The phenomenon of efflorescence further complicates (b) Routinely monitor the quality of the product for
compliance with the specification.
curing in practice. After moulding and on drying, soluble
calcium hydroxide may migrate to the surface of the block, Measures under category (a) include:
particularly if it is porous. Here the calcium hydroxide Regularly monitor changes in grading and moisture
content of aggregates.
combines with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to
form less soluble calcium carbonate which is white in Monitor mix consistence.
colour. Known as lime bloom, it is particularly noticeable Measure wet density of blocks (by weighing). Causes for
on coloured pavers. Other than for aesthetic reasons, a change in density must be investigated.
lime bloom is not a problem and will disappear with time The more routine quality/compliance tests under category
by normal weathering and the action of rainwater which is (b) include:
mildly acidic. It can also be removed by chemical treatment.
Check on dimensions of blocks.
Unfortunately, the severity of lime bloom increases with
effectiveness of wet curing.
Test strength of blocks.
Carry out abrasion tests at an appropriate age. (The
In practice, curing can be effected in one of three ways: majority of available tests are too severe for testing
moisture retention, steam curing and thermal insulation. at an early age before the cement paste has matured
These methods are discussed in the following paragraphs. or developed good bond with the aggregates the
abrasion test is more useful as a tool for formulating
the optimum mix proportion and manufacturing pro-
Moisture retention cedures necessary to ensure good wear resistance.)
This is the least sophisticated method; it is especially
effective for blocks that are less dense and thus tend to
Appendix
lose moisture rapidly. Loss of moisture from newly made
Typical gradings for aggregate and cement combined.
blocks is prevented by wrapping them in plastic sheeting.
Sieve size Cumulative
However, if blocks are stored under moist conditions
mm percentage passing
whereby condensation can occur (eg overnight when
9,5 100
pavers are stored under plastic sheeting), lime bloom and
6,7 85100
staining (colour changes) can still occur.
4,75 75100
2,36 6080
Steam curing
1,18 4865
Although steam curing adds to production costs it is
0,60 3855
particularly good for early strength development, provision of
0,30 3045
adequate wear resistance and prevention of lime bloom and
0,15 2740
staining. This system is unaffected by seasonal changes.
0,075 2335
(Cement extenders respond well to elevated temperatures.)
Published by the Cement & Concrete Institute, Midrand, 1997, reprinted 1999, 2000, 2005.
Cement & Concrete Institute