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Program Agenda
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Program Agenda
1 Background
2 MySQL Group Replication
3 Architecture
4 Use cases
5 Performance
6 Conclusion
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1
Background
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Background: What is Replication Used For?
Read scale-out
More
reads? M S
M S More
slaves!
S
write clients
write clients read clients
read clients
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Background: What is Replication Used For?
Redundancy: If master crashes, promote slave to master
B B B
Uh Oh! Whew!
A A
Crash A
C C C
B is the
new master
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MySQL Group Replication
What is MySQL Group Replication?
Multi-master update everywhere replication plugin for MySQL with built-in automatic
distributed recovery, conflict detection and group membership.
What does the MySQL Group Replication plugin do for the user?
Removes the need for handling server fail-over.
Provides fault tolerance.
Enables update everywhere setups.
Automates group reconfiguration (handling of crashes, failures, re-connects).
Provides a highly available replicated database.
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MySQL Group Replication
Clients
M M M M M
Replication Group
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Timeline - Server GA and GR Releases
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Multi-Master update everywhere!
Any two transactions on different servers can write to the same tuple.
Conflicts will be detected and dealt with.
First committer wins rule.
UPDATE t1 SET a=3 WHERE a=1 UPDATE t1 SET a=4 WHERE a=2
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-transaction-life-cycle-explained/
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Multi-Master update everywhere!
Any two transactions on different servers can write to the same tuple.
Conflicts will be detected and dealt with.
First committer wins rule.
OK
UPDATE t1 SET a=3 WHERE a=1
OK
UPDATE t1 SET a=4 WHERE a=2
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-transaction-life-cycle-explained/
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Multi-Master update everywhere!
Any two transactions on different servers can write to the same tuple.
Conflicts will be detected and dealt with.
First committer wins rule.
UPDATE t1 SET a=3 WHERE a=1 UPDATE t1 SET a=2 WHERE a=1
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-transaction-life-cycle-explained/
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Multi-Master update everywhere!
Any two transactions on different servers can write to the same tuple.
Conflicts will be detected and dealt with.
First committer wins rule.
UPDATE t1 SET a=3 WHERE a=1 UPDATE t1 SET a=2 WHERE a=1
OK
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-transaction-life-cycle-explained/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.1 Multi-Master
2.2 Automatic distributed server recovery
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
Server that joins the group will automatically synchronize with the others.
M M M M M N
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
Server that joins the group will automatically synchronize with the others.
ONLINE
RECOVERING
M M M M M N
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
Server that joins the group will automatically synchronize with the others.
ONLINE
M M M M M N
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
If a server leaves the group, the others will automatically be informed.
M M M M M M
view_id: 4
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
If a server leaves the group, the others will automatically be informed.
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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Automatic distributed server recovery!
Server that (re)joins the group will automatically synchronize with the
others.
M M M M M M
view_id: 5
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/distributed-recovery-behind-the-scenes/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.1 Multi-Master
2.2 Automatic distributed server recovery
2.3 MySQL/InnoDB look & feel
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MySQL look & feel!
MySQL Plugin
Regular MySQL Plugin. Nothing new.
MySQL InnoDB
Use InnoDB as normally you would. Nothing new.
Transparent optimizations in InnoDB to better support Group Replication.
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-monitoring/
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MySQL look & feel!
Outcome
Group Replication is no alien component.
Existing MySQL users feel right at home.
New MySQL users only have to learn MySQL tech, nothing else.
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-monitoring/
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Full GTID support!
All group members share the same UUID, the group name.
INSERT x;
Will have GTID: group_name:1
INSERT y;
Will have GTID: group_name:2
M M M M M
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Full GTID support!
Users can specify the identifier for the transaction.
M M M M M
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Full GTID support!
You can even replicate from a outside server to a group, global identifiers
will be preserved.
M M M M M
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Full GTID support!
You can also replicate from a group to a outside server, global identifiers
will be preserved.
M M M M M
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.1 Multi-Master
2.2 Automatic distributed server recovery
2.3 MySQL/InnoDB look & feel
2.4 Full GTID support
2.5 Auto-increment configuration/handling
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Auto-increment configuration/handling
Group is configured not to generate the same auto-increment value on all
members.
INSERT y;
INSERT x; y: 4
x: 1
INSERT z;
z: 11
M M M M M
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Auto-increment configuration/handling
By default, the offset is provided by server_id and increment is 7 [1].
INSERT y;
INSERT x; y: 4
x: 1
INSERT z;
z: 11
server_id: 1
server_id: 4
M M M M M
[1]: http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-auto-increment-configuration-handling/
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Auto-increment configuration/handling
Users can change the increment size to their needs using
GROUP_REPLICATION_AUTO_INCREMENT_INCREMENT option.
INSERT y;
INSERT x; y: 4
x: 1
INSERT z;
z: 11
server_id: 1
server_id: 4
M M M M M
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.1 Multi-Master
2.2 Automatic distributed server recovery
2.3 MySQL/InnoDB look & feel
2.4 Full GTID support
2.5 Auto-increment configuration/handling
2.6 Plugin version access control
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Plugin Version Access Control
When joining, versions are crucial when determining if a member is
compatible with a group.
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Plugin Version Access Control
When joining, versions are crucial when determining if a member is
compatible with a group.
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Plugin Version Access Control
When joining, versions are crucial when determining if a member is
compatible with a group.
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.1 Multi-Master
2.2 Automatic distributed server recovery
2.3 MySQL/InnoDB look & feel
2.4 Full GTID support
2.5 Auto-increment configuration/handling
2.6 Plugin version access control
2.7 Built-in communication engine
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Built-in Communication Engine
Feature rich new replication plugin based on proven distributed systems
algorithms (Paxos).
Compression, multi-platform, dynamic membership, distributed agreement, quorum
based message passing, SSL, IP whitelisting.
No third-party software required.
No network multicast support required.
MySQL Group Replication can operate on cloud based installations on which multicast
is not allowed.
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-for-mysql-5-7-9/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.8 Read-only mode
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Read-only mode
When a member joins the group, during distributed recovery, read-only
mode is set automatically.
On a unlikely event of a member failure, read-only mode is set
automatically to prevent inconsistency with the group and member state
changes to ERROR.
M M M M M
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-important-behavior-and-configuration-changes/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.8 Read-only mode
2.9 Full stack secure connections
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Full stack secure connections
Following the industry standards, Group Replication supports secure
connections along the complete stack
Client connections
Distributed recovery connections
Connections between members
IP Whitelisting
Restrict which hosts are allowed to connect to the group
By default it is set to the value AUTOMATIC, which allows connections from private
subnetworks active on the host
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-securing-the-perimeter/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.8 Read-only mode
2.9 Full stack secure connections
2.10 Parallel applier support
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Parallel applier support
Group Replication now also takes full advantage of parallel binary log
applier infrastructure
Reduces applier lag and improves replication performance considerably
Configured in the same way as in asynchronous replication
--slave_parallel_workers=NUMBER
--slave_parallel_type=logical_clock
--slave_preserve_commit_order=ON
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.8 Read-only mode
2.9 Full stack secure connections
2.10 Parallel applier support
2.11 Single Primary Mode
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Single Primary Mode
Configuration mode that makes a single member act as a writeable master
(PRIMARY) and the rest of the members act as hot-standbys (SECONDARY).
The group itself coordinates automatically to figure out which is the member that will
act as the PRIMARY, through a leader election mechanism.
Default mode
Closer to classic asynchronous replication setups, simpler to reason about from the
beginning.
Avoids some of the limitations of multi-master mode.
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-for-mysql-5-7-15/
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Single Primary Mode
Automatic leader election mechanism
Secundaries are automatically set to read-only
Primary
S S S S P S
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-for-mysql-5-7-15/
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Single Primary Mode
Automatic leader election mechanism
Primary
S S S P S
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-for-mysql-5-7-15/
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Single Primary Mode
The current primary member UUID can be known by executing the
following SQL statement
http://mysqlhighavailability.com/mysql-group-replication-for-mysql-5-7-15/
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2
MySQL Group Replication
2.8 Read-only mode
2.9 Full stack secure connections
2.10 Parallel applier support
2.11 Single Primary Mode
2.12 Requirements
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Requirements (by design) Forbidden
Requires InnoDB storage engine Serializable (on multi-master)
Primary key is required on every table Cascading Foreign Keys (on multi-master)
Requires global transaction identifiers Transaction savepoints
turned on
Binary log events checksum
Requires binary log turned on
Requires binary log row format
Optimistic execution: transactions may Warnings
abort on COMMIT due to conflicts
with concurrent transactions on other Concurrent DDL (on multi-master)
members
Up to 9 servers in the group
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3
Architecture
3.1 Introduction
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MySQL Group Replication is
Built on top of proven technology!
Shares many pieces of MySQL Replication.
Multi-Master approach to replication.
Built on reusable components!
Layered implementation approach.
Interface driven development.
Decoupled from the server core.
The plugin registers as listener to server events.
Reuses the capture procedure from regular replication.
Provides further decoupling from the communication infrasctructure.
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3
Architecture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Major Building Blocks
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Major Building Blocks (1)
MySQL
Server
API
Replication
Plugin
Com. API
M M M M M
Group Comm.
Group Com. Engine
System (Corosync)
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Major Building Blocks (2)
Server calls into the plugin through a generic
interface
MySQL
Server (Most of server) internals are hidden from the plugin.
Some of the semi-sync interfaces were reused. Others
were created.
API
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Major Building Blocks (3)
The plugin is responsible for
MySQL Maintaining distributed execution context.
Server
Detecting conflicts.
API Handling distributed recovery:
Detect membership changes;
Replication Donate state if needed;
Plugin Collect state if needed.
Receiving and handling transactions from other
Com. API
members.
Deciding the fate of on-going transactions.
Group Comm.
Group Com. Engine
System (Corosync)
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Major Building Blocks (4)
The communication API (and bindings) is
MySQL responsible for:
Server
Abstracting the underlaying communication engine
from the plugin itself.
API
Replication Mapping the interface to a specific communication
Plugin engine.
Com. API
Group Comm.
Group Com. Engine
System (Corosync)
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Major Building Blocks (5)
The communication engine:
MySQL Variant of Paxos developed at MySQL.
Server
Building block to provide distributed agreement
API between servers.
Replication
Plugin
Com. API
Group Comm.
Group Com. Engine
System (Corosync)
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3
Architecture
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Major Building Blocks
3.3 The Complete Stack
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The Complete Stack Performance Schema Tables: Monitoring
MySQL
MySQL
Server
APIs: Lifecycle / Capture / Applier
API
Conflicts
Replication Capture Applier Recovery
Plugin
InnoDB Handler
Plugin
Replication Protocol
API
Group Com. API
Network
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4
Use cases
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Use Cases
Elastic Replication
Environments that require a very fluid replication infrastructure, where the number
of servers has to grow or shrink dynamically and with as little pain as possible.
M M M M M
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Use Cases
Highly Available Shards
Sharding is a popular approach to achieve write scale-out. Users can use MySQL
Group Replication to implement highly available shards. Each shard can map into a
Replication Group.
M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
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Use Cases
Alternative to Master-Slave replication
Single Primary mode provides further automation on such setups
Automatic PRIMARY/SECONDARY roles assignment
Automatic new PRIMARY election on PRIMARY failures
Automatic setup of read/write modes on PRIMARY and SECONDARIES
Global consistent view of which server is the PRIMARY
S S S S P S
Primary
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5
Performance
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Performance
Group Replication Throughput Peak Throughput
(as perceived by the client application) The number of transactions that
writers can propagate to the group
Single-master Sustained Single-master Peak Multi-master Sustained (per second).
Multi-master Peak Single-server (MySQL 5.7.14) Sustained Throughput
30000 The number of transactions that
25000
can be propagated to the group
without increasing the replication
THROUGHPUT (TPS)
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Performance
On a sustained throughput:
Multi-master performance degrades gracefully while going from a group with 2
servers to a group with 9 servers.
Single primary performance degrades marginally when growing the group size.
On a peak throughput:
Multi-master exhibits 1.8X speedup when compared to the single server.
Read load is balanced across the servers in the group.
Write load is lower since execution is balanced across the group, whereas in single primary mode the
primary becomes a bottleneck.
With a single primary there is no lag on the other members.
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6
Conclusion
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Summary
Cloud Friendly
Great techonology for deployments where elasticity is a requirement, such as cloud
based infrastructures.
Integrated
With server core through a well defined API.
With GTIDs, row based replication, performance schema tables.
Autonomic and Operations Friendly
It is self-healing: no admin overhead for handling server fail-overs.
Provides fault-tolerance, enables multi-master update everywhere and a dependable
MySQL service.
Lab releases provide a sneak peek at what is coming - a new replication plugin which is
the core for the new MySQL InnoDB Cluster.
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MySQL InnoDB Cluster: The End Goal
Application Application Application Application
MySQL Connector MySQL Connector MySQL Connector MySQL Connector
M HA M HA M HA
MySQL Shell
M M M M M M
ReplicaSet 1
ReplicaSet 2
ReplicaSet 3
S1 S2 S3 S4 S S1 S2 S3 S4 S S1 S2 S3 S4
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Where to go from here?
Packages
http://labs.mysql.com
Blogs from the Engineers (news, technical information, and much more)
http://mysqlhighavailability.com
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