IIndustrial

st i l Training
i i i
Seminar on
BSNL

I
SESSION : 2014-15
- itt By:-
Submitted :-
I
SHUBHAM SINGH
. .( )
B.Tech.(EC)
i l Year
Final
ll .
Roll No. 111300208
 I I
INTRODUCTION

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is the worlds seventh largest

telecommunication company.
Its responsibilities includes improvement of the quality of
already installed telecom services, expansion of telecom
services in rural areas and acquiring confidence among its
customers.
It provides a comprehensive range of services in India, which
include wireless connections, CDMA mobile, GSM lines,
Internet, broadband, MPLS-VPN (multi protocol label
switching-virtual private network), VSAT (very small
aperture terminal) WIMAX,FTTHand VOIP (voice over
Internet protocol).
Within this short span of time, it has also become one of the
largest public sector companies in India.
WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION NETWORK
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we
dial a call from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to
mobile or vice versa.

CALL SETUP:

When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the
nearest switching centre that is PSTN (Public Switching Telecommunication
Network). Then it processes the caller and subscribers number if it exists in
the same BSC (Base Station Controller) then call setup is completed.
If subscriber is not in the same BSC then call transfer to MSC (Mobile
Switching Centre) then it transfers the call to prior BSC then call setup is
completed.
If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO(Mobile
Telephone Switching Office)
now call transfer is done on BTS (Base Transceiver Station) and call setup is
completed.
 Parts of a Telecommunication network

The main parts of a Telecommunication network are:

1.Telephone Exchange
2.Main Distribution Frame (MDF)
3.Switch Room
 TELEPHONE EXCHANGE

Equipment which effects

interconnection of telephones is
known as switching equipment.
The switching centre, which houses
the terminating and switching
equipment is called telephone
exchange.
A telephone exchange is a
telecommunication system used in
the public switched telephone
network or in large enterprises. An
exchange consists of electronic
components that interconnect
(switch) telephone subscriber lines
or virtual circuits of digital systems to
establish telephone calls between
subscribers
 Aboutt the
t exchange

All telephone subscribers are served by automatic

exchanges.
Todays automatic exchanges use a pair of computers.
One running the program that provides services.
Second, monitoring the operation of the first, ready to
take over in a few seconds in the event of equipment
failure.
Various exchanges present in BSNL are:
1. C-DOT
2. OCB(ORGANE DE COMMANDE B2 VERSION)
3. EWSD
 C-DOT
It work on telecom technology, products and services.
Provide solutions for current and future requirements of
telecommunication and converged networks including those
required for rural application.
Provide market orientation to R & D activities and sustain C-DOT as
center of excellence.

OCB(ORGANE DE COMMANDE B2 VERSION)

It is a digital switching system.
The system supports all the existing signaling system.
The system has auto recovery feature. When a serious fault occur
in control unit, it gives a message to SMM (operation &
maintenance unit).
OCB(ORGANE DE COMMANDE B2 VERSION)
EWSD
The EWSD Digital Switching Systems offer a
wide range of telephony features and
supplementary services. Further capabilities
can be developed to meet specific customer
needs.
MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME(MDF)
M.D.F. is a media between switching network and subscribers line. It is a termination point
within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and terminations of local
loops are connected by jumper wires.

FUNCTIONS OF MDF:

All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated and
distributed through MDF.
The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides. Each
jumper is a twisted wire.
It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main Exchange
area.
The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and functions as
a test point between a line and the office.
It provides testing of calls.
It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
All lines terminate individually
Structure Of MDF
 ORGANIZATION OF MDF
Vertical side
Horizontal side

Vertical side
Rack:- On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight tags.
The counting is done from up (0) to down (7).
Tags:- Each rack consists of eight tags
1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line
N.E:-The word NE stands for the NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT. It is used
for testing number.
Wedge:- Wedge is used as a device for checking the ring. Wedge is
placed in jack strips, which is connected to telephone for checking.
Horizontal side
The horizontal side connected to the
underground cable.
This cable is having 100 pairs. These pair are
distributed when company allot the telephone
number to the subscriber.
Horizontal side is again subdivided in
two parts:
One part is connected with the vertical
side.
Another with the subscriber line by using
100 pair underground cable.
 POWER PLANT
As we know that, the power is the main source or any
organization. It is the case of E-10B exchange. That is the
first requirement of any organization is the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply.
The main part of power room are:-
1. Batteries for providing 48V supply
2. UPS (Uninterruptable Power Supply)
3. Charging - Discharging Unit
4. Inverter and Converter Unit
Switch Room

Switch room consists of
BM(Benjamin Moore) and
CM cabinets mounted in
standard switch.

These cabinets are
fastened to a switch Room
and interconnected by
cables
 VARIOUS INTERNET SERVICES
LEASED LINES

The information sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the
congestion that occurs in shared networks.
between two points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data, or
Internet services
A leased line (dedicated line) is a permanent Optical Fibre Cable(OFC) or telephone connection.
It is commonly used in ATMs.

WI-FI (WIRELESS FIDELITY)

A Wi-Fi network provides the features and benefits of traditional LAN technologies such as Ethernet and
Token Ring without the limitations of wires or cables.
WIFI is a wireless LAN Technology to deliver wireless broad band speeds up to 54 Mbps to Laptops, PCs
Wi-Fi enabled phones etc.
 GENERAL PACKET RADIO SERVICE (GPRS)

General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data service available to users of
the 2G cellular communication systems, global system for mobile communications (GSM), as well
as in the 3G systems. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbps
GPRS extends the GSM circuit switched data capabilities and makes the following services
possible:

1. Always on Internet access.

2.Multimedia messaging service (MMS).
3.Push to talk over cellular (PoC/PTT).
4.Point to Point (P2P) service: inter-networking with the internet (IP).
5.Increase message sending speed 30 messages per minute approximately.
BSNL Broadband Service
Broadband refers to a connection that has capacity to transmit large amount of data at
high speed. Presently a connection having download speeds of 256 kbps or more is
classified as broadband. When connected to the Internet broadband connection allows
surfing or downloading much faster than a dial-up or any other narrowband connections.
BSNL offers 2 Mbps minimum download speed for its Broadband connections.

Requirement for providing Broad Band connection

1.Personal Computer
2.ADSL Modem
3.Land Line Connection
4.Splitter for separating telephone from Personal computer
5.High speed Internet Access: This is the always-on Internet access service with speed
ranging from 256 kbps to 8 Mbps.
 WIMAX
WI-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave
Access and this technology is designed to accommodate both fixed and mobile
broadband applications.

SALIENT FEATURES OF WIMAX ARE:

1.OFDM-based physical layer.

2.Very high peak data rates.
3.Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC)
4.Support for TDD and FDD OFDMA.
5.Flexible and dynamic per user resource allocation.
6.Support for mobility.
7.IP-based architecture.

FTTH
FTTH is an acronym which stands for Fiber To The Home.In this technology an optical
fiber of high bandwidth and frequency is connected to the local residence of the user to
provide high speed internet facility upto higher mbps to gbps.This facility is first
launched by BSNL in India.
 OSI NETWORKING MODEL

The open systems interconnection model defines all the methods and
protocols needed to connect one computer to any other over a network.It
consists of following seven layers:

Physical Layer:The physical layer defines the properties of the physical

medium used to make a network connection
Data Link Layer: the data link layer, layer 2, defines standard that assign
meaning to the bits carried by the physical layer
Network Layer: The network layer, Layer-3, is where a lot of action goes on
for most networks.
Transport Layer: The Transport Layer, layer-4, manages the flow of
information from one network node to another.
Session layer: The session layer, layer-5, defines the connection from a user to
a network server, or from a peer on a network to another peer
Presentation Layer: The presentation layer, layer-6, takes the data supplied
by the lower level layer and transform so it can be presented to the system
Application Layer: The Application layer, layer 7, controls how the operating
system and its application interact with network.
 IPv4 Addressing

This section covers some of the basic concepts of IPv4 addressing, such as how the Internet's
address architecture uses the binary and dotted-decimal versions of IPv4 addressing. This section
also reviews the structure of IPv4 addresses, such as the various classes of IPv4 . 32-bit IP
addresses are written using dotted-decimal notation. Each 32-bit address is divided into four
groups of eight, called octets. Each octet is converted to decimal and then separated by decimal
points, or dots.Bit IP addresses are written using dotted-decimal notation.

A 32-bit IP address is a binary number:

10101100000111101000000000010001
This binary number can be divided into four octets:
10101100 00011110 10000000 00010001
Each octet (or byte) can be converted to decimal:
172 30 128 17
Finally, the address can be written in dotted-decimal notation:
172.30.128.17
Various classes of IPV4 address
 FIBER OPTICS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

FIBER OPTICS: The use and demand for optical fiber has grown tremendously and
optical-fiber applications are numerous. Telecommunication applications are
widespread, ranging from global networks to desktop computers. These involve the
transmission of voice, data, or video over distances of less than a meter to hundreds of
kilometers, using one of a few standard fiber designs in one of several cable designs.

ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS :

Fiber Optics has the following advantages :
SPEED: Fiber optic networks operate at high speeds - up into the gigabits
BANDWIDTH: large carrying capacity
DISTANCE: Signals can be transmitted further without needing to be "refreshed" or
strengthened.
RESISTANCE: Greater resistance to electromagnetic noise such as radios, motors or
other nearby cables.
MAINTENANCE: Fiber optic cables costs much less to maintain.
 OPTICAL FIBER CABLE(OFC)

Optical Fiber is new medium, in which information (voice, Data or Video) is

transmitted on the principle of Total Internal Reflection through a glass or plastic fiber,
in the form of light.
In the following sequence.
1.Information is encoded into Electrical Signals.
2.Electrical Signals are converted into light Signals.
3.Light Travels down the Fiber.
4.A Detector Changes the Light Signals into Electrical Signals.
5.Electrical Signals are decoded into Information.
 I
GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE I I
COMMUNICATION

In wireless communication every region is divided into cells.

Cell size is constant for whole system. GSM is a form of
multiplexing, which divides the available bandwidth among
the different channels. Most of the times the multiplexing
used is either TDM (Time division multiplexing) or FDM
(Frequency Division Multiplexing). SM differs from its
predecessor technologies in that both signaling and speech
channels are digital, and thus GSM is considered a second
generation (2G) mobile phone system.
 GSM frequencies

2G GSM networks operate in the 900 MHz or

1800 MHz bands
GSM-900 uses 890915 MHz to send information
from the mobile station to the base station (uplink)
935960 MHz for the other direction (downlink),
providing 125 RF channels (channel numbers 0
to 124) spaced at 200 kHz. Duplex spacing of 45
MHz is used.
 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) consistently provides better capacity

for voice and data communications that other commercial mobile technologies,
allowing more subscribers to connect at any given time, and it is the common
platform on which 3G technologies are built.
CDMA is a spread spectrum technology, allowing many users to occupy the
same time and frequency allocations in a given band/space

ADVANTAGES OF CDMA:

Increased cellular communications security

Simultaneous conversations
Low power requirements and little cell-to-cell coordination needed by
operators.
Extended reach-beneficial to rural users situated far from cells.
NETWORK STRUCTURE
 Mobile Station (MS)

MS refers to the physical

phone itself uniquely
identified by the International
Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) number.
SIM(Subsciber Identification
Module) is small smart card
that is inserted into the phone
and carries information
specific to the subscriber
identified by International
Mobile Subscriber Identity
(IMSI) number.
 Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

It carry out radio communications

between the network and the MS.

It has handles speech encoding,

encryption, multiplexing (TDMA), and
responsible for modulation and
demodulation.

Installed between 1 and 16 Transceivers

(TRX)
 BASE STATION CONTROLLER(BSC)

It is responsible for allocation of radio

channels.

Operates frequency administration

power and signal measurements from the

Mobile station.

handovers from one BTS to another.

 MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER(MSC)

It is responsible for call routing, call

setup, and basic switching
functions.

Different BSCs are connected to the MSC.

Inner-BSC handoffs as well as

coordinates with other MSC's for inter-
MSC handoffs.
 DATABASES

HLR(Home Location Register ) maintains

subscriber specific information such as the
MS,ISDN(Integrated Services Digital
Network), IMSI, current location
of the MS, roaming restrictions.

VLR(Visitor Location Register ) is a database

that contains a subset of the information
located on the HLR.
 REFERENCES

1. Data Communication And Networking- Behrouz A. Foruzan

2. Wireless Communication and Networks-William Stallings
3. Computer Networking Kurose & Ross
4. www.bsnl.co.in
5. www.newbsnl.co.in
THANK YOU