- SS TM 098 IRC:83-2015 (Part-ll) STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION : IX BEARINGS (ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS) PART-II (First Revision) INDIAN ROADS CONGRESS 2015A IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) Contents S.No. Description Page No. Personnel of the Bridges Specifications and Standards Committee i-ti Introduction 1 1 Scope 2 2, Terminology 3 3. Notations. 5 4. Materials 7 5 Design 9 6. Manufacturing & Workmanship 20 7 Acceptance Specification 22 8. Certification and Marking 28 9 Installation 29 10 Maintenance 30 Appendix - 1 34 Appendix - 2 32 Appendix - 3 3413, 14. 15, 16. 17, 18. 19, 20. 24 22. 23, 24, IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) PERSONNEL OF THE BRIDGES SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS COMMITTEE Das, S.N. (Convenor) Tawade, D.0. (Co-Convenor) Chief Engineer (B) S&R (Member-Secretary) Agrawal, K.N. Alimchandani, C.R. Arora, H.C. Bagish, Dr. B.P, Bandyopadhyay, Dr. N. Bandyopadhyay, Dr. TK. Banerjee, AK, Banerjoo, TB. Basa, Ashok Bhasin, P.c. Bhowmick, Alok Bonginwar, PLL. Dhodapkar, A.N. Ghoshal, A. Joglekar, $.G. Kand, C.V, Koshi, Ninan Kumar, Ashok Kumar, Prafulla Kumar, Vijay Manjure, PY. (As on 8" August, 2014) Director General (Road Development), Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Addi. Director General, Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Ministry of Road Transport & Highways, New Delhi Members DG(W), CPWD (Retd.) Ghaziabad Chairman & Managing Director, STUP Consultants (P) LUtd., Mumbai Chief Engineer (Retd.), MORTH, New Delhi C-212013, Vasant Kunj, Opp. D.P-S., New Delhi Director, Stup Consultants (P) Ltd., New Dethi Joint Director General (Retd.) INSDAG, Kolkata Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi Director (Tech.) B. Engineers & Builders Ltd, | Bhubaneswar ADG (B), (Retd.), MoRT&H, New Delhi Managing Director, Bridge & Structural Engg. Consultants (P) Ltd., Noida Advisor, L&T, Mumbai Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi Director and Vice President, STUP Consultants (P) Ltd. Kolkata Vice President, STUP Consultants (P) Lid, , Mumbai Chief Engineer (Retd.), MP, PWD Bhopal DG(RD) & Addl. Secy., (Retd) MOST, New Delhi ; Chief Engineer (Retd.), MoRT&H, New Delhi DG (RD) & AS, MORT&H (Retd.), New Deihi E-in-Chief (Retd.) UP, PWD, | Director, Freyssinet Prestressed Concrete Co, MumbaiIRC:83-2015 (Part-) 26. Mukherjee, MK Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dethi 26. Nagpal, A.K, Prof. IIT, New Delhi 27. Narain, A.D. DG (RO) & AS, MoRTBH (Reta), New Delhi 2 Ninan, RS. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dethi 29 Pandey, RK. Chief Engineer (Planning), MoRT&H, New Delhi 30 Parameswaran, Chief Scientist (BAS), CRRI, New Delhi Dr. (Mrs.) Lakshmy 31 Raizada, Pratap S. Vice President (Corporate Affairs). Gammon india Ltd., Mumbai 32, Rao, Dr. MMB. A-161, Sarita Vihar, New Delhi %. Roy, Dr. B.C. Senior Executive Director, Mis. Consulting Engg. Services India (Pvt) Lid., Gurgaon 34, Saha, Dr. GP. Executive Director Construma Consultancy (P) Ltd., Mumbai 35, Sharan, G. DG (RD) & Spl. Secy (Retc.) MoRT&H, New Dellhi 36. Sharma, R.S. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dethi a7, Sinha, NK. DGIRD) & SS, (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dethi 38 Subbarao, Dr. Harshavardhan Chairman & Managing Director, Construma Consultancy (P) Lid. Mumbai 39. Tandon, Prof. Mahesh Managing Director, Tandon Consultants (P) Ltd., New Delhi 40. Thandavan, K.B. Chief Engineer (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Delhi a Velayutham, V, DG (RD) & SS (Retd.) MoRT&H, New Dethi 42. Viswanathan, T. 7046, Sector 8, Pocket 10, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 43, The Executive Director (B&S) RDSO, Lucknow 44. The Director and Head, (Civil Engg.) Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi Corresponding Members 1 Raina, Or. VK, Consutant, World Bank 2 Singh, RB. Director, Projects Consulting india (P) Ltd. New Delhi Ex-Officio Members 1 President, (Sunil Bhowmik), Engineer-in-Chief, Indian Roads Congress PWD (R&B), Govt of Tripura 2 Honorary Treasurer, (S\N. Das), Director General (Road Development), indian Roads Congress Ministry of Road Transport & Highways 3 Secretary General, Indian Roads CongressIRC:83-2015 (Part-II) STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS AND CODE OF PRACTICE FOR ROAD BRIDGES SECTION : IX BEARINGS PART - I! (ELASTOMERIC BEARINGS) INTRODUCTION The Bearings, Joints and Appurtenances Committee (8-6) of the Indian Roads Congress was constituted in 2012 with the following personnel: Sharan, G. Convenor Pandey, RK. Co-Convenor Gahanwar, Dr. 8.8. Member Secretary Members Banerjee, AK. Kumar, Ashok Bagish, Dr. B.P. Majumdar, S Datta, R.K. Mitra, Dr. A.J, Deshpande, V.P. Ninan, R.S. Gupta, Vinay Patankar, V.L. Ghosh, Prof. Achyut Pandey, A.K Gupta, D.K, Prakash, Suraj Gupta, Ujjwal Rao, Dr. M.V.B. Jambekar, A.R. Rathore, Jitendra Khaira, V.S. Sharma, D.D Kurian, Jose Singh, B.N. (Rep. of RDSO, Lucknow) Invitee Gupta, A.K Manjure, PY. Ghosh, S. Panja, A Ex-officio Members President, (Bhowmik, Sunil), Engineer-in-Chief, Indian Roads Congress PWD (R&B), Govt. of Tripura Honorary Treasurer, (Das, S.N.), Director General Indian Roads Congress (Road Development), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways Secretary General, Indian Roads CongressIRC:83-2015 (Part-II) The Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges Section IX Part-II Elastomeric Bearings was first published in June 1987. The task of revision of this code based on the Ultimate Limit State (ULS) condition was undertaken by the Bearings, Joints and Appurtenances Committee (B-6).The B-6 Committee constituted a Sub-Committee comprising of following personnel to prepare the revised draft document. Prof. Achyut Ghosh Convenor Dr. MWB. Rao Member Shri S. Majumdar Member Shri Jitendra Rathore Member ‘The Sub-Committee prepared the initial revised draft document with major contribution from Shri S. Majumdar which was discussed in the meetings of B-6 Committee and the revised draft documentwas finalized for placing it before the Bridges Specifications & Standards Committee The BSS Committee approved the revised finalized draft of “Standard Specifications and Code of Practice for Road Bridges: Section IX: Part 2: Elastomeric Bearings’, in its meeting held on 23.09.2011. The Executive Committee in its meeting held on 07.10.2011 approved the draft document for placing it before the IRC Council. The IRC Council in its 195" meeting held at Lucknow on 3% November 2011, approved the document for publishing subject to incorporation of comments. Accordingly, the preparation and finalization of document by addressing all comments appropriately after the approval by IRC Council in November 2011 and last BSS Committee meeting in January 2014 placed it subsequently before BSS Committee on 8" August 2014 before its publishing by IRC which was approved. 1 SCOPE This part of the Specification (referred to as ‘Code’ hereinafter) applies to elastomeric bearings with or without complementary bearing devices to extend their field of use such as flat sliding elements covered by relevant Part, as used in bridge structures or any other structure with comparable support conditions, This part of Code applies to laminated bearings, laminated sliding bearings, plain pad and Strip bearings and does not cover elastomeric bearings made with other elastomer materials than those specified in Clause 4.0. This part of Code applies to elastomeric bearings with dimensions in plan upto 1200 x 1200 mm for laminated bearings, plain pad bearing and width in plan up to 1200 mm for strip bearing. Elastomeric bearings shall generally be used to transmit vertical loads, rotations and horizontal forces other than due to seismic. In case, in-plane horizontal seismic forces are to be transmitted using these bearings, they shall be checked using minimum dynamic frictional value and minimum vertical load, including combined effects of horizontal and vertical components of earthquake. The bearings shall be Suitably anchored in the substructure and superstructure. Suitable devices for dislodgement Of superstructure need to be incorporated. Bearings should be tested for cyclic loadings for which specialist literature should be consulted 2IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) The elastomeric bearings covered in this code can be used in conjunction with other bearing elements, as appropriate, as per other relevant parts of IRC:83. This part of Code applies to low damping elastomeric bearings only i.e. with an equivalent viscous damping ratio < 0.06. For use of such low damping elastomeric bearings as seismic isolation bearings, special literature may be consulted This part deals with bearings for use in operating temperatures ranging from -10°C to + 50°C. For locations where the minimum atmospheric temperature drops below -10°C for continuous Periods of 24 hours or more, the provision of this Code shall not apply. 2 TERMINOLOGY 24 Batch Individual mix or blend of mixes of elastomer, when used for bearing production or a number of identical components produced at the same machine setting, 22 Chloroprene Rubber (CR) Also known as polychloroprene is a polymerised form of the monomer chloroprene. 23 Crystallisation A phase change in elastomer (arrangement of previously disordered polymer segments of repeating patterns into geometric symmetry) promoted by very low temperature and marked by large and quick changes in hardness, stiffness, shear modulus, etc. which are reversible. 24 Elastomeric Bearing Bearing comprising a block of vulcanised elastomer that may be reinforced with one or more steel plates. 25 Engineer/Engineer-in-Charge The Engineer-in-Charge, responsible for the execution of the bridge project and so designated in the contract or his authorized representative. 26 Ethyl! Propylene Dimonomer (EPDM) Isobutane Isoprene Copolymer (IIR) Chloro-lsoprene Copolymer (CIIR) Synthetic rubber like materials capable of being used in bridge bearings by the process of vulcanisation (not permitted by this Code) but have enjoyed limited use in various parts of the world 27 Inspector Authorised representative of the engineer for acceptance testing of given lots of bearings at the manufacturers’ plant.IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) 28 Laminate Alayer of reinforcing material integrally bonded to elastomer during vulcanisation process, to restrain the lateral expansion of the elastomer. 29 Laminated Bearing Elastomeric bearing reinforced internally with one or more steel plates, chemically bonded during vulcanisation. 2.40 Natural Rubber (NR) (Polyisoprene) A polymer occurring naturally in the sap of certain plants, particularly Havea Brasiliensis. 2 Plain Pad Bearing Elastomeric bearing consisting of a solid block of vulcanised elastomer without internal laminates or cavities. 212 Raw Elastomer Any member of a class of virgin polychloroprene (CR) capable of being vulcanised with compounds, that possesses rubber like-properties after vulcanisation, especially the ability to regain shape almost completely after large deformation. 2.13 Shore Hardness Mechanical property of a material which describes its resistance to indentation of a standard device (i.e. durometer) and measured in degrees on several scales (|,R.H. Shore A, Shore B, etc.). 2.44 Sliding Plate Component which bears on and is immediately adjacent to the top sliding surface of a bearing It can be: = asingle piece of austenitic steel - _ athin plate of austenitic steel fixed to a mild steel supporting plate 245 Sli Laminated bearing with a PTFE sheet, at top surface, which may be vulcanised directly onto the outer layer of elastomer or fixed to a steel plate, and will remain in contact with a sliding plate, ing Elastomeric Bearing 246 Strip Bearing Plain pad bearing for which the length is at least ten times the width.mm am enn a n ARO, x x x AER PoRD ag 4 IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) 3 NOTATIONS Latin Upper Case Letters Overall plan area of elastomeric bearing mm? Effective plan area of laminated'bearing (area of the steel reinforcing plates) mm? Reduced effective plan area of elastomeric bearing Apparent Compression stiffness of a bearing Overall diameter of circular bearing Effective diameter of circular laminated bearing (Diameter of steel reinforcing plate) Modulus of elasticity Bulk modulus Horizontal forces Horizontal design forces Maximum resultant horizontal force obtained by vector addition of F,, and F,, Vertical design force Nominal value of conventional shear modulus of elastomeric bearing Friction factor Factor for induced tensile stresses in reinforcing plate Type loading factor Stress correction factor for the steel reinforcing plates Rotation factor Factor for restoring moment Restoring moment due to rotation Design value of resistance Resultant of the forces resisting translatory movement Shape factor Shape factor for the thickest layer Total nominal thickness of bearing Total nominal thickness of elastomer The average total initial thickness of elastomer in shear, including the top and bottom covers when these are not restrained for shearing 5 mm Nimm mm mm MPa MPa N: KN, N: KN N: KN N: kN MPa N-mm N: kN N: kN, mm mm mmIRC:83-2015 (Part-tl) Latin Lower Case Letters Overall width of bearing (shorter dimension of rectangular bearing) Effective width of laminated bearing (width of the steel reinforcing plates) Overall length of a bearing (longer dimension of a rectangular bearing) mm mm mm Effective length of a laminated bearing (length of the steel reinforcing plates) mm Yield stress of stee! Force free perimeter of elastomeric bearing Number of elastomer layers Thickness of plain pad or strip bearing Effective thickness of elastomer in compression Thickness of an individual elastomer layer in a laminated bearing Thickness of PTFE sheet Thickness of steel reinforcing plate Thickness of outer steel reinforcing plate Maximum horizontal relative displacement in direction of dimension a Maximum horizontal relative displacement in direction of dimension b Vertical movementideflection Maximum resultant horizontal relative displacement obtained by vectorial addition of v, and v, Greek Letters Angular rotation of a bearing ‘Angular rotation across width a of a rectangular bearing ‘Angular rotation across length b of a rectangular bearing Resultant angular rotation across width a and length b of a rectangular bearing Angular rotation across the diameter D of a circular bearing Partial safety factor for the resistance Vertical deflection of individual elastorher layer Sum of values Design strain in elastomeric bearing due to angular rotation Design strain in elastomeric bearing due to compressive loads Design shear strain in elastomeric bearing due to translatory movements 6 Nimm? mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm rad rad rad rad rad mmIRC:83-2015 (Part-I!) Fe Total nominal design strain in elastomeric bearing & Compressive strain of a bearing b Friction coefficient for elastomer °, Compressive stress MPa 0, Average of the compressive stress MPa t Shear stress MPa 3.4 Subscripts d Design dyn Dynamic k Characteristic max Maximum min Minimum, t Total u At ultimate limit state test Test values 35 Abbreviations For the purposes of this Standard, the following abbreviations apply. PR Polychloroprene Rubber NR Natural Rubber pphm Parts per hundred million by volume PTFE — Polytetrafluoroethylene SLS _Serviceability Limit State ULS Ultimate Limit State 4 MATERIALS 44 Raw Material Chloroprene (CR) only shall be used in the manufacture of bearing. 4.1.1 Grades of raw elastomer of proven use in elastomeric bearings, with low crystallization rates and adequate shelf life (e.g. Neoprene WRT, Neoprene W, Bayprene 110, Bayprene 210, Skyprene B-5, Skyprene B30, Denka S-40V, Denka M-40) shall be used.IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) 4.1.2 No reclaimed rubber or vulcanised wastes or natural rubber shall be used 4.1.3. The polychloroprene content of the bearing shall not be lower than 60 per cent and the ash content shalll not exceed 5 percent. Polychloroprene content shall be determined in accordance with ASTM-D297 and ash content as per IS:3400-Part XXII 4.1.4 EPDM and other similar candidate elastomers for bridge bearing use shall not be permitted, 4.1.5 Tests for polymer identification through Pyrolysis test and confirmation about percentage of polymer content shalll be carried out as per |S : 3400 (Part XXII) 42 Properties The elastomer shall conform to all the properties specified in Table 1. Table 1 Properties of Elastomer Property Unit |Value of the characteristic] Test method | specified IS Specification Reference “ 2) a) 4 1. Physical properties 1.1 Hardness RHO [5025] 6025| 70 1S: 3400 (Part ft) 1.2 Minimum tensile strength - Moulded test piece Mpa | 17 | 17 7 1S : 3400 (Part!) ~ Test piace from bearing 4 | om | 1 1.3 Minimum elongation at break - - Moulded test piece % | 480 | 400 | 300 1S +3400 (Part) |__- Test piece from bearing | % | 400 | 350 | 250 1S +3400 (Part) 2. Maximum compression set (%) % 35 | 1S=3400 (Part x) (24h, 10021) | ‘Accelerated aging ~ | 1823400 (Par iv) (72h, 100 + 19°C) ' (Maximum change from un-agéd value) 3:1. Maximum change in hardness RHD |S 2 [3.2 Maximum change in tensile strength | _% 8 2 3 Maximum change in elongation % 30 Note : Generally, elastomer of hardness IRHD 6045 are used for standard elastomeric bearings. Elastomer of hardness IRHD ‘50 + 5 or 70 may be used depending upon the requirement and application. 4.2.1 Shear modulus (G) is the apparent “conventional shear modulus” of the elastomer bearing determined by testing. At nominal temperature of 23°C + 2°C the value of G shall comply the values given in Table 2. .IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) Table 2 Shear Modulus at Nominal Temperature Hardness (IRHD) G (MPa) Tolerances of G (MPa) ( 2) 3) 5025 O7 £0.15 6045 09 £0.18 _ 70+5 1.15 £0.20 Note : For the purpose of design, value of G may be considered as given in Table 2 (without the tolerance) 4.2.2 The adhesion strength of elastomer to steel plate, determined according to 1S:3400 Part XIV method A, shall not be lesser than 7 kN/m. 4.2.3 For elastomeric bearings (CR) used in adverse climatic conditions the following ozone resistance test shall be satisfied: The ozone resistance of elastomer shall be proved satisfactory when assessed by test according to IS:3400 Part XX. The strain, temperature, duration and ozone concentration for the test shall be 30 percent, 401°C, 96 h and 100 pphm by volume respectively. No cracking detected by visual observation at the end of the test shall be considered satisfactory. No specific test for assessment of low temperature resistance may be deemed necessary. Note : For use of elastomer in extreme cold climates (at atmosphere temperature below -10°C), special grade of low temperature resistant elastomer shall be used in conformity with operating ambient temperature conditions. The specifications of such special grade elastomer including the tests for low temperature resistance shall be mutually agreed to between the buyer and the manufacturer and are outside the purview of this Code. 43 Laminates of mild steel conforming to 1S:2062/IS:1079 or equivalent international grade shall be used. The yield stress of the material shall not be lesser than 250 MPa. Uses of any other materials like fibre-glass or similar fabric as laminates are not permitted for the Purpose of this Code. 44 The raw material for PTFE sheet shall be pure polytetrafluoroethylene free sintered without regenerated materials or fillers. The PTFE sheet may be with or without dimples depending upon the application. PTFE sheet shall conform to the requirement of relevant part covering sliding element. For design of'sliding elements, relevant part of IRC:83 shall be referred. 45 Corrosion protection’ of exposed steel surfaces, if any, shall conform to the requirement of relevant part covering corrosion protection of bearing plates. 5 DESIGN 54 Elastomeric bearings shall be designed to meet the relevant provisions of this section at the ultimate limit state. At the ultimate limit state the strength and stability of bearings shall be adequate to withstand the ultimate design loads and movements of the structure. 9:IRC:83-2015 (Part-II) Performance and durability of bearings designed according to this Code are based on the assumption that tolerances given in Clause 6 are complied with. A typical bridge bearing schedule giving the information normally required for design of the bearings for a particular structure is given in Appendix-l. 52 Laminated Bearings 5.21 Types of Laminated Bearings Bearing design shall be in accordance with one of the types or a combination of the types classified as in Table 3. 5.2.2 Sizes and Shapes of Laminated Bearings Bearing types shall be rectangular, square or circular. A particular bearing shall be designed with internal rubber layers of the same thickness between 8 mm and 20 mm each. Usage of internal layer thickness upto 25 mm is permissible under special situations. Bearings shall preferably be designed and sizes determined by the bearing manufacturer as, itis important that the design and detail is compatible with the manufacturing facility available with the manufacturer, Typical standard sizes for bearing type B are given in Appendix -2 as per International Standard as well as R'20 series of IS:1076 For laminated bearings it is permissible to reduce the loaded area, without changing the plan dimensions, by including holes of uniform section in the loaded area. Minimum thickness of inner reinforcing plates shall be 3 mm (provision of Clause 5.2.3.5 shall apply). Minimum thickness of thicker outer reinforcing plates, if provided, (Table 3, Type C, D, E, F, H & |) shall be 12 mm for bearings having internal elastomer layer thickness less than equal to 8 mm and minimum plate thickness shall be 16 mm for thicker internal layer of elastomer. i Minimum thickness of top and bottom cover layer shall be 2.5 mm and minimum thickness of side cover shall be 4 mm. The symbols used in design rules are shown in Fig, 1 oS : Serer 4 | TTT OEE L ——| Fig. 1 Typical Cross Section of An Elastomeric Bearing Type 8 (___petesnoneeennpeensnereensavonseoraessnanenrezets 10IRC:83-2015 (Part-I) Table 3 Types of Elastomeric Bearings T 1) Type A: Plain padiStrip bearings 2) Type B: Laminated bearings 3)TypeC: Laminated bearings with thicker end, laminates: + laminate may be on either side or on} both side = ensures better load distribution - ensures better rotation back lifting of bearing under shear may be avoided 4) Type D: Laminated bearings with thicker end laminates| exposed: = Corrosion protection is required on exposed steel surface > May be useful for better frictional resistance at bearing structure interface . - Friction, if taken into account, should be based on tested and certified value = __Useful for contact with steel structure 5) Type E: Bearings with separate steel plate directly i vulcanised with the bearing ~ _lifting/separation of bearing elastomer at edges from exposed steel plate should be avoided under all loading 6) Type F: Bearings with positive anchorage: + Separate plates provide ease of replacement and fool-proot positive anchorage - Plates may be connected to covered/ ‘exposed end laminates - internal fastening and positive means | ~~ - of location to be adequately designed 7) Type G: Bearings with PTFE bonded to the elastomer: : - bond of elastomer to PTFE is critical and vulnerable "IRC:83-2015 (Part-I!) 8) Type H: Bearings with sliding interface: + Refer relevant part covering sliding ‘element for design of sliding interface 7 7 = Other end may be of any other option as above 9) Type |: Bearings with restraint against transiation to simulate support condition + a) Typical detail of restraint in form of central pin a) = b) Typical detail of side restraint = Restraints shall be designed based | on relevant Part or other relevant IRC code b) 5.2.3 Basis of Design The design rules are based on the assumption that the elastomer is a viscoelastic material, the deflection of which under a compressive load is influenced by its shape. Reinforcing plates in the bearing shall be chemically bonded to the elastomer during vulcanisation to prevent any relative movement at the steel / elastomer interface. Unless otherwise specified design values stated in this code means values in ULS and are represented with subscript ‘d' (See 3.4) in respective notation. For loads, load factors and load combinations IRC:6 shall be referred. For the strength analysis of the elastomeric bearings, the resultant rotational movement shall be taken as not less than + 0,003 racians and the resultant translational movement as not less than £10 mm. Effect of top and bottom cover layer shall not be considered in design when their thickness is less or equal to 2,5 mm, All designed bearings shall meet the requirements given hereafter: a) Maximum Design Strain At any point in the bearing the sum of the strains (¢,,) due to the design load effects (E,) is given by the expression fa = K, (Ese * Fae * Fue) A where, £,. is the design strain due to compressive design loads as defined in 5.2.3.2. is the design shear strain due to design translatory movements as defined in 5.2.3.3. is the design strain due to the design angular rotation as defined in 5.2.3.4 is a type-loading factor. The value of K, is normally considered as equal to 1.0. In case of applications with specific requirement of limiting the strain under live load effects, K, may be considered as 1.5 only for live load effects. 12where, Note: 1) IRC:83-2015 (Part-ll) For all other load effects, K, may be considered as 1.0. €, Shall not exceed the maximum value ¢, , given by the expression Fug = En 22 £,, is the maximum permissible value of 7 for ULS (See Note 1) Ym _ ‘$@partial safety factor. Unless otherwise specified, the recommended value is ym = 1.00 b) Maximum tensile stresses in reinforcing plates Reinforcing plates shall be designed for ULS as defined in 5.2.3.5. c) Stability criteria (see 5.2.3.6) Stability criteria shall be evaluated taking into account the following: - Stability regarding rotation - Stability regarding buckling - Stability regarding sliding d) Forces, moments, and deformations exerted on the structure (see 5.2.3.7) Forces, moments and deformations shall be evaluated taking into account the following: - The pressure at the contact surfaces between the bearing and the structure - The force exerted on the structure by the bearing resisting translatory movement - The restoring moment due to the bearing resisting rotational movement - Vertical deflection due to the vertical load The maximum permissible value for ¢,,, defined as 7 for ULS has been derived from ¢, , the empirical value of § for a serviceability check by multiplying both side of the equation by Ym =_1.40. It should not be taken to reflect the ultimate strain of the material, Elastomeric bearings are designed to operate well below the ultimate strength of the materials from which they are made, to allow for fatigue effects in the rubber. Consequently bearings can sustain accidental overloads and deformations considerably greater than the design values, without failure. Experiment shows that even when the compressive loads are sufficient to fracture the steel reinforcing plates the bearing still supports the load. The nominal shear modulus can be modified for dynamic load effects (railway loading in Rail-Road bridges, earthquake), depending on the exciting frequencies (generally frequencies > 6 Hz) and movement amplitudes: the factor, which may vary for different elastomer compounds, can be obtained experimentally. User can have an extra bearing to be tested at ULS in order to verify the satisfactory performance if they so wish. A bearing tested to ULS cannot be used in the structure since its performance at SLS cannot be guaranteed after such treatment. 13