Mountain bike riders use brakes to slow down.

Ljupco Smokovski/Shutterstock

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Some mountain bikes use liquid-filled pipes to transmit the force from the riders hand on the
brake lever to the brake pads. These brakes are called hydraulic brakes.

(a) Draw a ring around the correct answer to complete each sentence.

(i) Liquids can be used to transmit the forces in a brake system,

are incompressible.

because liquids can flow.

take the shape of the container.

(1)

against force F only.

(ii) The pressure in the liquid is transmitted downwards only.

in all directions.
(1)

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(b) When the riders hand pulls on the brake lever, the force F applied to the liquid by the
master piston is 80 N. The cross-sectional area of this piston is 50 mm2.

Calculate the pressure, in N/mm2, exerted on the liquid by the master piston.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Pressure = .............................. N/mm2

(2)

(c) The unit N/mm2 is not the usual unit of pressure.

Which unit is usually used when calculating pressure?

Draw a ring around the correct answer.

N Nm2 Pa
(1)

(d) The rider applies a larger force to the brake lever. How would this increase in force affect
the pressure in the liquid?

........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

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 Mountain bike riders use brakes to slow down.
2

Ljupco Smokovski/Shutterstock

Some mountain bikes have hydraulic brakes.

(a) What property of a liquid enables a hydraulic brake system to work?

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 ........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) When the riders hand pulls on the brake lever, the master piston applies a pressure of
1.5 106 pascals to the liquid.

Using information from the diagram, calculate the force F exerted on the liquid by the
master piston.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force F = ............................................................ N
(2)

(c) The pressure in the liquid applies a force to move each slave piston.

How does the size of this force compare to the force F applied by the master piston?

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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 The diagram shows a man standing in an airport queue with his wheeled bag.
3

(a) The man applies an upward force to the handle of his bag to stop the bag from falling.
The moment of this force about the pivot is 36 Nm.

Calculate the upward force the man applies to the handle of his bag.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Force = ............................................................ N
(2)

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 (b) When the man lets go of the bag handle, the bag falls and hits the floor.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

(a) The diagram shows two forces acting on an object.

4

What is the resultant force acting on the object?

Tick ( ) one box.

8 N to the right

8 N to the left

4 N to the right

4 N to the left

(1)

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(b) BASE jumpers jump from very high buildings and mountains for sport.

The diagram shows the forces acting on a BASE jumper in flight.

The BASE jumper is wearing a wingsuit.

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete each sentence.

smaller than

The BASE jumper accelerates forwards when force A is equal to force B.

bigger than

smaller than

The BASE jumper falls with a constant speed when force C is equal to force D.

bigger than

(2)

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(ii) To land safely the BASE jumper opens a parachute.

What effect does opening the parachute have on the speed of the falling BASE
jumper?

...............................................................................................................

Give a reason for your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

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 (a) A student uses some everyday items to investigate static electricity.
5

1 A strip of plastic is cut from 2 The plastic strip is rubbed 3 The plastic strip is hung
a plastic carrier bag with a cloth over a wooden rod

(i) Draw a ring around the correct answer in the box to complete each sentence.

Rubbing the plastic strip with a cloth causes the strip to become negatively charged.

electrons

This happens because neutrons move from the cloth onto the plastic strip.

protons

a negative

The cloth is left with a positive charge.

zero
(2)

(ii) When the plastic strip is hung over the wooden rod, the two halves of the strip move
equally away from each other.

What two conclusions should the student make about the forces acting on the two
halves of the plastic strip?

1 ............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

2 .............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

Page 10 of 27
 (b) Electrical charges move more easily through some materials than through other materials.

Through which one of the following materials would an electrical charge move most easily?

Draw a ring around your answer.

aluminium glass rubber

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Some students designed and built an electric-powered go-kart.

6 The go-kart is shown below.

(a) Suggest two changes that could be made to the design of the go-kart to increase its top
speed.

1 ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

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(b) A go-kart with a new design is entered into a race.
The velocity-time graph for the go-kart, during the first 40 seconds of the race, is shown
below.

Time in seconds

(i) Between which two points did the go-kart have the greatest acceleration?

Tick ( ) one box.

AB

BC

CD

Give a reason for your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)

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 (ii) The go-kart travels at a speed of 13 m/s between points D and E.
The total mass of the go-kart and driver is 140 kg.

Calculate the momentum of the go-kart and driver between points D and E.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Momentum = .................................................. kg m/s

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

A car has an oil leak. Every 5 seconds an oil drop falls from the bottom of the car onto the road.
7
(a) What force causes the oil drop to fall towards the road?

........................................................................................................................
(1)

(b) The diagram shows the spacing of the oil drops left on the road during part of a journey

Describe the motion of the car as it moves from A to B.

........................................................................................................................

Explain the reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

(c) When the brakes are applied, a braking force slows down and stops the car.

(i) The size of the braking force affects the braking distance of the car.

State one other factor that affects the braking distance of the car.

...............................................................................................................
(1)

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 (ii) A braking force of 3 kN is used to slow down and stop the car in a distance of 25 m.

Calculate the work done by the brakes to stop the car and give the unit.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Work done =..................................................

(3)
(Total 8 marks)

(a) Some students have designed and built an electric-powered go-kart. After testing, the
8 students decided to make changes to the design of their go-kart.

The go-kart always had the same mass and used the same motor.

The change in shape from the first design (X) to the final design (Y) will affect the top
speed of the go-kart.

Explain why.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(3)

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(b) The final design go-kart, Y, is entered into a race.

The graph shows how the velocity of the go-kart changes during the first 40 seconds of the
race.

Time in seconds

(i) Use the graph to calculate the acceleration of the go-kart between points J and K.

Give your answer to two significant figures.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Acceleration = ........................................ m/s2

(2)

(ii) Use the graph to calculate the distance the go-kart travels between points J and K.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Distance = ........................................ m
(2)

(iii) What causes most of the resistive forces acting on the go-kart?

...............................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 15 of 27
 (a) A car driver makes an emergency stop.
9
The chart shows the thinking distance and the braking distance needed to stop the car.

Calculate the total stopping distance of the car.

.......................................................................................................................

Stopping distance = .................................................. m

(1)

(b) The graph shows how the braking distance of a car driven on a dry road changes with the
cars speed.

Speed in m/s

The braking distance of the car on an icy road is longer than the braking distance of the car
on a dry road.

(i) Draw a new line on the graph to show how the braking distance of the car on an icy
road changes with speed.
(2)

Page 16 of 27
 (ii) Which one of the following would also increase the braking distance of the car?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Rain on the road

The driver having drunk alcohol

The driver having taken drugs

(1)

(c) The thinking distance depends on the drivers reaction time.

The table shows the reaction times of three people driving under different conditions.

Reaction time
Car driver Condition
in second

A Wide awake with no distractions 0.7

B Using a hands-free mobile phone 0.9

C Very tired and listening to music 1.2

The graph lines show how the thinking distance for the three drivers, A, B, and C, depends
on how fast they are driving the car.

Speed in m/s

(i) Match each graph line to the correct driver by writing A, B, or C in the box next to the
correct line.
(2)

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(ii) The information in the table cannot be used to tell if driver Cs reaction time is
increased by being tired or by listening to music.
Explain why.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

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 Part of a bus route is along a high street.
10 The distance-time graph shows how far the bus travelled along the high street and how long it
took.

Time in seconds

(a) Between which two points was the bus travelling the slowest?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

Points Tick ( )

AB

CD

DE

Give a reason for your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................
(2)

Page 19 of 27
 (b) The bus travels at 5 m/s between points A and B.
The bus and passengers have a total mass of 16 000 kg.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the momentum of the bus and passengers
between points A and B.

momentum = mass x velocity

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

........................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................

Momentum = .................................................. kg m/s

(2)

(c) A cyclist made the same journey along the high street.
The cyclist started at the same time as the bus and completed the journey in 220 seconds.
The cyclist travelled the whole distance at a constant speed.

(i) Draw a line on the graph to show the cyclists journey.

(2)

(ii) After how many seconds did the cyclist overtake the bus?

The cyclist overtook the bus after ............................................. seconds.

(1)
(Total 7 marks)

The diagram shows the passenger train on part of a rollercoaster ride.

11
(a) Which arrow shows the direction of the resultant force acting on the passenger train?
Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your choice.

(1)

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(b) For part of the ride, the maximum gravitational field strength acting on the passengers
seems 3 times bigger than normal.

Normal gravitational field strength = 10 N/kg

(i) Calculate the maximum gravitational field strength that seems to act on the
passengers during the ride.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Maximum gravitational field strength = .............................. N/kg

(1)

(ii) One of the passengers has a mass of 75 kg.

Calculate the maximum weight this passenger seems to have during the ride.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

...............................................................................................................

...............................................................................................................

Maximum weight = .............................. N

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

Page 21 of 27
Mark schemes
(a) (i) are incompressible
1 1

(ii) in all directions

1

(b) 1.6
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie provided no

subsequent step shown

an answer 0.032 gains 0 marks
2

(c) Pa
1

(d) increases
1
[6]

(a) (i) liquids are (virtually)

2
incompressible
1

(b) 84
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie

1.5 106 =

numbers may not be written in standard form, ie

1 500 000 = F

allow 1 mark for an answer 216

2

(c) it (the force on the slave pistons) is greater / larger

accept force (at slave piston) = 216 (N)
1

the area (touching the liquid) of the slave piston is greater than the area of the master
piston
accept it has a bigger area
just quoting numbers, eg the master piston is 5 105 and the slave
piston is 14.4 105 is insufficient
1
[5]

Page 22 of 27
 (a) 60
3
allow 1 mark for correct substitution (with d in metres),
ie 36 = F 0.6
an answer of 0.6 or 6 gains 1 mark
2

(b) the line of action of the weight lies outside the base / bottom (of the bag)
accept line of action of the weight acts through the side
accept the weight (of the bag) acts outside the base / bottom
(of the bag)
1

a resultant / overall / unbalanced moment acts (on the bag)

accept the bag is not in equilibrium
do not accept the bag is unbalanced
1
[4]

(a) 4 N to the right

4 1

(b) (i) bigger than

1

equal to
1

(ii) reduces it
1

increases air resistance / drag / force C

accept parachute has large(r) (surface) area
1
[5]

(a) (i) electrons

5 1

a positive
1

(ii) (forces are) equal

accept (forces are)the same
forces are balanced is insufficient
1

(forces act in) opposite directions

accept (forces) repel
both sides have the same charge is insufficient
1

(b) aluminium
1
[5]

Page 23 of 27
 (a) any two from:
6
(make shape / body) more streamlined
accept a correct description
accept lower the seating position of the driver

increase power of engine

faster engine is insufficient

reduce mass / weight (of go-kart)

change wheel size is insufficient
2

(b) (i) AB
reason only scores if AB is chosen
1

steepest / steeper gradient / slope

1

(iii) 1820
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 140 13 provided no
subsequent step shown
2
[6]

(a) gravitational / gravity / weight

7
do not accept gravitational potential
1

(b) accelerating
accept speed / velocity increases
1

the distance between the drops increases

1

but the time between the drops is the same

accept the time between drops is (always) 5 seconds
accept the drops fall at the same rate
1

(c) (i) any one from:

speed / velocity

(condition of) brakes / road surface / tyres

weather (conditions)
accept specific examples, eg wet / icy roads
accept mass / weight of car friction is insufficient
reference to any factor affecting thinking distance negates this
answer
1
Page 24 of 27
 (ii) 75 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 3000 25 provided no
subsequent step shown
or allow 1 mark for an answer 75
or allow 2 marks for
75 k(+ incorrect unit), eg 75 kN
2

joules / J
do not accept j
an answer 75 kJ gains 3 marks
for full marks the unit and numerical answer must be consistent
1
[8]

(a) more streamlined

8
accept decrease surface area
1

air resistance is smaller (for same speed)

accept drag for air resistance
friction is insufficient
1

so reaches a higher speed (before resultant force is 0)

ignore reference to mass
1

(b) (i) 1.7

allow 1 mark for correct method, ie

or allow 1 mark for an answer with more than 2 sig figs that rounds
to 1.7
or allow 1 mark for an answer of 17
2

(ii) 7.5
allow 1 mark for correct use of graph, eg 53

(iii) air (resistance)

accept wind (resistance)
drag is insufficient
friction is insufficient
1
[8]

(a) 96 (m)
9 1

Page 25 of 27
 (b) (i) similar shape curve drawn above existing line going through (0,0)
allow 1 mark for any upward smooth curve or straight upward line
above existing line going through (0,0)
2

(ii) Rain on the road

1

(c) (i) all three lines correctly labelled

allow 1 mark for one correctly labelled

top line C
accept 1.2

middle line B
accept 0.9

bottom line A
accept 0.7
2

(ii) any two from:

(table has) both variables are together

accept tired and music as named variables

both (variables) could / would affect the reaction time

accept cannot tell which variable is affecting the drive (the most)

cannot tell original contribution

need to measure one (variable) on its own

accept need to test each separately

need to control one of the variables

fair test is insufficient
2
[8]

(a) DE
10
reason only scores if D E chosen
1

shallowest slope / gradient

accept smallest distance in biggest time
accept longest time to travel the same distance
accept the line is not as steep
accept it is a less steep line
do not accept the line is not steep
1

Page 26 of 27
 (b) 80 000
allow 1 mark for correct substitution, ie 16 000 5 provided no
subsequent step shown
2

(c) (i) straight line starting at origin

accept within one small square of the origin
1

passing through t = 220 and d = 500

1

(i) 186
accept any value between 180 and 188
accept where their line intersects given graph line correctly read
4 s
1
[7]

(a) correct box ticked

11

(b) (i) 30
ignore added units
1

(ii) 2250 or their (b)(i) 75 correctly calculated

allow 1 mark for correct substitution ie 75 30 or their (b)(i) 75
provided no subsequent step shown
an answer of 750 gains 1 mark only if answer to (b)(i) is 10
2
[4]

Page 27 of 27