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1.

2 The mole concept


Nature of science:
Conceptsthe concept of the mole developed from the related concept of equivalent mass in the early 19th century. (2.3)

Understandings: International-mindedness:
The mole is a fixed number of particles and refers to the The SI system (Systme International dUnits) refers to
amount, n, of the metric system of
substance. measurement, based on seven base units.
Masses of atoms are compared on a scale relative to 12C and The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM
are expressed according to its
as relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative formula/molecular mass French initials) is an international standards organization,
(Mr). which aims to
Molar mass (M) has the units g mol-1. ensure uniformity in the application of SI units around the
world.
The empirical formula and molecular formula of a compound Theory of knowledge:
give the simplest
ratio and the actual number of atoms present in a molecule The magnitude of Avogadros constant is beyond the
respectively. scale of our everyday
Applications and skills: experience. How does our everyday experience limit our
intuition?
Calculation of the molar masses of atoms, ions, molecules and Utilization:
formula units.
Stoichiometric calculations are fundamental to chemical
Solution of problems involving the relationships between the processes in
number of research and industry, for example in the food, medical,
particles, the amount of substance in moles and the mass in pharmaceutical and
grams. manufacturing industries.
Interconversion of the percentage composition by mass and the The molar volume for crystalline solids is determined by
empirical the technique of Xray
formula. crystallography.
Determination of the molecular formula of a compound from its Syllabus and cross-curricular links:
empirical Topic 2.1the scale of atoms and their component particles
formula and molar mass. Topics 4.1, 4.3 and 4.5lattice structure of ionic
Obtaining and using experimental data for deriving empirical compounds, molecular structure
of covalent compounds and metallic lattice
formulas from
Topics 5.1 and 15.2standard enthalpy and entropy
reactions involving mass changes.
changes defined per mole
Guidance:
Topic 19.1mole ratios of products in electrolysis
The value of the Avogadros constant (L or NA) is given in Aims:
the data booklet in
section 2 and will be given for paper 1 questions.
Aim 6: Experiments could include percent mass of
hydrates, burning of
The generally used unit of molar mass (g mol-1) is a magnesium or calculating Avogadros number.
derived SI unit.
temperature and high pressure.
Aim 7: Data loggers can be used to measure mass
changes during reactions.
Obtaining and using experimental values to calculate the
molar mass of a gas
from the ideal gas equation.
Solution of problems involving molar concentration,
amount of solute and
volume of solution.
Use of the experimental method of titration to calculate the
concentration of a
solution by reference to a standard solution.
Guidance:
Values for the molar volume of an ideal gas are given in the
data booklet in
section 2.
The ideal gas equation, = , and the value of
the gas constant (R) are
given in the data booklet in sections 1 and 2.
Units of concentration to include: g dm-3, mol dm-3 and
parts per million (ppm).
The use of square brackets to denote molar concentration
is required

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