Chapter 3 Solutions

Vocabulary
Solution
Homogeneous mixture whose elements and/or compounds are evenly mixed at the molecular level, but are not bonded
together.
Substance
Matter with a fixed composition whose identity can be changed by chemical processes, but not by ordinary physical
processes.
Solute
Substance that dissolves and seems to disappear into another substance.
Solvent
Substance that dissolves the solute
Precipitate
Solid that comes back out of its solution because of a chemical reaction or physical change.
Substance: Sample of matter that has the same chemical composition and properties throughout.
Compound: Pure substance produced when elements combine, properties a different than those of the elements from
which it is formed.
Law of definite proportions: states that a given compound is always made of the same elements in the same
proportion by mass.
Mixture: combinations of two or more substances that have not combined to form new, pure substances; can be
uniform, where the parts cannot be seen, or non-uniform, where you can see individual parts.
Acid:
A substance that releases H+ ions and produces hydronium ions when dissolved in water.
Base
A substance that accepts H+ ions and produces hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
pH
A measure of how acidic or basic a solution is, ranging in scale from 0 to 14.
Indicator
A compound that changes color at different pH values when it reacts with acidic or basic solutions.
Neutralization
A reaction in which an acid reacts with a base and forms water and a salt.

Outline
Substances
• Ordinary physical processes, such as boiling, grinding or filtering cannot break down a substance.
• Only a chemical reaction such as burning, reacting with chemicals or reacting with light can change a
substance
• Compounds are made of two or more elements that are chemically combined and have fixed compositions.
The ratio of elements will always be the same throughout
Mixtures
• Mixtures are combinations of substances that are not bonded together and can be separated by physical
processes
• Mixtures do not always contain the same proportions of substances that they are composed of.
• A mixture where the substances are not mixed evenly is called a heterogeneous mixture
• The different areas of a heterogeneous mixture have different compositions
• The substances in heterogeneous mixture are usually easy to tell apart
• A homogeneous mixture contains two or more substances that are mixed on a molecular level, but are still
not bonded together
• Homogeneous mixtures can also be called solutions.
How Solutions Form
• Dissolving is when one substance is evenly spaced throughout another substance
• A precipitate can form if a solution is allowed to cool or sit for a long time
• Precipitates can also form because of a chemical reaction
Liquid Solutions
• Solutions can be made of different combinations of solids, liquids and gases
• Within a liquid-solid solution the solute is a solid and the solvent is a liquid (sugar water)
• Carbonated beverages are liquid-gas solutions carbon dioxide is the solute and water is the solvent
• In a liquid-liquid solution both the solvent and the solute are liquids
Gaseous Solutions
• When the solute and the solvent are gases this is a gas-gas solution
• Air is a gaseous solution, nitrogen is the solvent and all the other gases are the solute
Solid Solutions
• In a solid solution the solid is the solvent and the solute can be a solid, liquid or gas
• A frozen carbonated beverage is a solid-gas solution
• Solid-solid solutions are the most common, the solvent and the solute are solids
• Steel is an alloy that has carbon dissolved into iron
Substances
 • Matter is classified in many ways
• Same composition and properties throughout are substances
• Elements in the periodic table are pure substances
• When elements combine different kinds of matter are formed
Compounds
• two or more elements combining together is a compound
• Hydrogen and oxygen separately occur as gasses, but when they combine they form a new substance H2O
(water), which is a liquid at room temperature.
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is another compound made from hydrogen and water
Chemical Formulas
• There is a difference between water and hydrogen peroxide, although they use the same elements.
• Water (H2O) is made up of two atoms of hydrogen for every atom one atom of oxygen.
• Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has two atoms hydrogen for every two atoms of oxygen.
• The subscript written below and to the right of the elements symbol tells you how many of the elements
atoms are bonded together in the formula.
• No subscript is used when there is only one atom of the element present in the formula.
• Law of definite proportions, compound will always have the same proportions by mass.
Mixtures
• When two or more substances (elements or compounds) come together, but do not form a pure substance, a
mixture results.
• Proportions of the substances in a mixture can be changed.
• Coffee is a mixture, you can change the strength of the coffee by changing the amount of water or coffee
beans, both substances retain their chemical composition.
• Mixtures can be uniform or non-uniform.
• Uniform mixtures you cannot see the individual parts, non-uniform mixtures you can see the individual parts.
• Chili is example of a non-uniform mixture; fruit juice is an example of a uniform mixture.
• You can also refer to them as homogeneous mixture (same throughout) or heterogeneous mixtures (different
throughout)
Acids
• When an acid mixes with water and dissolves it releases a hydrogen ion
• The hydrogen ion then combines with a water molecule to form a hydronium ion
• Hydronium ions are positively charged and have the formula H3O+
Properties of Acidic Solutions
• Sour taste is one of the properties of acidic solutions
• Acidic solutions can conduct electricity
• Acidic solutions are corrosive, they break down certain substances
• They can react strongly to metals which can form metallic compounds and hydrogen gas, which leaves holes
in the metal during the process
Uses of Acids
• Acetic acid (vinegar) is used in cooking and salad dressing
• Citric acid is what makes limes, and lemons sour
• Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) is needed by the body
• Formic acid comes from ants that sting
Bases
• When bases dissolve in water, some hydrogen atoms are attracted to the base
• The hydrogen atom from the water molecule leaves behind a hydrogen atom and an oxygen atom called a
hydroxide atom OH-.
• Most bases contain a hydroxide ion, which is released when the base dissolves in water
Properties of Basic Solutions
• Basic solutions feel slippery and bases taste bitter
• Bases can be corrosive and can burn and damage tissue
• Bases contain ions and can conduct electricity
• Bases do not usually react with metals.
Uses of Bases
• Bases give cleaning products some of their useful properties
• Chalk and oven cleaner are examples of familiar basic products
• Blood is a basic solution
• Calcium Hydroxide (lime) marks athletic lines and is used to treat gardens.
• Sodium Hydroxide (lye) can burn and damage tissue, but is used to make soap, clean ovens and unclog
drains.
Indicators
• Because indicators change colors dependent on the pH, they can be used to find the pH of that solution.
• Litmus paper will change red or blue dependent on if it is an acid or a base
• Some indicators will change through a wide range of colors, each color can represent a different pH value
Neutralization
• An antacid product can neutralize excess acid (hydrochloric) from your stomach
• Every water molecule contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
• When one hydronium ion reacts with one hydroxide ion, the product is two water molecules.
• This reaction takes place during acid-base neutralization, after the water molecules are created the pH is 7,
and the mixture is now neutral.