ELECTRICAL MACHINES II LAB

Experiment-2 SUMPNER'S TEST (HEAT RUN TEST)

2.1 OBJECTIVE:
To predetermine the efficiency & regulation of a given pair of single-phase transformer
by conducting Sumpners Test.

2.2 RESOURCES:

Sl. No Equipment Type Range Quantity

1. Wattmeters

2. Voltmeters

3. Ammeters

4. SPST switch

5. Variac

2.3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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THEORY:

A load on a transformer is necessary if its maximum temperature rise is to be determined. For

large transformers, full load test is difficult since it involves considerable waste of energy and a
suitable load, capable of absorbing full load power, is not easily available. Large transformers
can be put on full load by means of sumperns or back to back test. The sumpners test can also
be used for calculating the efficiency of a transformer.
This regerative test on single-phase transformers requires two identical units. when two
primaries connected in parallel, are energized at rated voltage and rated frequency. With
secondaries open, the wattmeter W1records the core losses of both the transformers. The two
secondaries are connected in series with their polarities in phase opposition, which can be
checked by means of a voltmeter. The range of this voltmeter connected across terminals ab,
should be double the rated voltage of either transformer secondary. Zero voltmeter reading
(Vab=0) indicates the secondaries are connected in opposition. If the terminals ab are short-
circuited, the current in the secondary would be zero because Vab=0 and the wattmeter
readingW1 remains unaltered. In the case the voltmeter reads the sum of the two secondary
voltages, the secondaries are in the same phase. In order to bring them in phase opposition,
terminals ad should be joined together to result in zero voltage across terminals bc. It is
assumed that voltage across ab is zero and the two secondaries are in phase opposition. Now a
voltage is injected in the secondary circuit by means of a voltage regulator,fed from the source
connected to the primaries or from a separate source. The injected voltage is adjusted till rated
current flows in the two series-connected secondaries. By transformer action, primary windings
also carry rated current. The full load current in the primaries completes its path through the
main bus bars (shown dotted) and, the reading of wattmeter W1 remains unaffected. The
reading of voltmeter V2 is equal to the sum of leakage impedance drops in both the
transformers. The low-injected voltage has given rise to full load currents in primary and
secondary windings; therefore, the full load ohmic losses of both the transformers are measured
by the wattmeter W2. If Pc and Psc are the core and ohmic losses in each transformer, then the
reading of wattmeter W1=2Pc and that of wattmeter W2=2Psc.

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2.4 PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.
2. Connect the primaries of both transformers in parallel after ascertaining the polarities.
3. Connect the secondaries in series and connect a switch as shown in the circuit diagram
4. Initially keep the switch in open position.
5. Give supply as per the primary rating of transformers.
6. Note down the W1 reading and ammeter reading is that given no load power and
current of both transformers.
7. Close the SPST switch when voltage Vab = 0 (see circuit diagram).
8. Increase the load till the full load rated current of the transformer flows by varying the
auto transformer supplying secondaries.
9. Note down the wattmeter W2 reading.

2.5 TABULAR COLUMN

S.No W1 I1 S.No W2 I2

S.No Load at 0.6 p.f at unity p.f.

I/P (w) O/P (w) (%) I/P (w) O/P (w) (%)

2.6 MODEL CALCULATIONS

wi wc
Losses in each transformer =
2
V I1
% combined = x 100
V I 1 wi wc

V I1
Efficiency of each transformer (% )= x 100
w w
V I1 i c
2 2

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MODEL GRAPH

2.7 PRECAUTIONS
1. Connections must be made tight
2. Before making or breaking the circuit, supply must be switched off

2.8 RESULT
Hence the efficiency of the pair of transformers is determined by conducting back to
back test.

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2.9 PRE LAB QUESTIONS

1. What for this test is really intended?
2. Why to conduct the test on identical transformers?
3. What happens if the rated values of voltage and frequency of supply vary?
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of this test?
5. Can you perform this test on 3 phase star/ delta transformers?
6. What is all-day efficiency?

2.10 LAB ASSIGNMENT

1. Two similar 250 KVA single phase transformers gave the following results when tested by
back to back method:
Mains wattmeter W1 = 5.0 kw
Primary series circuit watt meter W2 = 7.5kw (at full load current)
Find out the individual transformer efficiencies at 75% full load and 0.8pf lead.

2.11 POST LAB QUESTIONS

1. Why Sumpners test is also called as back to back test?
2. Why does the test needs two identical transformers?
3. What information you will get by conducting this test?
4. What is the advantage of this test?
5. What are the limitations of this test?
6. Distinguish between commercial efficiency and all day efficiency.

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