In applications like metal forming, the plastic strain is so large that elastic strain is negligible.
Thus, we may neglect elastic strain, and identify the net strain entirely with plastic strain in rigid,
perfectly plastic model. When the stress is within the yield strength, , the material
is rigid, and the strain does not change. For now we wish to include elasticity. Even though a
metal is capable of arbitrarily large deformation, in many situations the plastic strain is small, on
the order of elastic strain. For example, the plastic deformation of the metal can be constrained by
elastic surroundings. When plastic strain and elastic strain are comparable, we need to include
both in the model. This model is called elastic, perfectly plastic model. The net strain is the sum
of elastic strain and plastic strain:
The stress-strain curve (Flow curve) in the region of uniform plastic deformation does not increase
proportionally with strain. The material is said to work harden (i.e., strain harden). Empirical
relationships attributed to Ludik and Holloman can be used to describe the shape of plastic stress-
strain curve. It has general form
or
where, is stress, is yield stress, is strain, and are different strength coefficients and
is the strain hardening exponent (n=0 for perfectly plastic solids, n=1 for perfectly elastic solids &
n=0.1-0.5 for most metals).
Another flow equation known as Ramberg-Osgood law, works upto ultimate tensile strength is
given by:
Therefore, using Mohrs circle equation principal stresses will be equal to:,
Above results when plotted on two dimensional principal plane, it gives a hexagon as shown
below:
A
At point A which makes -45 with x-axis the shear stress is found to be .
(b) Maximum Distortion Energy Theory
This theory is also known as Von-Mises theory or Octahedral shear stress theory. It states that
yielding occurs when the distortional strain energy at a point equals to the distortional strain
energy at yield under uniaxial tension or compression. Consider are principal stresses
and are principal strains, then total strain energy is given by:
Total stress is the sum of hydrostatic and deviatoric states of stress as shown in figure-8.
Above relation is an equation of ellipse, which gives for plane stress condition an elliptical shape
yield surface as shown in figure-9.
For a uniaxial state of stress at yield principal stresses can be given by:
,
For plane stress condition above equation simplified and gives following relation:
Shape of yield surface for strain energy density criteria is an ellipse in principal stress space that
depends on the Poissons ratio. Assume a special case where Poissons ratio is zero above equation
represents the circle equation and yield surface will be a circular region.
, ,
For uniaxial tension case at yield gives the following relation:
Also,
There are some more yield criteria such as Drucker-Pager yield criteria, Hills criteria etc, that
follows similar method of determination of yield surface with minor changes in their equations,
used to develop yield criteria.
Problem-1
When the loads that act on the hub of a flywheel reach their working values, the nonzero stress
components at the critical point in the hub where yield is initiated are ,
and . The load stress-strain are linear so that the factor of safety can be
applied to either the loads or stress components. The flywheel material has a yield stress equals
.
a) Assuming material follows Tresca yield criteria, determine factor of safety against yield.
b) Assuming material follows Von-Mises yield criteria, determine factor of safety against yield.
c) Determine which criteria is more conservative
Solution
Principal stresses are determined using equation of two-dimensional Mohrs circle,
a) Tresca Criteria:
b) Von-Mises Criteria:
Solution:
The gray cost iron is brittle material. For solution we apply maximum principal stress theory.
Thus the factor of safety of the part will be smaller value i.e. Answer
Problem-3
A thin-wall tube with closed ends is subjected to a maximum internal pressure of 35 MPa in
service. The mean radius of the tube is 30 cm. If the tensile yield strength is 700 MPa, what
minimum thickness must be specied to prevent yielding? Consider failure based on Tresca
criteria.
Solution:
Hoop stresses,
Longitudinal stresses,
Solution:
Since & (Bending and Torsion equations)