-

2013-2014
 2013-2014

,
.
.. .

, - , .
(.
) .
.

1.
4 :

- FPNF (LOW PASS FILTERS-LPF)

FPVF (HIGH PASS FILTERS - HPF)
FPOF (BAND PASS FILTERS - BPF)
FNOF (BAND REJECT ION FILTERS -
BRF)

) FPNF ) FPVF

) FPOF ) FNOPF

.
 2013-2014

2.
:

(PASIVE FILTERS)-
(, , , ......)
(ACTIVE FILTERS)
( ).

3. (. )
:

L L

) )

) )

4. ,
:

LC
RC
LR
RLC
()
 2013-2014

.
.

1. - .
.
U, U.

) )
. FPNF

. ( 1) - () FPNF

.
: , , ,
, .

2. - U. :

U IZ U IZ
AU = AU (dB) = 20 log
U VL U VL

AU ,
AUB. FPNF
 2013-2014

AUB=0dB . AUB=1
(UIZ=UVL). FNOPF aUB.

3. - FPNF fg,
3dB .
FPVF fd,
3dB . FPOF
, 3dB
. FNOPF ,

( )

4. B (Hz) - .
FPNF B=0-fg
FPVF B=fd-
FPOF B=fg-fd
FNOPF B=fg-fd

5. S. o
.. . S
dB/octava dB/dekada
,
( ) ( ). FPNF
S=-26-(-14)=-12dB/oct . S=-54-(-14)=-40dB/oct.
:

) I S=-6dB/oct=-20dB/dec,
) II S=-12dB/oct=-40dB/dec
) III S=-18dB/oct=-60dB/dec
) IV S=-24dB/oct=-80dB/dec

4
fd fg, .

. FPOF

6. W.
.. , (
 2013-2014

) ,
. W X dB.
FPNF, W=1dB.
.

. FPNF

7. - .
.
FPNF.
, . ,
,
.

. FPNF

8. Z VL RVL . Z VL RVL

.

9. Z IZ R IZ.

.

ZVL(R VL) , Z IZ (RIZ)

. ,
. ,

.
.
- ,
.
: Z VLF10ZIZPS ..
RVLF10R IZPS. .

.. ZP ( ..RP):
 2013-2014

ZP R
Z IZF .. R IZF P Z P 10 Z IZF ..
10 10
RP 10 RIZF . ,
,
.

FPOF FNOPF :
.

10. f0
fd fg.

f0 = fd fg

11. Q :

f0
Q=
B

12. UVlref -
f=fg/10 FPNF, f=10fd FPVF f=f0
FPOF FNOPF
0,5V.
0,1V, 0,775V 1V

.

R, L C.
( )
,
. : (
),
AFK , .
,
.

RC

1. RC (FPNF) L
AFK .

. RC FPNF ) AFK . )

 2013-2014

.
:

1
fg =
2 R C

AFK S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec .

: RC FPNF L fg=10kHz.
: C=10nF,
:

1
R=
2 f g C

IEC . 5% 24
- R=1600=1,6k.
2. RC L
AFK .

. FPVF AFK

:
.
:

1
fd =
2 R C

AFK S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec .

: RC FPVF L fd=100Hz.
: ,
C=100F. :

1
R=
2 f d C

24 R=16.

R Rp
ZVT.
 2013-2014

3. RC T .

1
fg = S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec
4 R C

. RC FPNF

4. RC .

1
fd = S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec
R C

. RC FPVF

5. RC .

1
f0 = S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec
2 R C

. RC

6. RC L .

1
f0 = S 10dB / oct
2 R C

. RC L
 2013-2014

RC
. Ri (
Zi)
RC
R VLR. Ri<<R ( Ri0)
RiR/5. Rp ( ..
)
. RIZR,
Rp>>R Rp5R ( Rp).

Ri Rp.
..
AFK

.

: RC FPNF L :

. RC FPNF L

1 1
fg = =
2 R1 C1 2 R2 C 2

R2 5 R1 .

: RC FPNF fg=10kHz.
: C1=10nF. :

1
R1 = = 1591 = 1,6k
2 f g C1
R2 5 R1 .
R2 = 10 R1 = 16k . :
1
C2 = = 1nF
2 R2 f g

AFK. RC FPNF RC FPVF L .
fg FPNF fd FPVF FPOF.
.. R2 5 R1 .
 2013-2014

1
fg =
2 R1 C1

1
fd =
2 R2 C 2

.
RC FPNF RC FPVF L

: FPOF fd=100Hz fg=5kHz.

: C1=10nF. :

1
R1 = = 3183
2 f g C1
24 R1=3k3.
R2 5 R1 ,
R2 = 10 R1 = 33k .
1
C2 = = 48nF
2 f d R2

6 C2=47nF.
RC ( 100kHz)
..
.

RL

1. RL L .
AFK .

. RL FPNF L AFK

X L = 2 f L L.
:

R
fg =
2 L
 2013-2014

AFK S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec .

R.
R Rp ja
ZNT.

2. RL L .

. RL FPNF L

R
fd = S = 6dB / oct = 20dB / dec RVL RIZ R
2 L

AFK
.
RL FPNF RL FPVF RL FPOF fg
FPNF fd FPVF.
.
RL RC
.

LC

1. LC

) L ) )

1 1 1
fg = fg = fg =
2 L C LC LC

. LC FPNF
 2013-2014

2. LC

) L ) )

1 1 1
fd = fd = fd =
2 L C 4 L C 4 L C
. LC FPVF

3. LC FPOF L

L2 C1 + L2 C1 + L1 C1
fd =
2 L1 C1

L2 C1 + L2 C1 + L1 C1
fg =
2 L1 C1
1 1
f0 = =
2 L1 C1 2 L2 C 2

. LC FPOF L

4. LC FNPOF L
L1 C 2 + L1 C 2 + 16 L1 C1
fd =
8 L1 C1

L1 C 2 + L1 C 2 + 16 L1 C1
fg =
8 L1 C1

1 1
f0 = =
2 L1 C1 2 L2 C 2

. LC FNOPF L

LC
(Ri0),
(Rp). Ri Rp

 2013-2014

.. RLC
.

RLC

LC

(Ri0 Rp).
() RLC .

1. RLC FPNF L

. RLC FPNF L AFK

R 2 2
L= C= RVL RIZ R
2 f g 2 f g R

R
: Ri Rp 5 R .
5
R Rp.
Rp
( Ri ).
5
R Rp
ZNT.

: RLC FPNF L Rp=4 fg=2kHz.

Z NT 2 2
L= = 0,45mH C = = 14 F
2 f g 2 f g Z NT

..
Zi<<ZNT,
.
RLC FPNF
(
). (
 2013-2014

)
..
L
Z kf = ZKV
2C
. R
ZKV.
:
fg=14MHz
ZKV=50.

. RLC FPNF

L R 2 Z KV 2 L
R = Z kv = 50 = Z kf = L= = = 0,8H C= = 160 pF
2C 2 f g 2 f g 2 Z kf2

2. RLC FPNF .

. RLC FPNF

() RF . R
ZKV .
:
L
R = Z kv = Z kf =
2C

R 1
L= C=
fg 2 f g R

AFK : S = 20dB / oct

( )
( S-40dB/oct) (S=-60dB/oct).
 2013-2014

: FPNF fg=34MHz
f0=27MHz
. S-60dB/dec. ZKV=R=50.

: 3 RLC FPNF S-60dB/oct.

. RLC FPNF

R 1
L= = 0,47 F C= = 94 pF
fg 2 f g R

3. RLC FPVF L .

. RLC FPVF L AFK

R 2 2
L= C= S = 12dB / oct = 40dB / dec
2 f d 4 f d R

R VLRIZR.
. R
Rp Z VT.
.. Zi<<ZVT.
R ZKV.
.. Zi<<ZKV.

: RLC FPVF L ZVT=4

fg=2kHz.
 2013-2014

Z VT 2 2
L= = 0,45mH C= = 14 F
2 f d 4 f d Z VT

. RLC FPVF L

4. RLC FPVF .

. R
ZKV .
L
: R = Z kv = Z kf = .
2C

. RLC FPVF

R 1
L= C= S = 20dB / oct
4 f d 2 f d R

( )
( S-40dB/oct) (S=-60dB/oct).

: FPVF fd=60MHz S-
40dB/dec .
ZKV=R=75.
: RLC FPVF
S = 40dB / oct .

R
L= = 0,1H
4 f d
1
C= = 36 pF
2 f d R
. RLC FPVF
 2013-2014

4. RLC FPOF L .

. RLC FPOF L AFK

R ZST .

(Zi<<R). :

1 f0 0 L 1 1 L
f0 = f0 = fd fg B= B = fg fd Q= = =
2 L C Q R 0 C R R C

RL RL<<R.

: RLC FPOF ZST=4

fd=1kHz fg=5kHz.
:

B = f g f d = 4kHz f0 = f d f g = 2,236kHz
f0
Q= = 0,599
B

. RLC FPOF L
( )
.
1 L 1
Q= f0 =
R C 2 L C

2 2 : C=32F, L=0,16mH
 2013-2014

5. RLC FNPOF.

. R
ZKV. :

1
f0 = , f0 = fd fg ,
2 L C
f0 L
B = fg fd B = , Q= 0
Q RL

. RLC FNOPF

RL L. SB
RL
: SB(dB ) = 20 log .
R

: RLC FNPOF 144MHz 146MHz

SB=-20dB ( )
. ZKV=75.
: :

R
20
R
SB(dB ) = 20 log L 1 1
= 20dB , L = 10 20 = 10 , RL = R 10 = 7,5 , B = f g f d = 2 MHz
R R

f0 L Q RL Q RL
f0 = f d f g = 145MHz , Q= = 72,5 , Q = 0 L= = = 0,6 H
B RL 0 2 f 0

. RLC FNOPF
 2013-2014

1.
.
.
:
( ), , .

2. .
( , )
f=1kHz,
. FPOF f0, FPNF
f=fg/10, FPVF f=10fd, a f=f0
aUB.

.
.
f=f0 FPOF, f=fg/10
FPNF, f=10fd FPVF
2 500mV (775mV, 1V 100mV).
1
.
.
: ,
.

.

. 1
, 2
. UIZ
UVL=const
U IZ
AU (dB ) = 20 log
U VL

3.
:
,
.
 2013-2014

.
.

.
20Hz 20kHz.

. x=
, 0 f0 ( 1rad/s 1Hz).

.
f0 0
f0 0.
,
.

.
10 ,
( 100
1000, 1000 10000, 200 2000).
2 ,
( 100 200,
200 400, 400 800, 3000 6000).
( ) 5cm.
(0cm) f0, (5cm) .
10 f0.
2 f0, 3 f0, 4 f0..9 f0, 2,3,4,....9.
2 log(2)5cm=0,35cm=1,5cm
1.
3 log(3)5cm=0,485cm=2,4cm
1.
4 log(4)5cm=0,65cm=3,5cm
1.
5 log(5)5cm=0,75cm=3,5cm
1.
6 log(6)5cm=0,785cm=3,9cm
1.
7 log(7)5cm=0,845cm=4,2cm
1.
8 log(8)5cm=0,95cm=4,5cm
1.
9 log(9)5cm=0,955cm=4,75cm
1.
 2013-2014

,
10[Hz] 1[MHz] f0=1kHz.

. x-

.
.

. ,
.

. .

, 43
, ,
, . ,
.
,
. 44.
 2013-2014

. .

y dB, dB
Y .
. :
. .

. dB : .
0
.
.
0dB.

.
,
2 .

2 0 ,
0,7070.
dB, .
3dB
.