Readers' Perceptions On Accuracy of General Newswriting in Mainstream Newspapers

ABSTRACT
The accuracy of mainstream newspapers is vital to readers in order to get the correct
information and to avoid various speculations towards the credibility of the journalists
and news organizations that existed in our country. Even though news media such as
online media has been introduced, certain readers are maintaining their loyalty to read
the mainstream newspapers because they think that the mainstream newspapers are
reliable sources to get news and information rather than others.
Thus, readers found it difficult to find the reliable source when they found that the
general news of mainstream newspapers are not accurate through the aspect of
headlines, byline, content, source, layout, errors that are not be corrected and so on.
The readers perceptions on general news published on mainstream newspapers are
important in order to determine the credibility of the journalists as well as the news
organization.
This study is being conducted in order to know the readers perceptions on general news
published in mainstream newspapers in Malaysia such as Berita Harian, New Straits
Times, Utusan Malaysia and Metro and the respondents are from the residents of Shah
Alam,Selangor area with different age, races and educational background.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a blessing to ALLAH S.W.T and HIS messenger; Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.

as I am able to complete this research entitled Readers Perceptions on the Accuracy of
General News Published in Mainstream Newspapers. While completing this research,
there are a few parties that contributed to cooperate and help me. Therefore, I would like
to acknowledge with thanks, for those who are willingly to help as well as guide me to
complete this research.
I would like to grab this opportunity to give my fullest appreciation and thanks to
my COM 660 supervisor, Mr. Ahmad Farami Abdul Karim for his help, support, guidance
and good advice while making this research better. Again, my special appreciation also
extends to all my colleagues and undergraduate students who shared ideas and helped me.
A support and advice from them are also being appreciated.
Sincerely thanks to both of my parents, which is my father, Mr. Abd Jamil Abd
Rashid and my mother, Mrs. Sri Winarni Soemali as well as my family members that
have given supports, advices, helps, prayers and inspiration for me. Their sacrifice in any
matters and their patience as well as sincerity would not be forgotten.
Special thanks are also being given to all participants for their kindness and
volunteers in order to help me doing this research. Last but not least. A sincere gratitude
be expressed to those who have involved directly or indirectly to complete this research.
Unfortunately, it is impossible to list all of them in this limited space. Anyhow, I really
appreciate for the helps and supports.
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APPROVAL
This thesis is submitted to the Faculty of Mass Communication and Media Studies,
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the
award of
Bachelor of Mass Communication (Hons.) in Journalism
This thesis is approved by:
(Mr. Ahmad Farami Abdul Karim)

Project Supervisor
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the work in this thesis was carried out in accordance with the regulations of
Universiti Teknologi MARA. It is original and is the results of my own work, unless
otherwise indicated or acknowledged as referenced work. This thesis has not been
submitted to any other academic institution or non-academic institution for any degree or
qualification.
In the event that my thesis be found to violate the conditions mentioned above, I
voluntarily waive the right of conferment of my degree and agree be subjected to the
disciplinary rules and regulations of Universiti Teknologi MARA.
Name of Student : Nurfazleen Safina Abd Jamil

Student ID. : 2014984627
Programme : Bachelor of Mass Communication (Hons) Journalism
Faculty : Faculty of Mass Communication and Media Studies
Thesis Title : Readers Perceptions on the Accuracy of General News Published
in Mainstream Newspapers
Signature of Student :
Date :
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LIST OF FIGURES
TITLE PAGE
Figure 2.0 15
5
LIST OF TABLES
TITLE PAGE
Table 4.1.1 Gender 19
Table 4.1.2 Age 20
Table 4.1.3 Level of Educations 21
Table 4.1.4 Race 21
Table 4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences 22
Table 4.1.6 Respondent Hours per day spend reading Newspaper 23
Table 4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational
heading but the content is contradict 24
Table 4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more
controversial heading compared to English newspaper 26
Table 4.2.3 I only read general news that involved loss of lives. 27
Table 4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking. 28
Table 4.2.5 I read newspaper that have many pictures. 29
Table 4.2.6 I read newspaper that have minimum design. 30
Table 4.2.7 I only read newspaper that have byline (authors). 31
Table 4.2.8 I only read newspaper according to the credibility of the author. 32
6
Table 4.2.9 I believe more on newspaper that published the error in the
next edition 33
Table 4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published errors in next
edition if there are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy. 34
Tables 4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable. 35
Table 4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying
the story. 36
Tables 4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct. 37
Tables 4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate. 38
Tables 4.3.5 I believe the source of the newspaper are reliable. 39
Tables 4.3.6 I believe the accuracy of the content affect the credibility
of the newspaper. 40
Table 4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of an
author.
41
Table 4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story. 42
Tables 4.3.9 I believe the accuracy of the general news give impact to
the society. 43
Table 4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending on
the source 44
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
Abstract I
Acknowledgement II
Approval III
Declaration IV
List of Figures V
List of Tables VI
Table of Contents VIII
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of Study 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objective 3
1.4 Scope of study 4
1.5 Significance of Study 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

2.1 Readers Perception 6
2.1.1 Readers Perception on the headline of newspapers 6
2.1.2 Readers Perception on the content of Newspapers 6
2.1.3 Readers Perception on the layout of newspapers 8
2.1.4 Readers Perception on the byline of the newspapers 8
2.1.5 Readers Perception on the error of the newspapers 9
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2.2 The Accuracy of Newswriting 10
2.2.1 The Accuracy of Content in Newswriting 10
2.2.2 The Accuracy of Headline in Newswriting 10
2.2.3 The Accuracy of Byline in Newswriting 11
2.2.4 The Accuracy of Sources in Newswriting 11
2.2.5 The Accuracy of Newswriting determine the ethics of
Authors 12
2.3 Theory related in this study 13
2.3.1 Agenda Setting Theory 13
2.4 Conceptualization/Operational Definition 13
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 16
3.1 Research Design 16
3.1.1 Paradigm & Methodology 16
3.2 Location of the study 16
3.3 Population & Sampling Technique/s 16
3.4 Instrumen16
3.5 Variables 17
3.5.1 Demographic Variables 17
3.5.2 Independent Variables 17
3.5.3 Dependent Variables 17
3.5.4 Mediating Variables 17
3.6 Data Collection 17
3.7 Data Processing 18
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CHAPTER 4 RESULT & DISCUSSION 19
4.1 Respondents Demographic and Sociographic Information 19
4.1.1 Gender 19
4.1.2 Age 20
4.1.3 Level of Education 21
4.1.4 Race 21
4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences 22
4.1.6 Respondents hours per day spend reading newspaper 23
4.2 To determine respondents level of perception on the accuracy
of general news published in mainstream newspaper. 24
4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational
heading but the content is contradict 24
4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more
controversial heading compared to English newspaper. 26
4.2.3 I only read general news that involved loss of lives 27
4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking. 28
4.2.5 I read newspapers that have many pictures. 29
4.2.6 I read newspapers that have minimum design. 30
10
4.2.8 I only read newspaper according to the credibility of the author. 32
4.2.9 I believe more on newspaper that published the error in the
next edition. 33
4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published error in
next edition if there are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy. 34
4.3 To determine the reader's accuracy of general news published
in mainstream newspaper. 35
4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable 36
4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying
the story. 36
4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct. 37
4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate. 38
4.3.5 I believe the sources of the newspaper are reliable. 39
4.3.6 I believe the accuracy of the content affect the credibility
of the newspaper. 40
4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of
an author. 41
4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story. 42
11
4.3.9 I believe the accuracy of the general news give impact to
the society. 43
4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending
on the source. 44
4.4 Discussion 44
4.4.1 To investigate the readers perceptions of accuracy in
the general news publish in newspapers 45
4.4.2 To identify the readers acceptance of accuracy in
the general news publish in newspapers. 52
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 59

5.1 Conclusion 59
5.2 Recommendation 60
REFERENCES 61
APPENDIXES 65
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY
Nowadays, the readers are frequently provided much information by media that are
mostly print media such as newspapers and magazines. Readers are still reading print
newspapers, even though there are more modern devices which are digital newspapers
for public conversation, Barthel (2015).
The information or news issued frequently by newspapers in order to obtain a
large number of viewers or readers as well as being a center of attention.
According to White (2017), there are a few principles journalism that must
be followed by journalists when writing news which consists of truth and accuracy,
independence, fairness and impartiality, humanity and accountability. This ethical
journalism is being provided in order to get news that enhances the quality.
This research will discover the readers perceptions on the accuracy of
general news publish in mainstream newspapers from the selected newspapers which
commonly read by Malaysian readers. Mostly, the readers perception on the accuracy
of general news publish in general news publish in newspapers are differing from one
reader to another. The readers will able to know their perceptions towards the general
news publish in mainstream newspapers when they ignore the news, do not trust the
news or take any actions towards the news organization whenever the general news is
inaccurate. We need to know whether the readers accept the content of general news
published in mainstream newspapers if the content is accurate or not accurate as well
as to know their perception on that issue.
The newspapers hold powers that will give impact towards readers. Besides,
the impact towards readers would also influence the society. Thus, the readers point
of view can be changed as well as being manipulated by media. The behavior of the
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society also will be influenced by the media according to the issues in terms of
accuracy, the elaboration of the issue, and the headlines of the issue. Thus, how the
journalists deliver the information on the mainstream newspapers in term of accuracy
will influence the perceptions of the readers towards the news.
Accuracy is one of the characteristics of journalism code of ethics. Besides,
accuracy is always being a priority for journalist in the workplace. Accuracy of news
writing determines the honesty in sourcing and the content as well. The accuracy of
the newswriting ensures that the reputation of the journalists can be maintained as
well as their credibility.
Accuracy in newswriting can be many forms. The first one is it can be
determined through whether the news or information that being write is truth or not.
Besides, the accuracy also involve the source of the news which is people that give
information on the news that can be a citation.
The readers are asked through questionnaires that would be distributed
.Again, the perception of the readers in newspapers is important to journalists and
news organization when the news written is accurate because the readers need to
know the truth of the surrounding and anything happen in world as journalists are
community that responsible to spread the truth.
The result of the research would be answered after all questionnaires being
answered as well as through the methodology that is also being conducted. Overall,
this study will explore the readers behavioral patterns of reading newspapers through
their perceptions towards the accuracy of general news on the selected mainstream
newspapers in Malaysia.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT

One of the problems is the journalists are not being objective and become bias.
According to Skovsgaard et al (2013), when the journalist fails to aim the objectivity,
the media bias would be occurred as well be debated. The information is omitted or
report is biased makes the report becomes inaccurate. For example, the journalist only
supports one of the political parties and he opposes another party by not telling the
truth about that party to readers. The truth about that party is being ignored. Besides,
he is also telling only the good things about the party that he supported as well as not
reveals any of their mistakes.
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Again, journalists need to write story as soon as possible. The duration of the
contemporary news to be published will shorter as the news must be published by
journalists as soon as possible, Fisher (2014). They are over-focus on speed without
checking the accuracy. Besides, there is a big competition among news organizations
that includes online media, print media and broadcast media. It is because they want
many viewers or readers to read their news. The storys credibility are fulfilled by not
making up quotes and the right information such as names, ages, date, attribution and
well-trusted source.
According to Ibrahim, Pawante ,Pen Kee, Basri,Abu Hassan & Wan Mahmud
(2011),The accuracy of the facts depend on the news sources instead of journalists.
Still, journalists are also accepting the story from unreliable sources without seeking
the truth before writing news. The views and interest of authoritative sources is
promoted by the organization of journalistic practice. This may lead libel to those who
are participating in their news writing. The truth is not being revealed as long as the
journalist not corrects the mistake in news that has been published through an error
section. This is also may affect the credibility of the news organization and the trust
from the readers. Therefore, this exploratory research is looking at main objectives by
research questions:
1 What are the readers perceptions of accuracy on general news published in

mainstream newspapers?
2 Do readers accept the general news published in mainstream newspapers?
1.3 OBJECTIVES
In this research, the objectives are constructed in order to know the intention of this
research being conducted. The main objectives of this research are
1 To investigate the readers perceptions of accuracy in the general news
published in mainstream newspapers.
2 To identify the readers acceptance of accuracy in the general news published
in mainstream newspapers.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY

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This research study is to find the perception of the readers towards the accuracy of the
general news in newspapers.
This research is focuses on the accuracy of general news in mainstream newspapers

and how does it influence the perception and the acceptance of the readers. The scope
of the research is the media audience with the age range of below 20 to 50 years old
and above. The gender can be both male and female. Besides, the educational level
must be SPM, Pre-University, Diploma, Degree, Master and PhD level in order to
distinguish the way they think.
The race of respondents must be Malay, Chinese, Indian and others. In completing
this study, the questionnaires will be distributed in the Shah Alam area that is revolves
of 50 respondents with different backgrounds. Again, the respondents would be tested
based on their mainstream newspapers preference. The data will be analysed based on
the questions given to the respondents.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research is conducted in order to know readers perception on the accuracy of
general news published in mainstream newspapers. The readers perception towards
the accuracy is important because they can know whether to accept the news that has
been read on print media in order to ensure that they will not get the wrong
information or news. Besides, readers are also may determine which print media can
be trusted.
In Journalism Ethics in the West, one of the ethics consists of seek truth and
report it. It states that a journalist should be fair, honest and courageous in order to
gather, report and interpret information. Besides, journalist should test the accuracy of
information from all sources and exercise care. Moreover, journalist should also avoid
inadvertent error. There is no permission for deliberation of distortion.
Meanwhile, the Canons of Journalism states that the primary responsibility of
the Malaysian journalist is to report facts accurately and faithfully and to respect the
right of the public to the truth. It means that the journalist should report the truth and
maintain the accuracy of the newswriting. Again, the Canons of Journalism also state
that the journalist shall respect the confidentiality of the source of the information.
4
Moreover, one of the guiding principles for a Muslim journalist is a Muslim
journalist, should use methods that are permissible by Allah in gathering information
and news. It means that the journalist should be honest and fair when collecting
information.
According to the professionalism, the media organization will be judged and
be blamed if the news that has been published is not accurate. Inaccuracy when
writing news is completely wrong as well as against the journalism ethics. The
importance of this research is it can help readers and journalists realize the importance
of accuracy in news writing and how it may affect the society and news organization.
Besides, this research is also important to recognize the level of readers
perception of news published in mainstream newspaper. Thus, journalists can be
careful on writing news to ensure they write the accurate news with reliable source as
well as they can get trusted from readers. Again, this research help news organization
to keep eyes open by monitoring the whole situation in a newsroom as well as ensure
that each of the news that are being presented in the mainstream newspapers are
accurate.
CHAPTER 2
5
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Readers Perception
2.1.1 Readers Perception on the headline of newspapers
Konnikova (2014) argues that in this era of social media, the number of people who
read newspapers can be counted as determined by headlines. The style of reading and
remembering an article can be changed through the headlines as well. The experience
framed by the headline. Besides, you can be told of what kind of article that you will
be read through headline.
Zulluaga (2011) added that a news story can be made through a headline and
readers attention can be grabbed as it is the ultimate goal.
Similarly, determining article content is one of the responsibilities of headline,

as being claimed by detractors. The writing of amateur contributors did not believed
by themselves, Osgood (2012).
In contrast, the newspaper headline is more important as the headline

scanners, which is a person who get the information by reading the headline only and
they must obtain of accurate information. What have interested by readers is to index
the part of the greatest news and the reader being told of headlines alone are the prime
functions of the headline, V U (2012)
Indeed, the newspaper become more attractive as the newspaper character and
stability is given as well as the consistent use of familiar headline structures.
2.1.2 Readers Perception on the content of Newspapers
American Press Institute (2016) argues the specific factors that lead to the broke down
of reliability of the trust and reliability of news and at the same time the action can be
taken by the publisher and can recognized by consumers. According to the finding of
the study, the news source that varies by topic is a specific factor to make people trust
and rely on them. The in-depth reporting and sources from expert are rated by
consumers.
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Saperstien (2014) added, a rough decade got by the news industry. It is such as
the decline of print readership, the close of newspapers and the laid off of journalists
with long experience. There are considerable changes made by the major newspapers.
The stories have been shortened, the commentary being added, the using social media
are some ways to attract readers.
Similarly, based on the readers previous behavior, the newspapers allowed

through the technology to the target digital content. The content of newspapers must
be relevant, interesting and engaging to readers as it is to get the audiences satisfying.
The newspapers are the most credible and comprehensive source for news and
information as it is considered by the majority of Canadians. Due to the characteristic
of informative, convenient to navigate and trusted source lead the appreciation from
them. The varied perspectives and up-to date information are also be provided,
Crassweller (2014).
In contrast, the local information cannot be relied on local newspapers based

on the perspective of the most perspective. According to the statistic, the death of
local newspapers would have no impact as believed by majority of Americans which
is 39 per cent. Besides, there is 30 per cent believe the death of the local newspapers
only give minor impact in order to get the local information.
The younger adults are not concern which consists of the age of 18 to 29. The
absence of local newspapers would not give any major impact as 75 per cent of them
would get local information from other media. It same goes to the heavier technology
users, the absence of newspapers would have no impact either major or minor and it is
as said by 74 per cent of home broadband users on getting local information. Many
adults are quite reliant on newspapers and their websites when they have been asked
which source they rely on. The newspapers ranked as the most relied source for 11 out
of 16 rated, Rosenstiel, Mitchell,Purcell & Rainie (2011).
Indeed, there is a changing of the news industry that are also involved the
business, technology as well as traditional journalism model. The consumers must
know how to choose the reliable source and check the source of the news content first
if they are unconscious on the content.
2.1.3 Readers Perception on the layout of newspapers
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Holmqvist & Wartenberg (2005) argue, the design of newspapers is creative and
interesting and the possibilities to vary design are endless. By looking at the own
design as well as imagining how readers could perceive it is a way of how newspaper
designer judge the newspaper design. The readers perceptions on the newspaper
design are very scarce.
Lundqvist and Holmqvist (2001)added that they focused on attention ,attitude

and memory of ads when testing 14 readers of Dagens Nyheter in a follow-up study to
Widman and Polansky.The readers will see and remember the ads better through the
bigger size ads.
Similarly, 90 readers of three newspapers at three different sites in the U.S

have been tested. The color been studied whether they will attract the reader
attention, Garcia and Stark (1991).
In contrast, the clear content, easy to read as well as attractive is an intention

of the design of newspapers and magazines and it drive sales, Wilson(2015).
Indeed, the readers would attract the modern and interesting design of
newspapers that at the same time would attract them the interested to read as well.
2.1.4 Readers Perception on the byline of the newspapers
McIntyre (2014) argues that any or all errors are responsibility of the writer with
bylined story. There is no editing and no publication if there is no writer-generated
text.
McIntyre (2007) added, the columns and other opinion pieces are excluded.
The readers would respond directly if the names and e-mail addresses of reporters are
provided. Besides, the readers will able to know which reporters they will able to talk
to. Thus, they will interact easily with the contributor credits at the end of the article.
Similarly, in a way of news business for legitimacy, accuracy as well as

accountability makes the sourcing important. To see whose byline is on the content,
we must spend a few extra second. Herald (2017).
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In contrast, how much credit each author on a paper deserved for the sum total
of the work performed is not possible to objectively determine. (Laurance, 2006;
Tscharntke et al, 2007).
Indeed, the credibility with a target audience can be established with a byline
article as it is one of the most effective tools available. Again the important to the
company can be issued through bylined articles in order to draw attention.
2.1.5 Readers Perception on the error of the newspapers
Sullivan(2013) argues that the writers of newspapers are only human being to make
errors and there are huge amounts of copy on unforgiving deadlines, even though they
try to get everything right. Thus, the writing and corrections have been made.
Mensing and Oliver (2005) added the severe repercussions might occur
through an unintended error in a published news story. It occurs on both a small paper
inside a community and those who read a national edition throughout a country.
Similarly, a one thousand straight news stories to the sources cited in those
stories and more than half of the stories examined by 60 per cent of respondents.
There is 54 per cent were considered as accurate. It has been sent out by Charnley.
The similar method used by Berry. The simple typos and ordinary misspellings are
excluded and the error contained nearly 48 per cent based on the news sources,
Charnley (1967).
In contrast, there are newsrooms of perception of errors as well as resulting

corrections for the past 15 to 20 years. A relationship with readers can be cultivated
and a reputation for accuracy and accountability can be built through corrections,
Hettinga and Appelman (2014).
Indeed, the correction of error in newspapers for the next edition can lead the
trust and from the readers and the credibility of the reporters or journalists can be
maintained.
2.2 The accuracy of newswriting
2.2.1 The accuracy of content in newswriting
9
Forde (2012) argue that telling the truth is hard because a fundamental of the truth-
telling project often failed to acknowledge by journalism.
Fritz (2015) added, the accurate, transparent reporting protect the credibility of
the news organization beside of getting the internal ethics policy right as reviewed by
journalists every year.
Similarly, it is a journalist responsible to ensure the story. The subjects

reputation would be ruined, a news outlets credibility would be harmed and the
public safety would be endangered due to the erroneous reporting, Farhi (2013).
In contrast, in order to inform the public debate, accuracy is needed in

journalism and journalist should always being right and reliable, Brewer (2016).
Indeed, the accuracy of newswriting is vital because the readers are relying on
journalists as it is their job to provide information and news. When any news is
inaccurate, the rumors would be spread and might lead to misunderstanding and libel
as well.
2.2.2 The accuracy of headline in newswriting
Gore (2015) argues that the front-page headline that deliberate sensationalism is one
of the factors that make readers refuse to believe newspapers. Sometimes the
sensationalism headline is important but complex.
Konnikova (2014) added the impaired of a readers ability to make accurate

inferences and they will misunderstand the content are causes of the misleading
headline.
Similarly, those who misleading the headline do not rely on the content of the
article when they answering the questions rather than those who read the article with
accurate headlines. Jaffe (2014).
In contrast, the reals news headlines for weeks have dominated by the issue of
fake news. There are 75 per cent of the time of American adults have been fooled by
the fake news headlines. In the study, a slightly higher accuracy perception received
by real news headlines rather than their spurious counterparts. However, a serious
10
cause of concern occur when the fake headlines placed by astonishing level of belief,
McCarthy (2016)
Indeed, the way of loyal readers will interact with newspapers impacted from
the good headlines. The readers will roll their eyes down on newspapers in order to
grab their attention to read the good headlines and they might probably read the full
content of the articles.
2.2.3 The accuracy of byline in newswriting
Channick (2012) argues it is important for the newswriting source to be accurate and
credible. It consider as a violation of the editorial ethics policy if the story is being
published under the false byline.
Wren, Kozak, Kathryn, Johnson, Deakyne, and Schilling & Dellavalle (2007)
added, there is more credit for the work apportioned for those who listed first or last
in the byline rather than middle authors.
Similarly, how much credit of each author on a paper deserved for the sum
total of the work performed is not possible to objectively determine often (Laurance,
2006; Tscharntkeet al, 2007).
In contrast, in the absence of any well-defined standards, the authors

contributions to the work described will do so without explicit statements. (Tarnow,
2004).
Indeed, the byline is the author who wrote the news or story and it is like a
credit to the author themselves for finding the story.
2.2.4 The accuracy of sources in newswriting
American Press (2016) argues people trust and rely on news source vary by topic is
specific factor. The trust depends is important as well as being entertained.
Moodie (2017) added that we should have at least two or three source that are
not connected in any way in case if the story being break or dealing with contentious
issue. This two independent sources must be independent of each other.
11
Similarly, a great deal of bias may still involve and some sources are more
reliable than others. Besides, the tabloids which spin too much information make
people trust more on broadsheet newspapers. The public opinion can be evidenced
through a newspaper articles as they are good ways, University of Hull(2017).
In contrast, a few grassroots sources saved by the era of balanced reporting.

Every content of the media must be taken seriously, EsPeck(2016).
Indeed, the accuracy of source is important to obtain people trust and without
personal bias, the article or newswriting can be objective.
2.2.5 The accuracy of newswriting determine the ethics of author
PBS (2015) argues there are lack of confidence in journalists as shown by public
opinion even though the several pillars of journalism ethics have been listed by the
Society of Professional Journalists such as seek truth and report it, minimize harm,
act independently and be accountable and transparent.
Al-Oraibi(2015) added, limits of credibility in journalistic stories tested by the

anonymity of sources
Similarly, the readers believing what journalists report depended by the

credibility in journalism. In news reporting, the unnamed sources hated by readers as
it make it clear by some studies, English(2014).
In contrast, a key determinant of the likelihood of their obtaining news access

and public voice which information sources, that stand behind virtually all the news
are perceived by journalists Reich (2011).
Indeed, even though journalists do not have former record of trustworthiness

but they are still ranked their sources' credibility.
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2.3 Theory related in this study
2.3.1 Agenda Setting Theory
Theory that is used in this research is Agenda Setting Theory. The Agenda Setting
Theory explains how social and political reality shaping by the news, editors,
newsroom staff as well as the broadcasters as they play an important role. The press
has a power to influence readers and viewers of the important to learn and attach the
issue according to the amount and position given, West.R & Lynn
H.Turner(2014).The agenda of the campaign may set by the media, as the important
issue may well determine during any words that will be saying by the candidates
during the campaign. The audiences need for guidance, shared values, the extents of
the conflicting evidence, as well as media credibility are several factors to determine
of how media influence in this agenda setting theory.
In this agenda setting theory, it rests on three (3) basic assumptions. The first
assumption relies on the reality of the public is shaped and filtered as an agenda that
being established by the media. It means that the media decide of what will be told to
the public. Besides, the second assumption is the policymakers media influenced by
the issues that concentrated by the media as well it comprise their agenda influence
the public agenda. It means that the media focused on the certain issues and will be
discussed in a parliament. The third assumption is the medias agenda have a
possibility to be influenced by the public and the policymakers.
The agenda setting theory is related to this research as the media have a
responsible to produce and form news and information to the readers. The media have
a role to influence readers of what they have read through the news and information
given. In another word, media shape the public and the way of their thinking. The
accuracy of news that has been produced also give impact and perception among
readers. Thus, the credibility of the newsmaker or news organization can be
determined by the accuracy of the news as well as the perception among readers.
2.4 Conceptualization/Operational Definition
Accuracy can be conceptualized at several different levels of abstraction. At the most

granular level, accuracy can be defined as telling the truth to the public. As accuracy
can be defined in many ways, this research define accuracy as the news that would be
13
published in print media is with well-trusted and reliable source, the news is really
happened and the information true, no plagiarism from other sources as well as no
opinion from journalists provided except for features.
The significance, impact or interest of a real event or situation being describe

through a journalistic story. The accuracy is important in order to ensure the news is
true and journalists do not manipulate the content of the news as it may affect the
credibility of the carrier as well as the news organization. The verification and
interpretation of the news that gives an impact to the public through the text, audio,
photos and videos have been emphasizes by journalists as they moved higher up the
editorial chain from the production of observation. (Anderson et al, 2012, p 22).
The newspaper is important for journalists to spread news and current issues
that occurred in a real life. In journalism, verification is a way to ensure that news
written is accurate (Riordan, 2014).The credibility of a journalist conveyed by the
facts that been gathered. When a journalist created news by himself and the story is
not really happen, then the story is inaccurate. Besides, the inaccuracy also occur
when the journalist is only copy and paste the news from other news organization
without checking its truth as well as the plagiarism is also occur.
Thus, readers will accept the wrong news and information and it also may lead
to misunderstanding soon when the news that has been published busted as inaccurate
soon. The readers have right to control of what they read by checking it whether it is
accurate as well as checking the quality of information. (Sambrook, 2012, p 6)
Still, when a journalist gives an opinion towards any news, the news no longer
being a hard news and it can be a feature as the opinion is not always right and
accurate. Once the data from these levels of analysis has been processed, researchers
might come up with a conclusion about biased in newspaper. The journalist must be
balance, fair and honest when writing news in order to maintain the accuracy.
According to Abdulla et al (2002), the media must be balance, honesty and currency
dimensions, while the online news credibility can be measured through
trustworthiness, timeliness as well as bias factors.
14
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE 1. The readers perception on
1. The accuracy of the general news content based on the
news published in accuracy of general news
mainstream newspapers published
DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLE
1. Gender
2. Age
3. Race
4. Educational Level
Figure 2.0
15
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design
3.1.1 Paradigm and Methodology
The paradigm and the methodology that have been selected in this research focusing
on the positivism research method. It is to ensure that the research method is in
keeping with the type of research approach and the research that the researcher being
focus is a quantitative research. This type of paradigm is monitor using the
distribution of questionnaire among the respondents.
3.2 Location of the Study
The location of the study is involves any respondents from different area in Shah
Alam.
3.3 Population and sampling technique/s
This research involve male and female with different races and ages. It is more
suitable to use the random sample to collect and know the data of the research.
3.4 Instrument (questionnaires for survey/coding sheet & coding book for
content analysis)
In order to complete this research, the questionnaires have been used for survey as an
instrument. The answers from respondents are easily to obtain through this
instrument. Based on the survey, every respondent is getting similar questions.
However, every answer is different as they are free to choose any answers that are
based on their opinion.
16
3.5 Variables
3.5.1 Demographic variable
The demographic variable involved in this research are the age of the respondents
which are at the range of under 20 to 50 years old and above, the gender of the
respondents are both male and female and the educational background of the
respondents which consists of SPM, Pre-University, Diploma, Degree, Master or PhD.
Besides, the race involves are Malay, Chinese, Indian and others.
3.5.2 Independent Variable
The independent variable that has been used in this research is the accuracy of the
general news published in mainstream newspapers.
3.5.3 Dependent Variable
The dependent variable that has been used based on this research is the readers
perception on news content based on the accuracy of general news published.
3.5.4 Mediating Variable
In the mediating variable, it is how the independent variable relates to the dependent
variable. Besides, it is about the how the independent variable affects the dependent
variable. In this study, the mediating variable is how the accuracy of the general news
published in mainstream newspaper affects the readers perception as well as their
acceptance.
3.6 Data collection
The type of method of data collection that will be used for this particular research is
the usage of questionnaires. Based on this survey, the demographic or personal
information from the respondents can be analyzed. For instance, the information
needed is such as age, gender, race and educational level as well. It is vital as we can
find out which gender or which educational level that often answering the survey. In
another section, it is relating with their perceptions on the accuracy of the general
news published in mainstream newspapers. Thus, we can know their perceptions in
the accuracy of the general news published in mainstream newspapers
17
Otherwise, another section is provided in order to know the respondents acceptance
towards the general news published in mainstream newspapers based on its accuracy.
The researcher may know either the respondents accepts or reject the general news
published in mainstream newspapers.
The population parameters that the researcher needs to estimate is the cost of
sampling, how much that is already know regarding the topic and its data as well as
the difficulties to collect the data. For the population parameters, the researcher is
only collect data from those respondents who answered the questionnaires.
3.7 Data processing
This research, all the data will use the SPSS application. The answers of the survey
will be keep in SPSS and easy to know the result of our research.
The main data in this research is a quantitative research method, whereby a set of
questionnaires are distributed to the number of respondents that have been set as a
survey.
The basic concept of research methodology refers to how the research is being carried
out as well as the way the researcher collects the data needed for the survey. In order
to investigate any information, methodology involves a full interruption of all the
options. The procedures, techniques and explanations of how these methods that
would be applied are included. On the other hand, the research problem can be solved
through the methodology.
In a quantitative study, the survey questions are the most commonly method used.
One of the advantages of the quantitative research method is it is the best way in order
to confirm the result and prove a hypothesis. Again, this quantitative research method
is good to test the result gained through a series of qualitative methods as well as
leading to a final answer for a research.
18
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Respondents Demographic and Sociographic Information.
The demographic factors included within the questionnaires are listed as gender;
age, higher education, race, newspaper preferences and time spend on reading
newspaper per day.
4.1.1 Gender
Table 4.1.1 Gender
Gender No of Percentage
Respondents (%)
Male 18 36.0
Valid Female 32 64.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Based from the results, 64% of female which is equivalent to 32
respondents while the remaining 36% or 18 respondents are males.
4.1.2 Age
Table 4.1.2 Age
19
Age No of Percentage (%)
Respondents
Below 20 years old 3 6.0
21-30 years old 39 78.0
31-40 years old 4 8.0
Valid 41-50 years old 2 4.0
51 years old and
2 4.0
above
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: For the respondents age, majority of the respondents are age between
21-30 years old with 78% (39 respondents), followed by those age between 31-40
years old with 8% (4 respondents). There are about 6% (3 respondents) age below 20
years old while the remaining age 41-50 years old and 51 years old and above, are
both have the same percentage which is 4% (2 respondents).
20
4.1.3 Level of Educations
Table 4.1.3 Level of Educations
Level of No of Respondents Percentage (%)
Educations
SPM 2 4.0
Diploma 9 18.0
Valid
Degree 39 78.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: As for the respondents education level, majority of the respondents are
Degree holder with 78% (39 respondents), followed by Diploma with 18% (9
respondents) and lastly SPM with 4% (2 respondents).
4.1.4 Race
Table 4.1.4 Race
Race No of Respondents Percentage (%)

Malay 47 94.0
Chinese 3 6.0
Valid
Indian 0 0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Only 2 races participated in this academic research which the majorities
are Malay with the percentage of 94% (47 respondents) and followed by Chinese 6%
(3 respondents) while the Indian is none.
4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences
Table 4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences
21
Newspaper Preferences No of Respondents Percentage (%)
The Star 15 30.0
New Straits Times
10 20.0
(NST)
Valid Berita Harian 13 26.0
Utusan Malaysia 7 14.0
Metro 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Another variable included in the demographic sections is the newspaper
preferences. From 50 respondents participated in this research study, The Star has the
highest number of readers with 30% (15 respondents), Berita Harian has the
percentage of 26% (13 respondents), followed by New Straits Times (NST) with 20%
(10 respondents) while Utusan Malaysia has 14% of reader which equals to 7
respondents and the remaining 10% (5 respondents) have been reading Metro.
4.1.6 Respondents Hour' per day spend reading Newspaper
Table 4.1.6 Respondent Hour's per day spend reading Newspaper
22
Hour's per day No of Percentage (%)
spend reading Respondents
Newspaper
Valid 1-2 hours 50 100.0
Descriptions: From the results received from the survey, all of the 50 respondents
spent only 1-2 hours per day reading newspaper.
4.2 To determine respondents level of perception on the accuracy of general news
published in mainstream newspaper.
4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational heading but the
23
content is contradict.
Table 4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational heading but the
I think the newspaper in Malaysia No of Percentage
published sensational heading but the Respondents (%)
Extremely Disagree 1 2.0
Strongly Disagree 1 2.0
Disagree 5 10.0
Somewhat Agree/
18 36.0
Valid Somewhat Disagree
Agree 12 24.0
Strongly Agree 8 16.0
Extremely Agree 5 10.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Based on the results, most of the respondents somewhat agree/
somewhat disagree with the statement of newspaper in Malaysia published sensational
heading but the contents is contradict which are 36% (18 respondents), followed by
24% (12 respondents) agreed to the statement above. Next, there are 16% (8
24
respondents) strongly agree with the statement stated, 10% (5respondents) disagree
and extremely agree with the statement given while remaining 2% (1 respondent)
extremely and strongly disagree with the statement above.
4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more controversial
heading compared to English newspaper.
Table 4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more controversial
heading compared to English newspaper.
25
I think the Malaysia newspaper No of Percentage (%)
published much more controversial Respondents
heading compared to English
newspaper.

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat Agree/Somewhat
9 18.0
Valid Disagree
Agree 16 32.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Most of the respondents agreed that the Malaysia newspaper published
much more controversial heading compared to English newspaper with 32% (16
respondents) while 22% (11 respondents) are extremely agreed with the statement.
Next. There are 18% of the respondents which equals to 9 respondents both somewhat
agree or disagree and strongly agree. Remaining 8% (4 respondents) and 2% (1
respondent) disagree and extremely disagree respectively.
4.2.3 I only read general news that involved loss of lives.
Table 4.2.3 I only read general news that involved loss of lives.
26
I only read general news that No of Percentage
involved loss of lives. Respondents (%)

Disagree 17 34.0
13 26.0
Valid Disagree
Agree 7 14.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: The result shows that 34% (17 respondents) disagreed that they only
read general news that involved loss of lives, then 26% (13 respondents) are
somewhat agreed/ disagreed with the statement, 14% (7 respondents) agreed, followed
by 6% (3 respondents) extremely agreed and disagreed respectively. The remaining of
4% (2 respondents) strongly disagreed.
4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking.
Table 4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking.
27
I think general news help in No of Percentage (%)
building my critical thinking. Respondents

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Agree/Somewhat 12 24.0
Valid
Disagree
Agree 14 28.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Based on this academic survey, majority of 28% (14 respondents) are
agreed that general news help in building their critical thinking. Next, readers who
somewhat agreed/disagreed and strongly agreed both have 24%which equals to 12
respondents to the statement, 14% (7 respondents) are extremely agreed, 8% (4
respondents) and lastly 2% (1 respondent) is extremely disagreed with the statement.
4.2.5 I read newspapers that have many pictures.
Table 4.2.5 I read newspaper that have many pictures.
28
I read newspaper that have many No of Percentage (%)
pictures. Respondents

Disagree 6 12.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 11 22.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Majority of the readers with the percentage of 28% (14 respondents)
are somewhat agreed or disagreed to the statements of reading newspaper that have
many pictures. 22% (11 respondents) agreed, 18% (9 respondents) extremely agreed,
16 percent (8 respondents) strongly agreed. The remaining are 12% (6 respondents)
disagreed with the statement, while only 2% (1 respondent) extremely agreed and
strongly disagreed with the statement above.
29
4.2.6 I read newspapers that have minimum design.
Table 4.2.6 I read newspaper that have minimum design.
I read newspapers that have No of Percentage
minimum design. Respondents (%)

Disagree 8 16.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 11 22.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: With the highest percentage of 32% (16 respondents) are somewhat
agreed/disagreed with reading newspaper with minimum design. 22% (11
respondents) agreed, 16% (8 respondents) disagreed, 12% (6 respondents) strongly
agreed to the statement. While, 10% consists of 5 respondents are extremely agreed,
6% with 3 respondents extremely disagreed and lastly, 2% (1 respondent) strongly
disagreed.
30
4.2.7 I only read newspapers that have byline (author).
Table 4.2.7 I only read newspaper that have byline (authors).
I only read newspapers that No of Percentage
have byline (author). Respondents (%)

Disagree 18 36.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Most of the respondents with 36% (18 respondents) disagreed that they
only read newspaper that have byline (authors). 26% (13 respondents) somewhat
agreed/disagreed, 24% (12 respondents) extremely disagreed, 6% (3 respondents)
strongly disagreed and 4% with 2 respondents strongly agreed to the statement. The
remaining 2% (1 respondent) agreed and extremely agreed.
31
4.2.8 I only read newspaper according to the credibility of the author.
Table 4.2.8 I only read newspaper according to the credibility of the author.
I only read newspaper No of Percentage (%)
according to the credibility of Respondents
the author.
Disagree 15 30.0
Somewhat
Valid Agree/Somewhat 15 30.0
Disagree
Agree 2 4.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: The result shows that 30% with 15 respondents disagreed and
somewhat agreed/disagreed in reading newspaper according to the credibility of the
author. 24% with 12 respondents extremely disagreed, 8% (4 respondents) strongly
disagreed and there are 4% with 2 respondents agreed and extremely agreed to the
statement above.
32
4.2.9 I believe more on newspaper that published the error in the next edition.
Table 4.2.9 I believe more on newspaper that published the error in the next edition.
I believe more on newspaper that No of Percentage (%)
published the error in the next Respondents
edition.
Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: More than half of the respondents with 54% (27 respondents)
somewhat agreed/ disagreed that they believed more on newspaper that published the
error in the next edition. 18% with 9 respondents agreed, 8% (4 respondents)
disagreed. There are 6% (3 respondents) that are extremely disagreed and extremely
agreed while another 4% (2 respondents) strongly disagreed and agreed to the
statement above.
4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published error in next edition if there
33
are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy.
Table 4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published errors in next edition if
there are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy.
The newspaper in Malaysia No of Percentage (%)
mostly published error in next Respondents
edition if there are errors in
spelling, grammar or accuracy.

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Disagree
Agree 14 28.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Half the number of respondents which is 50% (25 respondents) are
somewhat agreed/disagreed that the newspaper in Malaysia mostly published error in
next edition if there are error in spelling, grammar or accuracy. Followed by 28% (14
respondents) are agreed, 8% (4 respondents) disagreed, 6% (3 respondents) are
extremely disagreed and strongly agreed to the statement. Lastly, only 2% (1
respondent) strongly disagreed.
34
4.3 To determine the reader's accuracy of general news published in mainstream
newspaper.
4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable.
Tables 4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable.
I believe the content of the No of Percentage (%)
newspaper are reliable. Respondents

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 16 32.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: Based on the result, 34% (17 respondents) somewhat agreed/disagreed
that they believed the content in the newspaper are reliable. While 32% which consist
of 16 respondents are agreed, 16% of them 8 respondents strongly agreed, 10% (5
respondents) extremely agreed to the statement. Lastly, the remaining of 8% (4
respondents) disagreed.
4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying the story.
35
Table 4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying the story.
I depend on the byline (authors) No of Percentage (%)
justification in clarifying the respondents
story.

Disagree 13 26.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: The respondents disagreed and somewhat agreed/disagreed with 26%
(13 respondents) where they depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying
the story. 18% (9 respondents) agreed, 12% (6 respondents) extremely disagreed, 10%
(5 respondents) extremely agreed to the statement. Lastly, 8% (4 respondents) are
strongly agreed.
4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct.
36
Tables 4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct.
I believe the content in the No of Percentage (%)
newspaper are correct. Respondents

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 13 26.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: The highest percentage from this result is 34% (17 respondents) who
are somewhat agreed/disagreed that they believe the content in the newspaper are
correct. 26% (13 respondents) claimed that they agreed, 16% (8 respondents) strongly
agreed, 14% (7 respondents) extremely agreed and 8% (4 respondents) disagreed to
the statement. Last but not least, the remaining of 2% (1 respondent) strongly
disagreed.
4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate.
37
Tables 4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate.
I believe the headings on the No of Percentage (%)
newspaper are accurate. Respondents

Disagree 7 14.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: According to the result 34% (17 respondents) somewhat
agreed/disagreed that the heading on the newspaper are accurate. 24% (12
respondents) agreed, 18% (9 respondents) strongly agreed, 14% (7 respondents)
disagreed, 6% (3 respondents) extremely agreed to the statement. The remaining of
4% (2 respondents) strongly disagreed.
4.3.5 I believe the sources of the newspaper are reliable.
38
Tables 4.3.5 I believe the source of the newspaper are reliable.
I believe the sources of the No of Percentage (%)

Disagree 1 2.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 18 36.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: 36% (18 respondents) agreed on believing the reliability of source of
the newspaper. There are 32% equals to 16 respondents are somewhat agreed
/disagreed with this statement. 24% (12 respondents) strongly agreed. There are 6% (3
respondents) that are extremely agreed and the remaining 2% (1 respondent)
disagreed.
4.3.6 I believe the accuracy of the content affect the credibility of the newspaper.
39
Tables 4.3.6 I believe the accuracy of the content affect the credibility of the
newspaper.
I believe the accuracy of the No of Percentage (%)
content affect the credibility of Respondents
the newspaper.
Disagree 1 2.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 17 34.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: There are 34% (17 respondents) agreed in believing the accuracy of the
content affect the credibility of the newspaper. 32% (16 respondents) strongly agreed
with the statement, 22% (11 respondents) extremely agreed. Next, 10% (5
respondents) somewhat agreed/disagreed while the remaining, 2% (1 respondent)
disagreed to the statement.
4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of an author.
40
Table 4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of an author.
The accuracy of news writing No of Percentage (%)
determine the ethics of an Respondents
author.
Disagree 1 2.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 10 20.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: 28% (14 respondents) are somewhat agreed/disagreed to the accuracy
of news writing determine the ethics of an author. 26% (13 respondents) are extremely
agreed, 24% (12 respondents) are strongly agreed, 20% (10 respondents) are agreed
and lastly only 2% which is 1 respondent is disagreed.
4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story.
41
Table 4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story.
I believe newspaper in Malaysia No of Percentage (%
do not have hidden story. Respondents

Disagree 14 28.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 6 12.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: 28% (14 respondents) are disagreed in believing newspaper in Malaysia
do not have hidden story. 20% (10 respondents) are extremely disagreed, 16% (8
respondents) are somewhat agree/disagreed and 12% (6 respondents) are strongly
disagreed and agreed to the statement above. The remaining, 8% (4 respondents) are
extremely agreed and lastly 4% (2 respondents) are strongly agreed to the statement
above.
4.3.9 I believe the accuracy of the general news give impact to the society.
42
Tables 4.3.9 I believe the accuracy of the general news give impact to the society.
I believe the accuracy of the general No of Percentage (%)
news give impact to the society. Respondents
Disagree 1 2.0
12 24.0
Disagree
Valid Agree 15 30.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: There are 30% (15 respondents) are agreed in believing the accuracy of
the general news give impact to the society. 24% (12 respondents) are somewhat
agreed/disagreed and strongly agreed. 20% (10 respondents) are extremely agreed and
there is only 2% (1 respondent) is disagreed to the statement.
4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending on the source.
Table 4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending on the source.
43
general news is depending on Respondents
the source.
Disagree 2 4.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 17 34.0
Total 50 100.0
Descriptions: 34% (17 respondents) are agreed in believing the accuracy of the
general news is depending on the source. While 26% (13 respondents) are extremely
agreed, 20% (10 respondents) are somewhat agreed/disagreed, 16% (8 respondents)
strongly agreed and lastly 4% (2 respondents) are disagreed to the statements above.
4.4 Discussion
4.4.1 To investigate the readers perceptions of accuracy in the general news
44
publish in newspapers.
Konnikova (2014) argues that in this era of social media, the number of people who
read newspapers can be counted as determined by headlines. The style of reading and
remembering an article can be changed through the headlines as well. The experience
framed by the headline.
Besides, you can be told of what kind of article that you will be read through
headline. Zulluaga (2011) added that a news story can be made through a headline and
readers attention can be grabbed as it is the ultimate goal. Similarly, determining an
article content is one of the responsibility of headline, as being claimed by detractors.
The writing of amateur contributors did not believed by themselves, Osgood
(2012).In contrast, the newspapers headline is more important as the headline
scanners, which is a person who get the information by reading the headline only and
they must obtain of accurate information.
What have interested by readers is to index the part of the greatest news and
the reader being told of headlines alone are the prime functions of the headline, V U
(2012)Table below shows that most of the readers are somewhat agreed/disagreed in
thinking that the newspaper in Malaysia are publishing a sensational heading or
headline.
45
I think the newspaper in Malaysia No of Percentage
published sensational heading but the Respondents (%)
Disagree 5 10.0
Somewhat Agree/
18 36.0
Valid Somewhat Disagree
Agree 12 24.0
Total 50 100.0
Holmqvist & Wartenberg (2005) argue, the design of newspapers is creative
and interesting and the possibilities to vary design are endless. By looking at the own
design as well as imagining how readers could perceive it is a way of how newspaper
designer judge the newspaper design.
The readers perceptions on the newspapers design are very scarce. Lundqvist
and Holmqvist (2001) added that they focused on attention, attitude and memory of
ads when testing 14 readers of Dagens Nyheter in a follow-up study to Widman and
Polansky. The readers will see and remember the ads better through the bigger size
ads. Similarly, 90 readers of three newspapers at three different sites in the U.S have
been tested.
46
The color been studied whether they will attract the reader attention, Garcia
and Stark (1991).In contrast, the clear content, easy to read as well as attractive is an
intention of the design of newspapers and magazines and it drive sales, Wilson
(2015).Two table below shows that the majority are somewhat agreed/disagreed on
reading newspaper that have a minimum design and reading newspaper that have
many pictures.
I read newspapers that have No of Percentage
minimum design. Respondents (%)

Disagree 8 16.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 11 22.0
I read newspapers
Total that have 50
No of Percentage
100.0 (%)
many pictures. Respondents
Disagree 6 12.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 11 22.0

47
Total 50 100.0
McIntyre (2014) argues that any or all errors are responsibility of the writer
with bylined story. There is no editing and no publication if there is no writer-
generated text. McIntyre (2007) added, the columns and other opinion pieces are
excluded. The readers would respond directly if the names and e-mail addresses of
reporters are provided.
Besides, the readers will able to know which reporters they will able to talk to.
Thus, they will interact easily with the contributor credits at the end of the article.
Similarly, in a way of news business for legitimacy; accuracy as well as accountability
makes the sourcing important. To see whose byline is on the content, we must spend a
few extra second. Herald (2017)
.In contrast, how much credit each author on a paper deserved for the sum total of the
work performed is not possible to objectively determine. (Laurance, 2006; Tscharntke
48
et al, 2007).Indeed, the credibility with a target audience can be established with a
byline article as it is one of the most effective tools available.
Again, the important to the company can be issued through bylined articles in
order to draw attention. The table below shows that majority of the readers do not
really emphasis the byline (authors) in reading newspapers.
I only read newspaper that have No of Percentage
byline ( authors ). Respondents (%)

Disagree 18 36.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 1 2.0
Total 50 100.0
I only read newspaper No of Percentage (%)
according to the credibility of Respondents
the author.
Disagree 15 30.0
Somewhat
Disagree 49
Agree 2 4.0
Total 50 100.0
Sullivan (2013) argues that the writers of newspapers are only human being to make
errors and there are huge amounts of copy on unforgiving deadlines, even though they
try to get everything right.
Thus, the writing and corrections have been made. Mensing and Oliver (2005)
added the severe repercussions might occur through an unintended error in a published
news story. It occurs on both a small paper inside a community and those who read a
national edition throughout a country. Similarly, a one thousand straight news stories
to the sources cited in those stories and more than half of the stories examined by 60
per cent of respondents. There is 54 per cent were considered as accurate. It has been
sent out by Charnley. The similar method used by Berry. The simple typos and
ordinary misspellings are excluded and the error contained nearly 48 per cent based on
the news sources, Charnley (1967)
In contrast, there are newsrooms of perception of errors as well as resulting
corrections for the past 15 to 20 years. A relationship with readers can be cultivated
and a reputation for accuracy and accountability can be built through corrections,
50
Hettinga and Appelman (2014)Indeed, the correction of error in newspapers for the
next edition can lead the trust and from the readers and the credibility of the reporters
or journalists can be maintained.. Somehow, the two tables below shows that many of
the readers do not really particular in this matter as the results shows that majority of
them are not sure about this matter.
I believe more on newspapr that No of Percentage (%)
published the error in the next Respondents
edition.
Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
The newspaper in Malaysia No of Percentage (%)
mostly published error in next Respondents
edition if there are errors in
spelling, grammar or accuracy.

Disagree 4 8.0
Somewhat
Disagree
Agree 14 28.0
Total 50 100.0
51
4.4.2 To identify the readers acceptance of accuracy in the general news
publish in newspapers.
American Press (2016) argues people trust and rely on news source vary by topic is a
specific factors. The trust depends is important as well as being entertained. Forde
(2012) argue that telling the truth is hard because a fundamental of the truth-telling
project often failed to acknowledge by journalism. Fritz(2015) added, the accurate,
transparent reporting protect the credibility of the news organization beside of getting
the internal ethics policy right as reviewed by journalists every year. Similarly, it is a
journalist responsible to ensure the story. The subjects reputation would be ruined, a
news outlets credibility would be harmed and the public safety would be endangered
due to the erroneous reporting, Farhi (2013).In contrast, in order to inform the public
debate, accuracy is needed in journalism and journalist should always being right and
reliable, Brewer(2016)
.Indeed, the accuracy of newswriting is vital because the readers are relying on
journalists as it is their job to provide information and news. When any news is
inaccurate, the rumors would be spread and might lead to misunderstanding and libel
as well.
52
The accuracy of news writing No of Percentage (%)
determine the ethics of an Respondents
author.
Disagree 1 2.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 10 20.0
Total 50 100.0
Moodie (2017) added that we should have at least two or three source that is not
connected in any way in case if the story being break or dealing with contentious
issue. This two independent sources must be independent of each other.
Similarly, a great deal of bias may still involve and some sources are more
reliable than others. Besides, the tabloids which spin too much information makes
people trust more on broadsheet newspapers.
The public opinion can be evidenced through a newspaper articles as they are
good ways, University of Hull(2017).In contrast, a few grassroots sources saved by
the era of balanced reporting. Every content of the media must be taken seriously,
EsPeck(2016).Indeed, the accuracy of source is important to obtain people trust and
without personal bias, the article or newswriting can be objective.
53
general news is depending on Respondents
the source.
Disagree 2 4.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 17 34.0
Total 50 100.0
I believe the source of the No of Percentage (%)

Disagree 1 2.0
Somewhat
Valid Disagree
Agree 18 36.0
Extremely Agree 3 54 6.0
Total 50 100.0
PBS (2015) argues there are lack of confidence in journalists as shown by public
opinion even though the several pillars of journalism ethics have been listed by the
Society of Professional Journalists such as seek truth and report it, minimize harm,
act independently and be accountable and transparent. Al-Oraibi (2015) added, limits
of credibility in journalistic stories tested by the anonymity of sources In addition, the
front-page headline that deliberate sensationalism is one of the factors that make
readers refuse to believe newspapers. Sometimes the sensationalism headline is
important but complex, Gore (2015)
I believe the headings on the No of Percentage (%)
newspaper are accurate. Respondents

Disagree 7 14.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 12 24.0
Total 5550 100.0
Channick (2012) argues it is important for the newswriting source to be accurate and
credible. It consider as a violation of the editorial ethics policy if the story is being
published under the false byline.
Wren, Kozak, Kathryn, Johnson, Deakyne, and Schilling & Dellavalle (2007)
added, there is more credit for the work apportioned for those who listed first or last in
the byline rather than middle authors. Similarly, how much credit of each author on a
paper deserved for the sum total of the work performed is not possible to objectively
determine often (Laurance, 2006; Tscharntkeet al, 2007).
In contrast, in the absence of any well-defined standards, the authors
contributions to the work described will do so without explicit statements. (Tarnow,
2004).Indeed, the byline is the author who wrote the news or story and it is like a
56
credit to the author themselves for finding the story.
I depend on the byline (authors) No of Percentage
justification in clarifying the Respondents (%)
story.

Disagree 13 26.0
Somewhat
Valid
Disagree
Agree 9 18.0
Total 50 100.0
57
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The discussion is about the Reader's Perception on the Accuracy of General News
Published in Mainstream Newspaper. According to this research, it can be concluded
that the result has a relationship with the investigative of this research. This research
explained about the readers perceptions on the accuracy and perception of general
news in mainstream newspaper that are difference.
Based on this investigation, I have found that the accurate headline and content
of the newspaper is important to spread the information. Based on this research, the
headline and content gives impact and influence the readers towards their perception.
Even though the headlines are being sensationalized, but at the same time it gives
information towards readers as well. Overall, the result of this research is the readers
58
perception to every part of the newspapers are important that include the headline,
content, layout, byline as well as the error of the content. Again, the accuracy of the
newswriting that can be divided into the headline, the content, the byline, the sources
are also important in order to determine the credibility of the journalists or the news
organization as well.
In a nutshell, the readers perception towards the accuracy of newswriting is

vital because they are able to know whether to accept the news that has been read in
the mainstream newspaper. Moreover, it is also to ensure that they will not get the
wrong information or news. Besides, readers are also may determine which
mainstream newspaper can be trusted.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Other researchers are recommended to find other area of study instead of Shah
Alam in order to obtain more readers perceptions about the accuracy of general
news that are published in mainstream newspapers. Besides, different researchers
should expand the scopes by concentrating on other things in future such as look
further for the alternative newspapers existed in Malaysia such as Harakah Daily,
The Edge, Malay Mail, Selangor Kini, China Press and so on. Still, they are also
should look further on other media instead of print media because nowadays the
readers are also read the news from other media especially online media.
59
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63
APPENDIXES
APPENDIXES
Respondent Code:
Faculty of Communication and Media Studies
Bachelor of Communication and Media Studies (Hons.) Journalism
A STUDY ON READERS PERCEPTION ON THE ACCURACY OF GENERAL NEWS PUBLISHED IN

MAINSTREAM NEWSPAPERS
Dear respondents,
I am semester 5 student Bachelor of Communication and Media Studies (Hons.)Journalism
and I will conduct a survey as part of the requirement for my Academic Writing subject. I am
interested to get your view on perception on the accuracy of general news published in
mainstream newspapers. Findings from this research will be strictly used for academic
purposes only and your individual response will remain confidential.
64
SECTION A
Demographic and Sociographic Information
This section of the questionnaire pertains to demographic information. We assure you that
your response will remain anonymous, as this information will only be used to compare group
of respondents. You may tick (/) for the answer this is applicable.
1. Gender
Male
Female
2. Age
Below 20 years old

21 30 years old
31 40 years old
41 50 years old
51 above
3. Highest education
SPM
Pre university
Diploma
Degree
Master/PHD
4. Race
Malay
Chinese
Indian
Others
5. Newspaper preferences
The Star
New Straits Times (NST)
Berita Harian
Utusan Malaysia
Metro
6. I normally spend ______ hours per-day reading newspaper.
1 2 hours
3 4 hours
5 6 hours
6 hour and above
SECTION B
This section of questionnaire determine the level of perception on the accuracy of general
news published in mainstream newspapers Please indicate how much you agree and
disagree with each statement.
65
General News is the general news contains the current issues or most important news bother
and abroad. It affects people's lives as much as or more than other news in the newspaper. The
general news is usually found on the front page of the newspaper. It is a specific area of
coverage and it can be an entire municipality part of the government such as the police
department.
The news on religion which is Ayah Pin's case in Terengganu is one of the examples. It shows
the spreader of wrong religion that is not only affect people in Terengganu, but imagine if it
were to spread nationwide. It also might lead to wrong Aqidah.
You may tick only 1 (/) for the answer that is applicable. The response scales use anchors
such as:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Extremely Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Extremely
Agree Agree Agree/Somewhat Disagree Disagree
Disagree
No Statement 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
.
7. I think the newspaper in Malaysia published
sensational heading but the content is contradict.
8. I think the Malaysia newspaper published much

more controversial heading compared to English
newspaper.
9. I only read general news that involved loss of lives.
10. I think general news help in building my critical

thinking.
11. I read newspapers that have many pictures.
12. I read newspapers that have minimum design.
13. I only read newspapers that have byline (authors).
14. I only read newspaper according to the credibility of

the author.
15. I believe more on newspaper that published the
error in the next edition.
16. The newspaper in Malaysia mostly published error in
next edition if there are errors in spelling, grammar
or accuracy.
SECTION C
66
This section of questionnaire determines the readers accuracy of general news published in
mainstream newspaper. Please indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement.
You may tick only 1 (/) for the answer that is applicable. The response scales use anchors such
as:
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Extremely Strongly Agree Somewhat Disagree Strongly Extremely
Agree Agree Agree/Somewhat Disagree Disagree
Disagree
No Statement 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
.
17. I believe the content of the newspaper are
reliable.
18. I depend on the byline (authors) justification in
clarifying the story.
19. I believe the content in the newspaper are
correct.
20. I believe the headings on the newspaper are
accurate.
21. I believe the source of the newspaper is
reliable.
22. I believe the accuracy of the content affect the
credibility of the newspaper.
23. The accuracy of newswriting determines the
ethics of an author.
24. I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have
hidden story.
25. I believe the accuracy of the general news give
impact to the society.
26. I believe the accuracy of the general news is
depending on the source.
67
68
69

Readers' Perceptions On Accuracy of General Newswriting in Mainstream Newspapers

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Readers' Perceptions On Accuracy of General Newswriting in Mainstream Newspapers

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ABSTRACT

It is a blessing to ALLAH S.W.T and HIS messenger; Prophet Muhammad S.A.W.

This thesis is approved by:

(Mr. Ahmad Farami Abdul Karim)

Name of Student : Nurfazleen Safina Abd Jamil

Table 4.1.1 Gender 19

Table 4.1.2 Age 20

Table 4.1.3 Level of Educations 21

Table 4.1.4 Race 21

Table 4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences 22

Table 4.1.6 Respondent Hours per day spend reading Newspaper 23

Table 4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational

heading but the content is contradict 24

Table 4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more

controversial heading compared to English newspaper 26

Table 4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking. 28

Table 4.2.5 I read newspaper that have many pictures. 29

Table 4.2.6 I read newspaper that have minimum design. 30

Table 4.2.7 I only read newspaper that have byline (authors). 31

Table 4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published errors in next

edition if there are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy. 34

Tables 4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable. 35

Table 4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying

Tables 4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct. 37

Tables 4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate. 38

Tables 4.3.5 I believe the source of the newspaper are reliable. 39

Table 4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of an

Table 4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story. 42

Table 4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending on

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6

4.1.3 Level of Education 21

4.1.5 Newspaper Preferences 22

4.1.6 Respondents hours per day spend reading newspaper 23

4.2 To determine respondents level of perception on the accuracy

of general news published in mainstream newspaper. 24

4.2.1 I think the newspaper in Malaysia published sensational

heading but the content is contradict 24

4.2.2 I think the Malaysia newspaper published much more

controversial heading compared to English newspaper. 26

4.2.3 I only read general news that involved loss of lives 27

4.2.4 I think general news help in building my critical thinking. 28

4.2.5 I read newspapers that have many pictures. 29

4.2.6 I read newspapers that have minimum design. 30

4.2.9 I believe more on newspaper that published the error in the

4.2.10 The newspapers in Malaysia mostly published error in

next edition if there are errors in spelling, grammar or accuracy. 34

4.3 To determine the reader's accuracy of general news published

4.3.1 I believe the content of the newspaper are reliable 36

4.3.2 I depend on the byline (authors) justification in clarifying

4.3.3 I believe the content in the newspaper are correct. 37

4.3.4 I believe the headings on the newspaper are accurate. 38

4.3.5 I believe the sources of the newspaper are reliable. 39

4.3.6 I believe the accuracy of the content affect the credibility

4.3.7 The accuracy of news writing determines the ethics of

4.3.8 I believe newspaper in Malaysia do not have hidden story. 42

4.3.10 I believe the accuracy of the general news is depending

4.4.1 To investigate the readers perceptions of accuracy in

the general news publish in newspapers 45

4.4.2 To identify the readers acceptance of accuracy in

the general news publish in newspapers. 52

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION 59

1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY

1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT