1

Load Flow Equations

gi
POWER FLOW FORMULATION Vj = Vi Vj (Gij sin(i j ) Bij cos(i j ))
Vj
Admittance Matrix
i = j
fi
= gi (, V ) Bii Vi2
Ybus = G + jB = Yij i
fi
Power flow equations Vi = fi (, V ) + Gii Vi2
n
Vi

Pi = fi (, V ) = Vi Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j )) gi
= fi (, V ) Gii Vi2
j=1 i
n
gi
Qi = gi (, V ) = Vi Vj (Gij sin(i j )Bij cos(i j )) Vi = gi (, V ) Bii Vi2
Vi
j=1
Jacobian dimensions
NUMERICAL ITERATION
fi
General form : (n 1) (n 1)
j
update = old value + iteration matrix*error fi
: (n 1) nPQ
x(k+1)
=x (k)
+A 1
[y f (x (k)
)] Vj

Gauss gi
: nPQ (n 1)
j
A = diag{ai }
gi
: nPQ nPQ
Newton-Raphson Vj
fi Updates are of the form
A = J = jacobian = [ ] | (k)
xj x 1
fi fi (k)

GAUSS-SEIDEL ITERATION (k+1) (k) P (k)
= + j
gi
Vj
gi

V (k+1) V (k) j Vj Q(k)

(k+1) (k) 1 Si
i1
(k+1) with
Vi = Vi + Yii (k) Yij Vj + ...
(k)
Vi P (k)
Pi fi ( (k) , V (k) )

j=1 =
n
Q(k) (k)
Qi gi ( (k) , V (k) )
1 (k)
. . . Yii Yij Vj Fast Decoupled Newton-Raphson
j=i
Jacobian approximation
Notes: 1) At slack bus simply calculate S after solution
found. 2) At PV bus, calculate Q from most recent voltage i = j
and angle updates; and update only the voltage angle.
fi
Vi Vj Bij Vi Bij
NEWTON-RAPHSON LOAD FLOW j
Jacobian gi
Vj Vi Vj Bij Vi Bij
Vj
i = j i = j
fi
= Vi Vj (Gij sin(i j ) Bij cos(i j )) n

j fi
Vi Vj Bij Vi Bii
fi i
j=1,j=i
Vj = Vi Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j ))
Vj
n

gi gi
= Vi Vj (Gij cos(i j ) + Bij sin(i j )) Vi Vi Vj Bij Vi Bii
j Vi
j=1,j=i
 2

then define
B = B with all shunts ignored and off-nominal

transformers set at a = 1
B = B with all shunts include and phase-shifting
transformers set to a = 0
So in vector notation

(k+1) = (k) + (B )1 P (k) /V (k)

V (k+1) = V (k) + (B )1 Q(k) /V (k)

DC load flow equation - can be solved directly

= (B )1 P