Design of Cement Based Grouts by GS. LittlejohnDesign of Cement Based Grouts by GS. Littlejohn Seg), PHD, Clg. FICE, aStewet ‘Techakesl Divecir, Clezewe Led, Rochester, Enon Atsinct Following + description of the main consti ent mateenis of coment tase grout, the Fapee Shcaises ssjor design ctaractritic such ‘retine, flunity. setting. shrinkage. thermal peri, stengtn and ducabity, and proves reedictve equations, together with text rnlte wvrropucrion ~Geinent grouts should be seftisiatly aid t9 allow e(ficent pumping, and injection, and su Fionty able o resist daplacement and erosion alter infection. Where a grout i used to wate roof sone of Tractaed rock of sol, Muidky, fsb se and bloeding ae mportat hers. for groutes azerozate concrete, shainkaze,hest fof Hydration and strensth muy be the sore ‘dominant paametert in design Cement grate ‘ae fouel basicaly fom ocdinaty portend Eoment ype Dani water Oceasonally ether ‘ements ate used to obian nish cary stength (Type MD) Sow heat of revetion (Type IV) ot recance to chemical attack (Type V), Other Soe materials such es fine sare fyash er clay re added for eoonomy ct 10 sbtain spociel Prout chamcterstis. Te this regard chemical slmintares desgnated according (other action fe antiblced agents, Mudiier, secslrsors, fetardets and expansion agents, may also De corpora The principal variable affecting the prope ves of cement guts he watefeement Fillo (te), the amcunt of water deterring ths te of ‘teodine, subsequent pisicty and citimate sirongth of the tout, The extent © Thich these. stale felt. are telat to W- (fF neat Type T coment grou is showe it Fi | Excess of tater caver blooding lw strength, ‘increased shrinkage and poor dural “The purpose of this pope is to prove simple guife to the main facere determining Grout propecdes and thereby provide a lose Daas for ascertaining the optimum mix desea {ora specie routine eppiation 2, CONSTITUENT MATERIALS Ad a geoaral rule watsr which is gitable for ‘rinking, except forthe presence of bactera.i= silabo Yor carat grout formation, On the Other hand water comtainingeephate (90.02), chloude (20.5%), sugus, suspended matiee, Such asalgce, orhighalhali content fs feckiially dangerous particulany for high sere splice tions in the preaenos of steele, duct suing IP staceusl see i not ivoleedssewater can be employed eg underbase growingot concrete Datforme etfdhoce.Satsactory Held spoons Dr seawater concrete in fact dates back some forty yeas. CONPRESSVE STRENGTH Nie | estrance 10 Faw HEL STRENCT! cyesien ligt= 980 ones 2 peer ate ea J ae 0s 007 eas WATER/CENENT RATOIby weigh Pig Eife of Mater Content on Grout Properties T os cs cy car | Otters uainary sth 4s y u 10 7 ish Cary Senet cast ss " " 9 ‘ Low Heat Gasniiyy 30 46 s n ‘ Sulprare Reseng caste 4s 3s ‘ 0 « Table 1. Typtcal Percentage Compositions of Porttand Cementscoment ‘le most common form of bydraulie coment is Smposed af the folloring compounds: Treatetam sate GGypaum is aso included to slow down ie se Magnesanm oxide feelime-and ses are preset nino quanti is sin compounds behave quite diffe catly and. thei 7atve propontions. dictate cient properties (Table 1). CA vitally Rash Shur ost leat fs Cvclvd and ome stnegt I atialaed at 1 day Dut ne (oeeare thereat GAP sets in aminates, with some. steegth ‘kvelopment Dut les heat is evolved cf GA (GS sts in few hours and stains almost fo seength in 7 days. By contrat, CS ste vey Slow with tow neat but ulivaily stains the eength of GS. Tor mort cements the mucin practical sice (99% passing ranges trom 44-100y Te 2) tnd thete parti. ses Umit penetration of faavent grout to soils with a persica es. ‘Sal Difsce, of figures i tock of with than 16D enleee factoring prosaic are ve aes Dich the main puspos: of fiers sto cedace the overall cost ofthe goat, without afer sigmfandy ts physteal properties Certain fiers, however, give technical advantages e seduced Hieding, improved Flidity or sete von. Tues basic’ types. are used: maser puecolans, sands and lays, OF these sands so flays ste taceally inert while poraalane ate Gays with ther capacity to absorb water and sbity to form gel stuctares even at lo com fonttations as well as thoi tval particle ize fe used Co sti the cerns, tus prevents 4s bloeding. Tho lay peiforns no important function inthe fine chemsa steely Isom hydration of the cement, but devsiopmest of Sttength i slow and there is no welldeined Setting time. The special characteristics favou ble te grout formulation are possewed mort ‘ey by the sodium, and to lese extont fn ealctim mortmorilonses rather than by goles and ites which are mia weg false In Jock grouting and contolidstion ot s0u Tere strength is sequiod, the clay content epi to a mimum by using bentonite (5% ty mt of water) for w = 13, For ctylcement routs whose high proportions of shy (S08) Se erployed, there i iedemand for seneth Snd'the clay flor simply increases the volun ‘ll per nit weight oF cos! of material Porzolans, ss sikcats and sluminostisates, es not themselves exmenttious, but wl react ith fee Lime cement in the presence of water (0 form 2 cementitious compound. Nataly ‘ccusing porzolans intude finely round stale, pumiciteand diatomite. lyash combustion by: ‘cust OF pulvered coal and ground blar furnace slag ase examples of atl porto. Jans. Since Tyash and lag are waste products they 26 nocinaly use at cheap bu ss low strength grouts for cavity fling oy convl dati, of old coal workings Presiitator Nash fs prefered to lagoon ash since the letter fs pote variable. In this ogardshemieal commpost tiba isa diet Incicator of varity bt iis ‘more weal co simply monkor grading, spe. Cally maximum particle sie and % pasa the 45g sleve, mobsturecontent and % combustibles 38 : 2 aol 20) | /Soraes sire | aif bates | 22 45, 9 Fig 2. Sze Analysis Curves for Cement ‘Optimum Dosese Adnistuse Chemica (seement wi) Remasks Acedleator | Calcium Chloride rr Tester stant asdenine Sodiom Siete ee ‘Aselertes, Sedum Aluminate se Returdor Caleiam oT0s ‘lio were Lignosuiphonate ucts | Tartare Aa ors L [seer 10s Fuuditer | Callum 0703 ignossiphonate Detsgeat 005 Enns a ae Vineot Resin Oar pt 1s of Eater slr entainoe Expander ‘Aluminiom Ponder | a00s002 Upto 15% preset Scpansion ‘Satwesied Brine 3a Upto “Ani Dis ‘Callsoae ier 0203 Equivalent to or < 03) oSzot ising water Aina Up wae Entrant Sulphate (orwe 5) Table 2 Connon Cement Admicturee ‘A maximem partic sie of 0.5mm is recom ‘mendod, and the amount totainad +t Sy can sary ffom 13 to 25%, Fineness is also related {© poseolaniity, dae finer ashes (es than 10% featinad at 45,) react exothermialy, cont thing much err to suength than do couser ashes (between 20 and 304 rotsinod ot 45) Tinese coarser ashes contribute ite 19 early eat, but do not give such sgeficant water reduotions asthe insrasbes. Ava farther quably {onto there good grouting expericnes where ‘3 loss on igrtion <5%, and mobture content e108 Fine sands canbe added to non! coment/wator ‘eapensons to form an scenomical grat par eshuly whete « high solids, 1ow water grout with slatively high frictional shear strength i equi. Sand 35 chosen as for concrete in {elition to durbiity, stuinkage, and. alka ‘ection, and in general hard bulky crashed rock is preferred to Mat, angalar or Maky mate Wich gies poor ‘eid. handling. propertio. Evenly graded sancs ace preteiree (Simm down to. 754) bat for long. pumping distances in thceis of 300 metes the maximum sire saad ‘Mealy Ye redveod o Ohm and ihe xin {andjaement ratio limi to 3 Yo. msitain the Datiles i suspension and avoxd Sgregaion, Admixtares can be added in ratvely small ‘wants to meaty grout properties Fable 2, Most-commercal admintares ae compatible oth Type tnd It Portland cements, but many {re incompribte with Ig Aluraina aed Super {plated coment. Admicture should not be requtded sea repncement fot good provt prac tice or be used anlactininatly. tn general thoi mitabilty should ‘be varied. by. teal sixes, and if {Wo OF mre aUmIKTUES ate DIO for a mix, the manufacturer of each {ould be conse,«ng hens 3 ee 2. TLEEOING urine mine the cenen: partidesasedisoeried tral saoponded in water Euespt in the case ofa Nery danse paste, the resufart suspendon ie Fhitaly unsttle ard the cement particles see dar gravity This Ueedingtechanin i Franti zrou! design pastcwinly dhe ben Ing rote andthe ie) volume of Ceding (bleed Gapscity). The intbal rate of bleeding (Pe 3) {Gin be culmated from D'Avcy's Law for wel ‘Sein scasieseset conditions 9. din? Debw 3 Y Dw ‘where 4 ini ate of Deed, det = equnateet here! pirtiele diameter of sent in suspen fon. Y — kicmatie vheosity of water, De = omity of cement, Dw ™ demiy of water snd wife ratio By wets _¥ ‘ wa a Is de setting epi) fe nvore reise. fists on high w grouts, 8 suspensions where particles ase ananalysis based on Stokes Law ‘ows revulis of bleed 4. PLOW PROPERTIES Fow proportioe are affected prieipaly by liymaene amerpartle foyees of Sttacion an rulson ane, in dense prouts, by dilstsncy of sa ving eticier A denes grout ean only BE yun easly when it contabs sien sk {Gr prorent sspansion of the particu mates, ily speaking sige Wel ted range of paride fe prefers since tetsr the godine the lower the ital porosity tse te grout becomes pampable. eso ble peceoniaze offre partes alo desiable to increase the specific stiface of the gout Fovtiles and hereby slow dhe separation of the [god and soe! phase, Uncer conditions of laminae flow. cement gout benavee Sih Maid, The scar sre {1} neeeesry lo eae the wou 'o Now at 4 where Ty = intial seas strength, ‘¥p = coeflcient of paste vvoay ana d= rate of shots stain er slecty aT srationt “Typical Now ears in Fg 5 indicate rapid cease in vitcostyandshesrseergth at we i relationship between paste viscesty and Ss may be expressed appronimately in the fort fof the Archentusequatisn ~ pr vosth , where Yo ~ viscosity ef water (0.0 poise) ant constant (ange = LE22,and LS seamed for Tae 3). Based on the wotk of Ia Shalom & Gseen Doug and Papel, inilaeslationhip cx be established between shea strenet and W W Tes toclw ‘ where To = 3.5 dynexjon® and K = 2 From equations 3 and 4, Table 3 has bees compiled (9 relate the etal flow properties fof a neat cement grout to ie wtey/eeat ‘au, Beara in mind that the most sophist feted chemical gouis eg. feorsinol formal Aehvde, have isoditie mo lower than 0.015 Dole te traiiona practice i Hise erouting Dr gradually thickening the cement grout start Ing toon w = 20hanly seems jstied. Ae ‘ating point w= 5 woud seer quite adoquace {om Table Sad he volume of water or tae ort of cement is adequate Wil a 33g gh gpren: adeueate win eae wt | f2 | i a3 | Ba | Be ae arenes A : Conan itl L-+T1' colau | +} a be aierccisscry | 1 = 18 fo 04 +] | 6 ba } 20 40, 60 80 100120 sine: Fig Rater of Heed (Type 1) Bieod Capacity ——— mea TUF ‘ ie Lf | Me T ‘Water/Cement ratio Fle ifr of w on Bleed Capacity 7s 83 Weter/Coment ratio f a £00 4 § i 200) [ 5 oC & | [4 ss ; 6 i y. a 7-3 2 0 200 00 Rate of shear strain: see? Fig 8 Flow Cxres Jor Neat Cement Grows Shear Sung Piste Vicoaty “ Te@vacsion®) Yraon) 03 350 4.03 a8 60 080 os 330 os os 20 020 03 70 0 1 » 06 2 fi os 50 53 ar oo 43 oo 200 9 ott Water 3 oo10 ‘able 3 ~ Sheu Srength and Hestic Viscosity of Noet Cement Grouts400] Force/Uni w eee (ike es st tar aul E it 101 F LY NS veool-4 LY io s ‘ooaranin | ie : sate FP) 1 sa fara é Totes | 200] 109 : esas | eve seta r ie Flow rat: reuse Sem Pipe) 35 § see is se 3 Fg 6 Pie Pow Carefree Cnet Gras ree 4 fcr of omen Fes on il Sita T I ya2 9S 14] | ta . 2 = | ® a #4 | : ab at 6 | aM Ze oD i : \2 where V = flow velociy, Da pipe dismeterand | § 8 : z Teste nseneeluna eoworpmeee |S 3 55 intuit fortaniSSinequniontsies | 3 mT TT d|| 2 ; TE 2 o 2 1 where Q = fomate, 7° 359¢!Mipreyent | OLE a snd ¥p = 0.01044 pois. Vater/Cement ratio x 7 Tiger rk nea tow ce | prea 0% <0 6) 80 100 iegotoreuminetne pampmdstacse | 1TWe Comet Portland coment) mated 2 MeTaweact, process fae to alge an inital stage in wil the Oatity ot the grout decreases {ba bel at whieh tisrolonger pornpableand ‘Vsseona tage in which the st Quo herders Sand icteases i seth. Genel speaking [te of sting and hardening se not ected, “sh Stulom & Greenbarg hove indicted a scat exponential increase inser stength and visas with tine (Fig) which seams tht {uring the inital period owing mixing thes {ners ze smal ane do nor afect punpine ana grouting operations Forw = 038 an ita Fiod of 1 ou ls showa which extends to 2 In Shouse forw= 045 and OSS, wopectnd, “These periods can be extended by comtinuoor aston of the grat Theat of Goreepment fof sear strength ie to afsted ty age and faride see of the cement, whic Geternine Aig 8 bffeci of Revarder and Acelersior on Seng tine sate of hydation. Th slow for coase or old putly hydrated coment and high in new Hnly round cement and Table shove how inti Vest set, equialent 10 2 shear stcagth of 170,009 synesfem’ i, 2.5 ps is accelerated by finenes of coment Rete of shear strength development can most svadly be changed by theuse of etude: Gr accelerators (Fit 8). 10 the absence of test results ealiam chloride reduces setting time by Se smcunt roughly equal #9 90 minetes per 1 added by weight of cement, but its inpoctant fo enue tat the CaCl, evenly dstribuied Dy dissolution inthe mixing water. Although an ‘ig 3, Setting Tine for Type {Hh Alunina thee cxeelent accelerator CaCl; has several impor: fant ei elects may affect sulphate resist ance, can corrode stel in contact with the fost and inereres drying shrinkage. Whore {nstantaneout “Tash sting i reqused High ‘luinis/Type Lezaient mixestmay be appropii- se, anc fg 9 shows the telationship between fetine tine and proportion of Type U cement Reiaders are nocrlly used to reduce t+ ting rates ia hot conditions and when poring bret Jong distances. Sugar or tartaric acd in Cant of OSH by weight of coment san {herent siting time by 100%, but tial mixes ae recommended since suis ace variable5 J rol | «6 7 5 : 3 2 e4 - = 2 of - + 0 02 5 bs | % Aluminiuin powder a (by weight of esimens) + 3 1 Fi 10 Expension of Type | Groat rs yo S 3? 4 9 Coys Mont Years 7 ‘Time oe a Wei eemen = Tee cement, & 30) a Ae Tage Gainin Srenthof sa roms —* tl 2? S 5 os 4 2% time Steinkave 5 < BP co cay 2 ott Grede F coneri i | (138 ke/n? comant : ress & a +60 ko/m PFA 3 san Grade © (190-28) “att Grade 0 (248+83) i “he a 1 Grede 9 (260-90) “ 2 os 1 1S 2 a 24 Depur of pour: | a =i Fig 11, Relations between waxioann temperatere increwe ‘and jt height” ‘Cement conten 6.SHRINKAGE Shrinkage of cernent grout s related principally Favthe simount of water removed. Thus a mcist sel out remaining mob throughout ite ‘ure, wil not stelak and may in fact expand Alighly with ime. On the other handy a sement rout C27 cured or allowed to dry" out sitet ‘nels curing wl sink (Fable 9).For teh as Volume groute autogenous shvinkage (el esscadon) fs knowae, but even fo: Yer rca Iniscs the maximum sxinkage recorded i oaly ‘OO microstrai, and uncer terse coditins the mechanism tends te be wel baling, Shrinkage isnot roenally a vious probe In ground engineeting where the entronment ‘often damp or submerged. Haneven here ‘Shrinkage eaciag (0 formation of iseoficeies Js kay co affect the permenbliy of @ water roofing grout, positive tape may be taken to Coureract Ssiakage, by Introducing expanding ‘agents into the grout (Table 2). iy 10 shows the efiec of aluminiua powder on unreseined ‘expanion dering the preset peiod 1. THERMAL PROPERTIES ‘Temperatures in «grout mass whi are ingucod by Peat of hydration ace dictated lapel by ‘ype and fineness oF cement, cement content, pisingLemporatee and ination, Whore thee fral erecting 2 Malor concer, low heat Cement, Jw cement content cool nl Watt tnd eval constituent materials Rave bean uet@ twit success to reduce the placa temper fhrvand hex oF Bydetion For theral racking fel experiance indi aes tat cracks tn pours up co 1m dee are [ually founed by a tomporature diferent, 1-28-28" Prove thatthe mas Ise (20 TLS thick the Uiemal-problem is shore tc, the ‘nin temperature dfferentisle dsipsing winin 7 10 10 days, te greatest temmpersare Ther taking piace in the fest 3 days? In the long thin there ie a gradual cooling of the it mas oainblentterperatares. Bor mus grout or concrete posre the host enerated by ‘the cement nycration proses is entiolee ty using alow coriert content, fiaaly less than BOG) Is often desible to reduce heat even Taster subsitutag some of the cement with sepheorent materials In this rogeré ACI susie" nica eat te early heat coaibaion of Oyash may be conserva tively estimated to be Sito 35% of eqanlnet For Type I comont with Aysshreplacoment i TI shows the maximum temperature "se Which inceases with pour depth, The sels Clearly how the temperctaro se (per balm?) ‘of cement content decreases with decreasing ferent content, Thee also a eatnet change in tho amount of heat ponersted at 9 plcire lemperaiuce of 16-18. Below thistemperatre the aotual tomporature re fe boat 12°C per 100 gia cement coateat (a common febre employed in design for Type I cement) whereas SU-2UC ay, the temperature Hse incense 10 416°C pez 100 kg/m’. In this connection Cor very TC Increase in placing tompertuce he Tulle 5, Shrinkage of Nest Type I grout (w= Dison FeCand Tos elnve humic) 180 of heat sentation is double Tineness of coment abo fas 2 considersble effet on ai af boat generation, although rot foal hese When the specific srlace 6 ‘Ceased fom 250°7he up to 35D and $50c/2 the rate of host evolution increased By 433 ‘and 8% rspoctivly. The near eoeitent of {ecm expansion of grout snd routed apse ste concrete ranger om about 8 To 15 mcto- Stan per °C depetuing on Ficness of ra and fugrznie quality. The lowest coefficient being {eed to eon groats injected into preplaced lator granite aesiesate 8, GROUT STRENGTH Tie nes imoortnt variables effecting grout Sing sse the orginal the pore space of the et pasa ete ci of nes up to 28 hye he pe ot coment and preonss of imate "Te dona paameteris wan the uncon fined Somgreseve stents nye expos {he Toco Abrams Law ucs= 8 ‘where UCS = unconfined sompressive scent, (A sucngih constant of 14,000 Iofin’ and B = SGimensionlow sonstent dopending on charactor {ste of cement atage of te. For Type | cement 51-25 days, B= 5. Sine fal stuengih i only Beverated ‘by comple hydration, Abrams! {Law is best fesuiced to w'> 0. and in grout sabject to minimal Blood Lo.” £07SNE STRENGTH rn § | Lawn, conPRe 38 = 8 A GEC GROUTS WE RHEG GROyTS we ot ae SESS ah | <5 Tar oF Tt ces 8 Hig 13, Beet of 00 Strength Development ince erin % p— * 2% CaCl, a £ |_| 4. 1%cact, zal 4 I snitteate ) é d O-¢ 8 1? W 20 24 e Time! hours ig 1 Sirength Desclopmentof Poly Grown Tel Grou 2045) oe E Bos: : bo.2 fon N ea a Voids 0 Fig 15, Sifter of Gas Entrenrsent on Seengch Fig 16, 28 day Pervestity of Cement Grout Under optimum curing conditions and not sunject fo chemical attack a set grout wil cor. tinue ncroasing in strength ever a prolonged ering (Fig 12) and, itespective of ls stor teom stfngth gain wil stain = concent ult ‘hate sirngth There ia tendency for cements With 2 tow rate of hardening to havea higher Uisimate.ecength dee to sow formation of eneer ze. dulns iritl stapes of etn. In generale Type {giour wal have ast strengh ot BB days cquinient tc. approrinately 60-70% uit, This proportion may Be obtsved In Page wive'a Typo Ill cement. The steongth development curves of Types land {Ht cement te plotted ie Fig 13 to nstate the inacnce tw butake ro highlight that atw > 06 Type 7 genrent wil give a sueagth development cqivateat to thet sing Type HL ‘Adcition of Thiers permits a reduction fof w of the grout a a given Maidity and causes, & proportionsteincraue in 1 grout stersth, any loge also act as retaners. nersesne the idl set and decreasing caly seme Fo, (sy stent gun, tete show that CaCl iter Sort ncresed suengit at 24 hous whew aadod kU of cament weight, allough tie gain ‘edvers to [Oat 28 cays Finely ground Type | Cement (630M"7ks) Bes approximately the Stns seengch icreses and can be weed safely the presence of ste. The nost rapid eontobed fSevsleration is obtained by combiriag Finely round coment and C3C 140° 14), Porosity of Groute 2 relationship bet een vo volume ae strensth for bathe macersis was orisally developed by Frenette fore ucs-K ’ where K = eoastentand ce anda ate the respec tive volumes ef cemmont, water and air inthe root In a grout contain tle a, the oresity is determined by 0.6.98 and 3.97 pr w e085 and Od gespetioey, that elt seromstn to w, Where ar or gs is relesed nto the. grout there is an a€eitional foot om rength, ep i(k gas content cin reduc sctongth by up co 50% (Fig 13). Modulus or Elasucty AAs for, sonerete an spproximate relationship ‘Sise Between compressive sreneth nd Satie fnodulus. for neat afd normal siadjcement touts siving in ths lator cae Evalue of 20-40, N/mm ova the stength range 20-10 Nn “The tative value of Hate fo cynamie modulus fe 50-80% for tho stength range 2045 Nm Growis are not normally designed on the bass SPE and whore knowl of thie tate pro- perty i important experimental determination Rr inesenay sng the doszed matodaby and Proportions. Tn this roperd foe mest normal Sndcemen grou the higher the sandfcerent atl tho higher is the E valae for » given Stroma, hut is sense to Type of er and Inay reduce connidersy for Sgheweight ‘nate 9, DURABILITY Cement erouts sre darable unter most nocial ‘Somitions but deterioration may be caused by ‘SBaormal envionment conditions, expeclly ‘wpere therearedentiencies ingrout Guay, eg. Tow density and high persesbity. OF the avers envionmentilconcttions leading 10 gicut deteioradon the most common” are Shomical atta, netably”thvough sulphates ‘contained in guound ater, and lange scale temperate fetus “The pecmeablity oft mature cement ert 4s related, te its stength to is orginal v (Pig ehe In fresh or sting grout, pemmenbiily| Shear strength (dyresion”) | 750° 30) 1200 e J a 4 900} 2) 4 — $25) — 800 5 &/\ S : Shear sirength Emoy 10 520 400 0: 1s! ° «59 6, 9 5 4 5 ar Witec/Cament rato | Water/Cement ratio. Fig 17 Colerete Flowmeter Cobration (Covticiens of Permoubilty ase (cays) {ermjseo) Fresh 2x10 axigt 1x0 S107, sxioe | tio" utuinate (estimated) 6x10 abe 6, Fermecttey of e Type f Grout (w= 07, seated to the age ofthe grout (Table 6) and the subsequent deprecof hydration which uimately feteonines the extent of pores in the gost ‘st there ne po peste zuselines or EO desig for darby, a minimum csmect com tent iy recommented” to. provsle acceptsbe Avibiluy ender the appropriate conditions of “xporute ss in conventional ncrettechology x SOOKE cement/n? for severe exposue O Se water, diiing tain aerate wetting ord ovine and ofreving what w Longand shor tem detesionon of cement srovtrdue to chemical attack may be saws by the pestnce of dissolved sulphates oF a5 0 Sud water or by prolonged expose to sea ist. Sine type T Somente have poor rest- spor to chemnal atic this may be increase by ie of blak faenaee, sulphate resting for 151.0% total SOy In stourd) or ultimately ~ Journal Feb. 1965, p43. @) Powers, TC “The Properties of Fresh Concrete, J Wiley & Son, Ine. New York, 1968, (3) shalom, iM. & Greenberg. SE. “Tie Rheniogy of Fesh Portland Cement artes", Proc 4h Int Symp. on Chemo (Cement Nat Bu, Std. US. Momogzapt 43 Volt 2, 1962, pp. 731.743, (4) Papadinis ‘Rhoolcgy of Cement Saspeesions”, Tech. abi Now 72. Conte d'Etader et de Re hezehese industte es LiansFydsaui Pere, 1955, (6) Total, GE, Davis, HE and Kelly, 1. “Commposilon ata FroperiesofGoncicte”, MeGraw Hil, Now Yor, 1568 (6) Dussian, LRH. Mitchel, PB. Rell ofa Thermocouple Suiy in 1 CCanorate inthe Upper Tamar Darn”, Pro Instn. Civ. Engrs, VoL. 60, No. 1, 1976, ppa7-s2 7) Maadooek, MG. Discusion to Fapsr, “Shuinkage and Ths. smal Cracking. in 2 Reinforced Concrete Ketainng Wat”, by EP. Bruns & BF. Hughes Pro. Instn, Gv. Bagres, Vol 38, Jan. 1968, pp. 111-125, (6) ACh, see “Teatres of Lednock Dar, lr leding the Ure of Flyash™ Pao. Ins. (lr, Eras, Yo. 13, June 1970, p79. (9) ACh, see “Use Concrete for Dams and Other Massive Structures”. J. Amer. Con Inst, Vol. 67, Apa 1972, pp 273309, 20) Fontster JA. "A. Condiclon Calorimeter for the Study cof Cement Hydratia, Cement Teelino ogy, Vol L, May/lune 1970, pp 95.99, aD Nevite, a. “Dropertiss of Concrete Pitman, London, 1953 Reprinted ftom Proceegs of the Conference on Groating In" Geotechnical Engineering ‘ASCE. New Orleans, Lousiana, February 1012, 1982.