Dr.

Seyed Javad Hosseini

GAS WELL TESTING PDB 3013
July 2017

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 LESSON OUTCOMES
At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
Perform semilog analysis using pseudopressure for gas well
pressure drawdown and buildup test data to estimate apparent
skin, effective permeability to gas, and wellbore storage
coefficient.
Apply type curve matching for gas well test data to estimate
apparent skin, effective permeability to gas, and wellbore storage
coefficient.

CO 2: To characterise the reservoir using type curves matching.

CO 3: To apply the principle equations for well test analysis.

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 Basic Theory of Gas Flow in Reservoir
The solution to the diffusivity equation for slightly
compressible fluid (i.e., liquid) is with relatively
constant fluid properties such as viscosity.
However, for flow of a compressible fluid (i.e., gas),
the solution to the diffusivity equation requires
adjustment because the physical properties, such as
viscosity, isothermal compressibility and the gas
deviation factor, are strong functions of pressure.

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 Basic Theory of Gas Flow in Reservoir
The diffusivity equation for gas flow through porous media is:

1
= (1)
0.000264

Eq. 1 is a nonlinear equation where and z are strong

functions of pressure.
Eq. 1 is derived by combining:
Continuity equation
Transport equation

Real gas EOS =

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 In terms of Real Gas Pseudo-pressure
Ramey, Crawford and et al. (1966) linearize the flow equation by
introducing the real gas potential m(p) to Equation 1.
2
= 0 (2)
This transformation of pressure to pseudo-pressure is an exact transformation, which accounts for
variation of gas density and viscosity. If we assume that changes of total compressibility (ct),
porosity, and fluid saturations are insignificant, the gas flow equation can be written in a manner
similar to the liquid equation. Therefore, the liquid flow solution can be used for gas well test
analysis and rate transient analysis provided pressure is replaced by pseudo-pressure.
Differentiating Eq. 2 with respect to p gives:
() 2
= (3)

Obtaining the following relationship by applying chain rule:
() ()
= (4)

() ()
= (5)

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 Contd
Substituting Eq. 3 into Eqs. 4 and 5 and rearranging gives:
()
= (6)
2
()
= (7)
2
Combining Eqs. 6 and 7 with Eq. 1 gives:

() () ()
+ = (8)
.

Eq. 8 is the radial diffusivity equation for compressible fluid in terms of

pseudopressure function.
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 CONTD
The flow equation has the same form as the diffusivity equation for
slightly compressible fluid, with the pressure p replaced with the
pseudo-pressure m(p).
Slightly compressible fluid

Assumptions for Eq. 8

1. Radial flow compressible fluid
2. Laminar flow () () ()
+ =
3. Homogeneous formation .

4. Negligible gravity
5. Isothermal condition
6. Fluid obeys the real-gas law

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 In Terms of Pressure-squared (for p<=2000 psi)
Eq. 1 can be written in terms of pressure-
squared, 2 by use of the fact that
1 2
= (9)
2
1 2
= (10)
2
Substituting Eqs. 9 and 10 and considering
constant with respect to pressure gives,
1 2 2
= (11)
0.000264
Eq. 11 is the diffusivity equation for gas in
terms of pressure-square which is similar to
the diffusivity equation for slightly
compressible fluid.
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 Contd
Assumptions for Eq. 11
1. Radial flow
2. Laminar flow
3. Homogeneous formation
4. Negligible gravity
5. Isothermal condition
6. Fluid obeys the real-gas law
7. is constant with respect to pressure
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 In Terms Pressure (for p>=3000 psi)

If we assume is constant with respect to pressure, Eq. 1 can be written as:

1
= (12)
0.000264
Assumptions for Eq. 11
1. Radial flow
2. Laminar flow
3. Homogeneous formation
4. Negligible gravity
5. Isothermal condition
6. Fluid obeys the real-gas law

7. is constant with respect to pressure

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 SUMMARY
Pressure disturbance moves away from wellbore at a rate determined by
Permeability
Porosity
Fluid viscosity
Rock & fluid compressibilities
Gas flow equation is nonlinear due to the dependency of its viscosity and
compressibility on pressure.
Real gas pseudo-pressure equation is valid for all pressure ranges

Pressure-squared equation is valid only for low pressure (p<2000

psi)

Pressure equation is valid only for high pressure (p>3000 psi)

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 Gas Well Test Analysis Using Semilog
2 () 1 () ()
+ =
2 0.000264
The above equation (Eq. 8) has the same form as the diffusivity equation for
slightly compressible liquids, with pressure replaced by the real gas
pseudo-pressure.
1637
= 2 3.23 + 0.869 (in field unit)


Where
is apparent skin factor
is gas flow rate, Mscf/D
T is reservoir temperature, R

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Internal
 Gas Well Test Analysis Using Pressure and Pressure Squared

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 Non-Darcy Flow
The pressure transient response of a gas well may be affected by high-velocity or non-
Darcy flow near the wellbore.
Flow equations developed before are with Darcy flow assumption.
This non-Darcy behavior can be often modeled as a rate-dependent skin factor.
= +
where,
=true skin due to damage or stimulation
=apparent or effective skin factor
D=non-Darcy flow coefficient, D/Mscf
=gas flow rate, Mscf/D

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 Non-darcy Flow contd
For a single test data,
2.2231015
=
,

where,
non-Darcy flow coefficient, D/Mscf
h- formation thickness, ft
- effective permeability to gas, md
g specific gravity of gas
- wellbore radius, ft
- turbulence parameter, 1/ft
, - gas viscosity at flowing bottomhole pressure , cp

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 Non-Darcy Flow contd
The turbulence parameter, , is approximately inversely
proportional to effective gas permeability and can be
determined by
10 1.47 0.53
1.88 10

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 Example 1
The pressure drawdown data and the information given below. Using semilog
analysis, determine:
a. Effective permeability to gas.
b. Apparent skin factor.
c. Skin factor due to non-Darcy flow
d. Mechanical skin factor.

g=0.76 pi=5000 psi

T=255oF h=12.4 ft
q=5000 Mscf/D rw=1/3 ft
=10% gi=0.0253
cti=13.1e-5 psi-1 Swi=65.5%

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 Example 1 contd
t, hrs Pp, psi2/cp pp, psi2/cp pp, psi2/cp
0 1.70E+09 0.00E+00
0.02 1.33E+09 3.70E+08 2.6E+08
0.04 1.18E+09 5.20E+08 2.53E+08 1.00E+09
0.08 1.02E+09 6.80E+08 2.41E+08
0.15 9.29E+08 7.71E+08 1.44E+08
0.21 8.89E+08 8.11E+08 1.18E+08
0.42 8.47E+08 8.53E+08 57000000
0.63 8.32E+08 8.68E+08 37500000
0.84 8.22E+08 8.78E+08 34570732

m(p), psi2/cp
1.04 8.15E+08 8.85E+08 32645776 1.00E+08
1.46 8.05E+08 8.95E+08 31053968
2.09 7.94E+08 9.06E+08 32440593
4.18 7.75E+08 9.25E+08 31082846
6.25 7.63E+08 9.37E+08 28587999
8.35 7.56E+08 9.44E+08 26115731
10.4 7.50E+08 9.50E+08 27634664
1.00E+07
12.5 7.45E+08 9.55E+08 29761905
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
14.6 7.40E+08 9.60E+08 27809524 t, hrs
16.7 7.37E+08 9.63E+08 23857143
18.8 7.34E+08 9.66E+08 26857143
20.9 7.31E+08 9.69E+08 27861491
41.8 7.23E+08 9.77E+08 18052988
62.6 7.13E+08 9.87E+08 33696830
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100 6.89E+08 1.01E+09
 Semilog Analysis contd
= = 1.7 9 2 /
1.40E+09 , 1 = 8 8 2 /
1.30E+09 m=-69077552.79
1.20E+09
a) k=6.832 md
b) s=9.2
1.10E+09
= 4.172 4
Pp, psi2/cp

1.00E+09
y = -3E+07ln(x) + 8E+08
c) =2.086 (skin due to
9.00E+08
R = 0.999
non-darcy flow of gas)
8.00E+08
d) s=7.114
7.00E+08

6.00E+08
0.01 0.1 1 10 100
t, hrs

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 Type Curve Matching for Gas Well Test Analysis
Procedure
Step 1: For drawdown test, plot () and () vs . For buildup test, plot () and
vs on log-log graph paper.

Step 2: Align horizontal part of field data and the master type curve pressure-derivative.

Step 3: Align unit-slope part of the field data and type curve.

Step 4: Determine 2 from the match curve and select a match point ((), ) and
(, / ) for drawdown test or ( , / ) for buildup test.

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 Contd
Step 5: Calculate permeability, , from the pressure match point

= 1422
()

Step 6: Calculate the dimensionless wellbore-storage coefficient, , from the time match
point
0.000264 0.375
= 2 and to confirm : = 2
/

Step 7: Calculate skin factor, s, with from step 7 and 2 from step 4
2
= 0.5

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 Exercise
Calculate the following for the data in Example 1 using Bourdet et al type curve .
a. Effective permeability to gas.
b. Wellbore storage coefficient.
c. Apparent skin factor.
d. Skin factor due to non-Darcy flow
e. Mechanical skin factor.

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