Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

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Tectonophysics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/tecto

Structural and physical property characterization in the Wenchuan

earthquake Fault Scientic Drilling project hole 1 (WFSD-1)
Haibing Li a,b,, Zhiqin Xu a,b, Yixiong Niu c, Guangsheng Kong d, Yao Huang e, Huan Wang a,b, Jialiang Si a,b,
Zhiming Sun a,f, Junling Pei a,f, Zheng Gong a,b, Marie-Luce Chevalier a,b, Dongliang Liu a,b
a
Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, No. 26, Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China
b
State Key Laboratory of Continental Tectonics and Dynamics, Beijing 100037, China
c
China Geological Survey, No. 45, Fuwai Street, Beijing 100037, China
d
Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Langfang, Hebei 065000, China
e
No.6 brigade of Jiangsu Geology & Mineral Resources Bureau, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222300, China
f
Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientic Drilling project (WFSD) started right after the 2008 Mw 7.9
Received 1 March 2013 Wenchuan earthquake to investigate its faulting mechanism. Hole 1 (WFSD-1) reached the YingxiuBeichuan
Received in revised form 9 August 2013 fault (YBF), and core samples were recovered from 32 to 1201.15 m-depth. Core investigation and a suite of geo-
Accepted 19 August 2013
physical downhole logs (including P-wave velocity, natural gamma ray, self-potential, resistivity, density, poros-
Available online 28 August 2013
ity, temperature, magnetic susceptibility and ultrasound borehole images) were acquired in WFSD-1. Integrated
Keywords:
studies of cores and logs facilitate qualitative and quantitative comparison of the structures and physical properties
Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientic Drilling of rocks. Logging data revealed that the geothermal gradient of the volcanic Pengguan complex (above 585.75 m)
project (WFSD) is 1.85 C/100 m, while that of the sedimentary Xujiahe Formation (below 585.75 m) is 2.15 C/100 m. In general,
YingxiuBeichuan fault zone (YBF) natural gamma ray, resistivity, density, porosity, P-wave velocity and magnetic susceptibility primarily depend on
Physical properties the rock lithology. All major fault zones are characterized by high magnetic susceptibility, low density and high po-
Logging rosity, with mostly low resistivity, high natural gamma ray and sound wave velocity. The high magnetic suscepti-
Seismicity bility values most likely result from the transformation of magnetic minerals by frictional heating due to the
WFSD-1
earthquake. The YBF exposed in WFSD-1 can be subdivided into ve different parts based on different logging re-
sponses, each of them corresponding to certain fault-rocks. The high gamma radiation, porosity and P-wave veloc-
ity, as well as low resistivity and temperature anomalies indicate that the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone is
located at 585.75594.5 m-depth, with an average inclination and dip angle of N305 and 71, respectively. The
fact that the fracture directions in the hanging wall and footwall are different suggests that their stress eld direc-
tion is completely different, implying that the upper Pengguan complex may not be local.
2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Understanding the physical mechanisms in seismogenic zones that
can nucleate large earthquakes has been a major issue in studying
fault zone dynamics (Wu et al., 2008; Zoback et al., 2007). A number
of scientic fault-zone drilling projects have thus been initiated, such
as the Nojima fault scientic drilling program (after the 1995 Mw 7.2
Kobe earthquake, Japan), the Taiwan Chelungpu fault Drilling Project
(TCDP) at Dakeng, west-central Taiwan (after the 1999 Mw 7.6 Chi-
Chi earthquake), the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD)
in Parkeld, California, the Nankai Trough drilling, and the Japan trench
Fast Drilling Project (J-FAST, after the 2011 Mw 9.0 Tohoku earthquake).
Corresponding author at: Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological
Sciences, No.26, Baiwanzhuang Road, Beijing 100037, China. Tel.: +86 10 68990581;
fax: +86 10 68994781.
E-mail address: lihaibing06@163.com (H. Li).
Results from the above drilling projects (e.g. Berckhemer et al., 1997;
Boness and Zoback, 2004; Boullier, 2011; Ito and Kiguchi, 2005; Ma
et al., 2006; Oshiman et al., 2001; Song et al., 2007; Zoback et al.,
2007) help us improve our knowledge on active fault zones in various
aspects, such as fault zone properties, deformation mechanisms, stress
states, mechanical and chemical roles of uids and physical properties
of the crust. Studies of downhole logs and cores provide crucial informa-
tion on subsurface geology as well as direct evidence of physical proper-
ties and deformation mechanisms of the fault zones at depth.
The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw 7.9) is one of the most devas-
tating earthquakes and caused tremendous property damage and
N80,000 casualties (Hui, 2008). The surface rupture extends over
lengths of 270 km and 80 km along the NESW trending Yingxiu
Beichuan fault (hereafter YBF) and GuanxianAnxian fault (hereafter
GAF) (Fig. 1a), which are high angle (Li et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2010)
and low angle thrusts in the Longmen Shan, respectively (e.g. Li et al.,
2008, 2013; Zhang et al., 2010). Surface displacements are as large as

0040-1951/$ see front matter 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.08.022
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 87

66.7 m (e.g. Fu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2008, 2009; Liu-Zeng et al., 2010;
Xu et al., 2009) in the southern segment in Shenxigou and Bajiaomiao
villages (Hongkou county), and 1012 m in the northern segment in
the Beichuan area (e.g. Fu et al., 2009; Li et al., 2008, 2009; Ran et al.,
2010). To explore the mechanisms and physical properties involved in
large displacements of the ruptured fault, two holes (WFSD-1 down to
1201.15 m-depth and WFSD-2 down to 2283.56 m-depth) were drilled
~400 m apart, in 20082012 in the scope of the Wenchuan earthquake
Fault Scientic Drilling project (WFSD), at Bajiaomiao, Hongkou county
(Fig. 1b), where large surface slips (~6.7 m) were observed. Continuous
coring and downhole wireline logging were completed at depths of 32
to 1201 m (WFSD-1) and 50 to 2200 m (WFSD-2). Conventional logs
and ultrasonic imaging (USI) were also completed in WFSD-1.
Previous studies using the above data are numerous and include var-
ious aspects of mechanical, physical and chemical properties, such as
studies of the Principal Slip Zone (PSZ), thermal structure, clay mineral
and permeability of the Wenchuan earthquake slip zone (e.g. Brodsky
et al., 2012; Li et al., 2010, 2013; Mori et al., 2010; Pei et al., 2010; Si
et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2010; Xue et al., 2013). WFSD provides a unique
opportunity to study the cores and logs, and to characterize the detailed
physical properties of the earthquake mechanism.
In this paper, we report the results of density, porosity, P-wave ve-
locities, resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and natural gamma ray
measurements from WFSD-1. These measurements provide basic infor-
mation to assist in the characterization of lithologic units, fault zone
structure and the correlation of cores with downhole logging data,
thus contributing to our understanding of the nature of faulting during
the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake.
2. Geological setting of the Wenchuan earthquake fault zone
The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the transition zone between
the eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau and the Sichuan Basin, within
the Northern segment of the Longmen Shan fault zone, yielding 270 and
80 km-long co-seismic surface ruptures along the YBF and GAF (Fig. 1a),
respectively (Fu et al., 2011; Li et al., 2008; Liu-Zeng et al., 2010; Xu
et al., 2009). Five years after the Wenchuan earthquake, on April 20,
2013, the Lushan earthquake (Mw6.6) occurred along the Southern seg-
ment of the Longmen Shan fault zone (Fig. 1a).
The three mega-thrust faults, YBF, GAF and WenchuanMaoxian fault
(hereafter WMF) form the main Longmen Shan fault zone (Fig. 1a) (Li
et al., 2006), which has a long history, with the current fault trace
being considered as the heritage of a Late Triassic fault (Burchel et al.,
1995; Densmore et al., 2007; Li et al., 2006; Wang et al., 2008).
Because of the lack of historical M N 7 earthquake records prior to
the Wenchuan earthquake, the Longmen Shan fault zone has potentially
had time to build enough strain to trigger a large earthquake such as
that of Wenchuan. Studying the Wenchuan earthquake process enables
us to understand the seismicity along the Longmen Shan fault zone and

103E 104E 105E

Songpan Qingchuan
Huy

t
faul
uan
Mings

a fa

Pingwu gch
Qin
ult
han fa

n ul
t

ha fa
ult

lt
au an
32N Eastern Tibet an
f
S chu Jiange
xi ei
ao Beichuan - B
-M iu
an gx
hu
en
n
c Yi
en Maoxian
m Sichuan
t

W
ul

g
fa

Wenchuan
n Mianyang
an

Basin
Lo
xi
an

Lixian
A
n-

Fu
ia

jia
nx

ng

WFSD-2
ua

0 25 50 km
riv
G

er

31N
WFSD-1
Dujiangyan Legend
Fig.1b Cenozoic Trassic-Paleozoic
Min

12/05/2008 Mw7.9 Cretaceous-

gjia

Mesozoic granite
(USGS) Jurassic
ng

Chengdu Thrust fault Proterozoic

rive
r

Strike-slip fault WFSD drilling site

lt
au
Jia

Baoxing Fault City

nf

njia
a

Surface rupture zone River

qu

ng

20/04/2013 Mw6.6
ng

a Epicenters of the 2008 Wenchuan (Mw7.9)

rive

(USGS)
Lo

Lushan and the 2013 Lushan (Mw6.6) earthquakes

r

Fig. 1. Simplied geologic and active tectonic map of the Longmen Shan and its adjacent area (a) (adapted from 1:500,000 geologic maps, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources,
1991) and geological structures around the WFSD drilling sites (b) (adapted from 1: 200,000 Geologic map of Guangxian, Sichuan Bureau of Geology, 1975). Red lines represent surface
rupture zone of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. WFSD-1 and WFSD-2 are drilled along the Yingxiu-Beichuan fault zone (YBF) with the nal depth of 1201.15 and 2283.56 m, respectively.
The U.S. Geological Survey epicenters and focal mechanisms of the 2008 Wenchuan and the 2013 Lushan earthquakes are shown. Gray box shows location of Fig. 1b.
88 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

10330 10340 10350 10400

3120
S
Wenchuan-Maoxian fault t
ul
fa
n
ua P
NP i ch
e
-B
x iu T3
ng t
ul
Yi fa
n
Pengguan Complex xia
C Bailu An
-
an
n xi P
u a
River

WFSD-2 Xiaoyudong G
3110

NP
Minjiang

WFSD-1 P Q
Tongji J
Bajiaomiao
T3
Hongkou
D Jianjiang River
Shenxigou
Xiange J
r
ve

Sichuan
Ri

Yingxiu
a

P
ish

Basin
Ba

T3 K Pengzhou
3100

Dujiangyan
(Guanxian)
M

Q
inj

0 5 10km
ian

J K N
g

b E
Ri
ve
r

Q Quaternary K Cretacious P Permian D Devonian Volcanics

Neoproterozoic (NP)
Thrust fault Normal fault
Gran. and (Pengguan complex) Strike and dip
N Neogene J Jurassic C Carboniferous S Silurian met. rocks Klippen
of bedding
Lower Triassic
E Paleogene T3 Surface rupture zone WFSD drilling site Fault River
(Xujiahe Formation)

Fig. 1 (continued).

more importantly, it provides a good opportunity to study fault
mechanism.
The WFSD project aims at better understanding the earthquake
mechanism as well as the physical and chemical property changes dur-
ing the earthquake (Li et al., 2013; Xu et al., 2008). The project started
on November 4th 2008, just 178 days after the main earthquake oc-
curred, and is planned to deploy ve drilling sites along the two main
fault traces (WFSD-1, 2, 3, 3P and 4).
The rst drilling site (WFSD-1) is located in Bajiaomiao Village of
Dujiangyan County, Sichuan province, on the hanging wall of the YBF
in the Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex (Fig. 1b), ~385 m west of the
surface rupture. The Pengguan complex is distributed as a lens in the
central Longmen Shan between the WMF and the YBF, and is highlighted
as one of the most impressive components of the Longmen Shan tectonic
belt. Most of the Pengguan complex is in contact with the surrounding
PaleozoicTriassic rock strata, separated by faults, except along the
northern section where it is in contact with the Sinian sedimentary
rocks, separated by a sedimentary unconformity (Fig. 1b). The lithology
of the Pengguan complex is mostly acidic and medium-acidic intrusive
rocks, including granite, plagiogranite, moyite, granodiorite, tonalite
and diorite, with a small amount of basic intrusive and effusive rocks, py-
roclastic rocks and green schist facies metamorphic rocks (Li et al., 2002;
Ma et al., 1996; Sichuan Bureau of Geology, 1975). The vertical co-
seismic offset near the WFSD-1 drilling site is 66.7 m, which is consid-
ered the largest vertical offset along the southern segment of the fault.
The Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex overlap on top of the Late
Triassic Xujiahe Formation along the southern segment of the fault,
where the surface rupture zone spreads into the rocks of the Xujiahe For-
mation near the Pengguan complex (Li et al., 2013). The Late Triassic
Xujiahe Formation lies mainly to the east of the YBF, and is composed
of six lithologic units (Li et al., 2002; Sichuan Bureau of Geology, 1975),
where the main rocks are grayish and light grayish quartz sandstone, silt-
stone, dark grayish mudstone and silty mudstone and coal.
3. Drilling procedure and WFSD-1 core characteristics
3.1. Drilling procedure
The WFSD-1 drilling site is located along the southern segment of the
YBF, in Bajiaomiao village. It was rst drilled on November 4th 2008 and
was completed on July 12th 2009. The total drilling depth is 1201.15 m,
with continuous drilling cores, from the surface to the very bottom, with
a total length of recovered cores almost 1146 m-long. In the upper
166 m of the cores, the diameter is 76 mm, then, that of the next
332 m (166498 m) is 67 mm, and from 498 to 1201.15 m, the diame-
ter is 46 mm. Although the drilling cores are crumbled because of a high
recovery rate (95.4%), they can still be considered as continuous. The
whole borehole can be subdivided into 3 parts (Fig. 2a): 1) WFSD-1 seg-
ment (0304.26 m), from November 4th 2008 to January 24th 2009; 2)
WFSD-1-S1 segment (166.88625.80 m), from January 24th 2009 to
March 31st 2009); and 3) WFSD-1-S2 segment (580.071201.15 m),
from April 1st 2009 to July 12th 2009.
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 89

135
Surface rupture

1200 WFSD-1
Borehole diameter (mm) Deviation Temperature (C) Temperature (C)
0 50 100 150 200 250 9 12 15 10 20 30 40 23 24 25 26 27 28
1100 0 0 0 500
1st-logging (15, Dec, 2008)
100 100 5th-logging (21, May, 2009)
1000 100 100 2nd-logging (18, Jan, 2009)
WFSD-1
3rd-logging (20, Feb, 2009)
166.88
900 200 200 200 200 4th-logging (13, Mar, 2009)

5th-logging (21, May, 2009)

800 300
WFSD-1-S1 300 300 300 6th-logging (13, Jul, 2009) 550
( sidetrack )
1.85/100m
700 400 400 400 400
Elevation (m)

Xujiahe formation
Pengguan ( T3 )
complex
500 500

Depth (m)
600 500

Depth (m)
( Pt3 ) 500 ~71

580.07 PSZ ~ 0.15C

500 600 Wenchuan Earthquake 600 600 600 600
(Core depth ~589.2 m)
(e)
? 700 700 700 700
400

300 800 800 800 800

WFSD-1-S2
( sidetrack )
200 900 900 900 900 650
2.15/100m
F ? 1000 1000 1000
100 dip angle 13.5
1000
azimuth angle
168
1100 1100 1100 1100
0 0 100 200 m a b c d e
-100 1200 1200 1200 700

Fig. 2. WFSD-1 drilling procedure (after Li et al., 2013). (a) Simplied geologic cross-section at the WFSD-1 drilling site (1200-m deep hole) (Li et al., 2013), second hole (WFSD-1-S1 side-
track) from 166.88 m-depth, and third hole (WFSD-1-S2 sidetrack) from 580.07 m-depth; (b) Borehole diameter; (c) Borehole dip angle; (d) Temperature measurements in the boreholes
without casing (colors represent 6 distinct measurements). The ~0.15 C anomaly peak probably reects the residual heat that was produced by friction during the Wenchuan earthquake
(Li et al., 2013). (e) Close-up of (d).

3.2. Structures, lithologies and fault rocks of the drilling core samples Hongkou outcrop (Wang et al., in this issue). Even though the fault
gouge developed in different rock types with different colors (gray,
The lithologies revealed in the drilling cores contain volcanic rocks, dark gray and black), most of them appear in dark gray and black. The
granite, sandstone (rich in coal material), siltstone, liqueed breccia thickness of the fault gouge layers varies from millimeters to meters
and other fault-related rocks (Fig. 3). The rocks above 585.75 m-depth (Li et al., 2013). The cataclasite commonly appears to be light gray,
are volcanic rocks and granite, belonging to the major Longmen Shan gray and dark gray, mostly distributed in the lower part of the Pengguan
geological unit the Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex; the strata be- complex (Fig. 3). At depths of 585.75 to 759 m where fault gouges and
neath 585.75 m-depth belong to the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation, fault breccia abound, breccia with cataclastic rocks is also found.
mostly composed of sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, and liqueed brec- Based on the distribution of the fault-related rocks (Fig. 3), it is clear
cia, with some of them characterized as fault-related rocks (Li et al., that many secondary faults formed along the southern part of the YBF,
2013). The fault zone lies between 585 and 598 m-depth, which also most of them with fault gouge layers, therefore, the YBF zone (575.7
corresponds to the transition zone between the two geological units, 759 m) is typical of a multiple fault core structure.
in which both the igneous rocks from the Pengguan complex and the
sedimentary rocks from the Xujiahe Formation exist, with the latter oc- 4. Methodology for geophysical logs and data acquisition
cupying a larger volume.
The rock types at depths from 3 to 181.5 m are mostly grayish-green During the WFSD-1 drilling, most of the logging was accomplished
volcaniclastic rocks (Fig. 3), with a signicant part also recognized as by the Micro Logger II, a logging machine made by the British RG Corpo-
volcanic tuff; rocks at 181.5291 m-depth are dioritic porphyrite and ration. Another logging machine, the JGS-1B digital logger, made by the
diorite, in which three layers of volcanic rocks are present; lithologies Chongqing geological equipment factory, played a somewhat lesser
at 291575.6 m-depth are volcanic rocks, volcaniclastic rocks and role. Logging was conducted 6 times successively during the drilling
some diorite; strata between the depths of 575.6 and 585.75 m consist process (Table 1). The logging parameters are divided into 13 catego-
of cataclasite, whose protolith are granite and volcanic rocks. All of the ries: Natural Gamma Radioactivity (NGR), density, focused resistivity,
above rock units pertain in the Pengguan complex. apparent resistivity, natural potential, P-wave velocity, neutron porosi-
The cores at depths from 585.75 to 759 m are mainly grayish sand- ty, borehole diameter, borehole deviation, temperature, well uid con-
stone, siltstone, dark grayish mudstone, shale and coal layers, and they ductivity, ultrasonic imaging and magnetic susceptibility.
then become the main composition of the YBF zone which mostly con- Natural Gamma Radioactivity logging aims at measuring the Gamma
sists of fault gouge and fault breccia; rocks beneath 759 m-depth are radioactivity of the whole rock. The density logging uses 137Cs as the ra-
grayish sandstone, dark grayish siltstone and liqueed breccia. Com- diation source: the emitted low energy gamma hit and penetrates into
pared to the Xujiahe Formation strata in the whole region, the strata the rocks, the energy attenuates as its goes deeper into the wall rocks,
at depths between 585.75 and 759 m revealed in the drilling cores be- and is nally absorbed by the rocks as the energy lowers. The gamma
long to the third group, similarly, the rocks above 759 m-depth pertain ray intensity is related to the electron density in the wall rocks, while
in the second group of the Xujiahe Formation, they represent the nor- the electron density of the rocks approximates its volume density. The
mal sedimentary series. resistivity logging method using a normal electrode system (potential
The fault-related rocks present within the cores are primarily fault or gradient) is called apparent resistivity logging. The neutron logging
gouge, cataclasite and fault breccia (Fig. 3). No pseudotachylite was employs 241Am9Be as the articial source to emit high energy neutrons
found in borehole 1 but there is evidence of some pseudotachylite in to hit the sidewall rocks, the neutrons collide with the H atom in the
 90
0 25 0 50 0 600 0 100 0 250 0 2500 0 2500 0 1000 0 25 0 300 0 25 0 100
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
1000

FZ608

10 110 210 310 410 510 610 710 810 910 1010 1110

20 120 220 320 420 520 620 FZ621 720 820 820

920 1020 1020

1120

FZ628
30 130 230 330 430 530 630 730 830 930 1030 1130
FZ233

FZ639

H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

40 140 240 340 440 540 640 740 840 840

940 1040 1040

1140
Depth (m)

FZ646
50 150 250 350 450 550 650 750 850 950 1050 1150

FZ655
FZ759
60 160 260 360 460 560 660 760 860 860

960 1060 1060

1160

FZ970
70 170 270 370 470 570 670 FZ669 770 870 970 1070 1170

80 280 380 680

FZ678 780 880 980
180 480 580 1080 1080

1180

FZ590
90 190 290 390 490 590 690 790 890 990 1090 1190

100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1100 1200

dark-colored mixed sandstone

loose surface deposits diorite, porphyrite siltstone, shale cataclasite fault gouge
fine sandstone and siltstone/shale
volcanics mostly cataclasite liquid breccia
sandstone fault breccia host rock
(pyroclastics, volcanic rocks) host rock unidentified soft sediments deformation

Fig. 3. Lithology (original rock, left), distribution of fault rocks (middle) and prole of fault density (right) along WFSD-1 cores, with depths being the borehole depths (after Li et al., 2013). The Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex can be seen above
585.75 m-depth, while the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation appears below 585.75 m-depth. Fault-related rocks can be seen in both the Pengguan complex and Xujiahe Formation. A large zone of the fault rocks is continuous at depths between 575.7
and 759 m, corresponding to the YBF zone.
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 91

Table 1
Brief introduction of the six times well logging in WFSD-1.

Logging order Logging depth Logging date Consuming time Casing position Diameter variation depth Mud type Comment
(m) (h) (m) (m)

1 32275 08/12/712/8 17.5 32.00 66.12 Solid free

2 166400 09/1/171/18 18.5 166.88 184.67 Solid free
3 400500 09/2/192/20 15.5 166.88 482.49 Low solid
4 500594 09/3/133/14 13.5 498.00 Low solid Problem occurred
5 489789 09/5/206/1 39.6 498.00 High density
6 7801201 09/7/127/13 29.5 779.36 809.82 Solid free

rocks and turn into low energy ones, then the instrument records the H The sampling intervals vary for different logging parameters. For the
atom index. However the H atom index has simple relation with the magnetic susceptibility (borehole), apparent resistivity, temperature,
rock porosity, consequently, the neutron logging measures the apparent well deviation, well declination, well uid conductivity, natural poten-
porosity of the wall rocks. tial, natural gamma radioactivity, and P-wave velocity, the sampling in-
Each of the 6 logging was conducted before casing. At depths of 489 terval is 10 cm: while it is 1 cm for the other parameters (density, well
to 789 m during the fth logging, we encountered troubles because of diameter, resistivity, porosity and magnetic susceptibility in the cores).
high mud weight (1.6 g/cm3), yielding an absence of radioactive density Cores with diameters of 76, 67 and 46 mm were retrieved from
and porosity logging at 594780 m-depth, where the ultrasonic imag- WFSD-1 (321200 m-depth) with bit sizes of 127, 108 and 89 mm, re-
ing logging also encountered problems: the magnetic logging barely spectively. Casing shoes were located at depths of 32, 166.88, 498 and
worked at 497725 m-depth, yielding a lack of data between 725 and 809.82 m, respectively (Table 1). Cores were marked with reference
780 m-depth. lines and scanned with digital cameras in slab mode and unrolled

Depth (m)
Lithological Fault Borehole Natural Density Porosity P-wave Resistivity Magnetic Fractures Contour plots of
Column Rocks Diameter Gamma Ray Velocity Susceptibility per 1m poles to fractures
0
Depth(m)

50 mm 250 0 API 200 1.5 g/cm 3 3.5 -10 % 90 0 us/ft 200 1 ohm.m 5000 0 0.0001SI 2000 50 100

50 50 N

161.3/54.0
100 1 00 100

150 150 N

7.5/77.5
200 2 00 200 49.4/55.7

FZ233
250 250
Pengguan Complex

2.5/80.6
300 3 00 300
198.2/60.9

350 350
N

317.7/73.2
400 4 00 400
212.5/56.3

450 450 N

353.9/85.2
500 5 00 500 248.4/58.2
183.2/57.0

550 550 N
Depth (m)

600 6 00 FZ590 600

Yingxiu-Beichuan

315.0/65.9
200.0/48.3
Fault Zone

650 650

700 7 00 700

750 FZ750 750

Xujiahe Formation

N
800 8 00 800
61.4/61.7

850 850

N
900 9 00 900
324.3/81.0
45.2/65.2
950 950
FZ970
N
1000 1 000 1000
36.3/83.3
1050 1050

1100 1 100 1100 N

36.9/82.8
1150 1150

1200 1 200 1200

a b c d e f g h i j k
Fig. 4. Detailed well logging curves of WFSD-1 (a) Lithological column (same legend as in Fig. 3); (b) distribution of fault-related rocks in the drilling core (same legend as in Fig. 3);
(c) well diameter; (d) natural gamma radiation; (e) density; (f) neutron porosity; (g) P-wave velocity; (h) electric resistivity; (i) magnetic susceptibility; (j) crack density in the drilling
core; (k) pole projection of fractures at different depths (down semi-sphere).
92 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

mode, then wrapped in heat-shrinkage plastic tubes. Core images were
then aligned with the reference lines and stacked in stratigraphic col-
umn for structural analyses of bedding and fractures. Logging data are
reported by wireline depths, whereas drilling depths are used in core
data.
5. Rock physical properties from geophysical logs
5.1. Conventional logging
Well logging identies the lithology of unknown wall rocks via pre-
existing data, such as the typical response curve characteristics of the
density and radioactivity parameters to a specic rock type. Additional-
ly, a successful well logging also requires engineering data, such as the
drilling direction and the well declination (Fig. 2). WFSD-1 is a deviated
well with a designed drift angle and drift azimuth of 10 and N134E
respectively. Fig. 2 illustrates the real drift angles and azimuths of
WFSD-1: the minimum drift angle is 7.84, while the maximum is 15,
with an average of 11. The minimum and maximum drift azimuths
are N135E, N189E, with an average of N158E. The drift angle and azi-
muth at the bottom of the borehole are 13.55 and N166E, respectively.
Fig. 2d shows the temperature logging data. The bottom tempera-
ture is 37.74 C and the general geothermal gradient approximates
2.05 C/100 m. The geothermal gradient in the upper 800 m is
1.85 C/100 m, while the gradient below 800 m is 2.15 C/100 m. At
depths between 585 and 600 m, the temperature increases slightly
(Fig. 2e).
According to geological evidence from the WFSD-1 drilling cores (Li
et al., 2013, Fig. 3), the strata above 585.75 m-depth are part of the
Neoproterozoic Pengguan complex, whose lithologies are primarily
granite and volcanic rocks: while the sedimentary rocks below
585.75 m belong to the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation. The Pengguan
complex lithology uncovered in WFSD-1 is a combination of terrestrial,
basic to acidic volcanic rocks and volcaniclastic rocks, dened as the
volcanic rock section of the Suxiong group, Sinian System. The rock
types above 585.75 m include tuff, volcaniclastic rocks, granite, diorite,
trachyte, quartz andesite, breccia, cataclasite and fault gouge (Fig. 3).
The logging parameters differ from each other for different rock types
(Fig. 4). Even though the main rock type in the Pengguan complex is ba-
salt, no basalt was found in the drilling cores: The intermediate rocks are
andesite and trachyte, while diorite is another intermediate rock which
has almost the same composition as andesite: Quartz andesite and gran-
ite are acidic magmatic rocks uncovered in the cores and tuff and
volcaniclastic rocks can be divided into either acidic or intermediate
rocks based on their composition. The current logging data clearly
display the difference between basic, intermediate, acidic and
volcaniclastic rocks. The radioactivity of these rocks increases gradually
from basic rocks to acidic rocks (Niu et al., 2008): the basic rocks' natural
gamma index is b20 API while that of the acidic rocks is N60 API, and
the intermediate rocks share a gamma index of 2060 API. Fig. 5
shows an example in which to distinguish quartz andesite from tra-
chyte. It seems that the trachyte has a relatively lower gamma index,
higher density, and higher apparent resistivity and porosity than quartz
andesite.
The rocks from the Xujiahe Formation uncovered in WFSD-1 cores
are mostly sandstone, siltstone, mudstone, shale, conglomerate, fault
breccia and fault gouge. In sedimentary rocks, the natural gamma
index generally increases and the resistivity decreases as the mud con-
tent grows higher or the grains become smaller. Similarly, the neutron
porosity increases with the mud content, since the mud particles are

Magnetic
Borehole Diameter Natural Gamma P-wave Velocity Self-potential Resistivity Conductivity WFSD-1
Susceptibility
core
Lithology (mm) (API) (us/ft) (mv) (Ohm.m) (us/cm) (10-4 SI)
90 100 110 120 30 50 70 90 60 70 80 90 100 -130 -120 400 600 800 8600 8700 35 45 55 554.20 m 555.03 m
536

538

540

Fault gouge
Dacite

542

544

546
Trachyte

Dacite
depth (m)

548
Trachyte

550

552

554

556
Dacite

558
555.03 m

560 555.91 m

a b c d e f g h i
Fig. 5. Different logging responses of quartz-andesite (dacite) and trachyte at depths of 536560 m in WFSD-1. (a) Lithological column; (b) well diameter; (c) natural gamma radiation;
(d) P-wave velocity; (e) self-potential; (f) resistivity; (g) conductivity; (h) magnetic susceptibility; (i) drilling core samples from 554.20555.91 m-depth. The highest magnetic suscep-
tibility peak (h) indicates the location of the fault gouge (i). Low P-wave velocity (d) and resistivity (f) in this fault gouge zone.
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 93

Table 2
Statistics on the occurrence of the fault zones and fault-related rocks.

Order Well depth Lithology Occurrence () Attribute

(m) (dip direction/angle)

1 9295 Tuff 170/50 Fault zone

2 169.6171 Fault gouge, breccia 177/30 Fracture zone, much water
3 171178 Breccia, fault zone 220/46 Fault zone, water inrush
4 197198.6 Breccia, cataclasite, fault zone 60/70, 2630/7786 Fault zone, water inrush
5 233236 Fault gouge, breccia, fault zone 150/35,188/54 Fault zone, water inrush
6 286.5287 Fault breccia 283/6051 Fracture zone, much water
7 290290.5 Tuff 250/50 Fault zone
8 318320 Fault breccia 298/52 Fracture zone
9 322324.5 Andesitic volcaniclastic rocks 201/42 Fault zone
10 331331.8 Andesitic volcaniclastic rocks 275/36,18/54 Fault zone
11 343.4343.6 Andesitic volcaniclastic rocks 297/50 Fault zone
12 359361.3 Quartz-andesitic volcaniclastic rocks 255/60 Fracture zone
13 389391 Quartz-andesitic volcaniclastic rocks 308/56,186/35 Fault zone
14 426.9427.7 Fault breccia 18/65,212/53 Fault zone
15 465469 Quartz-andesitic tuff, breccia, fracture zone 213/41 Fault zone
16 494494.5 Fault breccia 202/59 Fault zone
17 585.5590 Fault gauge, breccia 305/71 Main fault zone
18 970974.5 Coal interbedded mudstone (fault gauge) 304/78 Fault zone

always water-rich. In the Xujiahe Formation, rocks with a gamma index
N100 API are dened as mudstone, 90100 API are most likely siltstone,
8090 API are argillaceous siltstone, and b80 API are sandstone (Fig. 4).
The coal layer in the Xujiahe Formation is hard to distinguish from the
wall rock by natural gamma and resistivity, yet the coal has a smaller
density (1.31.4 g/cm3) than the common sedimentary rocks
(N2.2 g/cm3). Therefore, density is the reliable parameter to differenti-
ate them, where strata with a density b2.0 are considered as coal layers
except where the hole diameter clearly increases.
Besides the qualitative analysis of the strata uctuation and the side
well deformation, the ultrasonic image also provides a useful way to
quantitatively analyze the characteristics of strata and cracks, such as
the dip direction, dip angle and depth of the particular foliation. By gath-
ering all the planar information from borehole 1, it is appropriate to sta-
tistically study the regularity among them (Fig. 4k). The statistic of the
occurrence of the main fault zone and fault-related rocks is described
in Table 2.
5.2. Subsurface structure, physical properties and log units for WFSD-1
The geophysical logs can be further classied into three major units
(with minor sections) on the basis of trend, characteristics and discon-
tinuity in WFSD-1. Details of each unit are described below.
5.2.1. Unit I (Pengguan complex)
As shown in Fig. 4, the comprehensive logging illustration at depths
of 32585.75 m, the density, apparent resistivity and P-wave velocity
abruptly change with the well diameter, while the natural gamma and
magnetic susceptibility just slightly change. The geological unit at this
depth is the Pengguan complex. The rocks with a gamma index
b20 API are basic rocks, 2060 API are intermediate rocks, and
N60 API are acidic igneous rocks.
The main logging parameters are listed in Table 3. Based on Fig. 4d
(natural gamma curve) and Fig. 6a, the gamma index of the whole sec-
tion is conned between 20 and 100 API; most of them are b60 API, re-
lated rocks are considered as basic rocks; the gamma index beneath
350 m-depth is generally larger than that above 350 m. The mean den-
sity value is 2.6 g/m3 (Table 3), while the main density values are 2.5
2.7 g/cm3 and slightly decrease as the gamma index increases. The me-
dium interval acoustic transit time is 71.00 s/ft (Table 3), the corre-
sponding velocity is 4.29 km/s, with the interval acoustic transit time
increasing with the gamma index (Fig. 6), yet the velocity goes the op-
posite way. In addition, the interval acoustic transit time above 350 m is
less than that below 350 m. The apparent resistivity decreases with
depth (Fig. 4h), the high resistivity concentrates where the gamma
index is b60 API, whereas the gamma index N 60 API commonly corre-
sponds to a relatively low resistivity. In general, the magnetic suscepti-
bility is low for the whole section; the peaks appear mainly in the
intermediate and basic volcanic rocks (gamma index b 60 API)
(Figs. 4i and 6d). Figs. 4, 6f and Table 3 also show that the volcanic
rocks have a higher porosity, with an average value of 32.55%, and the
neutron porosity increases as the gamma index decreases. The well di-
ameter is also considered for measurement porosity, the measured po-
rosity in a wide well is higher than that of a narrow well.
The above analysis shows that the intermediate and basic igneous
rocks (gamma index b 60 API) have a relatively higher density, neutron
porosity, P-wave velocity, apparent resistivity and magnetic susceptibil-
ity, when compared with the acidic volcanic rocks. The lithologies above
350 m are mainly basic and intermediate rocks while the rock types
below 350 m are mostly acidic rocks.

Table 3
Major logging parameters in WFSD-1, at depths of 321200 m.

Well depth Logging parameters Natural gamma Density Resistivity Acoustic time Neutron porosity Magnetic susceptibility
(m) (API) (g/cm3) (m) (s/ft) (104SI)

32585.75 Max 108.30 3.30 4068.84 325.14 94.53 1847.5

Pengguan complex Min 8.20 1.12 129.10 49.00 3.00 0.00
Average 47.50 2.60 700.90 74.20 26.60 135.10
Medium 43.06 2.60 700.69 71.00 31.21 74.30
Standard deviation 15.04 0.19 910.37 28.00 16.06 206.53
585.751200 Max 149.75 2.73 799.60 177.60 70.20 158.70
Xujiahe Formation Min 23.82 1.41 23.09 49.60 2.83 51.99
Average 78.18 2.52 269.47 76.51 19.48 82.57
Medium 64.59 2.55 320.28 63.00 10.54 77.22
Standard deviation 18.34 0.12 190.98 22.51 9.22 33.67
94 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

GR(API) GR(API)
100 100

80 80

60 60

40 40

20 20
a DEN(g/cm )-3 b ST(us/ft)
0 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 100 200 300

GR(API) GR(API) GR(API)

100 100 100

80 80 80

60 60 60

40 40 40

20 20 20
c d -4
MS(10 SI) e NPOR(%)
0 0 0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 400 800 1200 1600 2000 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Fig. 6. Cross plot of the major logging parameters for the Pengguan complex at depths of 32585.75 m in WFSD-1; natural gamma radiation (NGR) vs (a) density; (b) interval acoustic
transit time; (c) apparent resistivity; (d) magnetic susceptibility; (e) neutron porosity.

5.2.2. Unit II (Xujiahe Formation)
Rocks at depths of 585.751200 m are sedimentary, and mostly be-
long to a continental sedimentary sequence. From the gamma index
curve in Fig. 4b, it is clear that the lithologies above 700 m are mostly
siltstone and shale, while the strata below 700 m are mainly sandstone.
The medium density for the whole section is 2.55 g/cm3, less than that
of the volcanic rocks, but approximately that of the normal sandstone's
density. The density increases slightly with the gamma index but de-
creases to 2.0 g/cm3 at depths of 11001200 m where the well
diameter remains constant and where the presence of a coal layer
might explain such a low density. We do not have density data at
594790 m-depth. The acoustic time curve (Fig. 4g) shows that the
cycle changes drastically, with an average value of 63 s/ft, and an aver-
age wave velocity of 4.84 km/s, which is slightly higher than the veloc-
ity in igneous rocks. It indicates that there is no apparent relationship
with the gamma index (Fig. 7b). The apparent resistivity is much
lower than the volcanic rock resistivity above 585.5 m (Table 3), partic-
ularly where fault gouge layers are present. The apparent resistivity is

GR(API) GR(API)
160 150

120
100

80

50
40

a DEN(g/cm-3 ) b ST(us/ft)
0 0
1 1.5 2 2.5 3 0 40 80 120 160 200
GR(API) GR(API) GR(API)
160 160 160

140
120 120 120

100
80 80
80

60
40 40
40
c d MS(10-4SI) e NPOR(%)
0 0 20
0 200 400 600 800 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Fig. 7. Same as in Fig. 6 for the Xujiahe Formation at depths of 585.751200 m in WFSD-1.
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 95

barely a dozen of m. However, the average apparent resistivity is
320.28 m, almost equal to the resistivity of normal sandstone. Fig. 7c
shows that the apparent resistivity of intact sandstones is mostly larger
than 200 m, and that the gamma index is b80 API, whereas the rocks
with a gamma index N 80 API and apparent resistivity b200 m are
muddy sandstone, such as the argillaceous siltstone and detrital sand-
stone. The fault zone has a gamma index b80 API and an apparent resis-
tivity b200 m. The magnetic susceptibility of the whole section is
generally low, much lower than that for the volcanic rocks. The neutron
porosity decreases with the natural gamma index (Fig. 7e), as opposed
to the upper igneous rocks. Because the fault zone is mainly distributed
at depths of 585.5700 m, where we have no neutron porosity logging,
the average porosity is higher than the real porosity.
In conclusion, the Xujiahe Formation has a higher natural gamma
index and velocity, and a lower density, porosity, resistivity and mag-
netic susceptibility than the igneous rocks from the Pengguan complex.
5.2.3. Unit III (fault zones): fault zone structures and physical properties
Based on the statistic of the fault-related rocks (Table 2) and the
density of secondary faults (Fig. 3, Li et al., 2013), the main fault zone
reected in WFSD-1 drilling cores is that of the YBF (575.7759 m). At
least 10 subsidiary faults exist between these depths: FZ590, FZ608,
FZ621, FZ628, FZ639, FZ646, FZ655, FZ669, FZ678 and FZ759 (Li et al.,
2013), and two more secondary faults appear far away from the main
fault zone: FZ233 (232.2233.9 m) and FZ970 (970.26971.78 m).
Their logging response is quite different from the Pengguan complex
and Xujiahe Formation. Although they developed among those two geo-
logical units, they are inuenced not only by the wall rocks but also by
the texture of the fault zone.
5.2.3.1. YBF(FZ590759). Fault rocks in the YBF zone are fault breccia,
cataclasite and fault gouge, which are present on both sides of the
fault zone. There are also numerous fractures (Li et al., 2013; Togo
et al., 2011), or fracture-damaged zones. The depths 575.7759 m in
borehole 1 correspond to the YBF zone. The lithologies vary greatly
downward (Fig. 8): cataclasite zone (575.7585.75 m), black gouge
layers with fault breccia (585.75595.5 m), dark fault breccia with
thin gouge layers (595.5693.5 m), grayish fault breccia zone (693.5
751 m) and black fault gouge layers with fault breccia (751759 m).
Interestingly, the 5 fault rock units were also found near the ground sur-
face at Hongkou village (Wang et al., in this issue). The boundary be-
tween the upper cataclasite zone and the lower fault gouge and

Natural Gamma P-wave Velocit

y Self-potential Resistivity Magnetic Susceptibility
Fault rocks (API) (us/ft) (mv) (Ohm.m) (10-4SI)
0 30 60 90 120 150 0 50 100 150 200 -150 -100 0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 600 800 1000
500

Fracture-Damaged
Zone
550

Cataclasite Zone

Black Gouge Zone

600

PSZ of the
Wenchuan earthquake

Yingxiu-Beichuan Fault Zone

Depth (m)

Dark gray
Breccia + Gouge
650 Zone

700

Gray Breccia Zone

750
Black Gouge (coal seam) Zone

Fracture-Damaged
Zone

800
a b c d e f
Fig. 8. Fault rocks (a) with natural gamma ray radiation (b), P-wave velocity (c), self-potential (d), resistivity (e) and magnetic susceptibility (f) logs from the YBF zone (FZ590759) in
WFSD-1 borehole (500800 m-depth).
96 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

breccia zone is easily distinguishable, and it is also the boundary be-
tween the Pengguan complex and the Xujiahe Formation, which has a
dip direction of 317 and a dip angle of 63.
The natural gamma radiation, P-wave velocity, natural potential and
apparent resistivity are plotted in Fig. 8, but density and porosity are not
available for this section. The resistivity is low while the P-wave velocity
is high for the whole fault zone. The fault gouge shows a high natural
gamma index (80120 API), a high P-wave velocity and low resistivity.
On the contrary, the cataclasite shares a low natural gamma index,
P-wave velocity and self-potential. From the logging data, the YBF
zone seems to have 5 different units with different logging responses,
and they correspond well with the lithological zones in the drilling
cores as discussed above.
5.2.3.2. FZ233. The FZ233 fault core (zone) ranges from 232.2 to
233.9 m-depth in volcanic rocks with signicant fracture deformation
(Fig. 9). FZ233 is composed, from top to bottom, of fault breccia
(~36 cm), dark-gray gouge with fragments (~13 cm), fault breccia
(~10 cm), dark-gray gouge with fragments (~34 cm), gray gouge
(~25 cm), calcite vein (~10 cm) and fault breccia (~44 cm). According
to the logging data, the gouge layers bear dip directions of N290, and
a dip angle of 74. The fault zone is a pure thrust as indicated by the
slickensides in the third gouge layer that bears the same dip direction
as the fault plane.
The FZ233 fault zone consists of a group of fractures with SE striking
direction and moderately tilted, it is mainly present at depths of 234.2
236.05 m. The logging parameters such as the apparent resistivity and
density decrease, but the well diameter, wave velocity, interval acoustic
transit time and neutron porosity increase here.
The rocks with a natural gamma index N100 API in FZ970 are mostly
fault gouge. The siltstone shares a natural gamma index between 90 and
100 API. The argillaceous siltstone's gamma radiation is b90 (80
90 API) while the sandstone has the lowest radiation (b80 API). The
black gouge has the highest gamma radiation, low resistivity and
density but high porosity.
6. Discussion
6.1. High natural gamma radiation within all fault zones
In all three main fault zones (FZ233, FZ590759, and FZ970), the
fault gouge layers record higher gamma radiations (Figs. 4, 9 and 10),
especially the black gouge layers. The highest gamma radiation
(140 API) comes from a black gouge layer in the third fault rock unit
in FZ970, the YBF zone (Fig. 4). The gamma radiation peaks (120 API)
where the thin grayish gouge layers appear (595.5693.5 m) within
the fault breccia zone, such as in FZ608, FZ621, FZ628, FZ639, FZ646,
FZ655, FZ669, FZ678 and FZ759. A possible interpretation is that the
natural gamma radiation increases with the wall rock clay content, or
increases as the grain size decreases. For the fault breccia, cataclasite
and fault gouge that have the same protolith, the fault gouge has the
smallest grain size and the highest clay content, therefore it has the
highest gamma radiation. In WFSD-1, the high gamma radiation is a
critical criterion to judge whether it is fault gouge or not. However,
this is not what has been found in the Taiwan drilling project (TCDP),
where the gamma radiation in fault gouges was not abnormal. Conse-
quently, the ultrahigh gamma radiation in WFSD-1 fault gouges is relat-
ed not only to the fault gouge itself, but also to the protolith.

5.2.3.3. FZ970. FZ970 fault core (zone) ranges from 970.26 to
971.78 m-depth (Fig. 10), is composed of gray siltstone and shale
(Fig. 3), and clearly belongs to the late Triassic Xujiahe Formation.
FZ970 from top to bottom (Fig. 10) consists of black fault gouge
(~51 cm), gray fault breccia (~66 cm), and black fault gouge (~35 cm).
6.2. Low density and resistivity within all fault zones
The density and porosity data are not available for the depths 594
780 m in WFSD-1. Therefore, we cannot retrieve information on the
fault zones' general density and porosity. But the data above 594 m

Borehole Diameter Natural Gamma Apparent Resistivity P-wave Velocity Neutron Porosity Focused Resistivity Compensated Density Self-potential Magnetic Susceptibility WFSD-1
Fault Rocks (mm) (API) (Ohm.m) (us/ft) (%) (Ohm.m) (g/cm3) (mv) (10-4 SI) Core
90 120 150 30 50 70 100 300 500 700 50 100 150 200 10 20 30 40 50 0 100 200 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 30 60 90 120 0 30 60 90 120 150 232.50 m
223

225

227

Dark-Gray Fault Gouge + Breccia

229

231
Depth (m)

233 FZ233

235

237
Gray Fault Gouge

239

241

243 233.33 m

a b c d e f g h i j k
Fig. 9. Fault rocks (a) with well diameter (b), natural gamma ray radiation (c), apparent resistivity (d), P-wave velocity (e), porosity (f), focused resistivity (g), density (h), self-potential (i),
magnetic susceptibility (j) logs from FZ232 in WFSD-1 (228238 m-depth), and drilling core sample from 232.50 to 233.33 m-depth (k).
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100 97

show that FZ590 has a low density and high porosity, while the data for
the whole core indicate that all of the fault zones commonly have a low
density and resistivity, and a high porosity and P-wave velocity, partic-
ularly the FZ233, FZ465, FZ590 and FZ970 fault zones. The apparent re-
sistivity is extremely low along the YBF zone (Figs. 4, 9 and 10). In
general, the well diameter, P-wave velocity and neutron porosity in-
crease in the fault zone, while other logging parameters such as density
and resistivity decrease (Figs. 4, 8, 9 and 10), even though in a few small
fault gouge zone, the P-wave velocity decreases (Fig. 5). A possible ex-
planation is that because both the fault gouge and fault breccia are
weaker than the wall rocks, they can easily collapse to widen the well
diameter, lower the density and resistivity as well as increase the poros-
ity and the uid content. However, in FZ233, FZ590 and other secondary
fault zones, the fault gouge and fault breccia are almost intact judging
from the core continuity and ultrasonic image. Indeed, the density and
resistivity are similarly low and the porosity and wave velocity are
high. Therefore, we cannot assure the cause-and-effect relationship be-
tween the logging response and the well diameter variation.
6.3. High magnetic susceptibility within the major fault zones
The magnetic susceptibility varies greatly in the fault rocks of WFSD-1
but is generally higher than that of the wall rocks. The peak susceptibility
appears near the fault gouge zone and attenuates to a minimum at the
nearby fault breccia (Figs. 4, 8, 9 and 10). The magnetic susceptibility
variations may be inuenced by the distance to the main fault plane,
due to the fact that the fault gouge which developed on the fault plane
has the highest magnetic susceptibility, i.e. the further the fault rocks
from the fault plane, the weaker the magnetic susceptibility. This is also
what was found in TCDP (Hirono et al., 2008; Mishima et al., 2006;
Tanikawa et al., 2008), where the magnetic value was determined by
the type of magnetic minerals, the mineral amount and the grain size.
The intense heat generated by earthquakes may transform the original
mineral into magnetic minerals, thus increasing the magnetic susceptibil-
ity in the fault gouge (Hirono et al., 2006, 2007; Kano et al., 2006;
Mishima et al., 2006; Pei et al., 2010; Tanikawa et al., 2008). Additionally,
the grain size degraded by the shear force may also lead to an increase in
magnetic susceptibility. The Principal Slip Zone (PSZ) in WFSD-1 drilling
cores has high magnetic susceptibility (Li et al., 2013), therefore, the high
magnetic value in fault gouges can be considered as evidence of fault
activity.
Note that the very high values of magnetic susceptibility at
~ 594 m-depth (Fig. 11j) were caused by the metal from the jammed
drilling tools in the mashed fault gouge (Fig. 11m).
6.4. Characterization and width of the YingxiuBeichuan fault (YBF) zone
There are exactly six sections in the YBF zone with different logging
responses. The response in the upper part (595.48602.65 m) of the
dark grayish fault breccia zone (595.5693.5 m) is different from that
in the lower part: the natural gamma radiation (NGR) and P-wave veloc-
ity are relatively low, while the self-potential and apparent resistivity are
high, with the high resistivity being totally different from a normal fault
zone. However, while sandstone is observed at the same depth in the
cores, sandstone breccia is present at the surface outcrops (Wang et al.,
in this issue), therefore, we believe that the sandstone at 595.48
602.65 m-depth is actually sandstone breccia in the fault breccia zone.
From top to bottom, the logging responses of the ve different fault
rock sections in the YBF zone are: cataclasite with low P-wave velocity,
NGR and self-potential (575.7585.75 m); black fault gouge zone which
contains several layers of fault breccia (585.75595.5 m), with high
NGR and P-wave velocity and low self-potential and resistivity; dark
grayish fault breccia zone with multiple gouge layers (595.5
693.5 m), where NGR and P-wave velocity are high whereas resistivity
is low; grayish fault breccia zone (693.5751 m), with low NGR, P-wave
velocity and resistivity; black fault gouge zone with fault breccia (751

Borehole Diameter Natural Gamma Apparent Resistivity P-wave Velocity Neutron Porosity Focused Resistivity Compensated Density Self-potential Magnetic Susceptibility WFSD-1
Fault Rocks (mm) (Ohm.m) (g/cm3) Core
(API) (Ohm.m) (us/ft) (%) (mv) (10 -4 SI)
50 100 150 200 30 90 150 200 400 600 40 80 120 0 20 40 60 80 2 4 6 8 1.0 2.0 3.0 -35 -25 -15 0 30 60 90 120 150 969.93 m
959

961

Sandstone
963

965

967

969
Depth (m)

Black Gouge

971
FZ970
973

975

977

979
Fault Breccia

981

983 970.93 m

a b c d e f g h i j k
Fig. 10. Same as in Fig. 9 from FZ970 in WFSD-1 borehole (966976 m-depth), and the drilling core sample from 969.93 to 970.93 m-depth (k).
98 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100

759 m), where NGR and P-wave velocity are high while apparent resis- By analyzing the ultrasonic image of the side well, 29 samples were
tivity is low. The apparent length of the fault zone is 183.3 m in the collected at depths of 585594 m, 19 of them share similar occurrences,
drilling cores, because of the slight tilt of the drilling hole ~6371 (Li with an average inclination direction of N305 and a dip angle of 71.
et al., 2013), yielding the real thickness of the fault zone to be 9095 m. Those occurrences are almost equal to the occurrence of the co-
seismic surface rupture plane near the ground surface at Hongkou vil-
6.5. Relationship with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (slip zone of the lage in the southern part of the YBF, and attest that the fault zone at
Wenchuan Earthquake) 585594 m-depth is the co-seismic fault zone of the Wenchuan earth-
quake. Consequently, the characteristics of the Wenchuan earthquake's
The plane or zone of slip that was activated during the 2008 PSZ at 590 m-depth are N305, with an average dip angle of 71, i.e. the
Wenchuan earthquake has not been identied in this study. However, Wenchuan earthquake fault (YBF) is a high angle thrust fault (Li et al.,
in the temperature measurements from WFSD-1, Li et al. (2013) ob- 2013) as viewed from the southern part of the YBF in Hongkou village.
served a slight peak around FZ590 and concluded that the increase of
temperature has been produced by frictional heating during the earth-
quake. They found a 12 cm-thick slip zone at 590 m-depth, and sug- 6.6. Fracture distribution and orientation in WFSD-1
gested that it is associated with the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. They
reported high magnetic susceptibility, high seismic velocity and low An average of 10 fractures per meter are present in the cores of
electrical resistivity, and a major stress orientation anomaly around WFSD-1 (Fig. 4j), with a maximum fracture density of 70/m. Part of
FZ590 from geophysical logs from WFSD-1, suggesting that the the cracks was caused by the drilling process, so that the crack density
shallowest fault zone was most likely related to the 2008 Wenchuan in Fig. 4 appears slightly larger than it is in reality. However, the fracture
earthquake. distribution trend is similar and the fracture occurrence revealed by ul-
The main fault zone was constrained at the boundary between vol- trasonic images is what occurs at depth. The ten point diagrams (lower
canic and sedimentary rocks (Li et al., 2013), which is also what we hemisphere) of the fracture directions are based on the fracture statis-
found in the logging data here. Fig. 11 shows that the well diameter tics at different depths, with a 100 m interval. Unfortunately, the frac-
becomes irregular at depths of 585594 m, with a larger diameter at ture statistics at 594780 m-depth is missing since no ultrasonic
586590 m and a narrower one at 591594 m. Correspondingly, the images are available there.
NGR increases from 60 to 90 API, the apparent resistivity drops from In Fig. 4k, the dominant fracture occurrence in the drilling cores
2000 to b100 m, the density decreases from 2.6 to 2.4 g/cm3, the in- above 600 m is dipping south with a dip angle of 60, and change to
terval acoustic transit time increases from 60 to100 s/ft, and the neu- the NE with a dip angle of 6183 at depths below 780 m. The upper
tron porosity increases from 2030% to 4050%. The free-potential part represents the fracture characteristics in the Pengguan complex,
increase reects some permeability. All these parameters show not i.e. the hanging wall of the YBF, while the part below 780 m reects
only the lithological variations, but also the features of the main fault the fracture characteristics in the Xujiahe Formation. Theoretically, the
zone. The main fault zone is located at depths of 585.75594.5 m, and distribution of fractures in the drilling cores reects the eld stress dis-
is mainly composed of fault gauge and fault breccia. As discussed tribution, thus, the hanging wall and footwall of the YBF have different
above, the temperature logging data were also abnormal at the same stress eld characteristics, indicating that the Pengguan complex is
depths, with a positive peak at 585 m (0.15 C, Fig. 2e). not an autochthonous geological unit, or in other words, that the

Borehole Natural Apparent P-wave Neutron Focused Compensated

Diameter Gamma Resistivity Velocity Porosity Resistivity Density Self-potential Magnetic Susceptibility Temperature WFSD-1 Core
Fault Rocks (g/cm3 )
(mm) (API) (Ohm.m) (us/ft) (%) (Ohm.m) (mv) (10 -4 SI) (C)
60 90 120 150 0 30 60 90 120150 0 100 200 300 400 50 100 150 200 0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 2.0 2.5 3.0 -30 -10 0 10 0 500 1000 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 593.57 m
579

581
589.04 m

Black Gouge
583

Black Gouge
585
Fresh Gouge
Black

587
Depth (m)

589 FZ590 PSZ

Dark Gray Cataclasite - Gouge

0.15C
591

593
Fault Breccia

595

597
589.65 m

599

601 594.57 m

a b c d e f g h i j k l m
Fig. 11. Fault rocks (a) with well diameter (b), natural gamma ray radiation (c), apparent resistivity (d), P-wave velocity (e), porosity (f), focused resistivity (g), density (h), self-potential
(i), magnetic susceptibility (j), and temperature (k) logs from FZ590 in WFSD-1 borehole (579601 m-depth), and drilling core samples from 589.04 to 589.65 m-depth (l) and 593.57 to
594.57 m-depth (m).
 H. Li et al. / Tectonophysics 619620 (2014) 86100
Pengguan complex has overlapped here from somewhere far away,
rather than being the result of the YBF repeated activity.
7. Conclusion
The Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientic Drilling project (WFSD)
provides a unique opportunity to study earthquake mechanisms. By
means of analyzing the logging data of the 1200 m deep borehole 1
and studying the geological features in the drilling cores, several conclu-
sions were obtained:
(1) The geothermal gradient for the entire hole is 2.05 C/100 m. The
logging responses of the Pengguan complex (32585.75 m) and
Xujiahe Formation (585.751200 m) are different: the former
has a relatively higher density, neutron porosity and apparent re-
sistivity than the latter. The density decreases as the gamma radi-
ation increases in the Pengguan complex, whereas, in the Xujiahe
Formation the density increases with the gamma radiation. The
Xujiahe Formation has a high gamma radiation and geothermal
gradient (2.15 C/100 m compared with 1.85 C/100 m for the
Pengguan complex).
(2) Most of the fault zones uncovered in WFSD-1 have high gamma
radiation, especially the fault gouge layers. It is different from
the results obtained in TCDP (Taiwan drilling project). The high
gamma radiation in the WFSD-1 fault zones may be related to li-
thology.
(3) All the major fault zones in WFSD-1 have low density and resistiv-
ity, but high porosity and P-wave velocity. The lower densities
might have resulted from extensive fracturing and cracks within
the fault zones and/or loss of atoms with high atomic number,
but do not likely reect an articial washout effect.
(4) All the fault-related rocks correspond well with the high magnetic
susceptibility, which appear in the fault gouges. A possible expla-
nation is that the massive heat released by fault friction boosted
the formation of new magnetic minerals, or the enormous shear
force crushed the fault gouge particles into smaller grains.
(5) The YBF zone exposed in WFSD-1 can be subdivided into ve dif-
ferent parts based on different logging responses, each of them
corresponding to certain fault rocks. The apparent thickness of
the fault zone is about 183 m while the real thickness is only
9095 m.
(6) The high gamma radiation, porosity and P-wave velocity, but low
apparent resistivity and positive temperature anomalies all indi-
cate that the main Wenchuan earthquake fault plane is located
at 585.75594.5 m-depth, with an average inclination and dip
angle of N305, and 71, respectively. The Wenchuan earthquake
fault is a high angle thrust fault as viewed from the southern part
of the YBF.
(7) The fractures in the Pengguan complex in the hanging wall of the
YBF generally trend south with an average dip angle of ~60,
whereas the fractures in the Xujiahe Formation in the footwall
trend NE, with a dip angle of 6183. It shows that the stress
eld in the hanging wall and footwall of the YBF is totally differ-
ent, which also implies that the Pengguan complex is not an
autochthonous material.
Acknowledgments
We appreciate the help and support of Xuelong Wang, Shiyou Hu,
Wei Zhang, Jun Jia and Lasheng Fan of the WFSD Center. Special thanks
to the Faculty of the geological team 403, Sichuan Geology and Mineral
Bureau, for their drilling work. We are grateful to Huihua Li and Yong
Zhang from the geological team 405 for their excellent logging work.
This research was supported by the National Science and Technology
Planning Project of China, the Wenchuan earthquake Fault Scientic
Drilling project (WFSD) and the National Natural Science Foundation
99
of China (41330211). We also thank two anonymous reviewers for
their comments which greatly improved this manuscript.
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