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TABLE OF RELATIVE ATOMIC MASSES

Element Symbol Proton number Relative atomic mass

Aluminum Al 13 27.0
Silver Ag 47 107.9
Argon Ar 18 40.0
Arsenic As 33 74.9
Gold Au 79 197.0
Barium Ba 56 137.3
Beryllium Be 4 9.0
Bismuth Bi 83 209.0
Boron B 5 10.8
Bromine Br 35 79.9
Iron Fe 26 55.9
Fluorine F 9 19.0
Phosphorus P 15 31.0
Helium He 2 4.0
Mercury Hg 80 200.6
Hydrogen H 1 1.0
Iodine I 53 126.9
Cadmium Cd 48 112.4
Potassium K 19 39.1
Calcium Ca 20 40.1
Carbon C 6 12.0
Chlorine Cl 17 35.5
Cobalt Co 27 58.9
Krypton Kr 36 83.8
Chromium Cr 24 52.0
Copper Cu 29 63.6
Lithium Li 3 6.9
Magnesium Mg 12 24.3
Manganese Mn 25 54.9
Sodium Na 11 23.0
Neon Ne 10 20.2
Nickel Ni 28 58.7
Nitrogen N 7 14.0
Oxygen O 8 16.0
Platinum Pt 78 195.1
Lead Pb 82 207.2
Protactinium Pa 91 231.0
Radium Ra 88 226.0
Radon Rn 86 222.0
Rubidium Rb 37 85.5
Selenium Se 34 79.0
Cerium Ce 58 140.1
Caesium Cs 55 132.9
Silicon Si 14 28.1
Scandium Sc 21 45.0
Tin Sn 50 118.7
Antimony Sb 51 121.8
Strontium Sr 38 87.6
Sulphur S 16 32.1
Uranium U 92 238.0
Tungsten W 74 183.9
Zinc Zn 30 65.4
LIST OF SELECTED CONSTANT VALUES

Ionization constant for water at 25C Kw = 1.0 1014 mol2 dm16

Molar volume of gases Vm = 22.4 dm3 mol1 at STP

= 24 dm3 mol1 at room temperature

Speed of light in a vacuum c = 3.0 108 m s1

Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ kg1 K1

= 4.18 J g1 K1
= 4.18 J g1 C1

Avogadros number NA = 6.021023 mol1

Faraday constant F = 96500 C mol1

Planck constant h = 6.62561034 J s

Rydberg constant RH = 1.097 107 m1

= 2.18 1018 J

Ideal gas constant R = 8.314 J mol-1 K1

= 0.08206 L atm mol1 K1

Density of water at 25C = 1 g cm3

Freezing point of water = 0.00 C

Vapour pressure of water at 25C P H2 O = 23.8 torr

UNIT AND CONVERSION FACTOR

VOLUME 1L = 1 dm3
1mL = 1 cm3

ENERGY 1J = 1 kg m2 s2 = 1 N m= 1 107 erg

1 calorie = 4.184 J
1eV = 1.602 x 10-19 J

PRESSURE 1 atm = 760 mmHg=760 torr =101 325 Pa = 101.325 kPa =101 325 N m-2

OTHERS 1 faraday (F) = 96 500 C

1 newton (N) = 1 kg m s2
 TUTORIAL 1.1: ATOMS & MOLECULES SK016
TOPIC LEARNING OUTCOMES
1.0 MATTER At the end of this topic, students should be able to:
1.1 Atoms and molecules (a) Describe proton, electron and neutron in terms of the relative
mass and relative charge.

(b) Define proton number (Z), nucleon number (A) and isotope.

(c) Write isotope notation.

(d) Define relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative molecular mass
(Mr) based on the C-12 scale.

(e) Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the

relative abundances of isotopes or a mass spectrum.

1.2 Mole concept (a) Define mole in terms of mass of carbon-12 and Avogadros
constant (NA).

(b) Interconvert between moles, mass, number of particles, molar

volume of gas at s.t.p. and room temperature.

(c) Define the terms empirical and molecular formulae.

(d) Determine empirical and molecular formulae from mass

composition or combustion data.

(f) Define and perform calculation for each of the following

concentration measurements:

i. molarity (M)
ii. molality (m)
iii. mole fraction (X)
iv. percentage by mass (% w/w)
v. percentage by volume (%v/v)

CHAPTER 1.1 ATOMS & MOLECULES

1.3 Stoichiometry (a) Determine the oxidation number of an element in a
chemical formula

(b) Write and balance:

i. chemical ewuation by inspection method.

ii. redox equation by ion-electron method

(c) Define limiting reactant and percentage yeild.

(d) Perform stoichiometry calcualtions using mole concept

including limiting reactant and percentage yield.

1
 TUTORIAL 1.1: ATOMS & MOLECULES SK016
1 (a) Define:
i. proton number
ii. nucleon number
(b) Give the number of protons, neutrons, electrons and charge in each of the following
species:
23
i. 11 A
ii. 87
38 B2+
C-
127
iii. 53

2 An atom of X is twice as heavy as one carbon-12 atom. Calculate the relative atomic mass of
element X.

3 The following is the mass spectrum of zirconium. Calculate the average atomic mass of
zirconium.

52
%
intensity

14 13
9 12

90 91 92 93 94 mass(u)

4 Iron consists of 5.82% 54Fe, 91.66% 56Fe, 2.19% 57Fe and 0.33% 58Fe. The isotopic masses of
these four isotopes are 53.9396 u, 55.9394 u, 56.9354 u and 57.9333 u respectively. Calculate
the relative atomic mass of iron.

CHAPTER 1.1 ATOMS & MOLECULES

2
 TUTORIAL 1.1: ATOMS & MOLECULES SK016
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
1 Which atom has the smallest number of neutrons?
A carbon-14 C oxygen-16
B nitrogen-14 D fluorine-19

2 Identify the species that has the same number of electrons and neutrons.
1 19 -
A H C F
14 14
B C D C2+

3 The atomic masses in the periodic table are not integral numbers. For example, carbon is
listed as 12.01115 instead of 12.00000. Choose the most appropriate explanation.
A There is a theoretical uncertainty in the masses of atom.
B Atoms gain and lose electron easily and that changes their masses significantly.
C Atomic masses listed in the periodic table are weighted averages of naturally
occurring isotopes.

D Atomic masses are measured in real samples that are always contaminated with other
elements.

A B C D
I only I and II only II and III only I,II and III

4 The element oxygen consists of three naturally occurring isotopes: 16O, 17O and 18O. The
atomic mass of oxygen is 16.0 u. What can be implied about the relative abundances of these
isotopes?
I The abundances of 17O and 18O are very small.
II The isotopes all have the same abundance
III Almost all O atoms are 18O.
CHAPTER 1.1 ATOMS & MOLECULES
5 Which of these represent an element?
I Ne
II Cl2
III O3