ra + Rb ) dt2 La Ca (Ra + Rb )

E.P 4.15
The switch shown in Fig. E.P. 4.15 has been open for a long time before closing at t = 0. Find:
+ +   
i0 (0 ), iL (0 ) i0 (0 ), iL (0 ), i0 ( ), iL ( ) and vL ( ).

Figure E.P.4.15

Ans: i(0 ) = 0, iL (0 ) = 160mA, i0 (0+ ) = 65mA, iL (0+ ) = 160mA,

i0 () = 225mA, iL () = 0, vL () = 0

E.P 4.16
The switch shown in Fig. E.P. 4.16 has been closed for a long time before opeing at t = 0.
$
Find: i1 (0 ), i2 (0 ), i1 (0+ ), i2 (0+ ). Explain why i2 (0 ) = i2 (0+ ).

Figure E.P.4.16

Ans: i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.2mA, i2 (0+ ) = i1 (0+ ) = 0.2mA

328 j Network Theory

E.P 4.17
The switch in the circuit of Fig E.P.4.17 is closed at t = 0 after being open for a long time. Find:
(a) i1 (0 ) and i2 (0 )
(b) i1 (0+ ) and i2 (0+ )
(c) Explain why i1 (0 ) = i1 (0+ )
$
(d) Explain why i2 (0 ) = i2 (0+ )

Figure E.P.4.17

Ans: i1 (0 ) = i2 (0 ) = 0.2 mA, i1 (0+ ) = 0.2 mA, i2 (0+ ) = 0.2mA