NOU151211097
JULY, 2017
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title i
Table of Contents ii
3.4 Instruments 53
5.2 Conclusion 71
5.3 Recommendation 72
References 74
Appendix I 80
1
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
utilized for the purpose of meeting the challenges facing humanity all over the
world. The world of globalization and technological changes blowing over the
past few decades now has created a new global economy (Nwobi, 2012).
the years have seen changes in the process and approaches of performing office
task. In order to align with world best practices, achieve effectiveness and timely
This was to play a leading role in the actualization of the goals of education
as stated in the National Policy on Education (FRN 2013). The goals which
ICT as the bed rock of national survival and development in a rapidly changing
devices or application such as radio, television, cellular phone, computer hard and
software and networking, and satellite system and services associated with them.
network. ICT can be defined as computer based tools and techniques for
gathering and using information. It encompasses the hardware and software, the
network and several other services (Video, audio, photographic, camera etc) that
can convert information, images and sound into common digital form. It includes
can promote innovation, increase productivity and enrich the quality of lives.
databases, library services and fax machines. Obiora and Francisca (2011) are of
phones, networks, software, and satellite systems, as well as the various services
educational initiatives, training high skilled labour force, and understanding issues
Darkwa and Anao (2004) highlighted the positive effects the utilization of
Hence, this study will explore and investigate the utilization of Information and
Nigeria.
4
ICT utilize a broad range of technologies that are applied in the process of
competitiveness is Education. In the last few decades, ICT has increasingly played
translate ideas into realizable goals and develop same into concrete achievement.
the office management system (Moursund, 2005). ICT have provided innovation
in the offices by using computer in typing rather than the traditional manual
typing machine that waste a lot of time and have engendered advances in
acknowledged that ICT can be used to improve the Quality of personnel services
development of ICT have transformed human society from the information age to
opined that the work force in the higher institution should train and re-train to
adapt in the modern technologies for qualitative functional skill to meet the
educational needs of the nation. The ability of the school management to meet
with the objectives of the school is dependent on among other things on the ability
5
efficient, effective and consistent with global best practices. This means that the
administrative personnel in the offices must perform their roles in such a manner
particulars from the first day of admission. They help to keep track of the
when a student came into the institution, course of study and possible date of
graduation.
Relating ICT to library services, Shariful and Nazmul (2006) defined ICT as the
respect to this definition, ICT can also be seen as the use of digital system to
effectively harness and process any form of information into a well meaningful
message at a given time. For ICT to be properly harnessed users should possess
the needed computer literacy skill and this has been referred to as a comfort level
someone has with using computer programs and other applications associated
with computers.
6
ICT funds in the offices, the extent of knowledge of the administrative personnel
in the use of ICT. This will broaden our horizon as to how Nigeria is to face the
current economic and educational challenges of the global economy. It will also
open the flood gate of solutions to any identified challenges facing the
implementation of ICT as well as promote the effective policies and strategies for
officers. Hence, these ICTs have recently revolutionized office skills and
rendered some skills such as transcription skills, typing on the manual typewriter
has also given rise to previously unknown skills such as webpage design, desktop
management of officers.
The modern world of high technology could not have come about except for the
more competitive.
in most organizations is their lack of ICT skills. Many of them do not posses ICT
skills required in the various offices and have continued to negatively affect their
Eze (2000) maintains that any office staff of today that is lacking in ICT skill
Sequel to the situations above and the emerging national security challenges, poor
services, the problem of this study therefore is to find out the extent of utilization
It has been observed that effective management of offices has been a matter
of concern to the school administrators (Awe, 2000 and Aghanta, 2001). The
This is not unconnected with the shortfall in the allocation of funds to Nigerian
8
this shortfall could have serious consequences on the effective management of the
are not skilled in the use of information and communication technology, this have
limited their ability to utilize such facilities where they are made available.
challenges.
in South East?
9
The following null hypotheses were formulated and tested at 0.05 level of
significant
The main purpose of the study is to determine the extent of ICT Utilization
in Colleges of Education in the South East, Nigeria. Specifically, the study will
seek to:
education in South-East
the information provided would help them in carrying out their office functions
School administrators will find the results of the study interesting as it will
reveal the need to improve in equipping the administrative offices with modern
ICT facilities which will produce quality works and effective administration of
offices. Policy makers would be interested in the outcome of this study as it will
provide invaluable framework that will guide policy formation as it affects the
Finally, the result of the study would serve as basis for organizing
their productivity.
11
the utilization of computer and computer related tools. The study will cover only
Federal owned Colleges of Education and all offices of the administrative and
non-administrative offices.
The study was limited to the utilization of ICT tools in offices in colleges of
offices.
ICT stands for information and communication technologies and it can be defined
Perceived usefulness (U) is defined as the degree to which a user believes that
using the system will enhance his or her performance. Perceived Ease of Use
(EOU) is defined as the degree to which the user believes that using the system
12
will be free from effort. Both U and EOU are specific perceptions and are
acceptance and diagnose design problems before users have experience with a
system.
13
CHAPTER TWO
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter reviewed literature related to the study. Major ideas of this
Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Review
Literature Appraisal
The conceptual framework of the review was done under the following
headings;
policies in education.
colleges of education.
numerous explanations in terms of its meaning. In the view of Tinio (2003), ICT
hardware and software as well as the services associated with them, such as
video-conferencing and electronic mail. Oliver (1999) posits that ICT is the
science that investigates the properties and behavior of information, the force
governing the flow of information and the means of processing information for
term that has to do with the harnessing of process, the methods and the product of
todays knowledge driven society, for enhancing the productivity, the spread and
software, networks and media for the collection, storage, processing, transmission
with the use of soft and hard wares to convert, store, manipulate, protect, transmit,
manage, control and retrieve information for the enhancement and productivity of
library services and fax machines. Scott further stated that ICT has become a
of ICT has brought about rapid change in technology, social, political and global
transformed human society from the information technology age to the age of
16
knowledge. In fact, ICTs are becoming natural part of mans daily life, thus, the
that they participate fully in life of the contemporary information age and also to
Cuban (1986) noted that in recent years, there has been a groundswell of
interest in how computers and the internet can best be harnessed to improve the
efficiency and effectiveness of education at all levels and in both formal and non-
information and communication technology utilizations also indicated that the use
of computers and the internet is still in its infancy in developing countries, if these
are used at all, due to limited infrastructure and the attendant high costs of access.
The concepts explained above shows that ICT utilization in schools has gone
students enrolment, students data, students grade etc. It is vital for the school
details for students and parents essential for emergencies and general home
contact.
17
details of examinations and other services are being offered online, thereby
reducing pressure during course registration. With the use of information and
communication technology, students pay their school fees online and check their
It was Egwunyenga (2006), who asserts that educators are fast realizing the
need for using computer for the keeping and management of school records. This
in tertiary institutions. Records and record keeping are the life wire of
organizations.
administer any organization such as the school effectively if records are not kept
and managed properly. School records are documents, books, diskettes and files
which contain information on what goes on in the school (academic and non-
In order to make decisions on both short and long term policies, school
authorities do not have a good culture of record keeping. The few records that are
kept are usually not properly stored, thus creating the problem of retrieval to users
when needed. Olagboye further posits that the few school authorities that have
have risen above such problems of storage and retrieval, as ICT affords the
opportunity to have a quick and easy view of all the records on school activities.
Hence by means of modern data storage facilities like computers, microfilm, CD-
records.
transparency of their activities in the past and present. They also stand as the basis
understood way. The use of ICTs in financial budgeting and performance tracking
statements easier and more accurate; this will ensure that deviations from
financial budget in terms of intentions and actual performance are detected easily.
20
Above all, it will instill job satisfaction and promote the overall performance of
staff in that functional unit by making their task easier and interesting.
administration are the two main areas in which ICT is used in the management of
technologies reduce administrative cost. The use of internet, intranet and extranet
could reduce administrative cost because the information on the internet can be
school to support decision and action making due to the fact that ICT systems
present reality at any moment; to communicate data (exchange messages and data
Previtali (2010) is a collective term for a range of different technologies that can
be used to automate the internal and external processes associated with the
They further states that on-line purchases and payment for goods and
Siew (2011) requires ICT tools embedded in them with special features meant to
take care of the management of training facilities, tools and equipments both in
hard and soft copy. They further posit that ICT tools such as Facility
developed is the extent to which its information system is enhanced to improve its
and improve quality of learning, teaching and research in our various institutions.
institution. Haruna and Oyelekan (2010) opined that academic libraries are
in the 1960s did not only add flavour in library activities such as shelving,
arrangements, easy assessment etc. but also globalized the use of library resource.
For ICT to be a valuable tool in any society, there must be the capability to
harness, retrieve, process, transmit and replicate any form of information as being
demanded.
special libraries with the ICT based resources, the ICT based resources and
services are being under-utilized by users. Hence, there is a need for proper
Satpathy, Maharana and Panda (2012) argued that there is an imbalance between
users skill and ICT based library services trends. Hence libraries regularly should
update and provide better library services to users. Alakpodia (2010) argues that
there is a need for todays librarians to embrace information literacy skill for this
24
will enable them to function properly in this 21st century. With daily explosion of
according to them are available in most Nigerian tertiary institutions but they are
not readily accessible. The basic software needed are not available and there is
(which determine speed of access) is too small to support any meaningful activity
during peak period. Some institutions have subscribed to virtual Library sites
whereby members can access materials such as professional journals. Also some
them.
25
electric generators and adequate furniture pose great problems in the usage of
ICT.
Inadequate Funding
proprietor and the bulk of such fund goes to servicing the overhead cost.
According to the OECD (2005) report, since no clear sustainable business model
has yet emerged for commercial provisioning of e-learning, and failures have
been more numerous than success, institutions are not willing to invest the little
Ibadin (2001) averred that financial resources form a key to the successful
the current level of funding of tertiary institutions by their owners and the
tertiary institutions. The reason for this can be ascribed to the lucrative job
rely on commercial private ventures to provide support for the few ICT facilities
available.
handle the installation, operation and maintenance of ICT facilities. These areas
Theory propounded the adaptive structuration theory (AST). The AST was viewed
relevant for this study because it examines the change process from two vantage
points: the type of structures that are provided by advanced technologies, that is
structures that actually emerge in human action as people interact with these
these systems (ICT) hold high hopes for their potential to change organizations
for the better, but actual changes often do not occur, or occur inconsistently. De-
Sanctis and Porle (1994) add that the past decade has brought advanced
information management.
However, many researchers believe that the effects of advanced technologies are
less a function of the technologies themselves than how they are used by people.
technology can only be realized if the interaction between technological tools and
human are effective; it is not only technology itself that brings change in the
technology, the actual behaviours of technology users often differ from the
intended impact of the technology fails to yield any effect or the effect
unnoticeably happens.
adapt systems to their particular work needs, or they resist them or fail to use
them at all, and there are wide variances in the patterns of computer use and
innovation diffusion theory, which has been applied at both individual (ROGERS)
moves from the stage of invention to widespread use (or not). Though not
28
social practices and norms among its users), complexity (its ease of use or
use it), and observability (the extent to which the technology's outputs and its
gains are clear to see). Each of these characteristics on its own is insufficient to
predict either the extent or the rate of diffusion, but diffusion studies have
will be more extensively and rapidly diffused than an innovation with the cluster
diffusion literature found that three of these characteristics had the greatest
KLEIN).
acceptance and diagnose design problems before users have experience with a
Within TAM, perceived usefulness (U) is defined as the degree to which a user
believes that using the system will enhance his or her performance. Perceived
Ease of Use (EOU) is defined as the degree to which the user believes that using
the system will be free from effort. Both U and EOU are specific perceptions and
are anchored to specific beliefs users hold about the system. According to TAM,
U and EOU have a significant impact on a user's attitude toward using the system
(Thus, attitude is a general construct not tied to any specific beliefs about the
shown that BI is the strongest predictor of actual use (Davis et al., Taylor Todd).
There are several interesting differences between TAM and TRA. First, Davis et
al explicitly dropped subjective norms from the model, arguing that the subjective
norm construct is context-driven. They explain that, while subjective norms may
be important in some settings, in the empirical work validating TAM, it was not
the technology studied was of a personal and individual nature (i.e., use of the
30
technology was not dependent on others' use of the same technology), system
usage was not likely driven by social influences Another important difference is
that TAM proposes a direct path from perceived usefulness to intention, violating
TRA which shows attitude completely mediating the relationship between beliefs
and intention. According to Davis et al, in the work environment, intentions to use
individual's overall attitude toward that system. In other words, even though an
employee may dislike a system, that employee may still use the system if it is
final note of interest regarding TAM's divergence from TRA is the direct effect of
EOU on U. In other words, when faced with two systems offering identical
functionality, a user should find the easier one to be more useful. Davis states that
should become more productive overall. The converse (that U influences EOU)
does not hold, however. Thus, from a theoretical perspective, perceived ease of
outputs. As the theory has moved on from its original psychodynamic model of
human behavior, the term "socio-technical" has become synonymous with almost
any analysis of a configuration of technology and users (Cherns 1976), though its
use in the present chapter is linked more closely to the researchers and
own (in the form of its technical capability) has little meaning for purposes of
concern with one user and an interface, socio-technical systems theory argues that
among workers over the course of a task, supervisory relationships, and general
hinges on the ability and willingness of users to employ it for worthwhile tasks
technology design that emphasizes holistic job satisfaction (rather than just task
stakeholders, not just the direct users of a technology, the formation of planning
groups to oversee the design, the performance of prototyping exercises, and the
analysis of likely impact the technology will have on the organization (Eason).
society and in many scientific domains as well as a framework with which we can
come from the shift in attention from the part to the whole, considering the
relationships between the parts themselves and the events they produce through
their interaction become much more important, with the result that system
elements are rationally connected towards a shared purpose (Golinelli, 2009). The
phenomenon simply by breaking it up into elementary parts and then reforming it;
descriptive research design was used. The population comprised all the 11 public
Universities in the 6 states of south west Nigeria. Purposive and stratified random
sampling technique was used to determine the sampled unit. Data collected were
use of ICT in some South West Nigerian Colleges of Education. Simple random
technique was used for the study. A population of 105 administrative staff was
used and data collected was analyzed electronically with SPSS. The results show
that less than 35% of the sampled colleges use computers. Presently, this suggest
disgruntled and sluggish use and integration of ICT in their work processes.
Adedjis study and the present study appears to have certain similarity since they
both addressed the issue of ICT utilization. However, the difference lies in both
the time and geographic scope. While Adedeji focused on Colleges of Education
in the South-western part of Nigeria, the present study will focus on the South-
Education (COE) Kesfura-Ala, Benue State, Nigeria. A total of two hundred and
eight-seven staff were sampled. The researchers adopted ex-post facto research
design. Data collected was analysed using frequency and percentages. The result
of the study was 87.5% of the staff lack the use of computers and 82.5% of the
staff were not connected to internet services. The study concludes that ICT
resources were not available and for that reason they lack access to internet
services
35
The result obtained by Jude and Dankaro (2012) appears to address only the
utilization of internet services thereby making its focus limited in terms of areas
of ICT utilization. The present study however is going beyond this limitation by
Using the binomial distribution to analyze the data on a study titled: The
impact of ICT in the offices of Mai Idris Alooma Polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe
State, Nigeria, Uchenna (2010), finds among other things that majority of the
respondents spend less time doing their work with computer due to speed,
efficiency and effectiveness, that most respondents lack the basics of computer
operation and indicated that their greatest computer threat is computer virus,
software malfunctioning, lack of power supply and fear of system failure. The
study further revealed the challenges of using ICT facilities in office in relation to
Uchenna (2010) in his study concentrated on the challenges that affect ICT
utilization in Mai Idris Alooma polytechnic while this present study seeks to
in South-east Nigeria. Their differences can be seen in the area of content scope,
Adegun (2014), investigated the use of ICT among women of tertiary institutions
in Ekiti State. Three research questions and one hypothesis guided the study based
on knowledge, usage and challenges facing women in the use of ICT. The study
was a descriptive research design of the survey type. The population comprised all
36
the tertiary institutions in the state. A sample of one university, only one existing
polytechnic and college of education was purposively used for the study. A self
designed and validated questionnaire was used for data collection. Data obtained
were analyzed using the simple percentage, mean and one way ANOVA. The
study revealed that the women have adequate knowledge of the ICT tools that
could enhance their effectiveness, the usage of ICT was low among women and a
unavailability of the necessary tools, lack of adequate training and others were
created. Moreover, an effective and sustainable ICT policy and programmes that
Polytechnic, one State owned Polytechnic; one Private owned Polytechnic and
two ICT based Polytechnics. Sixty subjects were randomly selected from the
and past researches. The research instruments were questionnaire which was
statically analyzed with contingency tables, while the hypotheses were both tested
at 5% level of significance using the mean statistic. It was discovered that there is
37
(ICT) and the administration of polytechnic. Therefore, the finding revealed that
private individuals) should procure more ICT facilities and equipment to enhance
College of Education and were all done outside the South-East zone. This study
Nigeria.
knowledge in this field of study. The review was presented under the following
colleges of education performance. He also took into review some of the studies
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY
The design adopted for the study was the descriptive survey design,
because the study was aimed at collecting data on ICT utilization in colleges of
design was appropriate since the number of element (population) under study was
known.
The target population for the study consisted of all senior personnel in the bursary,
student affairs, and admission units of the eleven (11) Colleges of Education in
the South-East Nigeria which the available record places at 554 personnel. The
A sample of two hundred and thirty two (232) respondents was selected
through the Simple random sampling technique (balloting). The sample was made
up of Ninety eight (98) males and one hundred and thirty four (134) females.
3.4 Instrument
The instrument for data collection for the study was a structured
while section B contained statement items based on the specific purposes of the
study. The questionnaires were structured in a likert format of very large extent
(VLE), (5); large extent (LE),(4); undecided (U), (3); very low extent (VLE),(2);
The researcher submitted the research instrument together with the research
Educational Measurement and Evaluation for face and content validation, the
and relevance to the content. Their inputs were used to further modify the items
opined by Nworgu (2006) refers to the extent which an instrument measures what
it was designed to measure. Effecting the inputs of the experts, helped in ensuring
face and content validity of the instrument. The researcher used pilot study to
establish validity by selecting some respondents from the study organization and
A comparison of the outcome of the two different tests will show whether the
twice in the institutions with a gap of two weeks. In each case the researcher will
by r with the aid of statistical software known as SPSS version 20.0 and the
instrument was regarded as reliable since the value of r is greater than 0.5.
and her three research assistants. The research assistants were used to ensure that
the instruments were dispensed and collected as soon as the respondents were
through. The research assistants were trained for 2 days to enable them
understand the aim of the study, administration of the instrument and effective
In analyzing the data collected, mean and standard deviation were used to
answer the research questions posed while the Chi-Square statistical tool was used
to test the hypotheses at 5% level of significance. The decision rule was to reject
the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than the level of significance.
43
CHAPTER FOUR
In this Chapter, analyses of data collected were presented. The results of the
analyses were presented in tables and the summary of the findings was also given.
Here, the data was analyzed by analyzing the research questions, and thereafter
the hypotheses were analytically justified.
The result of Table 4.1 shows that the mean response scores on to what extent is
ICT utilized in record administration in Colleges of Education in South East
agreed to the items with mean scores above the criterion mean of 3.00.
Table 4.2: Mean Responses on to what extent ICT is utilized in the performance
of library services in Colleges of Education in South East
The result of Table 4.2 shows that the mean response scores on to what extent is
ICT utilized in the performance of library services in Colleges of Education in
South East agreed to the items with mean scores above the criterion mean of 3.00.
Table 4.3: Mean Responses on to what extent ICT is utilized in personnel services
in Colleges of Education in South East
45
The result of Table 4.3 shows that the overall mean response scores on to what
extent is ICT utilized in personnel services in Colleges of Education in South East
agreed to the items with mean scores above the criterion mean of 3.00.
Table 4.4: Mean Responses on to what extent ICT is utilized in security services
in Colleges of Education in South East
25 We use geo-location devices that are used to detect 232 4.15 Agreed
physical environmental threats like earth tremor and
erosion in our school
26 Our offices are fitted with smoke/fire alert system 232 4.31 Agreed
27 Record storage systems in our college are fitted with 232 4.32 Agreed
anti-fire devices.
Cluster Mean 4.36
The result of Table 4.4 shows that the overall mean response scores on to what
extent is ICT utilized in security services in Colleges of Education in South East
agreed to the items with mean scores above the criterion mean of 3.00.
Testing of Hypotheses
Hypothesis One
Chi-Square Tests
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 7.80.
From the above table, Since the p-value or sig. (0.000) < the alpha level (0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is significant difference in the
47
Hypothesis Two
East,Nigeria.
Chi-Square Tests
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 31.33.
From the above table, Since the p-value or sig. (0.000) < the alpha level (0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis and conclude there is significant difference in the
Hypothesis Three
Chi-Square Tests
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 32.00.
From the above table, Since the p-value or sig. (0.000) < the alpha level (0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is significant difference in
South-East Nigeria
Hypothesis Four
Chi-Square Tests
a. 0 cells (0.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is 25.92.
49
From the table above, Since the p-value or sig. (0.000) < the alpha level (0.05),
we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that there is significant difference in
South-East Nigeria
In the discussion of the findings, the results of the analysis were discussed. The
null hypothesis for research question one was rejected which implied that there
was significant difference in the extent of ICT Utilization in record administration
of colleges of education in South-East Nigeria. The finding agreed with
Egwunyenga (2006), who asserts that educators are fast realizing the need for
using computer for the keeping and management of school records. It was in line
with Olagboye(2004) who posits that the few school authorities that have adopted
the electronic record-keeping practice in their record management system have
risen above such problems of storage and retrieval, as ICT affords the opportunity
to have a quick and easy view of all the records on school activities.
In the second research question, the null hypothesis was also rejected
implying there was significant difference in the extent of ICT utilization in the
provision of library services in Colleges of education in South-East Nigeria. The
finding disagreed with Alakpodia (2010) who argues that there is a need for
todays librarians to embrace information literacy skill for this will enable them to
function properly in this 21st century. He also said that with daily explosion of
information resources, librarians are faced with challenges of using these
resources effectively and responsibly. Hence, there is a need for provision of
instruction information literacy. The study agreed with Oyelekan (2010) who
opined that academic libraries are meant to enhance access to variety of
information resources and range of services. He said that the integration of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in library in the 1960s did not
50
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
The resarch work was to ascertain the extent of ICT Utilization in Colleges of
Education in the South East, Nigeria. Hence, it became necessary to summarize
the findings. The null hypothesis for research question one was rejected which
implied that there was significant difference in the extent of ICT Utilization in
record administration of colleges of education in South-East Nigeria. In the
second research question, the null hypothesis was rejected implying that the
extent of ICT utilization in the provision of library services in Colleges of
education in South-East Nigeria was significant. The null hypothesis in research
question three was rejected implying that there was significant difference in the
extent of ICT utilization in the personnel services of Colleges of education in
South-East Nigeria. Finally, the null hypothesis in research question four was
rejected implying that there was significant difference in the extent of ICT
utilization in the security services of Colleges of education in South-East Nigeria.
5.2 Conclusion
Data were obtained through questionnaires and the results were all collected
according to their research questions. Through the available data at the
researchers disposal, the researcher was able to discover the followings.
52
The researcher discovered that there was a weak relationship between the
extent of ICT utilization in record administration, provision of library services and
personnel services of colleges education in South-East, Nigeria. This will lead to
loss of essential documents in the side of the college administration and loss of
academic information of students in data base.
This study will spur the management of colleges of education into action to
fully utilize ICT in their schools. This ICT when fully utilized, will lead to
effective administration, easy research for both students and lecturers and as well
up-dated information as it regards online teaching and learning.
5.4 Recommendation
From the study, it could be concluded that many institutional administrators in the
college understudied are not ICT driven and government on its own part also
53
failed to provide ICT facilities in the College of Education. Based on the findings
of the study, the following suggestions are recommended:
i. Adequate provision of ICT facilities should be made into the college of
education South-East of Nigeria by the government.
ii. Institutional Administrators should be encouraged to be ICT driven so as to
boost their productivity.
iii. Government should creat--------------------------------------------------e ICT
awareness and effective training of the institutional administrators.
iv. Government should carry out needs assessment to facilitate development
and deployment of ICT in college of education.
v. Emphasis should be made on the policies that will promote the use of ICT
for administrative purposes in Colleges of Education.
REFERENCES
Ashish, K., & Arun, K. (2005). IT based KM for Institutions of Higher Education
A Need. Journal of Higher Education in India, vol. 43, pp. 4 - 9.
Asiabaka, I.P. & Oku, O.O. (2009). Access and use of Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) Among Administrators of Tertiary
Institutions in Imo State, Nigeria.
Bandele, S.O. (2001). Computer Science Education for Tertiary Instructions. Ado-
Ekiti: Niyi Commercial and Printing Ventures.
Boddy, D., Boonstra, A., & Kennedy, G. (2005). Managing Information Systems:
An Organizational Perspective. Britain: Pearson Educational Limited.
Capra, F. (1997). The Web of Life: A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter.
London: Flamingo.
56
Gray, D. L., & Smith, E. A. (2007). Case studies in 21st century School
administration: Addressing challenges for educational leadership. USA:
Sage Publications, Inc.
57
Horn M.C. & Siew, K.P.W. (2011). Enabling Teaching and Learning Through the
Use of ICT in Singapore Universities. The Workshop on Analysis of Cross-
Border Higher Education for Regional Integration and Labour Market in
East Asia. Bangkok, Thailand.
Obiora, N., & Francisca, E.O. (2011). ICT in Education: A Catalyst for Effective
use of Information. PNLA Quarterly.
Osundina, D.O. (2007). ICT and occupational Oriented Skills for People with
Disability in Babalola J.B., Akpa G.O. and Ayeni A.O. (Eds.), Managing
Technical and Vocational Education in the Era of Globalization. NEAP
Publications.
Pelegrum, W., & Plomp, T. (1993). The IEA Study of Computers in Education:
Implementation of an innovation in 21st Education Systems. United
Kingdom: Pergamon Press.
Satpathy S.K, Maharana R.K and Panda S.K (2012). Use of Information
Communication Technology (ICT) Based Services by Faculty members and
Students of One Premier Engineering College of Odisha. International
Journal of Digital Library Services. 2(3). 76-91.
Trist, E.L., Higuin, G.W, Murray, H & Pallock, A.G. (1963). Organizational
Choice: Capabilities of Groups at the coal face Under Changing
Technologies. London. Tavistko Publishers.
61
Uchenna, O.C. (2010). The Impact of ICT on the Administration of Mai idris
alooma Polytechnic, Geidam, Yobe State, Nigeria. Journal of
Communication and Culture: International Perspective Vol.1 No.3,
December, 2010.
Ulf, E. (2009). Ways to use ICTs in Schools to Optimize the Impact on Teaching
and Learning. Paper Presented at ECER, Vienner, Australia.
Ulf, F. (2009). Ways to Use ICT in Schools to Optimize the Impact on Teaching
and Learning. Paper Presented at ECER, Vienna, Australia.
Appendix I
QUESTIONNAIRE
Dear Respondents,
The respondents sincere and accurate responses on the issues raised in this
questionnaire are kindly solicited.
Thanks.
Yours sincerely,
Iheagwara Beatrice N.
63
SECTION A
Personal Data
SECTION B
Instruction: Please tick () to the option applicable to you. Note: SA= Strongly
APPENDIX II