| Mathematics Major [1]

WHAT TO EXPECT
MAJORSHIP: MATHEMATICS
Focus: Analytic Geometry
LET Competencies:

1. Determine the equation of a line given:

a. any two points on the line
b. a point and the slope of the line
c. a point and the slope of the line parallel to the desired line
d. a point and the slope of the line perpendicular to the desired line
e. the intercepts.
2. Solve problems involving
a. the midpoint of a line segment, distance between two points, slopes of lines, distance
between a point and a line, and segment division.
b. a circle, parabola, ellipse, and hyperbola.
3. Determine the equations and graphs of a circle, parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.

PART 1: CONTENT UPDATE

Introduction:
This material includes a brief review of the basic terms concerning lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses,
and hyperbolas.
A straight line is represented by an equation of the first degree in one or two variables, while the circle,
parabola, ellipse and hyperbola are represented by equations of the second degree in two variables.

A. The Straight Line

1. The distance between two points A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is ( x1 x2 ) 2 ( y1 y2 ) 2 .

2. Slope of a line
y1 y2 y y1
a) The slope of the non-vertical line containing A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2) is m or m 2 .
x1 x2 x2 x1
b) The slope of a line parallel to the x-axis is 0.
c) The slope of a line parallel to the y-axis is undefined.
d) The slope of a line that leans to the right is positive.
e) The slope of a line that leans to the left is negative.

3. The Equation of a line

In general, a line has an equation of the form ax + by + c = 0 where a, b, c are real numbers and
that a and b are not both zero.

4. Different forms of the equation of a line

a) General form: ax + by + c = 0.
b) Slope-intercept form: y = mx + b, where m is the slope and b the y-intercept.
c) Point slope form: y y1 m( x x1 ) where (x1, y1) is any point on the line.
y2 y1
d) Two point form: y y1 ( x x1 ) where (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are any two points on the
x2 x1
line.
x y
e) Intercept form: 1 where a is the x-intercept and b the y-intercept.
a b

5. Parallel and Perpendicular lines

Given two non-vertical lines p and q so that p has slope m1 and q has slope m2.
a) If p and q are parallel, then m1 = m2.
b) If p and q are perpendicular to each other, then m1m2 = -1.

6. Segment division
Given segment AB with A(x1,y1) and B(x2,y2).

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x1 x2 y1 y2
a) The midpoint M of segment AB is M ( , ).
2 2
r AP r1
b) If a point P divides AB in the ratio 1 so that , then the coordinates of P(x,y) can be
r2 PB r2
rx r x r y r y
obtained using the formula x 1 2 2 1 and y 1 2 2 1 .
r1 r2 r1 r2
7. Distance of a point from a line

The distance of a point A(x1,y1) from the line Ax + By + C = 0 is given by

Ax1 By1 C
d .
A2 B 2

B. The Circle
1. Definition. A circle is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a fixed point on the plane.
The fixed point is called the center, and the distance from the center to any point of the circle is called
the radius.
2. Equation of a circle
a) general form: x2 + y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
b) center-radius form: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2 where the center is at (h,k) and the radius is equal to r.
3. Line tangent to a circle
A line tangent to a circle touches the circle at exactly one point called the point of tangency. The
tangent line is perpendicular to the radius of the circle, at the point of tangency.

C. Conic Section

A conic section or simply conic, is defined as the graph of a second-degree equation in x and y.

In terms of locus of points, a conic is defined as the path of a point, which moves so that its distance
from a fixed point is in constant ratio to its distance from a fixed line. The fixed point is called the focus of the
conic, the fixed line is called the directrix of the conic, and the constant ratio is called the eccentricity, usually
denoted by e.

If e < 1, the conic is an ellipse. (Note that a circle has e=0.)

If e = 1, the conic is a parabola.
If e > 1, the conic is hyperbola.

D. The Parabola
1. Definition. A parabola is the set of all points on a plane that are equidistant from a
fixed point and a fixed line of the plane. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is the
directrix.
2. Equation and Graph of a Parabola
a) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (a,0) is y2 = 4ax. The parabola
opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
b) The equation of a parabola with vertex at the origin and focus at (0,a) is x2 = 4ay. The parabola
opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
c) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h + a, k) is (y k)2 = 4a(x h).
The parabola opens to the right if a > 0 and opens to the left if a < 0.
d) The equation of a parabola with vertex at (h , k) and focus at (h, k + a) is (x h)2 = 4a(y k).
e) The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and opens downward if a < 0.
f) Standard form: (y k)2 = 4a(x h) or (x h)2 = 4a(y k)
g) General form: y2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0, or x2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
3. Parts of a Parabola
a) The vertex is the point, midway between the focus and the directrix.
b) The axis of the parabola is the line containing the focus and perpendicular to the directrix. The
parabola is symmetric with respect to its axis.
c) The latus rectum is the chord drawn through the focus and parallel to the directrix (and therefore
perpendicular to the axis) of the parabola.
d) In the parabola y2=4ax, the length of latus rectum is 4a, and the endpoints of the latus rectum are
(a, -2a) and (a, 2a).

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| Mathematics Major [1]

y
L

M P(x, y)
In the figure at the right, the vertex of the C
parabola is the origin, the focus is F(a,o),
the directrix is the line containing LL' ,
the axis is the x-axis, the latus rectum is
the line containing CC ' . O F(a, 0) x

L'

y y 4/3 = 0 L
y
x1=0

O
x y2=0
P(x,y) V(3,2)
F(0,-4/3) F(5,2)

O x

16
The graph of x 2 y. L
3
The graph of (y-2)2 = 8 (x-3).

E. Ellipse
1. Definition. An ellipse is the set of all points P on a plane such that the sum of the distances of P from two
fixed points F and F on the plane is constant. Each fixed point is called focus (plural: foci).
2. Equation of an Ellipse
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at (0, b) and b a c , then the equation is 2 2 1 .
2 2 2

a b
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the
x2 y2
minor axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
b2 a 2
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
b a c , then the equation is
2 2 2
1.
a2 b2

d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2a, the principal axis is vertical and
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
b 2 a 2 c 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2

3. Parts of an Ellipse.
For the terms described below, refer to the ellipse shown with center at O, vertices at V(-a,0) and
V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0), endpoints of the minor axis at B(0,-b) and B(0,b), endpoints of one latus
b2 b2
rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c, )
a a
b2 b2
and the other at H (c, ) and G(c, ).
a a
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B(0,b)
2 2
(c, ba ) (c, ba )

V(-a,0) F(-c,0) O F(c,0) V(a,0) x

2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba )
B(0,-b)

a) The center of an ellipse is the midpoint of the segment joining the two foci. It is the intersection of
the axes of the ellipse. In the figure above, point O is the center.
b) The principal axis of the ellipse is the line containing the foci and intersecting the ellipse at its
vertices. The major axis is a segment of the principal axis whose endpoints are the vertices of the
ellipse. In the figure, V 'V is the major axis and has length of 2a units.
c) The minor axis is the perpendicular bisector of the major axis and whose endpoints are both on the
ellipse. In the figure, B' B is the minor axis and has length 2b units.
d) The latus rectum is the chord through a focus and perpendicular to the major axis. G' G and H ' H
2b 2
are the latus rectum, each with a length of .
a
y
y

(0, 3) (2,6)
(-4, 9 ) (4, 9 ) (8,5)
5 5
(-6,4)
(-5,0) (-4,0) (4,0) (5,0)
(2,1)
O x (-8,1) (12,1)
O x
(-4,- 9 ) (4,- 9 )
5 5
(0, -3) (8,3)
2 (2,-4)
x 2
y 2
( x 2) ( y 1) 2
The graph of 1. The graph of 1.
25 9 100 25

4. Kinds of Ellipses
a) Horizontal ellipse. An ellipse is horizontal if its principal axis is horizontal. The graphs above are both
horizontal ellipses.
b) Vertical ellipse. An ellipse is vertical if its principal axis is vertical.

F. The Hyperbola
1. Definition. A hyperbola is the set of points on a plane such that the difference of the distances of each point
on the set from two fixed points on the plane is constant. Each of the fixed points is called focus.
2. Equation of a hyperbola
a) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at ( a, 0), the foci are at ( c,0), the endpoints of the minor
x2 y2
axis are at (0, b) and b c a , then the equation is 2 2 1 .
2 2 2

a b
b) If the center is at the origin, the vertices are at (0, a), the foci are at (0, c), the endpoints of the minor
y2 x2
axis are at ( b, 0) and b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 2 2 1 .
a b
c) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2 a, the principal axis is horizontal and
( x h) 2 ( y k ) 2
b 2 c 2 a 2 , then the equation is 1.
a2 b2
d) If the center is at (h, k), the distance between the vertices is 2 a, the principal axis is vertical and
( y k ) 2 ( x h) 2
b c a , then the equation is
2 2 2
1
a2 b2
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2. Parts of a hyperbola.
For the terms described below, refer to the hyperbola shown which has its center at O, vertices at V(-
b2
a,0) and V(a,0), foci at F(-c,0) and F(c,0) and endpoints of one latus rectum at G (-c, ) and G(-c,
a
b2 b2 b2
) and the other at H (c, ) and H(c, ).
a a a
y

2 2
(c, ba ) B(0,b) (c, ba )

V(-a,0)
x
F(-c,0) O V(a,0) F(c,0)

2
(c, ba )
2
(c, ba ) B(0,-b)

a) The hyperbola consists of two separate parts called branches.

b) The two fixed points are called foci. In the figure, the foci are at ( c,0).
c) The line containing the two foci is called the principal axis. In the figure, the principal axis is the x-
axis.
d) The vertices of a hyperbola are the points of intersection of the hyperbola and the principal axis. In
the figure, the vertices are at ( a,0).
e) The segment whose endpoints are the vertices is called the transverse axis. In the figure V 'V is
the transverse axis.
f) The line segment with endpoints (0, b) and (0,-b) where b 2 c 2 a 2 is called the conjugate axis,
and is a perpendicular bisector of the transverse axis.
g) The intersection of the two axes is the center of the hyperbola .
h) The chord through a focus and perpendicular to the transverse axis is called a latus rectum. In the
b2 b2
figure, G' G is a latus rectum whose endpoints are G (-c, ) and G(-c, ) and has a
a a
2b 2
length of .
a

3. The Asymptotes of a Hyperbola

Shown in the figure below is a hyperbola with two lines as extended diagonals of the rectangle shown.

y
b b
y x y x
a a

(0,b) P

x
(-a,0) O (a,0)

(0,-b)

These two diagonal lines are said to be the asymptotes of the curve, and are helpful in sketching the graph of a
x2 y2 b b
hyperbola. The equations of the asymptotes associated with 2
2 1 are y x and y x . Similarly,
a b a a
2 2
y x a a
the equations of the asymptotes associated with 2 2 1 are y x and y x .
a b b b

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y y

(6,9)

(-9,6) F(0,6) (9,6)

3y x 0
(0,3)
F(-6,0) (-3,0) O (3,0) F(6,0) x

O x
(0,-3)
3y x 0
(6,-9) F(0,-6)

x2 y2 y2 x2
The graph of 1. The graph of 1.
9 27 9 27

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Part II.
Choose the letter of the best answer. For items # 1-7, please refer to the following points: P(-10,-7), Q(2,3) and
R(8,-11).
1. What is the slope of QR ?
A. -4/5 C. -7/3
B. 3/7 D. 5/4
2. What is the equation of the line containing QR ?
A. 7x + 3y 23 = 0 C. 7x + 3y + 23 = 0
B. 7x + 3y + 5 = 0 D. 3x + 7y + 23 = 0
3. What is the equation of the line parallel to PQ and passing through R?
A. 5x 6y 26 = 0 C. 6x - 5y - 103 = 0
B. 5x 6y 106 = 0 D. 6x 5y + 7 = 0
4. What is the equation of the line perpendicular to PQ and whose y-intercept is -15?
A. 6x + 5y - 75 = 0 C. 5x 6y + 75 = 0
B. 5x - 6y 75 = 0 D. 6x + 5y + 75 = 0
5. What is the distance of P from QR ?

A.
57 58 units 34 58 units C.
29 29
B.
43 58 units D.
28 58 units
29 29
6. What are the coordinates of the midpoint of PQ ?
A. (-4, -2) C. (6, 5)
B. (-6, -5) D. (-5, -6)
7. What are the coordinates of S, which divides PR in the ratio 7:3?

28 43 43 28
A. , C. ,
5 5 5 5
13 49 63 14
B. , D. ,
5 5 5 5
8. What is the equation of the line whose x-intercept is 6 and y-intercept is -8?
A. 3x 4y - 24 = 0 C. 4x 3y - 24 = 0
B. 3x 4y + 24 = 0 D. 4x 3y + 24 = 0
9. Determine the value of k so that the line whose equation is 5kx + 7y 20 = 0 passes
through the point (6,-3)?
A. -1/30 C. 30/41
B. 1/30 D. 41/30
10. What is the radius of the circle whose diameter is the segment with endpoints (4,3)
and (20,- 9) .
A. 400 C. 100
B. 20 D. 10
11. What is the equation of the circle whose diameter is the segment with endpoints
M (4,3) and V (20,- 9) .
A. (x 12)2 + (y + 3)2 = 400 C. (x 8)2 + (y 6)2 = 100
B. (x - 8)2 + (y - 6)2 = 400 D. (x - 12)2 + (y + 3)2 = 100
12. Determine the center of the circle whose equation is x2 + y2 - 10x + 12y + 12 = 0.
A. (- 6, 5) C. (5, -6)
B. (6, -5) D. (-5, 6)
13. What is the diameter of the circle x2 + y2 - 10x + 12y + 12 = 0?
A. 49 C. 14
B. 196 D. 7
14. What is the equation of the line tangent to the circle x2 + y2 = 25 at (-3, 4)?
A. -3x + 4y + 25 = 0 C. 3x - 4y + 25= 0
B. -3x + 4y 25 = 0 D. 3x 4y -25 = 0
15. What is the equation of the parabola with vertex at (1, 5) and focus at (7, 5)?
A. (y - 5)2 = -24 (x + 1) C. (y 5)2 = 6 (x - 1)
B. (y - 5)2 = -24 (x - 1) D. (y + 5)2 = 6 (x + 1)
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16. Determine the focus of the parabola x2 + 6x + 20y - 71 = 0.
A. (-3, -1) C. (-3, 4)
B. (3, 1) D. (3, -4)
17. Determine the equation of the directrix of the parabola x2 + 6x + 20y - 71 = 0.
A. y = -6 C. x = 9
B. y = 9 D. x = -6
18. Determine the length of the latus rectum of the parabola x2 + 6x + 20y - 71 = 0.
A. 6 C. 5
B. 4 D. 20
19. Determine the equation of the ellipse with center at the origin, one focus at (-12, 0)
and length of the semi-major axis of 13.
x2 y2 x2 y2
A. + =1 C. 1
25 169 144 169
x2 y2 x2 y2
B. + =1 D. 1
169 25 169 144
20. Determine the center of the ellipse whose equation is
16x2 + 25y2 - 128x + 150y + 81 = 0 .

A. (-4, -5) C. (-4, 3)

B. (4, 5) D. (4, -3)
21. Which of the following is a focus of the ellipse whose equation is
16x2 + 25y2 - 128x + 150y + 81 = 0 .

A. (1, -3) C. (1, 4)

B. (4, 1) D. (-3, 1)

22. Determine the length of the major axis of the ellipse

16x2 + 25y2 - 128x + 150y + 81 = 0 .

A. 5 C. 8
B. 10 D. 6
23. Determine the equation of the hyperbola having its foci at (0, 13) and length of the transverse axis of 10.
x2 y2 x2 y2
A. - =1 C. - =1
169 100 144 25
x2 y2 x2 y2
B. - =1 D. - =1
169 25 25 144
24. Which of the following is a vertex of the hyperbola having its foci at (0, 13) and length of the transverse
axis of 10?
A. (0, -5) C. (0, 10)
B. (10, 0) D. (12, 0)

2 2
(y - 3) (x + 5)
25. Which of the following is a focus of the hyperbola - = 1?
81 144

A. (3, -20) C. (13, 4)

B. (3, 20) D. (-7, 4)

END

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