Contents

Preface xi

Introduction xv

Nomenclature xvU

1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Milestones for the Engineering Approach 2
1.3 Importance of the Engineering and Mathematical
Approaches 4
1.4 Summary 5
1.5 Exercises 5

2 Single-Phase Fluid Flow Equations

in Multidimensional Domain ................................................ 7
2.1 Introduction 7
2.2 Properties of Single-Phase Fluid 7
2.3 Properties of Porous Media 8
2.4 Reservoir Discretization 8
2.5 Basic Engineering Concepts 9
2.6 Multidimensional Flow in Cartesian Coordinates 11
2.7 Multidimensional Flow in Radial-Cylindrical Coordinates 28
2.8 Summary 36
2.9 Exercises 36

3 Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology ....................... 43

3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology 43
3.3 Flow Equations in Radial-Cylindrical Coordinates
Using CVFD Terminology 54

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viii Contents

3.4 Flow Equations Using CVFD Terminology

in any Block Ordering Scheme 57
3.5 Summary 58
3.6 Exercises 58

4 S i m u l a t i o n with a B l o c k - C e n t e r e d Grid ............................ 63

4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Reservoir Discretization 63
4.3 Flow Equation for Boundary Gridblocks 66
4.4 Treatment of Boundary Conditions 73
4.5 Calculation of Transmissibilities 87
4.6 Symmetry and Its Use in Solving Practical Problems 110
4.7 Summary 115
4.8 Exercises 117

5 S i m u l a t i o n with a P o i n t - D i s t r i b u t e d Grid ........................ 123

5.1 Introduction 123
5.2 Reservoir Discretization 123
5.3 Flow Equation for Boundary Gridpoints 126
5.4 Treatment of Boundary Conditions 135
5.5 Calculation of Transmissibilities 152
5.6 Symmetry and Its Use in Solving Practical Problems 169
5.7 Summary 173
5.8 Exercises 175

6 Well R e p r e s e n t a t i o n in S i m u l a t o r s .................................. 181

6.1 Introduction 181
6.2 Single-BIockWells 181
6.3 Multiblock Wells 192
6.4 Practical Considerations Dealing with
Modeling Well Operating Conditions 203
6.5 Summary 204
6.6 Exercises 204
 Contents ix

7 Single-Phase Flow Equation for Various Fluids ............ 207

7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Pressure Dependence of Fluid and Rock Properties 207
7.3 General Single-Phase Flow Equation in Multi Dimensions 209
7.4 Summary 276
7.5 Exercises 276

8 Linearization of Flow Equations ...................................... 283

8.1 Introduction 283
8.2 Nonlinear Terms in Flow Equations 283
8.3 Nonlinearity of Flow Equations For Various Fluids 284
8.4 Linearization of Nonlinear Terms 288
8.5 Linearized Flow Equations in Time 293
8.6 Summary 319
8.7 Exercises 321

9 Methods of Solution of Linear Equations ....................... 325

9.1 Introduction 325
9.2 Direct Solution Methods 325
9.3 Iterative Solution Methods 337
9.4 Summary 361
9.5 Exercises 361

10 Introduction to Modeling Multiphase Flow in Petroleum

Reservoirs ......................................................................... 365
10.1 Introduction 365
10.2 Reservoir Engineering Concepts in Multiphase Flow 365
10.3 Multiphase Flow Models 375
10.4 Solution of Multiphase Flow Equations 393
10.5 Material Balance Checks 414
10.6 Advancing Solution in Time 414
10.7 Summary 416
10.8 Exercises 416
x Contents

A User's Manual for Single-Phase Simulator 421

A,1 Introduction 421
A.2 Data File Preparation 421
A.3 Description of Variables Used in Preparing a Data File 423
A.4 Instructions to Run Simulator 430
A.5 Limitations Imposed on the Compiled Version 430
A.6 Example of a Prepared Data File 431

References 433

Author Index 437

Subject Index 439