Chemistry Final Exam Review

Unit 1
Triad - A group of 3 elements with similar properties. (Ex: Group 1)
Page 19 for period table group descriptions

Isotopic Abundance Calculation: A = P(1/2)exponent: t/y

Average Atomic Mass: 98% C-12 & 2% C-14
0.98 x 12 = 11.76
0.02 x 14 = 0.28
T = 12.04 is the average atomic mass

Bohrs theory on electron starts on page 37.

Electrons gain energy in a certain amount of quanta, which then puts the electron in the
exited state allowing it to move up an energy level. In the excited state the electron is
highly unstable and it goes back to the ground state releasing the same quanta of
energy. The energy released is seen in a form of a wavelength that we can see as
visible light.

Quantum Mechanics: a theory of the atom in which electrons are described in terms of
their energies and probability patterns.

Atomic Radius: Decreases across a period (increase attraction).

Increases down a family (additional energy level; shielded by lower level
electrons).

Ionization Energy: the amount of energy needed to remove an electron

Increases from left to right across a period (attraction is stronger, more pull, more
energy needed & since the further down you go the more the element wants to keep
their electron than lose it)
Decreases from top to bottom in a family (electrons are in higher energy level, level of
attraction is weaker, and the lower level electrons are shielding them so it can easily be
plucked out).

Ionic Size: radius of a charged atom

Anion: Larger, more electrons than protons attraction is weaker, larger than neutral
atom.
Cation: Small, less electrons than protons attraction is stronger, smaller than neutral
atom.
Electronegativity: A measure of the electron attracting ability of an atom.
Same reasoning as Ionization energy.
Electron Affinity: The amount of energy released when atoms gain electrons.
Same reasoning as Ionization energy.

Crystal Lattice: Atoms dont exist in their simplest ratios they exist in a crystal lattice
structure with many of each element.

Lewis dot diagrams begin on page 72.

Lewis Structures on page 75
Structural Formulas on page 79

Covalent bonds: the attractive force between two atoms that results when electrons
are shared by the atoms; a type of chemical bond.

Coordinate Covalent bonds: a covalent bond in which both of the shared electrons
come from the same atom. Bonding Capacity < # of bonds formed.

Polar Covalent Bond: a covalent bond formed between atoms with significantly
different electronegativities; a bond with some ionic compounds. More on page 82+.
Guidelines for polar/non-polar molecules on page 85

Intramolecular Forces: the attractive force between atoms and ions within a
compound
Intermolecular Forces: the attractive force between molecules.
London Dispersion: An attractive force acting between all molecules, including
non-polar molecules.
Dipole-Dipole: an attractive force acting between polar molecules.
Hydrogen Bonding: a relatively strong dipole-dipole, only between Hydrogen and
either oxygen, fluorine, and nitrogen.

Ice density on page 87

Refer to sheet in binder on chemical nomenclature. Page 95 IUPAC names

Page 126 for Activity Series.

Law of Definite proportions: a specific compound always contains the same elements
in definite proportions by mass. Page 162.

Concept of the mole and Avogadros constant is on page 168.

Do Ch. 4 & Ch.5 Review for the rest along with the Unit 2 Review.

Page 268 Table #2 for Types and properties of solutions

Page 276 Table #3 for Solubility of molecular compounds; ionic compounds are usually
highly soluble in water since their ions dissociate in water making it an electrolyte.

Do Ch.6 Review
Solution Preparation Page 300 - 303

Solubility: A property of a solute; the concentration of a saturated solution of a solute in

a solvent at a specific temperature and pressure.

Do Ch.7 Review

Page 364 Table #3 Properties of Acids/Bases

Strong/Weak Acids page 365/366

Acid-Base Theories
Arrhenius
Original Theory: Dissociation of ionic compounds, acids are hydrogen compounds
ionize to increase the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. Bases are ionic
hydroxides that dissolve in water to increase the hydroxide ion concentration of the
solution.

Revised Theory: Not all substances without H+ or OH- arent acids or bases.
All substances were tested in aqueous solutions, and particles are constantly colliding
into each other, this might react with the water molecules within the solution. An H+ ion
can exist in an acidic solution and can bond strongly with a water molecule. This is a
hydronium ion.
HCl + H2O H3O+ (+) Cl-
Na2CO3 2 Na+ (+) CO3-
CO3- + H2O OH- + HCO-

Bronsted-Lowry Definitions
An acid is a proton donor
 A base is a proton acceptor
An a cid-base neutralization reaction involves the transfer of one proton from the
strongest acid present to the strongest base present.
An amphiprotic substance is one that appears to act as a Bronsted-Lowry acid in
some reactions and as a Bronsted-Lowry base in other reactions
A conjugate acid-base pair consists of two substances that differ only by one
proton.

Titration: A laboratory procedure involving the carefully measured and controlled addition of a
solution from a buret into measured volume of a sample solution.

Refer to page 394/395 for more titration.

Do Ch. 8 Review

Refer to page 418 Table # 1 for State of matter and Pages 418/419 for more information
on them.

Kinetic Molecular Theory: The idea that all substances contain particles that are in
constant, random motion.

Read Page 419/420 for Gases and KMT (Kinetic Molecular Theory)

Do Ch. 9 & 10 Reviews