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Contents

1 Introduction 3

2 Preliminary Concepts 5
2.1 Analytic Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 Univalent Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Caratheodory Class P . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Certain Related Subclasses of Univalent Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4.1 Classes of Starlike and Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.4.2 Classes of Close to Convex and Quasi Convex Functions . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5 Certain Useful Denitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.1 Subclasses of Analytic Functions of Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5.2 Convolution or Hadamard Product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.5.3 Dierential Subordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Some Linear Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.1 Bernardi Integral Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.2 Ruscheweyh Derivative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.6.3 CarlsonShaer Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.6.4 Noor Integral Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.6.5 Fractional Calculus Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.7 Some Analytic Functions related with Conic Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.8 Generalization of Classes U CV , ST and Related Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.9 Some Useful Results Related to Dierential Subordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

1
3 Some Classes of Analytic Functions Linked with Conic Domains 27
3.1 Classes U ST (g) and U CV (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 Some Convolution and Inclusion Theorems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Some Classes Related to U ST (g) and U CV (g) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3.2.1 Certain Inclusion and Convolution Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

4 On Classes of Analytic Function Dened by Linear Operators 39


4.1 Useful Denitions and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2 Some Subclasses of Analytic Functions of Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
4.2.1 Inclusion Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.3 Some Classes Related to Certain Linear Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

5 Conclusion 56

2
Chapter 1

Introduction

The thesis is on "Some Applications of Hadamard Product in Univalent Function Theory".


The work has been divided in ve chapters.
First chapter just contains the review of the study which we are going to discuss later.
In the second chapter, basic concepts and denition of Univalent Function Theory are
presented. The advantage of this section is that it provides a basis for the work which we do
in the subsequent chapters. Caratheodory functions [6] are given in detail, their subclasses
and generalizations have been undertaken as these functions will work as the building blocks
of our theory. Some basic theorems and results are also included. We then study certain
properties of these subclasses which include extremal functions of these respective classes, their
coe cient results, distortion bounds, covering theorems and inclusion results. Then subclasses
of class of Caratheodory functions of order [6, 7] are introduced followed by the concept of
subordination [17] and Hadamard Product [17, 25]. A review of certain linear integral operators
such as Bernardi [17], Ruscheweyh derivative [32], Noor integral operator [3], Carlson and
Shaer operator [2] and Fractional Calculus operator [26] have been given. Then we dene
the classes of analytic functions related with the conic section [8]. A brief introduction of the
generalization of classes of functions connected with conic domain is also included. At the end,
some useful lemmas concerning dierential subordination [8] are listed.
The third chapter is mainly upon the functions related to conic domain. In this section,
we dene certain new classes using well known convolution operator [34] such as U CV (g),
U ST (g), U CC(g), U QC(g), and U M (g) are dened where g(z) is a xed

3
analytic function. Inclusion results related to these classes are investigated using the convex
hull technique and dierential subordination, and their invariance under the convolution with
convex function has also been examined.
In fourth chapter, we rst redene the conic domain translated by factor along real axis.
Then we dene the classes of order and type [18] with respect to g(z) using convolution
technique, that is, U CV (g), U ST (g), U CC (g), U QC (g), and U M (g).
Some inclusion relations between these classes are investigated. In the end, certain special cases
have been discussed by taking g (z) the linear operators that are dened in the rst chapter.
Invariance of some linear operators is also discussed under these classes, and some inclusion
results are also examined.
And the nal chapter of this dissertation is dedicated to the conclusion of our work.

4
Chapter 2

Preliminary Concepts

In this chapter, we give a brief summary of denitions and basic concepts which are to be used
in the henceforth coming chapters. We have also described dierent properties of some clases.
We will need the concepts of this chapter throughout our work.

2.1 Analytic Functions

A complexvalued functoin f that is, analytc in D represents a functoin of the variable z, that
can be dierentiated at every point of the domain D.

Denition 2.1.1 [6, 35]

Let f (z) be a complex-valued functoin. Then f (z) will be analytc at a point zo if its derivative
exists at zo and in some neighborhood of zo . A functoin f is called analytc in D if it is analytc
at each point of D.

Theorem 2.1.1 Riemann Mapping Theorem [6]

Let D C be a simply-connected domain with having atleast two boundary points. Then
there is a unique analytc functoin w (z) which maps the domain conformally onto the open unit
disc E = fz : jzj < 1g.
Riemann Mapping Theorem is also known as Existence and Uniqueness Theorem. Due
to this theorem, we have been able to transform any arbitrary domain D (as specied in the

5
theorem) into E. In this thesis, our frame of work will be in the open unit disc E else stated
otherwise.

Class A of Analytic Functions [6] In Univalent Function Theory, we are mainly con-
cerned with clas A of all analytc functoins, dened in E = fz : jzj < 1g and normalized by the
conditions f (0) = 0 = f 0 (0) 1. Thus each f (z) 2 A has a series expansion form as

1
X
f (z) = z + am z m ; z 2 E: (2.1)
m=2

2.2 Univalent Functions

A single valued functoin f is referred as univalent functoin in E if the functoin never takes the
same value twice, that is, provides a one-to-one correspondence between the domain E and the
image domain f (E).

Denition 2.2.1 [6, 35]

Let f (z) 2 A. Then f (z) is univalent in E, if f (z3 ) 6= f (z4 ) for all points z3 and z4 in E. In
other words, f (z) is one-to-one mapping of E onto another domain.

Class S of Univalent Functions [6] If a functoin f (z) can be expressed as (2.1) and is
univalent then it it is known as normalized univalent functoin. The clas of all normalized
univalent functoins in E, is denoted by S. Koebe functoin k(z) is the leading example of the

clas S. It is dened as
1
X
z
k (z) = =z+ mz m ; z 2 E: (2.2)
(1 z)2 m=2

1
The above functoin maps E conformally on the entire plane cutting negative real axis from 4

to minus innity ( 1).

Theorem 2.2.1 De-Branges Theorem [6]

Let f (z) 2 S be any functoin dened as (2.1), then

jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :

6
This inequality is sharp and sharpness can be seen for the Koebe functoin dened by (2.2).

Theorem 2.2.2 Distortion Theorem [6]

Let f (z) 2 S and z = e 2 E, then

jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 0 1+
jf (z)j :
(1 + )3 (1 )3

These results are sharp. Koebe functoin given by (2.2) and some of its rotations provide equality
in the above relations.

Theorem 2.2.3 Covering Theorem [6]

Let f 2 S with f 6= w, then


1
jwj
4

and this result is sharp. Koebe functoin k(z) dened as (2.2) provides the equality.

Denition 2.2.2 (Schwarz Function) [17]


P1 n
Suppose a functoin, denoted by (z), with (z) = n=1 bn z = b1 z + b2 z 2 + : : : satises
j (z)j < 1, and (0) = 0. Then (z) is called a Schwarz functoin.

2.3 Caratheodory Class P

The clas of functoins with positive real part is also known as Caratheodory clas. This clas
plays a very important role in Geometric Function Theory. All the subclases of the univalent
functoins are somehow related to this clas. Therefore, we will include in this section the brief
denitions and properties related to this clas.

7
Denition 2.3.1 [6]

The clas of all analytc functoins h (z) in E that are normalized by h(0) 1 = 0, and Re(h(z)) > 0,
for z 2 E, is denoted by P . The functoins in this clas are dened as

1
X
h (z) = 1 + sm z m () Re(h(z)) > 0; z 2 E: (2.3)
m=1

The speciality of clas P is that it maps E on the right open half plane. The Mbius functoin

1
X
1+z
L0 (z) = = 1 + 2z + 2z 2 + =1+2 zm
1 z
m=1

plays a very central role in the clas of functoins with positive real part. For details see [6].

Theorem 2.3.1 Caratheodory Theorem [6]

If p(z) 2 P and is given by (2.3), then

jam j 2; m = 1; 2; 3; :::

The above inequality is sharp and equality is given by Mbius functoin L0 (z).

Theorem 2.3.2 Distortion Theorem [6]

Suppose p(z) 2 P with z = e , then

1 1+
Re fp(z)g jp(z)j ;
1+ 1
2
p0 (z) :
(1 )2

These bounds are sharp and equality holds for Mbius functoin L0 (z).

2.4 Certain Related Subclasses of Univalent Functions

In this section, we present some subclases of normalized univalent functoins such as clas of
convex, starlike, and the related clases. An introduction to these clases with their certain

8
properties are presented here. This knowledge will enable us to investigate certain properties
related to univalent functoins.

2.4.1 Classes of Starlike and Convex Functions

We will have a mean of more piercing study of univalent functoins, if we come to know that
it maps the open unit disc E onto the domains with certain geometric properties. The best
examples of such domains are those of convex and star-shapped domains.

Denition 2.4.1 [6]

Any domain D C is called star-shapped with respect to a point u1 2 D, if any line segment
joining u1 to any other point u of D lies entirely in D.
Let f (z) be an analytc functoin in S. Then f maps E on a star-shaped domain relating to
u1 = 0 i
zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E: (2.4)
f (z)

Such type of functoins are known as starlike in E relating to u1 = 0. We denote the clas of all
star-like functoins by S . The best example of a starlike functoins is k(z) dened in (2.2), and
we can easily verify that k(z) 2 S .

Theorem 2.4.1 Coe cient bound for class S [6]

If a functoin f 2 S and is given by (2.1), then

jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :

This above inequality is sharp as the equality holds for Koebe functoin k (z) dened in (2.2)
and its rotations.

Theorem 2.4.2 Distortion bounds for class S [6]

9
Suppose f (z) 2 S with z = e in E: Then

jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 1+
f 0 (z) ;
(1 + )3 (1 )3
m!(m + )
f (m) (z) ; m 2:
(1 )m+2

All of the above results provide sharpness with equality holding for some suitable rotation of
Koebe functoin k(z) dened as (2.2).

Denition 2.4.2

Any domain D C can be known as convex if for each couple of points in the interior of the
domain D, the line segment joining these points lies entirely in the interior of the D.
Let g(z) 2 S, then g(z) maps E onto a convex domain i

(zg 0 (z))0
Re > 0; z 2 E: (2.5)
g 0 (z)

Such type of functoins are called convex in E. The clas of all convex functoins is dneoted by C.
Consider functoin g(z) 2 A, dened as

1
X
z
g (z) = =z+ z m ; z 2 E: (2.6)
1 z
m=2

From (2.5), we can easily verify that g(z) 2 C.

Theorem 2.4.3 Coe cient bound for class C [6]

For every functoin f (z) 2 C, and deened as (2.1), we have

jam j 1, m = 2; 3; 4; : : : :

This result is sharp and equality holds for some suitable rotation of g(z) dened as (2.6).

Theorem 2.4.4 Distortion bounds for class C [6]

10
Suppose f (z) 2 C with z = e in E. Then

jf (z)j ;
1+ 1
0
jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
m!
jf (m) (z)j ; 8m 2:
(1 )m+1

These inequalities are sharp and equality holds for some suitable rotation of the functoin g(z)
dened by (2.6).

Theorem 2.4.5 Covering theorem for class C [6]

Suppose that f 2 A and let w 6= f (z). Then f (z) assumes every value in the disc jwj < 21 :

Theorem 2.4.6 Alexander Theorem [6]

Let g belongs to A, with g 0 (z) 6= 0, z 2 E. Then

g (z) 2 C () zg 0 (z) 2 S ; z 2 E: (2.7)

2.4.2 Classes of Close to Convex and Quasi Convex Functions

Denition 2.4.3 [11]

Let f belongs to A. Then f is said to be in the clas K of close to convex functoins, if it satises
the property
zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; (2.8)
(z)

for some (z) 2 S ; z 2 E. Koebe functoin k(z) given by (2.2) is one of the excellent examples
of functoins in clas K.

Theorem 2.4.7 Coe cient bounds for class K [6]

Suppose f (z) dened as (2.1), be in clas K. Then

jam j m; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :

11
This bound is sharp and equality holds for suitable rotations of Koebe functoin k(z) given by
(2.2).

Theorem 2.4.8 Distortion bounds for class K [6]

Suppose f (z) 2 K with z = e 2 E. Then

jf (z)j ;
(1 + )2 (1 )2
1 1+
jf 0 (z)j :
(1 + )3 (1 )3

The above mentioned bounds are sharp and equality holds for suitable rotations of Koebe
functoin k(z) given by (2.2).

Theorem 2.4.9 [6]

0
Suppose f (z) 2 A with f (z) 6= 0. A compulsory and adequate condition for f; in clas K is
that for every 0 < < 1 and pair 1; 2 with condition that 0 2 1 2 ; we have

Z2 ( 0 0
)
(zf (z))
Re > ; z = ei 2 E:
f 0 (z)
1

Remark 2.4.1 If we choose (z) = f (z) in (2.8), we get clas S and thus the inclusion S K
is established.

Denition 2.4.4 [22]

Let f belongs to A. Then f will be in clas C of quasii convex functoins, if it satises following
property
(zf 0 (z))0
f 2 C , Re 0 > 0;
(z)

for some (z) 2 C; z 2 E. We note that g (z), dened by (2.6), is in the clas C .

Theorem 2.4.10 Coe cient bounds for the class C [22]

12
Let f (z) belongs to C and dened as (2.1). Then

jam j 1; m = 2; 3; 4; : : :

This result is sharp. The equality is provided by g(z) dened by (2.6) or one of its suitable
rotations.

Theorem 2.4.11 Distortion bounds for the class C [19]

Suppose f (z) 2 C with z = e 2 E. Then

jf (z)j ;
1+ 1
1 1
jf 0 (z)j :
(1 + )2 (1 )2

These bounds are sharp as shown by the functoin g(z) denoted by (2.6).

Theorem 2.4.12 Alexander Theorem [19, 22]

Suppose g 2 A with g 0 (z) 6= 0; z 2 E. Then

g(z) 2 C () zg 0 (z) 2 K:

Theorem 2.4.13 Covering Theorem [22]

If f (z) 2 C then jwj > 12 , where f (z) 6= w.

Lemma 1 [6]

Suppose (z); (z) are analytc in E, and (0) = (0) = 0 with (z) 2 S .
Then
0 (z) (z)
Re 0 (z)
> 0 implies Re > 0; z 2 E:
(z)

Theorem 2.4.14 [22]

13
A functoin f (z) 2 C is close to convex that is

C K:

Proof. Since f (z) 2 C ; so by Denition 2.4.4, we have

(zf 0 (z))0
Re 0 > 0; (z) 2 C; z 2 E:
(z)

As (z) 2 C S , so by taking (z) = zf 0 (z); (z) = (z) and applying Lemma (1), we obtain

zf 0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E:
(z)

This implies that f (z) belongs to clas K.

Inclusion Results [6, 22]

1. C S K S:

2. C C K S:

From above inclusion results, we note that there does not exist any inclusion relation between
subclases C and S . For details, we refer to [19] and [22].

2.5 Certain Useful Denitions

In this section, we give some denitions which are going to be used later in our work.

2.5.1 Subclasses of Analytic Functions of Order

Denition 2.5.1 [6, 16]

Let P ( ); 0 < 1 be clas of functoins h (z). Then for a functoin h1 (z) 2 P; we can write

h(z) = + (1 )h1 (z); z 2 E: (2.9)

14
This clas P ( ) is known a clas of Caratheodory functoins of order :
From the above denition, we can now dene respectively the clases of starlike, convex,
close to convex and quasii convex functoins of order ; 0 < 1; as follows

zf 0 (z)
S ( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); z 2 E ; (2.10)
f (z)
(zf 0 (z))0
C( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); z 2 E ;
f 0 (z)
zf 0 (z)
K( ) = f 2A: 2 P ( ); (z) 2 S ; z 2 E ; (2.11)
(z)
(zf 0 (z))0
C ( ) = f 2A: 0 2 P ( ); (z) 2 C; z 2 E :
(z)

Theorem 2.5.1 [16]

Suppose p (z) 2 P ( ). Then for z = e 2 E,

1 +2 1+ 2
Re p(z) jp(z)j :
1+ 1

2.5.2 Convolution or Hadamard Product

Denition 2.5.2 [17, 25]

Let s (z) and t (z) be two analytc functoins, dened in E and given as

1
X 1
X
n
s(z) = cn z ; t(z) = dn z n : (2.12)
n=0 n=0

Then convolution, denoted by ( ) of s(z) and t(z), is dened as

1
X
(s t)(z) = cn dn z n ; z 2 E: (2.13)
n=0

Certain Properties of Convolution [33]

Following are some useful properties of convolution operator ( ).

1. Convolution is a linear operator.

2. z (s t)0 (z) = zs0 (z) (z) = s (z) zt0 (z) for s; t 2 A.

15
3. (g s) (z) = s (z) ; s 2 A where g (z) is a convex functoin dened by (2.6).

4. (k s)(z) = zs0 (z); s 2 A where k(z) is Koebe functoin dened by (2.2).

5. If s (z) 2 C and t (z) 2 S , then s (z) t (z) 2 S , see also [31].

6. s (z) t (z) 2 C when s (z), t (z) both belong to C, see also [31].

Lemma 2 [31]
Let (z) 2 A be convex univalent, z (z) 2 S . Then, for every analytc functoin H (z) in
E, with H(0) 1 = 0, we have

(z) H (z) z (z)


2 CH fH (E)g ; z 2 E;
(z) z (z)

where CH refers to the closed convex hull.

Lemma 3 [33]
Let (z), z (z) 2 A be univalent starlike of order 1 2. Then, for every functoin H (z) 2 A

(z) H (z) z (z)


2 CH fH (E)g ; z 2 E;
(z) z (z)

where CH refers to the closed convex hull.

The convex hull of a set E in C is the intersection of all convex sets containing E.

2.5.3 Dierential Subordination

Denition 2.5.2 [17]

If h, G 2 A then the functoin h is said to be subordinate to G, written as h G which can


also be written as h (z) G (z), z 2 E, if there exists a Schwarz functoin w 2 A with w (0) = 0
and jw(z)j < 1, z 2 E such that h(z) = G(w(z)). In other words, we write it as

h G if h (0) = G (0) ;

and
h (E) G (E) :

16
2.6 Some Linear Operators

The study of linear operators, both dierential and integral, is considered to be important in
the theory of geometric functoins. This section is basaed on some of these operators which have
been used in our work.

2.6.1 Bernardi Integral Operator

Denition 2.6.1

Let g(z) 2 A, then the Bernardi integral operator [6, 17] is dened as

Z z
!+1
F (z) = I! (g (z)) = s! 1
g(s)ds; ! > 1: (2.14)
z! 0

Special Cases

1. For ! = 0 in (2.14), we obtain the Alexander integral operator, that is

Z z
g(s)
I0 g(z) = ds:
0 s

2. For ! = 1 in (2.14), we obtain the Libera integral operator, that is

Z z
2
I1 g(z) = g(s)ds:
z 0

2.6.2 Ruscheweyh Derivative

Denition 2.6.2 [23, 31, 32]

Let a functoin g(z) be analytc in E. A linear operator Dn : A ! A is dened as

z
Dn g (z) = g (z) ; n 2 N0 = f0; 1; 2; :::g
(1 z)n+1

so that
z zn 1 g (n) (z)
Dn g (z) = (2.15)
n!

17
This operator Dn was introduced by Ruscheweyh. And the operator Dn g is called the
nth-order Ruscheweyh derivative of g, see [32]
The following identity can easily be esablished from (2.15).

(n + 1) Dn+1 g (z) nDn g (z) = z (Dn g (z))0 : (2.16)

We note that
(i) In (2.16), we have for, n = 0, D0 g (z) = g (z).
(ii) For n = 1, D1 g (z) = zg 0 (z).

2.6.3 CarlsonShaer Operator

Denition 2.6.3 [2]

Carlson and Shaer introduced a linear operator L (c; e) : A ! A by

L (c; e) f (z) = (c; e; z) f (z) ; f (z) 2 A (2.17)

where (c; e; z) is incomplete beta functoin and is dened as

1
X (c)n n+1
(c; e; z) = z (z 2 E; c 2 C; e 2
= f0; 1; 2; g) : (2.18)
(e)n
n=0

(y)n is the Pochhammer symbol dened, with the help of Gamma functoin , as
8
(y + n) < 1 (n = 0; y 6= 0) ;
(y)n = =
(y) : y(y + 1) : : : (y + n 1) (n 2 N = f1; 2; 3; g) .

We can easily verify from (2.17) and (2.18),

L (2; 1) f (z) = zf 0 (z)

and
z (L (c; e) f (z))0 = cL (c + 1; e) f (z) (c 1) L (c; e) f (z), (c > 0) : (2.19)

18
We note that L (n + 1; 1) f (z) = Dn f (z), see [2].

2.6.4 Noor Integral Operator

Denition 2.6.4

By setting
z
fn (z) = ;
(1 z)n+1
( 1)
alos dening fn (z) in terms of Hadamard product as

z
fn (z) fn( 1)
(z) = ; z 2 E;
1 z

Noor [20] considered an operator In : A ! A dened by

( 1)
z
In g(z) = fn( 1) (z) g(z) = g(z); z 2 E; (2.20)
(1 z)n+1

where g 2 A, and n 2 N0 . This operator In g(z) is known as Noor integral operator of g of order
n , see [13, 15]. We can easily observe that

In g (z) = L (2; n + 1) g (z) :

We note that
(i) For n = 0, I0 g(z) = zg 0 (z).
(ii) For n = 1, I1 g(z) = g(z).
By correspondence with the Ruscheweyh operator D ( > 1), we get

z
f (z) = +1
(1 z)

and dene f ; (z) wiht the help of convolution as

z
(f f ; ) (z) = ; z 2 E: (2.21)
(1 z)

Then a natural generalization of In is provided by the integral operator I ; : A ! A, which

19
can be dened as
I ; f (z) = f ; (z) f (z) ; f 2 A; > 1; > 0: (2.22)

We note that in view of (2.17) and (2.22), we have

I ; f (z) = L ( ; + 1) f (z); > 1; > 0: (2.23)

By applying (2.19), (2.21), (2.23) and certain well known identities D f (z), we obtain

z (I +1; f (z))0 = ( + 1) I ; f (z) I +1; f (z) (2.24)

(f 2 A; > 1; > 0)

and

z (I ; f (z))0 = I ; +1 f (z) ( 1) I ; f (z) (2.25)

(f 2 A; > 1; > 0):

2.6.5 Fractional Calculus Operator

Denition 2.6.5 [26]

The fractional operator of order is dened as

Z z
1 d f (x)
Dz f (z) = dx; 0 < 1;
(1 ) dz 0 (z x)

where f (z) 2 A in a simply-connected domain containing origin and the multiplicity of (z x)


can be removed by taking log (z x) to be real.
Using the fractional calculus, Srivastava and Owa [27] acquaint the operator :A !A

20
dened as

f (z) = (2 ) z Dz f (z); 0 <1 (2.26)


1
X (n + 2) (2 )
= an z n+1
(n + 2 )
n=0
= (2; 2 ; z) f (z)

= L (2; 2 ) f (z); by Denition 2.6.4.

We note that, in (2.26) 0 f (z) = f (z).

2.7 Some Analytic Functions related with Conic Domains

A functoin g(z) 2 A is known as uniformly starlike or uniformly convex in E, if for g(z) 2 S or


g(z) 2 C and for each circuliar arc that is connd in E with centre , the arc g( ) is starlike
with respect to g ( ) or convex. Goodman [4, 5] introduced these clases and denoted them by
U CV and U ST respectively.

Denition 2.7.1 [4]

Let f (z) 2 A, then f(z) is in clas U CV i

f 00 (z)
Re (z ) +1 > 0; z; 2 E: (2.27)
f 0 (z)

Denition 2.7.2 [5]

Let f (z) 2 A, then f(z) is in clas U ST i

(z ) f 0 (z)
Re > 0; z; 2 E: (2.28)
f (z) f ( )

We note that if we take = 0 in (2.27) and (2.28), we obtain the clases C and S respectively.
The Theorem 2.4.6 provides a link between the clases C and S . No such connection is present
between the clases U CV and U ST as shown in [4], that is, f (z) 2 U CV , i zf 0 (z) 2 U ST

21
failed. Ronning [30] introduced a clas ST dened as

ST = s(z) : s(z) = zf 0 (z) ; f (z) 2 U CV : (2.29)

Later, he proved (see [29]) that neither ST U ST nor U ST ST .

Theorem 2.7.1 [30]

Let f 2 A. Then f is in U CV i

(zf 0 (z))0 zf 00 (z)


Re > ; z 2 E: (2.30)
f 0 (z) f 0 (z)

Theorem 2.7.2 [30]

Let g 2 A. Then g 2 ST i

zg 0 (z) zg 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E:
g (z) g (z)

Classes U CC, U QC, and U M can be dened accordingly.

Denition 2.7.3 [8]

By taking (0 < 1), dene the domain D as

D = u + iv : u2 2
(u 1)2 > 2 2
v : (2.31)

Geometric Interpretation

The above mentioned domain represents a conic region. We obtain the region conned by
imaginary axis for = 0, hyperbola right branch for 0 < < 1, a parabola for = 1, and an
ellipse for > 1, as shown in Figure 1.

22
Figure 1

For any choice of ( > 1), D doesnt reduces to a disc.

Denition 2.7.4 [8]

The univalent functoins mapping E onto D , denoted by p (z); z 2 E, satisfy the conditions
0
p (0) 1 = 0 and p (0) > 0, are dened as

8
> 1+z
>
> ; for = 0;
>
> 1 z
>
> 2 p
>
> 2
< 1+ 1 2 sinh (A( ) arctanh z) ; for 2 (0; 1) ;
p (z) = p
> 1 + 2 log2 1 + pz ;
> for = 1;
>
> 2 1 z
>
> p
>
> 2 z
>
: 1+ 2 sin2
F p ;l ; for > 1;
1 2K(l) l

where A( ) = (2 ) arccos , F (!; l) is the Legendre elliptic integral of the rst kind,

Z !
dx
F (!; l) = p p ; K(l) = F(1; l); (2.32)
0 1 x2 1 l2 x2

and l (0 < l < 1) is picked to be such that = cosh ( K 0 (l) (2K(l))).

23
2.8 Generalization of Classes U CV , ST and Related Classes

Denition 2.8.1 [9, 10]

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) belonging to A is in U CV , i

zf 00 (z) zf 00 (z)
Re 1 + > ; z 2 E: (2.33)
f 0 (z) f 0 (z)

Denition 2.8.2 [9, 10]

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) belonging to A is in U ST , i

zf 0 (z) zf 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E: (2.34)
f (z) f (z)

Denition 2.8.3 [9, 10]

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) belonging to A is in U CC, i

(zf 0 (z))0 zf 00 (z)


Re > ; g(z) 2 U CV; z 2 E: (2.35a)
g 0 (z) g 0 (z)

Denition 2.8.4 [9, 10]

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) belonging to A is in U QC, i

zf 0 (z) zf 0 (z)
Re > 1 ; g(z) 2 U ST; z 2 E: (2.36)
g (z) g(z)

Denition 2.8.5 [9, 10]

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) 2 A is said to be U M where 0, i

zf 00 (z) zf 0 (z) zf 00 (z) zf 0 (z)


Re 1+ + (1 ) > 1+ + (1 ) 1 ; z 2 E:
f 0 (z) f (z) f 0 (z) f (z)
(2.37)

Special Cases

1. If we take = 0, and 1 in Denition 2.8.5, we obtain the clases U ST , and U CV


respectively.

24
2. For = 0, we have the clas S , C, K, and C dened in Section 2.4.

3. For = 1, we obtain the U CV , ST , U CC, U QC, and U M dened in Section 2.7.

2.9 Some Useful Results Related to Dierential Subordination

Theorem 2.9.1 [8]

Suppose g 2 U CV , then

zg 00 (z)
1+ p (z) ; z 2 E:
g 0 (z)

Theorem 2.9.2 [8]

Suppose g 2 U ST; then

zg 0 (z)
p (z) ; z 2 E:
g (z)

Theorem 2.9.3 [32]

If g 2 U ST , then G(z) = I! g(z) 2 U ST , where G (z) is given by Denition 2.6.1.


1+z
We note that for = 0, p0 (z) = , Theorem 2.9.1 and 2.9.2 gives a result proved in
1 z
[17].

Lemma 4 [8]
Let 0 < 1. Also, let ; 2 C be such that 6= 0 and Re + > 0. If p(z) 2 A,
+1
with p(0) 1 = 0, and satises

zp0 (z)
p(z) + p (z); (2.38)
p(z) +

then
p (z) r (z) p ;

where r (z) is univalent solution of the following di erential equation

zr0 (z)
r(z) + = p (z); (2.39)
r(z) +

25
furthermore, the r (z) is the best dominant of (2.38).

26
Chapter 3

Some Classes of Analytic Functions


Linked with Conic Domains

In this chapter we determine and examine some subclases of analytc functoins by using
k uniformly convexity as already described in Section 2.8. We will prove that the new clases
are invariant under convolution with convex functoins and explore various inclusion properties
of these subclases. All these clases have been dened and analized with the help of convex hull
method and by dierential subordination. Also signicant acquaintances of our work with the
previous ones will be given. To avoid repetition, we will take g (z) to be a xed analytc functoin
in A unless otherwise specied.

3.1 Classes U ST (g) and U CV (g)

Denition 3.1.1

Let 0 < 1. Then the functoin f (z) 2 A is in U ST (g) i

z (g f )0 (z) z (g f )0 (z)
Re > 1 ; z 2 E: (3.1)
(g f ) (z) (g f ) (z)

Alternatively

27
(g f )(z)
f (z) 2 U ST (g) if, for 6= 0 in E,
z

z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); z 2 E: (3.2)
(g f )(z)

Denition 3.1.2

Let 0 < 1. A functoin f (z) 2 A is in U CV (g) i

z(g f )00 (z) z(g f )00 (z)


Re 1 + > ; z 2 E: (3.3)
(g f )0 (z) (g f )0 (z)

Alternatively
f (z) 2 U CV (g) if, for (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E,

z(g f )00 (z)


1+ p (z); z 2 E: (3.4)
(g f )0 (z)

Special Cases

Certain choices of the parameter , and functoin g (z) in the above described clases, give us
well-known clases. Some of the clases are mentioned below.

1. For = 0, in (3.2) and (3.4) we get the clases discussed by Shanmugum in [34].

z
2. For g (z) = , U ST (g) = U ST and U CV (g) = U CV are respectively
1 z
the clases of uniformly starlike and uniformly convex given in Section 2.8.

We modify Lemma 4 as follows:

Lemma 5 Let 0 < 1. Also, let ; 2 C be such that 6= 0 and Re + > 0. If


+1
p(z); s (z) 2 A with p(0) 1 = 0 = s (0) 1 and

s(z) p (z); (3.5)

then
0
zp (z)
p(z) + p (z) impies that p (z) p (z) : (3.6)
s(z) +

28
3.1.1 Some Convolution and Inclusion Theorems

In this section, we investigate some inclusion relations and convolution properties of the new
subclases given in section 3.1.

Theorem 3.1.1 If f (z) 2 U ST and g (z) be a convex functoin, then f (z) 2 U ST (g).

Proof. Let us consider

z(g f )0 (z) (g zf 0 )(z)


=
(g f )(z) (g f )(z)
zf 0
(g f )(z)
f
= (3.7)
(g f )(z)

As it is given that
zf 0 (z)
f (z) 2 U ST; p (z)
f (z)

and g(z) is convex and hence, by Lemma 2, we have

z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); z 2 E;
(g f )(z)

which means that


f2 U ST (g): (3.8)

Hence the requiered result.

Corollary 3.1.1 When = 0, we obtain a result proved in [34].

This fact is well known that C S and f (z) 2 C i zf 0 (z) 2 S . We shall now extend
these results to the clases U ST (g) and U CV (g):

Theorem 3.1.2 If f 2 U CV (g), it implies that f 2 U ST (g).

Proof. Let f 2 U CV (g) and set

z (g f )0 (z)
s (z) = ; (3.9)
(g f ) (z)

29
Logarithmic dierentiation of (3.9) and after some simplication, we obtain

zs0 (z) z (g f )00 (z)


s (z) + = 1+ ; z 2 E: (3.10)
s (z) (g f )0 (z)

Since f (z) 2 U CV (g) then by Denition (3.1.2),

z (g f )00 (z)
1+ p (z) ;
(g f )0 (z)

therefore
zs0 (z)
s (z) + p (z) ;
s (z)

Using Lemma 4, we obtain s(z) p (z), thus

z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) ; z 2 E:
(g f ) (z)

Hence f 2 U ST (g). This completes the proof.

Theorem 3.1.3 f 2 U CV (g) i zf 0 2 U ST (g).

(g f )(z)
Proof. We have two functoins f; g 2 S which satises the condition 6=
z
0, (g f )0 (z) 6= 0, and
z(g zf 0 )0 (z) z (g f )00 (z)
= 1 + :
(g zf 0 )(z) (g f )0 (z)
Now if
f2 U CV (g) ;

then by Denition 3.1.2,


z(g zf 0 )0 (z)
p (z):
(g zf 0 )(z)

Therefore
zf 0 (z) 2 U ST (g):

Conversely, if
zf 0 (z) 2 U ST (g);

30
then by Denition 3.1.1, we have

z (g f )00 (z)
1+ p (z): (3.11)
(g f )0 (z)

Therefore
f2 U CV (g) :

This completes the proof.


Now we consider the clases U CV (g) and U ST (g) under convolution with convex
univalent functoins. We will express that the given clases are invariant under convex convolu-
tion.

Theorem 3.1.4 Let 2 C then for every f (z) 2 U ST (g), ( f) 2 U ST (g).

Proof. Let us consider


z(g f )0 (z)
G(z) = . (3.12)
(g f )(z)

If f (z) 2 U ST (g), then G(z) p (z). Now, consider

z(g f )0 (z) ( z(g f )0 )(z)


=
(g f )(z) ( (g f ))(z)
( G (g f ))(z)
= . (3.13)
( (g f ))(z)

Since
f2 U ST (g); (g f ) 2 U ST S ;

G (g f )
and if follows from Lemma 2 that lies in the convex hull of G(E). But G(z)
(g f )
p (z) and p (z) is convex. Thus, the convex hull of G(E) is a sub set of p (E) and therefore
the required result.

Corollary 3.1.2 Let 2 C. Then for any function f 2 U CV (g),

( f) 2 U CV (g): (3.14)

31
Proof. The proof of this result follows immediately by using similar techiques of
Theorem 3.1.3 and Theorem 3.1.4. We include its proof for the sake of completeness.

Theorem 3.1.5 For every convex univalent functoin with (0) = 0; 0 (0) = 1,

U ST (g) U ST ( g). (3.15)

Proof. Let f 2 U ST (g). Then from Theorem 3.1.4, we get ( f) 2 U ST (g).


Hence
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z):
(g f ) (z)

Due to the conditions on the functoin g (z), the normalization conditions, are forced upon
.
That is f 2 U ST ( g).

Corollary 3.1.3 For every convex univalent functoin with (0) = 0; 0 (0) = 1,

U CV (g) U CV ( g). (3.16)

Proof. The proof of this result follows on by Theorem 3.1.3 and the above stated
theorem.

3.2 Some Classes Related to U ST (g) and U CV (g)

Denition 3.1.3
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 U CC(g) be the clas of all functoins f (z) given that 6= 0 for all
z
z 2 E and satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p (z); (3.17)
(g )(z)

for all z 2 E and for some (z) 2 U ST (g).

32
Denition 3.1.4

Let f (z) 2 A; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U QC(g), if

(z(g f )0 (z))0
p (z); z 2 E; (3.18a)
(g )0 (z)

for some (z) 2 U CV (g).

Denition 3.1.5
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 A; 6= 0; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U M (g), if for 0,
z

(z(g f )0 )0 (z) z(g f )0 (z)


Jg ( ; f ) = + (1 ) (3.19)
(g f )0 (z) (g f )(z)

is subordinate to p (z):

Special Cases

By taking specic values to , and g (z) in the above described clases, we obtain some known
clases of analytc functoins which are already studied. We list some of these as follows:

1. Taking = f , we have the clas U ST (g).

2. If we take = 0;and 1 in Denition 3.1.5, we get the clases U ST (g), and U CV (g)
respectively.

3. For = 0, in (3.17), (3.18a) and (3.19), we have the clases introduced in [34].

z
4. For g (z) = , we have U CC(g) = U CC, U QC(g) = U QC and
1 z
U M (g) = U M as dened in Section 2.8.

3.2.1 Certain Inclusion and Convolution Properties

We now show that the clas U CC(g) is closed under convex convolution.

33
Theorem 3.2.1 Let f (z) 2 U CC (g) with respect to a functoin t (z) 2 U ST (g). Then
for every convex functoin 2 A,

( t) 2 U CC (g) (3.20)

with respect to ( t) 2 U ST (g).

Proof. Since t 2 U ST (g), from Theorem 3.1.4, we have

( t) 2 U ST (g):

Let us consider
z (g f )0 (z)
G (z) = :
(g t) (z)

As f 2 U CC (g) with respect to t 2 U ST (g), it follows that

G (z) p (z) ; 8 z 2 E :

Also we have
(g t) 2 U ST S :

Now

z (g f )0 (z) ( z(g f )0 )(z)


= (3.21)
(g t)(z) ( (g t))(z)
z( G (g t)) (z)
= :
( (g t))(z)

Hence by Lemma 2, we have the required result.

Theorem 3.2.2 U CC (g) U CC ( g), for every convex univalent functoin 2 S.

Proof. For the proof, we can follow the same pattern as by Theorem 3.1.5.

Theorem 3.2.3 (a) Let > 0, then U M (g) U ST (g).


(b) Let > > 0 , then U M (g) U M (g)

34
Proof. (a) Consider f 2 U M (g). Let

z (g f )0 (z)
q(z) = ;
(g f ) (z)

then
zq 0 (z)
Jg ( ; f ) = q(z) + :
q (z)

As f 2 U M (g) therefore we can see that Jg ( ; f ) p (z). Using Lemma 4, we get

q (z) p (z) : (3.22)

Therefore f 2 U ST (g). This completes the proof of part (a).


(b) Since we have already discussed the case when = 0, so now assume > 0. Consider

z (g f )0 (z) z (g f )00 (z)


Jg ( ; f ) = (1 ) + 1+
(g f ) (z) (g f )0 (z)
z (g f )0 (z)
= 1 + Jg ( ; f ) :
(g f ) (z)

Using part (a), we get


z (g f )0 (z)
p1 (z) = p (z) ; (3.24)
(g f ) (z)

and as f 2 U M (g), it implies that

p2 (z) = Jg ( ; f ) p (z) ;

and therefore
1 p1 (z) + p2 (z) p (z) in E:

Hence f 2 U M (g). This completes the proof of part (b).

Theorem 3.2.4 (a) U CV (g) U QC (g) U CC (g)


(b) f2 U QC (g) i zf 0 (z) 2 U CC (g).

35
Proof. (a) If we take f (z) = (z) in Denition 3.1.4, we can see that

U CV (g) U QC (g) : (3.25)

For the prove of second inclusion, we consider

z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) = :
(g ) (z)

After some simplications, we have

0
zp0 (z) z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) + = . (3.26)
z (g )0 (z) (g )0 (z)
(g ) (z)

If f 2 U QC (g) then there is a functoin (z) 2 U CV (g) such that

0
z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) :
(g )0 (z)

Therefore
zp0 (z)
p (z) + p (z) :
z (g )0 (z)
(g ) (z)
Since (z) 2 U CV (g) U ST (g), we have

z (g )0 (z)
Re > 0; z 2 E: (3.27)
(g ) (z)

Applying Lemma 5, we will get p (z) p (z), that is

z (g f )0 (z)
p (z) ;
(g ) (z)

which implies that f 2 U CC(g). This completes the proof of part (a).
(b) To prove this, we have two functoins f; satisfying the condition

z(z (g f )0 )0 (z) z(g zf 0 )0 (z)


= : (3.28)
z(g )0 (z) (g z 0 )(z)

36
Now if
f2 U QC(g);

with functoin 2 U CV (g), then the left side of (3.28) is subordinate to p (z). Now

0
z (z) 2 U ST (g) ; (3.29)

by Theorem 3.1.3 and therefore by the Denition 3.1.3 and by (3.28)

zf 0 (z) 2 U CC(g):

Conversely, if
zf 0 (z) 2 U CC(g);

then there is a functoin 2 U ST (g) such that

z(g zf 0 )0 (z)
p (z): (3.30)
(g )(z)

Now there is a functoin 2 U CV (g) such that

z 0 (z) = (z):

0
From the above relation (3.28), z (z) is subordinate to p (z), which implies that left hand
side is also subordinate to p (z). That is

(z (g f )0 )0 (z)
p (z);
(g )0 (z)

which gives that


f2 U QC (g) :

This completes the proof of part (b).


We can easily prove the following results.

37
Theorem 3.2.5 If f 2 U QC (g) then for every convex univalent functoin ,

( f) 2 U QC(g). (3.31)

Theorem 3.2.6 For every convex univalent functoin ,

U QC(g) U QC( g). (3.32)

38
Chapter 4

On Classes of Analytic Function


Dened by Linear Operators

In this chapter, we generalize the concepts given in chapter 3. In the rst section, we take into
account a conic domain translated by . Some results such as inclusion relationships and radii
problems are discussed. In the second section, we use some linear operators to introduce some
new clases of analytc functoins and study their properties.

4.1 Useful Denitions and Results

Denition 4.1.1 [18]

For (0 < 1), we have D as dened by (2.31). We dene the domain D ; as

D ; = (1 )D : + ; (0 < 1) : (4.1)

Geometric Interpretation

As we can see from Figure 2, that D ; is an elliptic domain for > 1, a parabolic domain for
= 1, a hyperbolic domain for 0 < < 1, and the half plane Re (z) > for = 0.

39
Figure 2

We note that for = 0, we have

D ;0 =D :

Denition 4.1.2 [18]

The functoins belonging to class A that maps E on the domain D ; , denoted by p ; (z); z 2 E,
0
satisfying the conditions p ; (0) 1 = 0 and p ; (0) > 0, are dened as

8
> 1 + (1 2 ) z
>
> ; for = 0;
>
> 1 z
>
> 2 (1 ) 2 p
>
> 1 + sinh 2
arccos arctanh z ; for 2 (0; 1) ;
>
> 2
< 1 p
p (z) = 2 (1 ) 1+ z
;
>
> 1+ 2
log2 p ; for = 1;
>
> 0 1 z 1
>
> v(z)
>
> (1 ) R p
dx
>
> @ l
p p A+ 1
: 1 + 2 1 sin 2R(l) 0
> 2
1 x 1 l x 2 2 2
1
; for > 1;

40
p
z l R0 (l)
where v (z) = p , l 2 (0; 1) , z 2 E and l is taken such that = cosh , R (l)
1 lz 4R (l)
is the Legendres complete elliptic integral of the rst kind and R0 (l) is the complementarity
integral of R (l), see [9].
We note that if we take the value of = 0, we get p ;0 = p as given in Denition 2.7.4.

Lemma 6 [18]
Let 0 < 1 and let ; be any complex numbers with 6= 0 and Re + > .
+1
If t(z) 2 A with t(0) = 1, and satises

zt0 (z)
t(z) + p ; (z); (4.2)
t(z) +

and w ; (z) is an analytc solution of

0
zw ; (z)
w ; (z) + =p ; (z); (4.3)
w ; (z) +

then w ; (z) is univalent,


t(z) w ; (z) p ; (z);

and w ; (z) is the best dominant of (4.2).

4.2 Some Subclasses of Analytic Functions of Type

Denition 4.2.1
(g f )(z)
Let U ST (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with condition 6= 0 in E and
z
satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.4)
(g f )(z)

41
Denition 4.2.2

Let U CV (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with condition (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E and
satisfying
z(g f )00 (z)
1+ p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.5)
(g f )0 (z)

Denition 4.2.3
(g f )(z)
Let U CC (g) be the clas of functoins f (z) 2 A with consdition 6= 0 for all
z
z 2 E and satisfying
z(g f )0 (z)
p ; (z); 0 < 1; (4.6)
(g )(z)

for all z 2 E and for some (z) 2 U ST (g).

Denition 4.2.4

Let f (z) 2 A; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U QC (g), if

(z(g f )0 (z))0
p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E; (4.7)
(g )0 (z)

for some (z) 2 U CV (g).

Denition 4.2.5
(g f )(z)
Let f (z) 2 A; 6= 0; (g f )0 (z) 6= 0 in E, then f (z) 2 U M (g), for 0,
z
and 0 < 1, if Jg ( ; f ) dened by (3.19) is subordinate to p ; (z).
We have the following special cases.

1. For = 0, we get the clases which have already been studied in Chapter 3.

2. If = 0, and = 0, then we have the clases dened in [34].


z
3. Let g (z) = , then U ST (g) = U ST and U CV (g) = U CV , m = 2
1 z
see [18].
z
4. By taking = 0, = 0 with g (z) = in (4.4) and (4.5), we obtain respectively
1 z
uniformly starlike and uniformly convex, see [30].

42
5. Taking = f , we have the clas U ST (g).

6. If we take = 0;and 1 in Denition 4.2.5, we get the clases U ST (g), and U CV (g)
respectively.

7. For = 0, in these dened clases, we have the clases as already mentioned in chapter 2.
z
8. For g (z) = , U CC(g) = U CC, U QC(g) = U QC and U M (g) =
1 z
U M of order , see [18].

4.2.1 Inclusion Results

Theorem 4.2.1 If f 2 U CV (g), it implies that f 2 U ST (g).


That is,
U CV (g) U ST (g) :

Proof. Let f 2 U CV (g) (0 < 1) and set

z(g f )0 (z)
s(z) = ; (4.8)
(g f )(z)

Applying logarithmic dierentiation on (4.8) and after doing some simplications, we have

zs0 (z) z(g f )00 (z)


s(z) + = 1+ ; z 2 E: (4.9)
s(z) (g f )0 (z)

As given that f 2 U CV (g), then by Denition (4.1.4), the right side of (4.9) is subordinate
to p (z) and therefore
zs0 (z)
s (z) + p ; (z):
s (z)

Using Lemma 6, we get

Z 1 Z tz 1
p ; (x) 1
s(z) q ; (z) = exp dx dt p ; (z); (4.10)
0 t x

which means that


z(g f )0 (z)
p ; (z); 0 < 1; z 2 E:
(g f )(z)

Hence f 2 U ST (g). Hence the required result.

43
Some special cases of Theorem 4.2.1 are given below.

Corollary 4.2.1 When = 0, we obtain a result proved in Theorem 3.1.2.

Corollary 4.2.2 For = 0 and = 0, f 2 C, we have a known result that every convex
functoin is starlike of order 21 .

Corollary 4.2.3 For = 0; 2 (1; 1) and f 2 U CV (g). Then from Theorem 4.2.1,
f2 U ST (g), where
1
= .
1
( + 1) log 1 +

Proof. For each xed ,

zp0 (z)
p(z) + ; z 2 E:
p(z) z

By replacing p ;0 = , we get
z

z
p(z) q ;0 (z) = :
z
(z ) log 1

Replacing z by -1, we obtain

1
q ;0 ( 1) = :
1
(1 + ) log 1 +

Hence the required result.


We now consider the partial converse case of Theorem 4.2.1.

Theorem 4.2.2 [9]


Let f 2 S for z 2 E. Then f 2 U CV for jzj < , where

1
= p .
2
2 ( + 1) + 4 +6 +3

44
Corollary 4.2.4 [6]
1
For = 0, if follows that f 2 S is a convex functoin for jzj < r0 = p .
2+ 3

4.3 Some Classes Related to Certain Linear Operators

In this chapter we dene and study the clases of uniformly starlike and uniformly convex
functoins by using some linear operators discussed before. We study inclusion relationships by
varying certain parameters. By considering dierent choices for g (z), we discuss and investigate
some new results as follows:
Case 4.3.1
z
Consider g(z) = in Section 4.2. Then by using Denition 2.6.2, we have the
(1 z)n+1
following clases.

Denition 4.3.1

Let f 2 A, then f is n uniformly starlike functoin of order and type , if

Dn+1 f (z) Dn+1 f (z)


Re 1 + ; z 2 E;
Dn f (z) Dn f (z)

where Dn f denotes the nth Ruscheweyh derivative and 2 [0; 1), 0 < 1; + > 0; n 2
N0 . We denote this clas by U ST (n).
Alternatively,
if f 2 U ST (n), then

Dn+1 f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn f (z)

Denition 4.3.2

Let f 2 A, then f is n uniformly close to convex of order and type , if

Dn+1 f (z) Dn+1 f (z)


Re 1 + ; z 2 E;
Dn g (z) Dn g (z)

45
where where Dn f denotes the nth Ruscheweyh derivative and g(z) 2 U ST (n) ; 2 [0; 1),
0 < 1; + > 0; n 2 N0 . We denote this clas by U CC (n).
Alternatively,
if f 2 U CC (n) such that g(z) 2 U ST (n), then

Dn+1 f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn g (z)

Theorem 4.3.1 If s(z) 2 U ST (n), with 2 [0; 1), > 0.


Then
S (z) = I! s (z) 2 U ST (n) ;

with Re ! 0, 2 [0; 1), > 0.

Proof. By hypothesis, we have s(z) 2 U ST (n), that is

Dn+1 s (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn s (z)

From Denition 2.6.1, we have

Z z
!+1
S(z) = I! (s(z)) = x! 1
s(x)dx:
z! 0

Dierentiating the above equation yields

(1 + !) S (z) = !s (z) + zs0 (z) :

Applying the operator Dn+1 , we get

(1 + !) Dn+1 S (z) = !Dn+1 s (z) + Dn+1 zs0 (z) ;

or
(1 + !) Dn+1 S (z) = !Dn+1 s (z) + Dn+2 s (z) :

46
Now, by linear operator Dn we get

(1 + !) Dn S (z) = !Dn s (z) + Dn+1 s (z) :

Thus

Dn+1 S(z) Dn+2 s (z) + !Dn+1 s (z)


= (4.11)
Dn S (z) Dn+1 s (z) + !Dn s (z)
Dn+2 s(z) Dn+1 s(z) Dn+1 s(z)
+ !
Dn+1 s(z) Dn s(z) Dn s(z)
= n+1 :
D s(z)
+!
Dn s(z)

Dn+1 s(z)
Take u(z) = , where u(z) = 1 + u1 z + : : :, we have
Dn s(z)

0 0
0 Dn+1 s(z) z Dn+1 s(z) Dn s(z) Dn+1 s(z) z (Dn s (z))0
zu (z) = z =
Dn s(z) (Dn s(z))2
2
Dn+2 s (z) Dn s(z) Dn+1 s(z)
= :
(Dn s(z))2

Thus

1 Dn+2 s (z) Dn+1 s (z)


zu0 (z) =
u (z) Dn+1 s (z) Dn s (z)
Dn+2 s (z)
= u (z) :
Dn+1 s (z)

After simplication we get

Dn+2 s (z) 1
n+1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) :
D s (z) u (z)

From (4.11), we obtain

1
u (z) zu0 (z) + u (z) + ! u (z)
Dn+1 S(z) u (z)
= (4.12)
Dn S (z) u (z) + !
1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) :
u (z) + !

47
Using (4.12), we obtain

1
u (z) + zu0 (z) p ; (z) ;
u (z) + !

where, it is given that Re ! 0. From this we can conclude that Re +! > .


+1
Therefore from Theorem 6 we obtain

u (z) p ; (z) ;

which means that


Dn+1 s(z)
p ; (z) :
Dn s(z)

This completes the proof.

Corollary 4.3.1 If s(z) 2 U CC (n), given that t (z) 2 U ST (n) with 2 [0; 1),
> 0.
Then
S (z) = I! s (z) 2 U CC (n)

with respect to a functoin T (z), which according to Theorem 4.3.1

T (z) = I! t (z) 2 U ST (n)

with 2 [0; 1), and > 0.

Proof. By hypothesis we have s(z) 2 U CC (n), with t (z) 2 U ST (n) then

Dn+1 s(z)
p ; (z) ; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
Dn t (z)

From Denition 2.6.1, we have

Z z
!+1
S(z) = I! (s(z)) = x! 1
s(x)dx: (4.13)
z! 0

48
Dierentiating the above equation yields

(1 + !) S (z) = !s (z) + zs0 (z) ;

(1 + !) T (z) = !t (z) + zt0 (z)

By applying operator Dn+1 , we obtain

(1 + !) Dn+1 S (z) = !Dn+1 s (z) + Dn+2 s (z) :

Now, by operator Dn we get

(1 + !) Dn T (z) = !Dn t (z) + Dn+1 t (z) :

After some calculation, we have

Dn+2 s(z) Dn+1 t(z) Dn+1 s(z)


+ !
Dn+1 S(z) Dn+1 t(z) Dn t(z) Dn t(z)
= (4.14)
Dn T (z) Dn+1 s(z)
+!
Dn t(z)

Dn+1 s(z) Dn+1 t(z)


Let us take u(z) = , and v (z) = , and using the same process as done
Dn t(z) Dn t(z)
in Theorem 4.3.1, we get
Dn+2 s (z) 1
n+1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) :
D t (z) u (z)

From (4.14) we get


Dn+1 S(z) 1
= u (z) + zu0 (z) ;
Dn T (z) v (z) + !

where, as given Re ! 0. It follows that Re +! > . From Theorem 5, we obtain


+1

u (z) p ; (z) ;

which means that


Dn+1 s(z)
p ; (z) :
Dn t(z)

49
This completes the proof.
Case 4.3.2
We now take into account g(z) = ' (2; 2 ; z) in Section 4.2 and use Denition 2.6.5 to
obtain the following.

Denition 4.3.1

Corresponding to the operator dened in (2.26), we dene the clas U ST ( ) (0 1)


of functoins f (z) 2 A that satisfy

z( f (z))0 z( f (z))0
Re > 1 + ; 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.15)
f (z) f (z)

Alternatively, if f 2 U ST ( ), then

z( f (z))0
p ; (z) ; 0 1; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
f (z)

Special Cases

1. For = 0, = 0, we have 0 U ST0 ( ) = SP as dened in [28].

2. For = 0 and (2.26), we obtain U ST (0) = U ST , dened in [18] as a particular


case.

In the next denition, we take the general operator dened in (2.26) as follows.

Denition 4.3.2 [28]

Let f 2 A. Then we dene an operator c;d : A ! A by

c;d
f (z) = (2 c) z c Dzc (2 d) z d Dzd f (z) ; c; d 6= 2; 3; 4; : : : ; (4.16)

where Dzx f (z) is the fractional derivative of f (z) of order x, as given in Denition 2.6.5
Alternatively, (4.16) can be rewritten as

c;d
f (z) = c ( d f (z)) (4.17)

50
From Denition 4.3.2, we can note that

1. In (4.16), c;d f (z) = d;c f (z).

2. For c = 0 and d = 0 in (4.16), 0;0 f (z) = f (z).

3. Similarly, we can see that for d = 0 and 1 in (4.16), c;0 f (z) = 0;c f (z) = c f (z) and
c;1 f (z) 0
= z( c f (z)) .

Denition 4.3.3

Corresponding to the operator c;d given by (4.16), we dene the clas U ST (c; d) of functoins
f (z) 2 A, c; d 2 [0; 1], satises the condition
( )
z c;d f (z) 0 z c;d f (z) 0
Re c;d f (z)
> c;d f (z)
1 + ; 0 < 1; z 2 E: (4.18)

Alternatively, if f 2 U ST (c; d), then

z c;d f (z) 0

c;d f (z)
p ; (z) ; 0 c; d 1; 0 < 1; z 2 E:

It follows that

1. In (4.18), U ST (c; d) = U ST (d; c).

2. For d = 0 in (4.18), U ST (c; 0) = U ST (0; c) = U ST (c) :

3. For c = 1 and d = 0 in (4.18), we have U ST (1; 0) = U ST (0; 1) = U CV ,


for details see [18].

Corollary 4.3.2 f (z) 2 U ST (1; 1) i zf 0 (z) is uniformly convex functoin of order .

Theorem 4.3.2 If 0 <c 1, and d 2 [0; 1], then

U ST (c; d) U ST ( ; d) : (4.19)

51
Proof. Let f 2 U ST (c; d). Then

;d c;d
f (z) = L (2; 2 ) df (z) = L (2 c; 2 ) f (z)
c;d
= ' (2 c; 2 ; z) f (z) ;

0 0
;d c;d c;d
z f (z) = L (2; 1) L (2 c; 2 ) f (z) = ' (2 c; 2 ; z) z f (z) :

We know that (see [12])


1
' (2 c; 2 ; z) 2 S :
2

By an application of Lemma 3, we have

c;d f 0 c;d f (z) c;d f (z)


z ;d f (z) 0 ' (2 c; 2 ; z) z (z)
;d f (z)
= c;d f
p ; (z) :
' (2 c; 2 ; z) (z)

Then f (z) 2 U ST ( ; d). This completes the proof.

Corollary 4.3.3 Let 0 < c < 1, 0 < 1 and d 2 [0; 1]. Then

U ST (1; 1) U ST (c; 1) ( U ST (0; 1) U CV )

( U ST (c; 0) U ST (c)) ( U ST (0; 0) U ST ) ;

and
U ST (1; d) U ST (c; d) U ST (d) :

Corollary 4.3.4 Let 0 <c 1, and 0 <d 1, then

U ST (c; d) U ST ( ; ) : (4.20)

Case 4.3.3
Now, we take g(z) = f ; (z) in Section 4.2 and using Denition 2.6.4, we have the following.

52
Denition 4.3.1

By using the operator dened in (2.22), we dene for > 1; > 0; 2 [0; 1), the clas
U ST ( ; ) of functoins f (z) 2 A as

U ST ( ; ) = ff : f 2 A and I ; f (z) 2 U ST g (4.21)

Alternatively, if f 2 U ST ( ; ), then

z (I ; f (z))0
p ; (z) ; > 1; > 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
I ; f (z)

As a special case we note that, for = 0, we have 0 U ST ( ; ) = S ; as given in [3].

Denition 4.3.2

By the operator dened in (2.22), we dene for > 1; > 0, the clas U CV ( ; ) of
functoins f (z) 2 A as

U CV ( ; ) = ff : f 2 A and I ; f (z) 2 U CV g (4.22)

Alternatively, if f 2 U CV ( ; ), then

z (I ; f (z))00
1+ p ; (z) ; > 1; > 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
(I ; f (z))0

We note that

f (z) 2 U CV ( ; ) () zf 0 (z) 2 U ST ( ; ) (4.23)

As a special case we note that, for = 0, we have 0 U CV ( ; ) = K ; as given in [3].

Theorem 4.3.3 Let 0 and 1. Then

U ST ( ; + 1) U ST ( ; ) U ST ( + 1; ) :

53
Proof. First we show that

U ST ( ; + 1) U ST ( ; ) :

Let f 2 U ST ( ; + 1) and set

z (I ; f (z))0
= s(z) (4.24)
I ; f (z)

where s(z) = 1 + s1 z + s2 z 2 + : : : is analytc and s(z) 6= 0 for all z 2 E:


Applying (2.25), we get

z (I ; f (z))0 I ; +1 f (z) ( 1) I ; f (z)


= :
I ; f (z) I ; f (z)

From (4.24), we get


zI ; +1 f (z)
= s(z) + 1: (4.25)
I ; f (z)

Applying logarithmic dierentiation on both sides of (4.25), we have

z (I ; +1 f (z))0 (I ; f (z))0 s0 (z)


=
I ; +1 f (z) I ; f (z) s(z) + 1
0
z (I ; +1 f (z)) s0 (z)
= s(z) + :
I ; +1 f (z) s(z) + 1

Since 1, f 2 U ST ( ; + 1), we have

s0 (z)
s(z) + p ; (z) ; 0; 0 < 1; z 2 E:
s(z) + 1

Thus by using Lemma 6 and (4.24), we get

s(z) p ; (z) ;

that is, f 2 U ST ( ; ).
Now we prove the other part, that is

U ST ( ; ) U ST ( + 1; ) :

54
Let f 2 U ST ( ; ) and put

z (I +1; f (z))0
= t(z)
I +1; f (z)

where t (z) = 1 + t1 z + t2 z 2 + : : : is analytc and t (z) 6= 0 for all z 2 E. Then by same process
as by the above theorem, we obtian

t (z) p ; (z) in E:

that is, f 2 U ST ( + 1; ). Hence the required result.

Theorem 4.3.4 Let 0 and 1. Then

U CV ( ; + 1) U CV ( ; ) U CV ( + 1; ) :

Proof. Applying (4.23), and Theorem 4.3.3, we observe that

0
f2 U CV ( ; + 1) () I ; +1 f (z) 2 U CV () z (I ; +1 f (z)) 2 U ST
() I 0 (z)) U ST () zf 0 (z) 2 f 2
; +1 (zf 2 U ST ( ; + 1)
=) zf 0 (z) 2 f 2 U ST ( ; ) () I ; (zf 0 (z)) 2 U ST
() z (I ; f (z))0 2 U ST () I ; f (z) 2 U CV
() f (z) 2 U CV ( ; )

and

f2 U CV ( ; ) () zf 0 (z) 2 U ST ( ; )
=) zf 0 (z) 2 U ST ( + 1; ) () z (I +1; f (z))0 2 f 2 U ST
() I +1; f (z) 2 U CV () f (z) 2 U CV ( + 1; )

which evidently proves Theorem 4.3.4.

55
Chapter 5

Conclusion

This work deals with analytc functoins dened in open unit disc E. In this dissertation we
have mainly focused on certain clases of analytc functoins, such as U ST (g), U CV (g),
U CC (g), U QC (g), and U M (g) which infer the idea of uniformly convex and
uniformly starlike functoins. We have used the techniques, such as convex hull, convolution
and dierential subordination to generalize the concepts and some other related problems in
E. These techniques were used to study some inclusion results, and other several interesting
properties of the above mentioned clases. Our work has been divided into ve chapters.
First chapter was to give a brief introduction. In the third and the fourth chapter, we
studied the clases of uniformly convex and related clases. Most of the results in these two
chapters are new. We have proved several interesting results such as inclusion relations, radii
problems and invariance of these clases under convex convolution.

56
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