Tutorial 1 Elements of Fluid Mechanics T1-1

Tutorial 1 Hydraulic
1. Prove that the frictional head loss in a circular pipe hf = flQ2/3d5. It was observed that the
difference of heads between the two ends of pipe, 250m long and 300mm diameter is 1.5
meter. Taking Darcy's coefficient as 0.01, calculate discharge flowing to the pipe.
[Ans: 0.0664 m3 /s]
2. A pipe 60m long and 15cm in diameter is connected to a water tank at one end, and flow
freely into the atmosphere at the other end. The height of water level in the tank is 2.6 m
above the centre of the pipe. The pipe is horizontal and f = 0.01. Determine the discharge
through the pipe, if all the losses are to be considered [Ans: 0.032 m3 /sec]
3. A reservoir has been built 4km away from a college campus having 5000 inhabitants. Water
is to be supplied from the reservoir to the campus. It is estimated that each inhabitant will
consume 2000 litres of water per day, and that half of the daily supply is pumped in 10 hours.
Calculate the diameter of the supply main, if the loss of head due to friction in pipe line is
20m. Assume coefficient of friction for the pipe line as 0.008.
[Ans: 159.2 mm or say 200 mm]
4. A town having a population of 100,000 is to be supplied with water from reservoir 5 km
distant and it is stipulated that one half of the daily supply of 150 litres per head should be
delivered in 8 hours. What must be4.he diameter of the pipe to furnish the supply, if the head
available is 12 metres. Take C = 45, i = 0.0024 and the hydraulic mean depth for a circular
pipe = d/4. [Ans : 809.1 mm or say 800 mm]
5. Air at 20 C is drawn through a 0.5 m diameter duct by a fan. If the volume flow rate is 4.5
m3 s-1 and the duct is 12 m long, with a friction factor of 0.005, determine the fan shaft power
necessary, assuming 80 per cent mechanical efficiency. Take air density as 1.2 kg m -3 and
viscosity as l.8 10-5 Nsm-2. [0.85 kW]

6. Water at a density of 998 kg m-3 and kinematic viscosity 1 10-6 m2 s-1 flows through smooth
tubing at a mean velocity of 2 m s-1. If the tube diameter is 30 mm calculate the pressure
gradient per unit length necessary. Assume that the friction factor for a smooth pipe is given
by 16/Re for laminar flow and 0.079/Re1/4 for turbulent flow. [l.34 kNm-2 m-1]

7. In a laboratory the water supply is drawn from a roof storage tank 25 m above the water
discharge point. If the friction factor is 0.008, the pipe diameter is 5 cm and the pipe is
assumed vertical, calculate the maximum volume flow achievable, if separation losses are
ignored. [0.01 m3 s-1]

8. The friction factor applicable to turbulent flow in a smooth glass pipe is given by f =
0.079/Re1/4. Calculate the pressure loss per unit length necessary to maintain a flow of 0.02
m3 s-1 of kerosene, specific gravity 0.82, viscosity 1.9 10 -3 N s m-2, in a glass pipe of 8 cm
diameter. If the tube is replaced by a galvanized steel pipeline, wall roughness 0.15 mm,
calculate the increase in pipe diameter to handle this flow with the same pressure gradient.
[1332 N m-2 m-1, 6.75 per cent]
9. A 150 mm diameter pipe reduces in diameter abruptly to 100 mm. If the pipe carries water at
30 litres s-1 calculate the pressure loss across the contraction and express this as a percentage
of the loss to be expected if the flow was reversed. Take the coefficient of contraction as 0.6.
[3.2 kN m-2, 143 per cent]

ATME4224 Engineering Fluid Mechanics II

Tutorial 1 Elements of Fluid Mechanics T1-2

10. An air duct, carrying a volume Q of air per second, is abruptly changed in section. Deduce
the diameter ratio for the two duct sections if the pressure loss is to be independent of flow
direction. Assume a value of 0.6 for the contraction coefficient. [1.732]
11. A pipeline ABC 180 m long is laid on an upward slope of 1 in 50. The length of portion AB is
90 m and its diameter is 150 mm. At B, the pipe section suddenly enlarges to 300 mm
diameter and remains so up to C for a length of 90 m. A flow of 55 litres is pumped into the
pipe at the lower end A and is discharged at the upper end C in a closed tank. The pressure of
water at A is 14 kN/cm2. Find the pressure at C and draw the hydraulic gradient and total
energy line. Take f = 0.005. [Ans: 4.49 104 kN/m2]
12. Consider a pipeline 30 m long connects two tanks as shown in Figure Q6, which have a
difference water level of H. The first 10 m pipeline from the upper tank is 30mm diameter
and the next 20 m is 60 mm diameter. Given the friction factor f = 0.005 and the mean flow
velocity between AB is 4 m/s. Calculate :
a) The sharp entry loss, sudden expansion loss, exit loss, and friction losses across pipe AB
and BC
b) The total energy allocation O, A, B and C
c) The hydraulic gradient at O, A, B and C.

Sketch the total energy line and hydraulic gradient.

[Ans : (a) 0.408m, 0.612m, 0,051m, 5.43m, 0.34m (b) 12m, 11.592m, 5.55m,
5.159m, (c) 12m, 10.777m, 5.499m, 5.159m ]

A
6m
H
B

6m
C

Figure Q6

ATME4224 Engineering Fluid Mechanics II