Principle of mechanic

TUT NO(1)

Example(1):

A hollow cast iron cylinder 4m long , 300mm outer diameter and

thickness of metal 50mm is subjected to a central load on the top when
standing straight . The stress produced is 75000kN/m2 . Assume young,s
modulus for cast as 1.5*108KN/m2and find:

1/magnitude of the load

2/longitudinal strain produced

3/total decrease in length.

Solution:

Given:D=300mm=0.3m

t=50mm=0.05m

L=4m

= 75000kN/m2

E= 1.5*108KN/m2

Inner diameter of the cylinder,

d=D_2t

=0.3_2*0.05=0.2m
1/magnitude of the load p:

=

P= *A

=75000* (0.32_0.22)
4

P=2945.2KN

2/longitudinal strain produced ,e:

E= /A

=75000/(1.5*108)

=0.0005

3/total decrease in length l:

E=l/l

l=0.0005/4=0.002m=2mm
 Principle of mechanic

TUT NO(2)

The following observation were made during a tensile test on a mild

steel specimen 40mm in diameter and 200mm long. Elongation with
40KN load , l=0.0304mm

Length of specimen at fracture=249mm

Yield load=161KN
Maximum load=242KN

Determine:

1/Young,s modulus of elasticity

2/yield stress

3/ultimate stress

4/percentage elongation

Solution:

1/ =

=40/(*0.042/4)

=3.18*104KN/m2

e=l/l
 =0.0304/200 =0.000152

E=stress/strain

=3.18*104/0.000152

=2.09*108KN/m2

2/yield stress:

= yield load/Area

=161/(*0.042/4)

=1208*104KN/m2

3/ultimate stress

=ultimate load/Area

=242/(*0.042/4)

=19.2*104KN/m2

4/percentage elongation

=(Length at fracture_original length) / original length

=(249_200)/200 = 24.5%
 H.W
A steel wire 2m long and 3mm in diameter is extended by 0.75 mm
when aweight W is suspended from the wire. If the same weight is
suspended from abrass wire 2.5m long and 2mm in diameter it is
elongated by 4.64mm . Determine the modulus of elasticity of brass if
that of steel be 2*105N/mm2.
 Quiz(1)

Asteel bar is 900 mm long (as shown below)m,if the bar is subjected to
an axial tensile load of 15 KN , find the total extension. Take
E=200GN/m2
 Principle of mechanic

Problem(1)

Abrass bar having cross_sectional areaof 1000mm2 is subjected to axial

forces (as shown) .find the total elongation of the bar . let E=100GN/m2.

Problem(2)

A steel bar of cross_ sectional area 250mm2held firmly by the end

supports and loaded by an axial force of 25KN(as shown)

Determine:

1/Reaction at L and M.

2/Extension of the left portion.

Let E=200GN/m2.
 Principle of mechanic

TUT NO(3)
Example(1):

A concrete cylinder of diameter 150mm and length 300mm when

subjected to an axial compressive load of 240KN resulted in an increase
of diameter by 0.127 mm and a decrease in length of 0.28mm .
compute the value of poisson,s ratio and modulus of elasticity E.

Solution:

Given:

D=150mm

d=0.127mm

l =0.28mm

L=300mm

P=240KN

Linear strain= l/l

=0.28/300 =0.000933

Lateral strain= d/d

=0.127/150 =0.000846

poisson,s ratio()=lateral strain/ Linear strain

=0.000846/0.000933

=0.907
modulus of elasticity E:

E=stress/strain
240/(0.15/4)
=
(0.00028/0.3)

=14.55GN/m2

C.w

For agiven matrial youngs modulus is 110GN/m2 and shear modulus is

42GN/m2.find the bulk modulus and lateral contraction of around bar
of 37.5mm diameter and 2.4m length when stretched 2.5 mm.

H.W

The following data relate to a bar subjected to a tensile test:

d=30mm

P=54KN

L=300mm

l =0.112

d =0.00366mm

Calculate :

1/poisons ratio.

2/The value of three moduli.

 Principle of mechanic

TUT NO(3)

Compound bars:
Example(1):

A concrete column of cross sectional area 400mm*400mm is

reinforced by four longitudinal 50mm diameter round steel bars placed
at each corner . if the column carries acompressive load of 300KN,
determine:

1/load carried.

2/The compressive stress produced in the concrete and steel bar.

(young modulusof steel is 15 times that of concrete)

Solution:

At=0.4*0.4=0.16m2

As=4(*0.052/4)=0.00785m2

AC=0.16-0.00785=01521m2

(/E)S=( /E)C

ES/EC =15 C

ES=15EC

PS+PC=P

(*A)S+(*A)C=300000
C(15*0.00785+0.1521)=300000

C=1.11MN/m2

s=15*1.11=16.65MN/m2

Load carried by steel bars:

Ps= s*AS

=16.65*106*0.00785

=130.7KN

Load carried by concrete:

Pc= c*Ac
6
=1.11*10 *0.1521

=168.9KN

c.w
Acopper rod of 40mm diameter is surrounded by cast iron tube of
80mm external diameter . When put to compressive load of 30KN
,what load will be shared by each? Also determine the a mount by
which the compound bar shortens if it is 2m long.

Take Ec.i=175GN/m2

Ec]= 75GN/m2
 H.W
A solid steel cylinder 500mm long and 70mm diameter is placed in side
on aluminium cylinder having 75mm inside diameter and 100mm
outside diameter . the aluminium cylinder is 0.16 mm longer than the
steel cylinder . an axial load of 500KN is applied at the compound bar .
find the stress developed in the steel cylinder and aluminium cylinder
.assume for steel E=220GN/m2 and for aluminium E= 70GN/m2
Thermal stresses
Example:
A steel rod 15m long is at a temperature of 15c find the free expansion
of the length when the temperature is raised to 65c find the
temperature stress produced when:

1/The expansion of the rod is prevented

2/The rod is permitted to expand by 6mm

Take =12*10-6per c and E=200GN/m2

solution:

Free expansion of the rod

=L (t2-t1)

=15*12*10-6*(65-15)

=0.009m=9mm

1/When the expansion is fully prevented:

= L (t2-t1)E

=15*12*10-6*(65-15)*200*109

=120MN/m2

2/when the rod is permitted is expand by 6mm:

=9-6=3mm

Strain=Expansion prevented/original length

 =3/(15*1000)
=0.0002

Temperature stress=strain*E

=0.0002*200*109

=40*106N/m2

H.W
Calculate the value of the stress and strain in portions AC and CB of the
steel bar as shown .If the temperature is raised by 75c .take E=200Gpa
and =12*10-6 / c for steel . Area of cross sections of AC is 400mm2and
of BC is 800mm2.
 Thin Cylindrical Shells
Tut.No( )

Example (1):

Calculate the thickness of the metal requried for acast-iron main

800mm in diameter for water at apressure head of 100m if the
maximam premissible tensile stress is 20Mn/m2 and weight of water is
10Kn/m3 .

Solution:

Given: d=800mm=0.8m

c=20Mn/m2

w=10Kn/m3

t=?

the rule:

c=
2

Caculate:

P=wh

=(10*100)*10-3

=1Mn/m2.

t=
2c

=(1*0.8)/(2*20)

=0.02m or 20mm

Example(2):

A cylindrical water tank of height 25m , inside diameter 2.2m having

vertical axis is open at the top .the tank is made of steel having yield
stress of 210Mn/m2.Determine the thickness of steel used when the
tank is full of water (Efficiency of the longitudinal joint=70% , factor of
safety(F)=3)

Note:

F=yield stress/working stress

Solution:

Given : h=25m

d=2.2m

y=210Mn/m2

=70%=0.7

F=3

t =?
 the rule:

c=
2

Calculate:

working stress=210/3

=70Mn/m2

P=(10*25)*10-3

=0.25Mn/m2

t=
2c

=(0.25*2.2)/(2*70*0.7)

=0.0056m =5.6mm
 Bending moments and Shearing force
Cantilever beam
Tut.

Example(1):

Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram for

Cantilever beam loaded as shown :

Solution:

Shear force:

S.FA_C=-1KN

S.FD=-1-(2*3)=-7KN

S.FE=-1-(2*3)-1=-8KN

S.FE_B=-8KN

Bending moment:

MA=0

MC=-1*1=-1KN.m
MD=-1*(1+3)-(2*3)*(3/2)=-13KN.m

MF=-1*(1+1)-(2*1)*(1/2)=-3KN.m

ME=-1*5-(2*3)*((3/2)+1)=-20KN.m

MB=-1*6-(2*3)*((3/2)+1+1)-1*1=-28KN.m
 H.W
Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M)diagram Cantilever
beam loaded as shown :
 Bending moments and Shearing force
Simple beam
Tut.
Example(1):

Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram for

simple beam loaded as shown :

Solution:

Reaction(taking moment about A)

RB*4=2*1+4*2+2*3

RB=16/4

=4KN

RA+RB=8

RA=8-4

=4KN
 Shear force:

S.FB_E=+4KN

S.FE_D=4-2=2KN

S.FD_C=2-4=-2KN

S.FC_A=-2-2=-4KN

Bending moment:

MB=0

ME=4*1=4KNm

MD=4*2-2*1=6KNm

MC=4*3-2*2-4*1=4KNm

MA=4*4-2*3-4*2-2*1=0
Example(1):

Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram for

simple beam loaded as shown , clearly mark the position of the
maximum bending moment and determine its value.

Solution:

RB*6=1*1+2*2((2/2)+1+1)+4*5

RB=5.5KN

RA+RB=4+(2*2)+1

RA=3.5KN

Shear force:

S.FB_F=+5.5KN

S.FF_E=5.5-4=1.5KN

S.FE_D=5.5-4-2*2=-2.5KN

S.FD_C =5.5-4-2*2-1=-3.5KN

S.FC_A =5.5-4-2*2-1=-3.5KN
 Bending moment:

MB=0

MF=5.5*1=5.5KNm

ME=5.5*2-4*1=7KNm

MD=5.5*4-4*3-(2*2)*(2/2)=6KNm

MC=5.5*5-4*4-(2*2)*((2/2)+1)=3.5KN.m

MA=0
From S.F Dia_:

=

2.5 1.5
=
2
Cd=0.75m
B.M at the point where S.F is zero is the maximum and is :
Mmax=5.5*2.75_4*(2.75-1)-2*0.75*(0.75/2)
=7.56KN.m

H.w
Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram for
simple beam loaded as shown below:
 Simple supported beam with overhangs
Example(1):
Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram for
simple beam loaded as shown :

Solution:

Reaction(taking moment about A):

RB*5=5.5*2+2*5*(5/2)+2*7

=50/5=10KN

RA+RB=5.5+2*5+2=17.5KN

RA=17.5-10

=7.5KN

Shear force:

S.FD_B=-2KN

S.FB=-2+10=8KN

S.FC=8-2*3-5.5=-3.5KN

S.FA=-3.5-2*2=-7.5KN
 Bending moment:

MD=0

MB=-2*2=-4KNm

MP=-2*3.5+10*1.5-2*1.5*(1.5/2)=5.75KNm

MC=-2*5+10*3-2*3*(3/2)=11KNm

MQ=-2*6+10*4-2*4*(4/2)-5.5*1=6.5KNm

MA=-2*7+10*5-2*5*(5/2)-5.5*2=0

To find (x):

Mx=-2*(2+x)+10*x-2*x*x/2=0

X2-8x+4=0

X=0.54m
 General Home Work

a) Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram:

1/

2/

3/

4/
b)For the beam loaded as shown .calculate the value of U.D.L (w) so
that the B.M.at c is 50Knm . Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending
moment(B.M) diagram for this beam for the calculated value of
(w).

c) Abeam AB 10m long carries U.D.L of 20KN/m over its inter length
together with cocentreted load of 50KN at the left end A and 80KN at
the end B .As shown .the beam is to be supported at two props at the
same level ,(6m) so that the reaction is the same at each .Determine
the positions of the suppports and draw the S.F and B.M diagrams.Find
the value of maximum B.M Locate the point of contraflexure if any
 Strength of matrial
The Centroid
Tut.No( 1)
23/7/2013
Example(1):

Find out the position of the centroid of L-section as shown:

Solution:

Divide the composite figure in to two simple areas:

a)Rectangle(160mm*40mm)

b) Rectangle(80mm*40mm)
Area(mm2) Centroidal Centroidal ax(mm2) ay(mm2)
distance(x) distance(y)
fromMM(mm) fromLL(mm)

Rec_(a) 160*40=6400 20 80 128000 512000

Rec_(b) 80*40=3200 80 20 256000 64000

a=9600 ax=384000 ay=576000
X=ax/a
=384000/9600=40mm

Y=ay/a

=576000/9600=60mm

H.W

Find out the position of the centroid of I-section as shown:

 Strength of matrial
The Moment of inertia
Tut.No( 2)
23/7/2013
Example(2):

Find the moment of inertia about the centroid axes XX and YY of the
section shown:

Solution:
Area(mm2) Centroidal Centroidal ax(mm2) ay(mm2)
distance(x) distance(y)
fromMM(mm) fromLL(mm)

Rec_(1) 80*10=800 5 40 4000 32000

Rec_(2) 50*10=500 35 5 17500 2500

a=1300 ax=21500 ay=34500

X=ax/a
=21500/1300=16.5mm
Y=ay/a

=34500/1300=26.5mm

To find IXX,IYY:

IXX={(10*803/12)+80*10*(40-26.5)2}+{(50*103/12)+50*10*(26.5-5)2}

=807757mm4

Iyy={(80*103/12)+80*10*(16.5-5)2}+{(10*503/12)+50*10*(35-16.5)2}

=387757mm4

Example(3):

Find the moment of inertia about the centroid axes XX and YY of the
section shown:

Solution:
Area(mm2) Centroidal Centroidal ax(mm2) ay(mm2)
distance(x) distance(y)
fromMM(mm) fromLL(mm)

Rec_(1) 60*20=1200 30 40+(20/2)=50 36000 60000

Rec_(2) 40*20=800 30 40/2=20 24000 16000
a=2000 ax=60000 ay=76000

X=ax/a
=60000/2000=30mm

Y=ay/a

=76000/2000=38mm

To find IXX,IYY:

IXX={(60*203/12)+60*20*(50-38)2}+{(20*403/12)+40*20*(38-20)2}

=578666mm4

Iyy={(20*603/12)}+{(40*203/12)}

=386664mm4
Draw the shear force(S.F) and bending moment(B.M) diagram:
1/

2/

3/

4/
Acopper rod of 40mm diameter is surrounded by cast iron tube of
80mm external diameter . When put to compressive load of 30KN
,what load will be shared by each? Also determine the a mount by
which the compound bar shortens if it is 2m long.

Take Ec.i=175GN/m2

Ec= 75GN/m2