What is the difference between SDRAM, DDR1, DDR2, DDR3

and DDR4?
SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory):
"Synchronous" tells about the behaviour of the DRAM type. In late 1996, SDRAM began to
appear in systems. Unlike previous technologies, SDRAM is designed to synchronize itself
with the timing of the CPU. This enables the memory controller to know the exact clock
cycle when the requested data will be ready, so the CPU no longer has to wait between
memory accesses. For example, PC66 SDRAM runs at 66 MT/s, PC100 SDRAM runs at
100 MT/s, PC133 SDRAM runs at 133 MT/s, and so on.
SDRAM can stand for SDR SDRAM (Single Data Rate SDRAM), where the I/O, internal
clock and bus clock are the same. For example, the I/O, internal clock and bus clock of
PC133 are all 133 Mhz. Single Data Rate means that SDR SDRAM can only read/write one
time in a clock cycle. SDRAM have to wait for the completion of the previous command to
be able to do another read/write operation.
DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM):
The next generation of SDRAM is DDR, which achieves greater bandwidth than the
preceding single data rate SDRAM by transferring data on the rising and falling edges of the
clock signal (double pumped). Effectively, it doubles the transfer rate without increasing the
frequency of the clock. The transfer rate of DDR SDRAM is the double of SDR SDRAM
without changing the internal clock. DDR SDRAM, as the first generation of DDR memory,
the prefetch buffer is 2bit, which is the double of SDR SDRAM. The transfer rate of DDR is
between 266~400 MT/s. DDR266 and DDR400 are of this type.
DDR2 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Two SDRAM):
Its primary benefit is the ability to operate the external data bus twice as fast as DDR
SDRAM. This is achieved by improved bus signal. The prefetch buffer of DDR2 is 4
bit(double of DDR SDRAM). DDR2 memory is at the same internal clock speed
(133~200MHz) as DDR, but the transfer rate of DDR2 can reach 533~800 MT/s with the
improved I/O bus signal. DDR2 533 and DDR2 800 memory types are on the market.
DDR3 SDRAM(Double Data Rate Three SDRAM):
DDR3 memory reduces 40% power consumption compared to current DDR2 modules,
allowing for lower operating currents and voltages (1.5 V, compared to DDR2's 1.8 V or
DDR's 2.5 V). The transfer rate of DDR3 is 800~1600 MT/s. DDR3's prefetch buffer width is
8 bit, whereas DDR2's is 4 bit, and DDR's is 2 bit. DDR3 also adds two functions, such as
ASR (Automatic Self-Refresh) and SRT (Self-Refresh Temperature). They can make the
memory control the refresh rate according to the temperature variation.
DDR4 SDRAM (Double Data Rate Fourth SDRAM):
DDR4 SDRAM provides the lower operating voltage (1.2V) and higher transfer rate. The
transfer rate of DDR4 is 2133~3200 MT/s. DDR4 adds four new Bank Groups technology.
Each bank group has the feature of singlehanded operation. DDR4 can process 4 data
within a clock cycle, so DDR4's efficiency is better than DDR3 obviously. DDR4 also adds
some functions, such as DBI (Data Bus Inversion), CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and
CA parity. They can enhance DDR4 memory's signal integrity, and improve the stability of
data transmission/access.
Mega transfer per second
A front-side bus (FSB) was a computer communication interface (bus) often used in Intel-chip-
based computers during the 1990s and 2000s. The competing EV6 bus served the same function for
AMD CPUs. Both typically carry data between the central processing unit (CPU) and a memory
controller hub, known as the northbridge.[1]

Techopedia explains Frontside Bus (FSB)

The FSB was a prominent computer architecture component that allowed a CPU to
communicate with various computer system resources. It connected the system
memory, input/output (I/O) peripherals and other board components to the CPU and
acted as the main transport link for data around the computer hardware. However,
although the FSB was a very important component, its limited speed also made it a
major bottleneck.

FSB speed is measured in hertz (Hz) and is often also expressed as a ratio to CPU
speed. For example, a processor running at 2.4 GHz with an FSB of 400 MHz would
have a CPU to FSB ratio of 6:1.

Bus
Updated: 06/16/2017 by Computer Hope

When referring to a computer, the bus also known as the address

bus, data bus, or local bus is a data connection between two or
more devices connected to the computer. For example, a bus enables
a computer processor to communicate with the memory or a video
card to communicate with the memory.
The bus contains multiple wires (signal lines) that contain addressing
information that describes the memory location of where the data is being
sent or where it is being retrieved. Each wire in the bus carries a single bit of
information, which means the more wires a bus has the more information it
can address. For example, a computer with a 32-bit address bus can address
4 GB of memory, and a computer with a 36-bit bus can address 64 GB of
memory.
A bus is capable of being a parallel or serial bus and today all computers
utilize two bus types, an internal bus or local bus and an external bus,
also called the expansion bus. An internal bus enables communication
between internal components such as a video card and memory. An external
bus is capable of communicating with external components such as a USB or
SCSI device.
A computer or device's bus speed is listed in MHz, e.g. 100 MHz FSB.
The throughput of a bus is measured in bits per second or megabytes per
second.
 The Story of Hertz-Hz, MHz (Megahertz), and GHz (Gigahertz)

In wireless communications, the term "Hz" (pronounced Hertz after the

name of 19th century scientist Heinrich Hertz) refers to the
transmission frequency of radio signals in cycles per second:

1 Hz equals one cycle per second

1 MHz (Megahertz) equals one million cycles per second (or 1 million
Hz)

1 GHz (Gigahertz) equals one billion cycles per second (or 1000 MHz).

Wireless computer networks operate at different transmission

frequencies depending on the technology they use.

Wireless networks also operate over a range of frequencies called

a band rather than one exact frequency number.

A network that uses higher-frequency wireless radio communication

does not necessarily offer faster speeds than lower-frequency wireless
networks.
2.4 GHz and 5 GHz Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi networks all operate in either 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz bands. These are
ranges of radio frequency open for public communication (i.e.,
unregulated) in most countries.

The 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi bands range from 2.412 GHz on the low end to 2.472
GHz on the high end (with one additional band having limited support
in Japan). Starting with 802.11b and up to the latest 802.11ac, 2.4 GHz
Wi-Fi networks all share these same signal bands and are compatible
with each other.

Wi-Fi began utilizing 5 GHz radios starting with 802.11a although their
mainstream use in homes started only with 802.11n. The 5 GHz Wi-Fi
bands range from 5.170 to 5.825 GHz, with some lower bands
additionally supported in Japan only).

Other Types of Wireless Signaling

Beyond Wi-Fi, consider these other examples of wireless

communications:

traditional cordless phones operated in a 900 MHz range, as does the

newer 802.11ah standard

Bluetooth network connections utilize 2.4 GHz signaling similar to Wi-

FI, but Bluetooth and Wi-Fi are imcompatible

several 60 GHz wireless network protocols have been developed for

special applications that involve very large amounts of data traveling
over very short distances

Why so many different variations? For one, different types of

communcations must use separate frequencies to avoid colliding with
each other. In addition, higher frequency signals such as 5 GHz can
carry larger amounts of data (but in return have greater restrictions on
distance and require more power to penetrate obstructions).