1 Introduction 3
2 Preliminary Concepts 5
2.1 Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Univalent Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Caratheodory Class P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Certain Related Subclasses of Univalent Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Classes of Starlike and Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.2 Classes of Close to Convex and Quasi Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Certain Useful Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.1 Subclasses of Analytic Functions of Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.2 Convolution or Hadamard Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.3 Dierential Subordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Some Linear Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.1 Bernardi Integral Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.2 Ruscheweyh Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.3 CarlsonShaer Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6.4 Noor Integral Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6.5 Fractional Calculus Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.7 Some Analytic Functions related with Conic Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8 Generalization of Classes U CV , ST and Related Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.9 Some Useful Results Related to Dierential Subordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1
3 Some Classes of Analytic Functions Linked with Conic Domains 27
3.1 Classes U ST (g) and U CV (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 Some Convolution and Inclusion Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Some Classes Related to U ST (g) and U CV (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Certain Inclusion and Convolution Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
5 Conclusion 56
2
Chapter 1
Introduction
3
analytic function. Inclusion results related to these classes are investigated using the convex
hull technique and dierential subordination, and their invariance under the convolution with
convex function has also been examined.
In fourth chapter, we rst redene the conic domain translated by factor along real axis.
Then we dene the classes of order and type [18] with respect to g(z) using convolution
technique, that is, U CV (g), U ST (g), U CC (g), U QC (g), and U M (g).
Some inclusion relations between these classes are investigated. In the end, certain special cases
have been discussed by taking g (z) the linear operators that are dened in the rst chapter.
Invariance of some linear operators is also discussed under these classes, and some inclusion
results are also examined.
And the nal chapter of this dissertation is dedicated to the conclusion of our work.
4
Chapter 2
Preliminary Concepts
In this chapter, we give a brief summary of denitions and basic concepts which are to be used
in the henceforth coming chapters. We have also described dierent properties of some clases.
We will need the concepts of this chapter throughout our work.
A complexvalued functoin f that is, analytc in D represents a functoin of the variable z, that
can be dierentiated at every point of the domain D.
Let f (z) be a complex-valued functoin. Then f (z) will be analytc at a point zo if its derivative
exists at zo and in some neighborhood of zo . A functoin f is called analytc in D if it is analytc
at each point of D.
Let D C be a simply-connected domain with having atleast two boundary points. Then
there is a unique analytc functoin w (z) which maps the domain conformally onto the open unit
disc E = fz : jzj < 1g.
Riemann Mapping Theorem is also known as Existence and Uniqueness Theorem. Due
to this theorem, we have been able to transform any arbitrary domain D (as specied in the
5
theorem) into E. In this thesis, our frame of work will be in the open unit disc E else stated
otherwise.
Class A of Analytic Functions [6] In Univalent Function Theory, we are mainly con-
cerned with clas A of all analytc functoins, dened in E = fz : jzj < 1g and normalized by the
conditions f (0) = 0 = f 0 (0) 1. Thus each f (z) 2 A has a series expansion form as
1
X
f (z) = z + am z m ; z 2 E: (2.1)
m=2
A single valued functoin f is referred as univalent functoin in E if the functoin never takes the
same value twice, that is, provides a one-to-one correspondence between the domain E and the
image domain f (E).
Let f (z) 2 A. Then f (z) is univalent in E, if f (z3 ) 6= f (z4 ) for all points z3 and z4 in E. In
other words, f (z) is one-to-one mapping of E onto another domain.
Class S of Univalent Functions [6] If a functoin f (z) can be expressed as (2.1) and is
univalent then it it is known as normalized univalent functoin. The clas of all normalized
univalent functoins in E, is denoted by S. Koebe functoin k(z) is the leading example of the
clas S. It is dened as
1
X
z
k (z) = =z+ mz m ; z 2 E: (2.2)
(1 z)2 m=2
1
The above functoin maps E conformally on the entire plane cutting negative real axis from 4
jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :
6
This inequality is sharp and sharpness can be seen for the Koebe functoin dened by (2.2).
jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 0 1+
jf (z)j :
(1 + )3 (1 )3
These results are sharp. Koebe functoin given by (2.2) and some of its rotations provide equality
in the above relations.
and this result is sharp. Koebe functoin k(z) dened as (2.2) provides the equality.
The clas of functoins with positive real part is also known as Caratheodory clas. This clas
plays a very important role in Geometric Function Theory. All the subclases of the univalent
functoins are somehow related to this clas. Therefore, we will include in this section the brief
denitions and properties related to this clas.
7
Denition 2.3.1 [6]
The clas of all analytc functoins h (z) in E that are normalized by h(0) 1 = 0, and Re(h(z)) > 0,
for z 2 E, is denoted by P . The functoins in this clas are dened as
1
X
h (z) = 1 + sm z m () Re(h(z)) > 0; z 2 E: (2.3)
m=1
The speciality of clas P is that it maps E on the right open half plane. The Mbius functoin
1
X
1+z
L0 (z) = = 1 + 2z + 2z 2 + =1+2 zm
1 z
m=1
plays a very central role in the clas of functoins with positive real part. For details see [6].
jam j 2; m = 1; 2; 3; :::
The above inequality is sharp and equality is given by Mbius functoin L0 (z).
1 1+
Re fp(z)g jp(z)j ;
1+ 1
2
p0 (z) :
(1 )2
These bounds are sharp and equality holds for Mbius functoin L0 (z).
In this section, we present some subclases of normalized univalent functoins such as clas of
convex, starlike, and the related clases. An introduction to these clases with their certain
8
properties are presented here. This knowledge will enable us to investigate certain properties
related to univalent functoins.
We will have a mean of more piercing study of univalent functoins, if we come to know that
it maps the open unit disc E onto the domains with certain geometric properties. The best
examples of such domains are those of convex and star-shapped domains.
Any domain D C is called star-shapped with respect to a point u1 2 D, if any line segment
joining u1 to any other point u of D lies entirely in D.
Let f (z) be an analytc functoin in S. Then f maps E on a star-shaped domain relating to
u1 = 0 i
zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E: (2.4)
f (z)
Such type of functoins are known as starlike in E relating to u1 = 0. We denote the clas of all
star-like functoins by S . The best example of a starlike functoins is k(z) dened in (2.2), and
we can easily verify that k(z) 2 S .
jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :
This above inequality is sharp as the equality holds for Koebe functoin k (z) dened in (2.2)
and its rotations.
9
Suppose f (z) 2 S with z = e in E: Then
jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 1+
f 0 (z) ;
(1 + )3 (1 )3
m!(m + )
f (m) (z) ; m 2:
(1 )m+2
All of the above results provide sharpness with equality holding for some suitable rotation of
Koebe functoin k(z) dened as (2.2).
Denition 2.4.2
Any domain D C can be known as convex if for each couple of points in the interior of the
domain D, the line segment joining these points lies entirely in the interior of the D.
Let g(z) 2 S, then g(z) maps E onto a convex domain i
(zg 0 (z))0
Re > 0; z 2 E: (2.5)
g 0 (z)
Such type of functoins are called convex in E. The clas of all convex functoins is dneoted by C.
Consider functoin g(z) 2 A, dened as
1
X
z
g (z) = =z+ z m ; z 2 E: (2.6)
1 z
m=2
jam j 1, m = 2; 3; 4; : : : :
This result is sharp and equality holds for some suitable rotation of g(z) dened as (2.6).
10
Suppose f (z) 2 C with z = e in E. Then
jf (z)j ;
1+ 1
0
jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
m!
jf (m) (z)j ; 8m 2:
(1 )m+1
These inequalities are sharp and equality holds for some suitable rotation of the functoin g(z)
dened by (2.6).
Suppose that f 2 A and let w 6= f (z). Then f (z) assumes every value in the disc jwj < 21 :
Let f belongs to A. Then f is said to be in the clas K of close to convex functoins, if it satises
the property
zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; (2.8)
(z)
for some (z) 2 S ; z 2 E. Koebe functoin k(z) given by (2.2) is one of the excellent examples
of functoins in clas K.
jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :
11
This bound is sharp and equality holds for suitable rotations of Koebe functoin k(z) given by
(2.2).
jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 1+
jf 0 (z)j :
(1 + )3 (1 )3
The above mentioned bounds are sharp and equality holds for suitable rotations of Koebe
functoin k(z) given by (2.2).
0
Suppose f (z) 2 A with f (z) 6= 0. A compulsory and adequate condition for f; in clas K is
that for every 0 < < 1 and pair 1; 2 with condition that 0 2 1 2 ; we have
Z2 ( 0 0
)
(zf (z))
Re > ; z = ei 2 E:
f 0 (z)
1
Remark 2.4.1 If we choose (z) = f (z) in (2.8), we get clas S and thus the inclusion S K
is established.
Let f belongs to A. Then f will be in clas C of quasii convex functoins, if it satises following
property
(zf 0 (z))0
f 2 C , Re 0 > 0;
(z)
for some (z) 2 C; z 2 E. We note that g (z), dened by (2.6), is in the clas C .
12
Let f (z) belongs to C and dened as (2.1). Then
jam j 1; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :
This result is sharp. The equality is provided by g(z) dened by (2.6) or one of its suitable
rotations.
jf (z)j ;
1+ 1
1 1
jf 0 (z)j :
(1 + )2 (1 )2
These bounds are sharp as shown by the functoin g(z) denoted by (2.6).
g(z) 2 C () zg 0 (z) 2 K:
Lemma 1 [6]
Suppose (z); (z) are analytc in E, and (0) = (0) = 0 with (z) 2 S .
Then
0 (z) (z)
Re 0 (z)
> 0 implies Re > 0; z 2 E:
(z)
13
A functoin f (z) 2 C is close to convex that is
C K:
(zf 0 (z))0
Re 0 > 0; (z) 2 C; z 2 E:
(z)
As (z) 2 C S , so by taking (z) = zf 0 (z); (z) = (z) and applying Lemma (1), we obtain
zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E:
(z)
1. C S K S:
2. C C K S:
From above inclusion results, we note that there does not exist any inclusion relation between
subclases C and S . For details, we refer to [19] and [22].
In this section, we give some denitions which are going to be used later in our work.
Let P ( ); 0 < 1 be clas of functoins h (z). Then for a functoin h1 (z) 2 P; we can write
14
This clas P ( ) is known a clas of Caratheodory functoins of order :
From the above denition, we can now dene respectively the clases of starlike, convex,
close to convex and quasii convex functoins of order ; 0 < 1; as follows
zf 0 (z)
S ( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); z 2 E ; (2.10)
f (z)
(zf 0 (z))0
C( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); z 2 E ;
f 0 (z)
zf 0 (z)
K( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); (z) 2 S ; z 2 E ; (2.11)
(z)
(zf 0 (z))0
C ( ) = f 2A: 0 2 P ( ); (z) 2 C; z 2 E :
(z)
1 +2 1+ 2
Re p(z) jp(z)j :
1+ 1
Let s (z) and t (z) be two analytc functoins, dened in E and given as
1
X 1
X
n
s(z) = cn z ; t(z) = dn z n : (2.12)
n=0 n=0
1
X
(s t)(z) = cn dn z n ; z 2 E: (2.13)
n=0
15
3. (g s) (z) = s (z) ; s 2 A where g (z) is a convex functoin dened by (2.6).
6. s (z) t (z) 2 C when s (z), t (z) both belong to C, see also [31].
Lemma 2 [31]
Let (z) 2 A be convex univalent, z (z) 2 S . Then, for every analytc functoin H (z) in
E, with H(0) 1 = 0, we have
Lemma 3 [33]
Let (z), z (z) 2 A be univalent starlike of order 1 2. Then, for every functoin H (z) 2 A
The convex hull of a set E in C is the intersection of all convex sets containing E.
h G if h (0) = G (0) ;
and
h (E) G (E) :
16
2.6 Some Linear Operators
The study of linear operators, both dierential and integral, is considered to be important in
the theory of geometric functoins. This section is basaed on some of these operators which have
been used in our work.
Denition 2.6.1
Let g(z) 2 A, then the Bernardi integral operator [6, 17] is dened as
Z z
!+1
F (z) = I! (g (z)) = s! 1
g(s)ds; ! > 1: (2.14)
z! 0
Special Cases
Z z
g(s)
I0 g(z) = ds:
0 s
Z z
2
I1 g(z) = g(s)ds:
z 0
z
Dn g (z) = g (z) ; n 2 N0 = f0; 1; 2; :::g
(1 z)n+1
so that
z zn 1 g (n) (z)
Dn g (z) = (2.15)
n!
17
This operator Dn was introduced by Ruscheweyh. And the operator Dn g is called the
nth-order Ruscheweyh derivative of g, see [32]
The following identity can easily be esablished from (2.15).
We note that
(i) In (2.16), we have for, n = 0, D0 g (z) = g (z).
(ii) For n = 1, D1 g (z) = zg 0 (z).
1
X (c)n n+1
(c; e; z) = z (z 2 E; c 2 C; e 2
= f0; 1; 2; g) : (2.18)
(e)n
n=0
(y)n is the Pochhammer symbol dened, with the help of Gamma functoin , as
8
(y + n) < 1 (n = 0; y 6= 0) ;
(y)n = =
(y) : y(y + 1) : : : (y + n 1) (n 2 N = f1; 2; 3; g) .
and
z (L (c; e) f (z))0 = cL (c + 1; e) f (z) (c 1) L (c; e) f (z), (c > 0) : (2.19)
18
We note that L (n + 1; 1) f (z) = Dn f (z), see [2].
Denition 2.6.4
By setting
z
fn (z) = ;
(1 z)n+1
( 1)
alos dening fn (z) in terms of Hadamard product as
z
fn (z) fn( 1)
(z) = ; z 2 E;
1 z
( 1)
z
In g(z) = fn( 1) (z) g(z) = g(z); z 2 E; (2.20)
(1 z)n+1
where g 2 A, and n 2 N0 . This operator In g(z) is known as Noor integral operator of g of order
n , see [13, 15]. We can easily observe that
We note that
(i) For n = 0, I0 g(z) = zg 0 (z).
(ii) For n = 1, I1 g(z) = g(z).
By correspondence with the Ruscheweyh operator D ( > 1), we get
z
f (z) = +1
(1 z)
z
(f f ; ) (z) = ; z 2 E: (2.21)
(1 z)
19
can be dened as
I ; f (z) = f ; (z) f (z) ; f 2 A; > 1; > 0: (2.22)
By applying (2.19), (2.21), (2.23) and certain well known identities D f (z), we obtain
(f 2 A; > 1; > 0)
and
Z z
1 d f (x)
Dz f (z) = dx; 0 < 1;
(1 ) dz 0 (z x)
20
dened as
f 00 (z)
Re (z ) +1 > 0; z; 2 E: (2.27)
f 0 (z)
(z ) f 0 (z)
Re > 0; z; 2 E: (2.28)
f (z) f ( )
We note that if we take = 0 in (2.27) and (2.28), we obtain the clases C and S respectively.
The Theorem 2.4.6 provides a link between the clases C and S . No such connection is present
between the clases U CV and U ST as shown in [4], that is, f (z) 2 U CV , i zf 0 (z) 2 U ST
21
failed. Ronning [30] introduced a clas ST dened as
Let f 2 A. Then f is in U CV i
Let g 2 A. Then g 2 ST i
zg 0 (z) zg 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E:
g (z) g (z)
D = u + iv : u2 2
(u 1)2 > 2 2
v : (2.31)
Geometric Interpretation
The above mentioned domain represents a conic region. We obtain the region conned by
imaginary axis for = 0, hyperbola right branch for 0 < < 1, a parabola for = 1, and an
ellipse for > 1, as shown in Figure 1.
22
Figure 1
The univalent functoins mapping E onto D , denoted by p (z); z 2 E, satisfy the conditions
0
p (0) 1 = 0 and p (0) > 0, are dened as
8
> 1+z
>
> ; for = 0;
>
> 1 z
>
> 2 p
>
> 2
< 1+ 1 2 sinh (A( ) arctanh z) ; for 2 (0; 1) ;
p (z) = p
> 1 + 2 log2 1 + pz ;
> for = 1;
>
> 2 1 z
>
> p
>
> 2 z
>
: 1+ 2 sin2
F p ;l ; for > 1;
1 2K(l) l
where A( ) = (2 ) arccos , F (!; l) is the Legendre elliptic integral of the rst kind,
Z !
dx
F (!; l) = p p ; K(l) = F(1; l); (2.32)
0 1 x2 1 l2 x2
23
2.8 Generalization of Classes U CV , ST and Related Classes
zf 00 (z) zf 00 (z)
Re 1 + > ; z 2 E: (2.33)
f 0 (z) f 0 (z)
zf 0 (z) zf 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E: (2.34)
f (z) f (z)
zf 0 (z) zf 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; g(z) 2 U ST; z 2 E: (2.36)
g (z) g(z)
Special Cases
24
2. For = 0, we have the clas S , C, K, and C dened in Section 2.4.
Suppose g 2 U CV , then
zg 00 (z)
1+ p (z) ; z 2 E:
g 0 (z)
zg 0 (z)
p (z) ; z 2 E:
g (z)
Lemma 4 [8]
Let 0 < 1. Also, let ; 2 C be such that 6= 0 and Re + > 0. If p(z) 2 A,
+1
with p(0) 1 = 0, and satises
zp0 (z)
p(z) + p (z); (2.38)
p(z) +
then
p (z) r (z) p ;
zr0 (z)
r(z) + = p (z); (2.39)
r(z) +
25
furthermore, the r (z) is the best dominant of (2.38).
26
Chapter 3
In this chapter we determine and examine some subclases of analytc functoins by using
k uniformly convexity as already described in Section 2.8. We will prove that the new clases
are invariant under convolution with convex functoins and explore various inclusion properties
of these subclases. All these clases have been dened and analized with the help of convex hull
method and by dierential subordination. Also signicant acquaintances of our work with the
previous ones will be given. To avoid repetition, we will take g (z) to be a xed analytc functoin
in A unless otherwise specied.
Denition 3.1.1
z (g f )0 (z) z (g f )0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E: (3.1)
(g f ) (z) (g f ) (z)
Alternatively
27
(g f )(z)
f (z) 2 U ST (g) if, for 6= 0 in E,
z
z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); z 2 E: (3.2)
(g f )(z)
Denition 3.1.2
Alternatively
f (z) 2 U CV (g) if, for (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E,
Special Cases
Certain choices of the parameter , and functoin g (z) in the above described clases, give us
well-known clases. Some of the clases are mentioned below.
1. For = 0, in (3.2) and (3.4) we get the clases discussed by Shanmugum in [34].
z
2. For g (z) = , U ST (g) = U ST and U CV (g) = U CV are respectively
1 z
the clases of uniformly starlike and uniformly convex given in Section 2.8.
then
0
zp (z)
p(z) + p (z) impies that p (z) p (z) : (3.6)
s(z) +
28
3.1.1 Some Convolution and Inclusion Theorems
In this section, we investigate some inclusion relations and convolution properties of the new
subclases given in section 3.1.
Theorem 3.1.1 If f (z) 2 U ST and g (z) be a convex functoin, then f (z) 2 U ST (g).
As it is given that
zf 0 (z)
f (z) 2 U ST; p (z)
f (z)
z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); z 2 E;
(g f )(z)
This fact is well known that C S and f (z) 2 C i zf 0 (z) 2 S . We shall now extend
these results to the clases U ST (g) and U CV (g):
z (g f )0 (z)
s (z) = ; (3.9)
(g f ) (z)
29
Logarithmic dierentiation of (3.9) and after some simplication, we obtain
z (g f )00 (z)
1+ p (z) ;
(g f )0 (z)
therefore
zs0 (z)
s (z) + p (z) ;
s (z)
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) ; z 2 E:
(g f ) (z)
(g f )(z)
Proof. We have two functoins f; g 2 S which satises the condition 6=
z
0, (g f )0 (z) 6= 0, and
z(g zf 0 )0 (z) z (g f )00 (z)
= 1 + :
(g zf 0 )(z) (g f )0 (z)
Now if
f2 U CV (g) ;
Therefore
zf 0 (z) 2 U ST (g):
Conversely, if
zf 0 (z) 2 U ST (g);
30
then by Denition 3.1.1, we have
z (g f )00 (z)
1+ p (z): (3.11)
(g f )0 (z)
Therefore
f2 U CV (g) :
Since
f2 U ST (g); (g f ) 2 U ST S ;
G (g f )
and if follows from Lemma 2 that lies in the convex hull of G(E). But G(z)
(g f )
p (z) and p (z) is convex. Thus, the convex hull of G(E) is a sub set of p (E) and therefore
the required result.
( f) 2 U CV (g): (3.14)
31
Proof. The proof of this result follows immediately by using similar techiques of
Theorem 3.1.3 and Theorem 3.1.4. We include its proof for the sake of completeness.
Theorem 3.1.5 For every convex univalent functoin with (0) = 0; 0 (0) = 1,
Due to the conditions on the functoin g (z), the normalization conditions, are forced upon
.
That is f 2 U ST ( g).
Corollary 3.1.3 For every convex univalent functoin with (0) = 0; 0 (0) = 1,
Proof. The proof of this result follows on by Theorem 3.1.3 and the above stated
theorem.
Denition 3.1.3
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 U CC(g) be the clas of all functoins f (z) given that 6= 0 for all
z
z 2 E and satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); (3.17)
(g )(z)
32
Denition 3.1.4
(z(g f )0 (z))0
p (z); z 2 E; (3.18a)
(g )0 (z)
Denition 3.1.5
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 A; 6= 0; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U M (g), if for 0,
z
is subordinate to p (z):
Special Cases
By taking specic values to , and g (z) in the above described clases, we obtain some known
clases of analytc functoins which are already studied. We list some of these as follows:
2. If we take = 0;and 1 in Denition 3.1.5, we get the clases U ST (g), and U CV (g)
respectively.
3. For = 0, in (3.17), (3.18a) and (3.19), we have the clases introduced in [34].
z
4. For g (z) = , we have U CC(g) = U CC, U QC(g) = U QC and
1 z
U M (g) = U M as dened in Section 2.8.
We now show that the clas U CC(g) is closed under convex convolution.
33
Theorem 3.2.1 Let f (z) 2 U CC (g) with respect to a functoin t (z) 2 U ST (g). Then
for every convex functoin 2 A,
( t) 2 U CC (g) (3.20)
( t) 2 U ST (g):
Let us consider
z (g f )0 (z)
G (z) = :
(g t) (z)
G (z) p (z) ; 8 z 2 E :
Also we have
(g t) 2 U ST S :
Now
Proof. For the proof, we can follow the same pattern as by Theorem 3.1.5.
34
Proof. (a) Consider f 2 U M (g). Let
z (g f )0 (z)
q(z) = ;
(g f ) (z)
then
zq 0 (z)
Jg ( ; f ) = q(z) + :
q (z)
p2 (z) = Jg ( ; f ) p (z) ;
and therefore
1 p1 (z) + p2 (z) p (z) in E:
35
Proof. (a) If we take f (z) = (z) in Denition 3.1.4, we can see that
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) = :
(g ) (z)
0
zp0 (z) z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) + = . (3.26)
z (g )0 (z) (g )0 (z)
(g ) (z)
0
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) :
(g )0 (z)
Therefore
zp0 (z)
p (z) + p (z) :
z (g )0 (z)
(g ) (z)
Since (z) 2 U CV (g) U ST (g), we have
z (g )0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E: (3.27)
(g ) (z)
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) ;
(g ) (z)
which implies that f 2 U CC(g). This completes the proof of part (a).
(b) To prove this, we have two functoins f; satisfying the condition
36
Now if
f2 U QC(g);
with functoin 2 U CV (g), then the left side of (3.28) is subordinate to p (z). Now
0
z (z) 2 U ST (g) ; (3.29)
zf 0 (z) 2 U CC(g):
Conversely, if
zf 0 (z) 2 U CC(g);
z(g zf 0 )0 (z)
p (z): (3.30)
(g )(z)
z 0 (z) = (z):
0
From the above relation (3.28), z (z) is subordinate to p (z), which implies that left hand
side is also subordinate to p (z). That is
(z (g f )0 )0 (z)
p (z);
(g )0 (z)
37
Theorem 3.2.5 If f 2 U QC (g) then for every convex univalent functoin ,
( f) 2 U QC(g). (3.31)
38
Chapter 4
In this chapter, we generalize the concepts given in chapter 3. In the rst section, we take into
account a conic domain translated by . Some results such as inclusion relationships and radii
problems are discussed. In the second section, we use some linear operators to introduce some
new clases of analytc functoins and study their properties.
D ; = (1 )D : + ; (0 < 1) : (4.1)
Geometric Interpretation
As we can see from Figure 2, that D ; is an elliptic domain for > 1, a parabolic domain for
= 1, a hyperbolic domain for 0 < < 1, and the half plane Re (z) > for = 0.
39
Figure 2
D ;0 =D :
The functoins belonging to class A that maps E on the domain D ; , denoted by p ; (z); z 2 E,
0
satisfying the conditions p ; (0) 1 = 0 and p ; (0) > 0, are dened as
8
> 1 + (1 2 ) z
>
> ; for = 0;
>
> 1 z
>
> 2 (1 ) 2 p
>
> 1 + sinh 2
arccos arctanh z ; for 2 (0; 1) ;
>
> 2
< 1 p
p (z) = 2 (1 ) 1+ z
;
>
> 1+ 2
log2 p ; for = 1;
>
> 0 1 z 1
>
> v(z)
>
> (1 ) R p
dx
>
> @ l
p p A+ 1
: 1 + 2 1 sin 2R(l) 0
> 2
1 x 1 l x 2 2 2
1
; for > 1;
40
p
z l R0 (l)
where v (z) = p , l 2 (0; 1) , z 2 E and l is taken such that = cosh , R (l)
1 lz 4R (l)
is the Legendres complete elliptic integral of the rst kind and R0 (l) is the complementarity
integral of R (l), see [9].
We note that if we take the value of = 0, we get p ;0 = p as given in Denition 2.7.4.
Lemma 6 [18]
Let 0 < 1 and let ; be any complex numbers with 6= 0 and Re + > .
+1
If t(z) 2 A with t(0) = 1, and satises
zt0 (z)
t(z) + p ; (z); (4.2)
t(z) +
0
zw ; (z)
w ; (z) + =p ; (z); (4.3)
w ; (z) +
Denition 4.2.1
(g f )(z)
Let U ST (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with condition 6= 0 in E and
z
satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.4)
(g f )(z)
41
Denition 4.2.2
Let U CV (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with condition (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E and
satisfying
z(g f )00 (z)
1+ p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.5)
(g f )0 (z)
Denition 4.2.3
(g f )(z)
Let U CC (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with consdition 6= 0 for all
z
z 2 E and satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p ; (z); 0 < 1; (4.6)
(g )(z)
Denition 4.2.4
(z(g f )0 (z))0
p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E; (4.7)
(g )0 (z)
Denition 4.2.5
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 A; 6= 0; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U M (g), for 0,
z
and 0 < 1, if Jg ( ; f ) dened by (3.19) is subordinate to p ; (z).
We have the following special cases.
1. For = 0, we get the clases which have already been studied in Chapter 3.
42
5. Taking = f , we have the clas U ST (g).
6. If we take = 0;and 1 in Denition 4.2.5, we get the clases U ST (g), and U CV (g)
respectively.
7. For = 0, in these dened clases, we have the clases as already mentioned in chapter 2.
z
8. For g (z) = , U CC(g) = U CC, U QC(g) = U QC and U M (g) =
1 z
U M of order , see [18].
z(g f )0 (z)
s(z) = ; (4.8)
(g f )(z)
Applying logarithmic dierentiation on (4.8) and after doing some simplications, we have
As given that f 2 U CV (g), then by Denition (4.1.4), the right side of (4.9) is subordinate
to p (z) and therefore
zs0 (z)
s (z) + p ; (z):
s (z)
Z 1 Z tz 1
p ; (x) 1
s(z) q ; (z) = exp dx dt p ; (z); (4.10)
0 t x
43
Some special cases of Theorem 4.2.1 are given below.
Corollary 4.2.2 For = 0 and = 0, f 2 C, we have a known result that every convex
functoin is starlike of order 21 .
Corollary 4.2.3 For = 0; 2 (1; 1) and f 2 U CV (g). Then from Theorem 4.2.1,
f2 U ST (g), where
1
= .
1
( + 1) log 1 +
zp0 (z)
p(z) + ; z 2 E:
p(z) z
By replacing p ;0 = , we get
z
z
p(z) q ;0 (z) = :
z
(z ) log 1
1
q ;0 ( 1) = :
1
(1 + ) log 1 +
1
= p .
2
2 ( + 1) + 4 +6 +3
44
Corollary 4.2.4 [6]
1
For = 0, if follows that f 2 S is a convex functoin for jzj < r0 = p .
2+ 3
In this chapter we dene and study the clases of uniformly starlike and uniformly convex
functoins by using some linear operators discussed before. We study inclusion relationships by
varying certain parameters. By considering dierent choices for g (z), we discuss and investigate
some new results as follows:
Case 4.3.1
z
Consider g(z) = in Section 4.2. Then by using Denition 2.6.2, we have the
(1 z)n+1
following clases.
Denition 4.3.1
where Dn f denotes the nth Ruscheweyh derivative and 2 [0; 1), 0 < 1; + > 0; n 2
N0 . We denote this clas by U ST (n).
Alternatively,
if f 2 U ST (n), then
Dn+1 f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn f (z)
Denition 4.3.2
45
where where Dn f denotes the nth Ruscheweyh derivative and g(z) 2 U ST (n) ; 2 [0; 1),
0 < 1; + > 0; n 2 N0 . We denote this clas by U CC (n).
Alternatively,
if f 2 U CC (n) such that g(z) 2 U ST (n), then
Dn+1 f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn g (z)
Dn+1 s (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn s (z)
Z z
!+1
S(z) = I! (s(z)) = x! 1
s(x)dx:
z! 0
or
(1 + !) Dn+1 S (z) = !Dn+1 s (z) + Dn+2 s (z) :
46
Now, by linear operator Dn we get
Thus
Dn+1 s(z)
Take u(z) = , where u(z) = 1 + u1 z + : : :, we have
Dn s(z)
0 0
0 Dn+1 s(z) z Dn+1 s(z) Dn s(z) Dn+1 s(z) z (Dn s (z))0
zu (z) = z =
Dn s(z) (Dn s(z))2
2
Dn+2 s (z) Dn s(z) Dn+1 s(z)
= :
(Dn s(z))2
Thus
Dn+2 s (z) 1
n+1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) :
D s (z) u (z)
1
u (z) zu0 (z) + u (z) + ! u (z)
Dn+1 S(z) u (z)
= (4.12)
Dn S (z) u (z) + !
1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) :
u (z) + !
47
Using (4.12), we obtain
1
u (z) + zu0 (z) p ; (z) ;
u (z) + !
u (z) p ; (z) ;
Corollary 4.3.1 If s(z) 2 U CC (n), given that t (z) 2 U ST (n) with 2 [0; 1),
> 0.
Then
S (z) = I! s (z) 2 U CC (n)
Dn+1 s(z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn t (z)
Z z
!+1
S(z) = I! (s(z)) = x! 1
s(x)dx: (4.13)
z! 0
48
Dierentiating the above equation yields
u (z) p ; (z) ;
49
This completes the proof.
Case 4.3.2
We now take into account g(z) = ' (2; 2 ; z) in Section 4.2 and use Denition 2.6.5 to
obtain the following.
Denition 4.3.1
z( f (z))0 z( f (z))0
Re > 1 + ; 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.15)
f (z) f (z)
Alternatively, if f 2 U ST ( ), then
z( f (z))0
p ; (z) ; 0 1; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
f (z)
Special Cases
In the next denition, we take the general operator dened in (2.26) as follows.
c;d
f (z) = (2 c) z c Dzc (2 d) z d Dzd f (z) ; c; d 6= 2; 3; 4; : : : ; (4.16)
where Dzx f (z) is the fractional derivative of f (z) of order x, as given in Denition 2.6.5
Alternatively, (4.16) can be rewritten as
c;d
f (z) = c ( d f (z)) (4.17)
50
From Denition 4.3.2, we can note that
3. Similarly, we can see that for d = 0 and 1 in (4.16), c;0 f (z) = 0;c f (z) = c f (z) and
c;1 f (z) 0
= z( c f (z)) .
Denition 4.3.3
Corresponding to the operator c;d given by (4.16), we dene the clas U ST (c; d) of functoins
f (z) 2 A, c; d 2 [0; 1], satises the condition
( )
z c;d f (z) 0 z c;d f (z) 0
Re c;d f (z)
> c;d f (z)
1 + ; 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.18)
z c;d f (z) 0
c;d f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 c; d 1; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
It follows that
U ST (c; d) U ST ( ; d) : (4.19)
51
Proof. Let f 2 U ST (c; d). Then
;d c;d
f (z) = L (2; 2 ) df (z) = L (2 c; 2 ) f (z)
c;d
= ' (2 c; 2 ; z) f (z) ;
0 0
;d c;d c;d
z f (z) = L (2; 1) L (2 c; 2 ) f (z) = ' (2 c; 2 ; z) z f (z) :
Corollary 4.3.3 Let 0 < c < 1, 0 < 1 and d 2 [0; 1]. Then
and
U ST (1; d) U ST (c; d) U ST (d) :
U ST (c; d) U ST ( ; ) : (4.20)
Case 4.3.3
Now, we take g(z) = f ; (z) in Section 4.2 and using Denition 2.6.4, we have the following.
52
Denition 4.3.1
By using the operator dened in (2.22), we dene for > 1; > 0; 2 [0; 1), the clas
U ST ( ; ) of functoins f (z) 2 A as
Alternatively, if f 2 U ST ( ; ), then
z (I ; f (z))0
p ; (z) ; > 1; > 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
I ; f (z)
Denition 4.3.2
By the operator dened in (2.22), we dene for > 1; > 0, the clas U CV ( ; ) of
functoins f (z) 2 A as
Alternatively, if f 2 U CV ( ; ), then
z (I ; f (z))00
1+ p ; (z) ; > 1; > 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
(I ; f (z))0
We note that
U ST ( ; + 1) U ST ( ; ) U ST ( + 1; ) :
53
Proof. First we show that
U ST ( ; + 1) U ST ( ; ) :
z (I ; f (z))0
= s(z) (4.24)
I ; f (z)
s0 (z)
s(z) + p ; (z) ; 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
s(z) + 1
s(z) p ; (z) ;
that is, f 2 U ST ( ; ).
Now we prove the other part, that is
U ST ( ; ) U ST ( + 1; ) :
54
Let f 2 U ST ( ; ) and put
z (I +1; f (z))0
= t(z)
I +1; f (z)
where t (z) = 1 + t1 z + t2 z 2 + : : : is analytc and t (z) 6= 0 for all z 2 E. Then by same process
as by the above theorem, we obtian
t (z) p ; (z) in E:
U CV ( ; + 1) U CV ( ; ) U CV ( + 1; ) :
0
f2 U CV ( ; + 1) () I ; +1 f (z) 2 U CV () z (I ; +1 f (z)) 2 U ST
() I 0 (z)) U ST () zf 0 (z) 2 f 2
; +1 (zf 2 U ST ( ; + 1)
=) zf 0 (z) 2 f 2 U ST ( ; ) () I ; (zf 0 (z)) 2 U ST
() z (I ; f (z))0 2 U ST () I ; f (z) 2 U CV
() f (z) 2 U CV ( ; )
and
f2 U CV ( ; ) () zf 0 (z) 2 U ST ( ; )
=) zf 0 (z) 2 U ST ( + 1; ) () z (I +1; f (z))0 2 f 2 U ST
() I +1; f (z) 2 U CV () f (z) 2 U CV ( + 1; )
55
Chapter 5
Conclusion
This work deals with analytc functoins dened in open unit disc E. In this dissertation we
have mainly focused on certain clases of analytc functoins, such as U ST (g), U CV (g),
U CC (g), U QC (g), and U M (g) which infer the idea of uniformly convex and
uniformly starlike functoins. We have used the techniques, such as convex hull, convolution
and dierential subordination to generalize the concepts and some other related problems in
E. These techniques were used to study some inclusion results, and other several interesting
properties of the above mentioned clases. Our work has been divided into ve chapters.
First chapter was to give a brief introduction. In the third and the fourth chapter, we
studied the clases of uniformly convex and related clases. Most of the results in these two
chapters are new. We have proved several interesting results such as inclusion relations, radii
problems and invariance of these clases under convex convolution.
56
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