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VISUAL REASONING

This Chapter is taken from our Book:

ISBN : 978-9386146984
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Chapter
24 Visual Reasoning
INTRODUCTION
Visual intelligence measures the ability
to process visual material and to employ
both physical and mental images in
thinking. As a result people with a high
visualization find it easier to comprehend
information and communicate it to
others. Your visualization skills
determine how well you perceive visual
patterns and extract information for
further use. Visualization also facilitates
the ability to form associations between
pieces of information something which
helps improve long term memory.
Types of Visual Reasoning
(A) Odd-Man Out Type
(B) Counting of Figures
(A) ODD-MAN OUT TYPE
1. Rotation of same Figure
This is the most common type of
classification. The similar figures
are actually the rotated forms of
the same figure in clockwise or
anti-clockwise direction. The
figure which comes out to be
different from other is that figure
which cannot be obtained by
rotation of either of the other
figures,
EXAMPLE 1.
Directions : In the following question,
a group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sol. After examining the above figure, it
is found that except (d) all figures
can easily be obtained by clockwise
and anti-clockwise movement or
each other.
2. Number of Elements or Lines
A group of figure may be classified
on the basis of number of elements
or the number of lines present in
figures. The figures can also be
classified on even or odd number
of lines or elements present in
figures. Classification can also be
done on the ratio of number of lines
and elements.
EXAMPLE 2
Directions : In the following question, a
group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Sol. All except figure (c) contains odd
number of arrows.
3. Division of Figures
This type of classification is done
on the equal or inequal division of
figures or divisioin of figure in
some specified ratio or parts.
EXAMPLE 3.
Directions : In the following question, a
group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sol. Except figure (a) all figures are
divided into two equal parts.
4. Similarity of Figures
Classification on the basis of
similarity of figure is done when
orientation, shape, measure of
angle or method of presentation
of group is same except for the odd
figure.
EXAMPLE 4.
Directions : In the following question, a
group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sol. Let us consider the two adjacent
bent lines as a pair. Then, in each
figure except (d) there are two
straight lines between the bent pair
and the remaining bent line when
the direction of bent is considered.
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5. Relation between Elements of
Figure
In this type of classification, the
elements of the figure bears a
certain relationship between them
in which the odd figure does not
posses. This relation can be based
on shape of elements presents,
inversion of elements etc.
EXAMPLE 5.
Directions : In the following question, a
group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
Sol. Except figure (c) in all the figures,
both the inside and outside figures
are similar but differ in size.
6. Interior-Exterior Consideration of
Elements
A figure can be formed from two
or more elements, it is likely that
some elements may lie in interior
of other elements while some may
lie in the exterior of the other
elements. This consideration can
be used for classification of
elements from a group.
EXAMPLE 6.
Directions : In the following question, a
group of five figures is given. Out of
which four figures are similar to each
other in a certain way and one is different
from other. Find the odd figure out.
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
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Sol. Only figure (d) does not contain (b) Triangle
any element present in the interior It is a closed figure bounded by
of the closed figure. three side.
(B) COUNTING OF FIGURES TYPE
A
Type-1 : Counting of Straight Lines
and Triangles
(a) Straight lines
B C
A. Horizontal line A B
A
q Shortcut Approach
B. Vertical line
Smallest triangles are counted
B
first.
A A
Now, counted those triangles
C. Slant line which are formed with the two
B B triangles and further counting
goes on in the same way.
q Shortcut Approach Largest triangle is counted in the
Consider a line (AB) given last.
C
A B EXAMPLE 2.
Then, on counting, it will be How many triangles are there in the
counted as one line, i.e., AB and figure ?
not as a two straight lines AC and
CB.

EXAMPLE 1.
How many straight lines are there
Sol. A
in the figure ?

B C
Sol. A R B Smallest triangle = BOC = 1
Largest triangle = ABC = 1
O \ Total triangle = 1 + 1 = 2
P Q
Type-2 : Counting of Quadrilaterals
D S C and Polygons
Horizontal lines = AB + PQ + DC = 3 (a) Square
Vertical lines = AD + RS + BC = 3 It has four equal sides, equal
Slant lines = 0 diagonals, and each of the four
\ Total lines = 3 + 3 + 0 = 6 angles equal to 90.
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q Shortcut Approach (b) Rectangle
It has four sides, and opposite
Count smallest squares first. sides are equal. It has equal
Now, count squares which are diagonals and each of the four
formed with two squares and angles is equal to 90.
further counting goes on in the
same way. EXAMPLE 4.
Largest square is counted in the last.
How many rectangles are there in
the figure?
EXAMPLE 3.
How many square are there in the
figure ?
Sol. A B C D

Sol. A G B H G F E
Smallest rectangles = ABGH +
O F BCFG + CDEF = 3
E
Rectangles formed with two rect-
D H C angles = ACFH + BDEG = 2
Smallest squares Largest rectangles = ADEH = 1
= AGOE + GBFO + EOHD + OFCH \ Total rectangles = 3 + 2 +1 = 6
=4
Formula for Counting of
Square formed with four squares
Rectangles and Parallelograms
= ABCD = 1
\ Total squares = 4 + 1 = 5 Let r be the number of rows and c be
the number of columns.Now, total
Formula for Counting Squares number of rectangles or parallelograms
Let r be the number of rows and c be = [(r + (r 1) + (r 2) + ..... +1]
the number of columns. [c + (c 1) + (c 2) + ...... + 1]
Now, total number of squares
= (r c) + {(r 1) (c 1)
+ (r 2) (c 2) + ......
The terms are continued upto the term
which is equal to zero (0). This method
is applicable only to the figure. where
each row and column is divided into
squares of equal sections.

The method is applicable only to the

figure, where each row and column is
divided into rectangle of equal
sections.
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Type-3 : Circle
Circle is a closed figure. It has zero
sides.

q Shortcut Approach
Keep writing numbers one by one
inside the circles starting from 1 Sol. Here, we start counting of circles
i.e., for 1st circle put 1, for 2nd and mark them, as 1, 2 and so on
circle put 2, for 3rd circle put 3 and finally we end on getting 5
and so on. number of circles as shown below:
The number which is put for the
last circle is the required number
of circles. 1 2 3

EXAMPLE 5.
How many circles are there in the 4 5
figure ?

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