ADM: alarms test

The aim of this document is to justify and describe

the alarms test that is included in the acceptance
protocol of an ADM. Likewise, the SDH maintenan-
ce signals are briefly described and Flexacom Plus
is proposed as the measurement instrument for the
test performance.

Physical Regen. Multiplexation

section section section Higher order path Lower order path

SPI RST (Note 1) MST MSA HPOM HUG HPC HPT HPA LPOM LUG LPC LPT LPA

LOS
1
LOF
Error
B1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Pass through
1 Detection Maintenance signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
regenerated signal MS-AIS
1
Generation Detection And Reply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Error MS-Exc. (B2)
Error MS-BIP (B2) Detection/generation

MS-RDI
AU-AIS 1 All ones signal Test Performance with FP . . . . . . . 7
MS-RDI
insertion (AIS)
ADM Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1
2 Mbit/s analyzer programming . . . . . . 7
AU-AIS
AU-LOP
Flexacom Plus programming. . . . . . . . . 8
Path signal HO pass through 1
Output HPC
not used/ Events insertion in signal-stimulus . . . 13
HOVC with POH and not specified useful load
Not equipped signal HO
HP-UNEQ
Visualization of detected events. . . . . 13
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-SLM
1
Glossary of maintenance signals . 15
Error HP-BIP (B3)
TU-AIS
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
HP-REI
HP-RDI
HP-RDI
HP-REI
TU-AIS 1
HP-LOM/TU-LOP Output HPC
1 not used/
LP-UNEQ

LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM 1
LP-SLM
Error LP-BIP (B3)
LP-REI
LP-RDI
LP-RDI
LP-REI

Note 1: degenerated connection function present at a regenerator.

Note 2: insertion of ones (AIS) and RDI signals can be optional when there are certain irregularities (traced in red).

Application Note
DocNum: NAFPPA10E

Innovation in Communications Technologies

I C T
E L E C T R O N I C S
ADM: alarms test
Introduction AN pp ote

INTRODUCTION
The test that will be described in the following sections verifies the
detection and reply of an ADM in view of failure conditions and
it is included in acceptance protocols of network elements. In this
case the network element considered is an ADM (Add-Drop Mul-
tiplexer).

The benefit of this test is double: on the one hand, it is verified that
the ADM controls computer detects in a right way each one of
the failure conditions that may appear ; on the other hand, it is
checked that in view of one of these conditions the ADM generates
the appropriate indication.

The appearance of failures provokes anomalies (errors) and defects

(alarms) indications. These indications are exposed in the ITU-T
recommendations. In particular the ITU-T O.181 includes in its A
and B attached documents the whole of anomalies and defects in-
dications associated to the SDH networks (classified as relative to
paths and to sections)

The reply of a multiplexer when detecting these indications is the

generation of other indication signals that it sends to the network
elements connected to it. The standard ITU-T G.782 defines the
interactions between these signals, called maintenance signals.

MAINTENANCE SIGNALS
Maintenance signals can be classified as anomalies indication sig-
nals and defects indication signals. Anomalies and defects are gene-
rically grouped under the name of events. Anomaly is an event that
may or not affect the capacity of a network element to make its
functions. An instance of anomaly is the distant error of multiplex
section (MS-REI) contained in the eight bits, one to eight, of the
octet M1 of the MSOH (multiplex section tare) of an aggregate
STM-1. Anomalies are errors. When the anomalies density is high
the capacity of a network element to carry out a determinate func-
tion may be interrupted, being produced a defect (also referred to
as failure). If the interruption state goes on enough the network
element undergoes a failure, which is indicated by an alarm. Re-
commendation ITU-T G.783 standardizes all these concepts.

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ADM: alarms test
Failure Conditions: Detection And Reply

FAILURE CONDITIONS: DETECTION AND REPLY

Standard ITU-T G.782 relates the interaction of maintenance sig-
nals with the own functions of the SDH network elements, that is
described by means of a reference functional model. The correspon-
ding indication signal will inform of an event that affects the func-
tion which this signal is associated to.

The map in figure 1 shows the interaction between the SDH ma-
intenance signals,that is to say, the SDH layer in which every
event and the reply to it (maintenance signal that is generated) is
detected..

To carry out the alarms test, the interactions have been classified
according to the function they affect to (see table 1). The whole of
functions considered is the following:

SPI or SDH Physical Interface: it turns an internal logical level

STM-N signal into a STM-N line interface signal, and vice versa.
RST or Regenerator Section Termination: it generates the regene-
ration section tare in the performance process of a synchronous
digital hierarchy weft signal and ends the regeneration section tare
on the other way round.
MST or Multiplex Section Termination: it generates the section
tare in the performance process of a synchronous digital hierar-
chy weft signal and ends the multiplex section tare on the other
way round.
MSA or Multiplex Section Adaptation: it processes the AU-3/4
pointer to indicate the VC-3/4 POH first byte phase with regard
to the STM-N SOH first byte and assembles/disassembles the
complete STM-N weft.
HPT or Higher Order Path Termination: it ends a high order
path generating and adding the path tare of virtual container co-
rresponding to the pertinent container on the path source and re-
moving the path tare of virtual container, and reading it on the
path sump.
HPA or Higher Order Path Adaptation: it adapts a (VC-1/2/3)
lower order virtual container to a (VC-3/4) higher order virtual
container by means of the flowing unity pointer processing, that
indicates the VC-1/2/3 POH first byte phase with regard to the
VC-3/4 POH first byte,and assembles/disassembles the complete
VC-3/4.
LPT or Lower Order Path Termination: it ends a lower order
path generating and adding the path tare of virtual container co-

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Failure Conditions: Detection And Reply AN pp ote

Physical Regen. Multiplexation

section section section Higher order path Lower order path

SPI RST (Note 1) MST MSA HPOM HUG HPC HPT HPA LPOM LUG LPC LPT LPA

LOS
1
LOF
Error
B1
1 Detection
Pass through
regenerated signal 1
MS-AIS Generation
Error MS-Exc. (B2)
Error MS-BIP (B2) Detection/generation

AU-AIS 1 All ones signal

MS-RDI insertion (AIS)
MS-RDI

1
AU-AIS
AU-LOP Output HPC
Path signal HO pass through 1 not used/
HOVC with POH and not specified useful load HP-UNEQ
Not equipped signal HO
HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM 1
HP-SLM
Error HP-BIP (B3)
TU-AIS
HP-REI
HP-RDI
HP-RDI
HP-REI
TU-AIS 1
HP-LOM/TU-LOP Output HPC
1 not used/
LP-UNEQ

LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM 1
LP-SLM
Error LP-BIP (B3)
LP-REI
LP-RDI
LP-RDI
LP-REI

Note 1: degenerated connection function present at a regenerator.

Note 2: insertion of ones (AIS) and RDI signals can be optional when there are certain irregularities (traced in red).

Figure 1 Interactions between maintenance signals according to ITU-T G.782.

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ADM: alarms test
Failure Conditions: Detection And Reply

rresponding to the pertinent container on the path source and re-

moving the path tare of virtual container and reading it on the
path sump.
It will be checked that in view of the indication signals generated
by the test instrument (generator/analyzer SDH), the ADM under
test provides for the pertinent reply signals so much in its aggrega-
te flows as in the tributary ones.

According to what was said before, the fitting up corresponding to

the test (figure 2) must have generators/analyzers SDH and a mea-
surement device capable of detecting AIS signals to 2 Mbit/s..

Test
signal
with event
ADM (Broadcast) Forward
(stimulus) reply
A D
Generator/ West Generator/
East
Analyzer STM-1 Analyzer
STM-1
SDH B SDH
Backwards
reply

...
C

Reply
at the extracted tributary

Tributaries
analyzer
2 Mbit/s

Figure 2 Connection scheme for the reply test to failure conditions..

It has been defined the measurement points A,B,C and D,which

the test performance procedure will refer to (see table 1). At the
point A the test signal (named stimulus) is introduced, and at the
rest of the points it is measured the reply signals to the one before
that generates the ADM under measurement.

In addition to the reply signals display by means of the measure-

ment instruments, the ADM is connected to its control computer
(normaly a notebook), and the controls software has capacity to
show the signals that the multiplexer detects.

According to the fitting up of figure 2, an instance of the operatio-

ns to carry out is summed up in table 1.In the column Action it is
described the signals that the generator/analyzer SDH will have to
generate as stimulus in point A. The rest of columns have the re-
plies corresponding to the rest of measurement points.

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Failure Conditions: Detection And Reply AN pp ote

Action (A) Reply (B) Reply (C) Reply (D)

Function SPI

MS-RDI
LOS HP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

Function RST

MS-RDI
LOF HP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

Function MST

MS-RDI
MS-AIS HP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

MS-RDI
B2 (errors in B2) HP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

Function MSA

HP-RDI
AU-AIS AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

HP-RDI
AU-LOP AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

Function HPT

HP-RDI
HP-UNEQ AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS
LP-RDI

B3 (errors in B3) HP-REI - -

TU-LOM LP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS

Function HPA

TU-AIS LP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS

TU-LOP LP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s TU-AIS

Function PT

Loss of pattern and

LP-UNEQ LP-RDI AIS 2 Mbit/s
errors of bit

BIP-2 LP-REI - -

LP-RDI - - LP-REI

Among previous signals, LP-REI, B2, B3 and BIP-2 are anomalies,

and the rest are defects. Appendix 1 has the acronyms glossary that

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ADM: alarms test
Test Performance with Flexacom Plus

appear in table 1. Table 1 has been defined according to the inte-

ractions map of figure 1.

TE S T P E R F O R M A N C E W I T H F L E X A C O M P L U S
Flexacom Plus is a SDH test and measurement equipment with ca-
pacity of generating and analyzing electrical and optical signals up
to STM-4. This equipment is proposed for the failure test perfor-
mance with the fitting up that appears in figure 3..

ADM Programming
We will start from the assumption that we have an ADM with
channels of aggregate STM-1 and tributaries to 2 Mbit/s, and that
the multiplex route of tributaries to 2 Mbit/s corresponds to C12-
VC12-TU12-TUG2-TUG3-VC4- AU4-AUG-STM1. ADMs control
will be performed by means of the controls computer (notebook) con-
nected to it (Flexacom Plus is also able to behave as a PC when not mea-
suring, in a way that it is possible to overlook the notebook if the
administration SW of the ADM is charged in Flexaco Plus).

First, the ADM will have to be configurated in order to be syn-

chronized with the measurement instrument, for instance, in or-
der that it recovers the aggregate signal synchronism generated by
that one.

It has also to be programmed a connection broadcast, that provides

for extracting the tributary to 2 Mbit/s without the corresponding
aggregate TU-12 becoming vacant.

On the other hand, it will be necessary to insert optical attenuators

if the receivers are not the same kind as the transmitters (for ins-
tance, long haul transmitters -long distance- and short haul recei-
vers -short distance-), in order to avoid the receivers optical
saturation. In any other case it will not be necessary.

It will have to be associated the TU-2 to be measured to an installed

tributary port and to configurate the tributary port in order that
it performs the extraction function (measurement C).

2 Mbit/s analyzer programming

It will be enough to connect an instrument (for instance hand-
held) for 2 Mbit/s to a tributary port at the corresponding delive-
rer in order that it detects the expected tributary AIS signal. It can

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Rotative button
(slide+selection) Lateral
pannel
Flexacom Plus
Fibres Analyzer 2 Mbit/s
optics

LEDs Frontal Stimulus (A)

events pannel
indicators Reply (C)
Reply (B)
Optical Coaxial
attenuators (if
necessary) Flexacom Plus

Distribution pannel
...
Tributaries
... 2 Mbit/s

...
... Fibre
East optic
aggregate
STM-1 Reply (D)
West
... ...
aggregate
STM-1 Optical
attenuator
(if necessary)

ADM

ADM controls
PC (notebook)

Figure 3 Failures test fitting up..

be used an ICT-2040 or an ICT electronics Victor, or any other

analyzer capable of detecting the mentioned alarm indication sig-
nal.

Flexacom Plus programming

According to the test scheme, Flexacom Plus acts as analyzer at the
point B and generator of the aggregate signal at the point A. First,
we will proceed to program the generator section of Flexacom
Plus at the ADMs West side. This programming is described in

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Test Performance with Flexacom Plus

detail in following sections.The analyzer section will be configura-

ted according to the return aggregate flow at the point B, by bea-
ting the autoconfiguration button of the frontal pannel and
selecting afterwards the autoconfiguration options..

Autoconfiguracin

Sin problemas

Lnea

SDH

Autoconfiguration PDH
levels PRBS

CONTINUAR Cerrar

Ejecuta autoconfiguracin

Figure 4 Autoconfiguration window.

In this way the instrument programs its analyzer section automa-

tically (it autoconfigurates) according to the signal features that it
receives, being ready for signals right analysis.

At the East side it can be programmed the analyzer section accor-

ding to the features of the aggregate STM-1 generated or, by sim-
plicity, to program the generator section the same as in the West
side Flexacom Plus and copy this programming to the analyzer sec-
tion. With this last option it is enough to beat the button that ap-
pears at the center of the configuration screen, shown in figure 5
with the option Rx=Tx to carry out the copy.

The programming will be carried out over each one of the Flexa-
com Plus functional blocks, in the same way that appear on the
screen mentioned before. It will be enough with setting the slide
on each block and select it, having access to the corresponding pro-
gramming windows. The slide is easily moved by the window with
the turn right and left of the rotative button that the instrument
includes (see figure 3). The selection of a block is made when bea-
ting this button.

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SDH Analyzer
Jitter/wander
analyzer
Analyzer PDH Pattern analyzer

I/F input
CONFIGURACION: USER_9 Modificada
Flexacom
Diagram of
Analyzer JITTER/WANDER SDH PDH Prueba analyzer
IN
155M 2M 2M (F) section blocks
CLOCK
75 -: STM-1 1: 34Mb/s 215-1
DATA 155 Mbit/s 3: TUG-3 1: 8Mb/s
75
OPT 1: TUG-2 1: 2Mb/s
DATA 120
1: TU-12 Programming
34 M 2M copy
ATM
Clocks Rx=Tx
programming
Generator Reloj SDH PDH Prueba
OUT
+0.0 ppm 2M (F)
CLOCK
Interno
155M 2M
215-1
Pattern
DATA
75
- : STM-1 1: 34Mb/s generator
75
155 Mbit/s 3: TUG-3 1: 8Mb/s
DATA 120 OPT 1: TUG-2 1: 2Mb/s
1: TU-12
34 M 2M
JITTER/WANDER ATM

iCT electronics
Generador SDH
Diagram
CRC
RX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A 2M F 215-1 ITU
of generator
TX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A CRC
2M F 215-1
I/F output Rx=Tx Errores PDH OFFSET (ppm)
ITU
section blocks
Reloj Int. EBIT Unico Lnea 20.0

jitter/wander Generator PDH

generator Sum up of
the present
slides present Generator SDH configuration
position (slide on the block)

Figure 5 Configuration Screen: functional blocks.

The steps for the generator section programming are:

1. generators clock programming,

2. output interface programming,
3. test signal generator programming
4. signal mapping (PDH-SDH correspondence) programming.

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Test Performance with Flexacom Plus

Generators clock programming

It will be introduced the internal clock option and null deviation
with regard to the nominal value. The clocks source is the Flexa-
com Plus internal oscillator.

Reloj de Generador
Internal clock
programming for
Fuente Interno
the generated signal
Desviacin

Usuario -------- p.p.m.

UIT 0 p.p.m.

+ 0 -

Frecuencia
155520000 Hz. +0.0 p.p.m.

Cerrar

Pulse para cerrar la ventana

Figure 6 Clocks programming of the generated signal.

Output interface programming

It is indicated the hierarchy, line code, and the optic output of the
lateral pannel that is used (1,31 or 1,55 um) among the two that
Flexacom Plus offers in its corresponding module of its lateral pan-
nel .

Salida

Aggregate Velocidad de Salida

Jerarqua 155 Mbit/s G.832/G.804 ninguno
Variable bit/s
Line code
Cdigo Lnea OPTICO

No. de salida --

Salida Mltiple
Optica 1.55 m Access to the
Work Optica 1.31 m clocks levels
window programming
Niveles (PECL, ECL,
ascending or
Cerrar
descending flank)
P u lse para cerrar la ventana

Figure 7 Selection of type of aggregate, optic line code, clocks levels and work window.

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Test signal generator programming

It is introduced the test signal speed, 2 Mbit/s, the speed of the sig-
nal PDH when entering the structure SDH (correspondence
speed, 2 Mbit/s) and the test signal type (PRBS15 is usual in accep-
tance)..

Generador de Patrn

Patrn
Test signal speed
V. Prueba 2 Mbit/s Tramada
PDH-->SDH 2 Mbit/s Asncrono weft test
Correspondence signal
speed
Entrada CMI Aleatorizado

Minimiza ajustes

PRBS 2 15-1 Invert ITU

In the case of
Type of test signal 2 Mbit/s, mapping
Palabra 1010 ------ ------ ------ ------
to be generated: can be asynchronous
pseudoaleatory or floating synchronous octeto sncrono
binary sequence octet
Cerrar

Pulse para cerrar la ventana

Figure 8 Test signal generator programming.

Test signal mapping

It is programmed in the SDH generator the tributary TU-12 in
which the test signal travels and the type of filling signal to be in-
troduced in the rest of tributaries.

Generador SDH

Programming of the Access to the

tributary that contains Aleatorizador Canal OH programming of
the test signal
Relleno head bytes
Tributarios Patrn

STM-1 1 ------

TUG-3 1 AIS Programming of

content of tributaries
TUG-2 1 AIS that do not transport
Etiqueta de relleno
the test signal
TU-12 1 1 de 63 AIS No equipado

Tara
Desv
RSOH HO-POH
Access to the programming MSOH LO-POH Punteros Programming of
of SDH tares deviations in the
Cerrar
tributary speeds

Pulse para cerrar la ventana

Figure 9 Test signal mapping: SDH generator.

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Events insertion in signal-stimulus

The events insertion is carried out by means of the actions screen
of the users interface, which is shown in the following figure:

ACCIONES: Errores/Alarmas SDH

Errores Alarmas

EFAS LOF TU-LOM

B1 OOF TU-AIS
B2 MS-AIS TU-LOP
HP-B3 MS-RDI LP-RDI
LP-B3 AU-AIS LP-UNEQ
BIP-2 AU-LOP LP-RFI
MS-REI HP-RDI
HP-REI HP-UNEQ
LP-REI
OH-CH-EBIT
Modo Modo
Error nico Contnua
Tasa 1.0 E-3 Rfaga+ Selected
100 alarm
Rfaga ------------ Rfaga-
Rfaga Cont.

Se generar la alarma de LOP (Prdida de puntero)

CRC
RX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A 2M F 215-1 ITU
CRC
TX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A 2M F 215 -1 ITU

Rx=Tx Alarmas SDH OFFSET (ppm)

Reloj Int. AU-LO Linea 0.0

The insertion method

for errors is similar to
the one of alarms
Alarm insertion mode:
gust of 100 wefts with
alarm indication (example)

Figure 10 Actions screen for the events generation.

It is shown an example for the insertion of the alarm AU-LOP in

the signal-stimulus in a way of gust of 100 wefts STM-1 with alarm.
In the case of errors the procedure is similar, although the inser-
tion mode has different options.

The generation of loss of signal (LOS) is carried out in an analo-

gous way from the screen associated to errors and alarms PDH, in
which it has been included this line alarm, to make navigation ea-
sier.

Visualization of detected events

The visualization of the detected events at the points of measure-
ment B and D is carried out by means of the Flexacom Plus results
screens corresponding to alarms SDH and errors SDH. According
to the example proposed in figure 10, it will be displayed the alar-

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Test Performance with Flexacom Plus AN pp ote

ms results screen, since the generation of AU-LOP as stimulus pro-

vokes the alarms (defects) HP-RDI and LP-RDI in B and TU-AIS
in D. In cases in which errors must be visualized (for instance a LP-
RDI in B as reply to a BIP-2 in A), the results menu provides for
the access to the corresponding SDH errors screen.

Flexacom Plus provides for other alternatives of visualization, for

instance, the LEDs at its frontal pannel, that display immediately
anomalies and defects. This option only informs of the events de-
tection, whereas alarms and errors screens provide moreover for
their quantifying. Figure 11 shows the SDH alarms screen for the
instrument at the measurement point B with replies to the stimu-
lus AU-LOP. For the measurement point D the screen would be
the same, but indicating TU-AIS.

RESULTADOS: Alarmas SDH ACTUAL Fallo alim 00:00:00 Transcu 00:00:29

Alarmas Genricas
LOS 0

Alarmas RSOH-MSOH Alarmas HO Alarms LO

LOF 0
AU-AIS 0 TU-AIS 0
OOF 0
AU-LOP 0 TU-LOP 0
MS-AIS 0
MS-RDI 0 HP-RDI 29 LP-RDI 29
HP-TIM ------ LP-TIM ------
HP-SLM ------ LP-SLM ------
HP-UNEQ 0 LP-UNEQ 0

TU-LOM ------ LP-RFI ------

Alarmas de Patrn
AIS 0
LSS 0
OH-CH-LSS ------

ACCION: Alarmas SDH AU-LOP Modo Rfaga+ 100

Selecciona la pgina de resultados
CRC
RX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A 2M F 215-1 ITU
CRC
TX: 155 Mbit/s OPT AUG TUG-3 (1) TUG-2 (1) TU-12 (1) A 2M F 215 -1 ITU

Rx=Tx Alarmas SDH OFFSET (ppm)

Reloj Int. AU-LO Linea 0.0

Seconds with
alarm (reply in B)

Figure 11 SDH alarms screen.

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Appendix 1 GLOSSARY OF MAINTENANCE SIGNALS

Level Acronym Type Meaning

LOS Defect Loss Of Signal

LOF Defect Loss Of Frame

Regeneration sect. OOF Anomaly Out Of Frame

B1 Anomaly B1 error

MS-AIS Defect Multiplex Section - Alarm Indication Signal

Multiplex sect. MS-RDI Defect Multiplex Section - Remote Defect Indication

B2 Anomaly B2 error

MS-REI Anomaly Multiplex Section - Remote Error Indication

AU-AIS Defect Administrative Unit - Alarm Indication Signal

AU-LOP Defect Administrative Unit - Loss Of Pointer

HP-RDI Defect Higher order Path - Remote Defect Indication

HP-TIM Defect Higher order Path - Trace Identifier Mismatch

HP-UNEQ Defect Higher order Path - Unequipped

High order HP-PLM Defect Higher order Path - Payload Label Mismatch

path HP-REI Anomaly Higher order Path - Remote Error Indication

HP-B3 Anomaly Higher order Path - B3 error

Under Administrative Unit - Pointer Justification

AU-PJE
consideration Events

Under
AU NDF Administrative Unit pointer - New Data Flag
consideration

TU-AIS Defect Tributary Unit - Alarm Indication Signal

TU-LOP Defect Tributary Unit - Loss Of Pointer

TU-LOM Defect Tributary Unit - Loss Of Multiframe

LP-RDI Defect Lower order Path - Remote Defect Indication

LP-TIM Defect Lower order Path - Trace Identifier Mismatch

LP-UNEQ Defect Lower order Path - Unequipped

LP-PLM Defect Lower order Path - PayLoad Label Mismatch

Under
LP-RFI Lower order Path - Remote Failure Indication
consideration

Low order LP-REI Anomaly Lower order Path - Remote Error Indication

path LP-B3 Anomaly Lower order Path - B3 error

BIP-2 Anomaly Bit Interleave Parity - 2

Under
TU-PJE Tributary Unit - Pointer Justification Events
consideration

Under
TU NDF Tributary Unit pointer - New Data Flag
consideration

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Index

A O
Action 4 West8
Add-Drop Multiplexer (Insertion and extraction Multi-
plexer) 1 P
ADM (Add-Drop Multiplexer)1, 7 PRBS (Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence) 11
AIS (Alarm Indication Signal) 7 alarms test1
alarm 1 tributary port7
alarms 1
anomalies 1, 5 R
optical attenuators 7 gust12
autoconfiguration 8 reply 4
failure 1 RST (Regenerator Section Termination)3

B S
funtional blocks 8 test signal 11
rotative buttons8 filling signal 11
broadcast (diffusion) 7 maintenance signal 1
SPI (SDH Physichal Interface) 3
C STM-4 (Synchronous Transport Module-4) 6
configuration 8 SW (Software) 7
correspondence 11
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Checksum) 11 T
TU-12 (Tributary Unit-12) 11
D
defects 1, 5

E
network element1
errors 1
East 8
stimulus 4, 12
events 1
extraction 7

F
fail 1
Flexacom Plus 6

H
HPA (Higher Order Path Adaptation) 3
HPT (Higher Order Path Termination) 3

I
insertion 12
events insertion 12

L
LPT (Lower Order Path Termination) 3

M
map 2
Mapping 11
functional model of reference 2
MSA (Multiplex Section Adaptation) 3
MST (Multiplex Section Termination) 3

N
notebook 7

16 ICT electronics
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