Thursday,May4,2017 1:11PM
1. IntroductiontoIPAddressingandBinary
ThisisatypicalIPaddress:
EverycomputeronaTCP/IPnetworkmusthaveauniqueIPaddress.4valuesseparatedby3dots.For
example:207.35.60.114ACTUALLYarealIPaddressis32onesandzeroes.
0=whitebeads
1=blackbeads
ThisisarealIPaddressofonesandzeroes.
Therereallyarenodots.Dotsarejustseparators.Forexample,youwouldn'tdialparenthesesordashes
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aspartofaphonenumber!
Breakupthe32onesandzeroesinto4groupsof8soitiseasiertocomprehend.
Manypossiblecombosofonesandzeroes!Soinsteadofsayingallthezeroesandones,thedotted
decimalnotationisashortcutforexplainingyourIPaddress.
Thereareexactly2^8(256)combinations.
Thesecrettoconvertingbinarytodotteddecimalisrememberonenumber:128.
Writethisonapieceofpaper(acheatsheet)andcutitinhalfuntilyougetto1.
8locations.
Example:
Pickavalue:11000101
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Writeonesandzeroesbeneatheachofthenumbers:
Whereveryouhavea1youneedtoaddthosevaluestogether.
128+64+4+1=197
Youjustconvertedbinaryof11000101intodotteddecimalnotationof197!
Example#2:
14istheoctet.
Example#3:
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00000000=0
11111111=255
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10000000=128
00000001=1
Someyoushouldknowbymemory(binarytooctet):
00000000=0
11111111=255
10000000=128
00000001=1
ConvertDecimaltoBinary
Example1:
Startwithyourinitialvalue,171.Startontheleftandmarchovertotheright.
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Howmany128'saretherein171?1
Subtract128from171andgettheremainderof43.
Howmany64'saretherein43?64isbiggerthan43sotheansweris0!
Howmany32'saretherein43?1.Sosubtract32from43=11.
Howmany16'saretherein11?0
Howmany8'saretherein11?1.Sosubtract8from11=3.
Howmany4'saretherein3?0
Howmany2'saretherein3?1.Sosubtract2from3=1.
Howmany1'saretherein1?1
FINALANSWER:171(decimal)=10101011(binary)
Example2:
224(decimal)=11100000(binary)
One128in224.224 128=96
One64in96.96 64=32
One32in32.32 32=0
Zero16sin0
Zero8sin0
Zero4sin0
Zero2sin0
Zero1sin0
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Example3:
95(decimal)=01011111
Zero128sin95.
One64in95.95 64=31
Zero32sin31.
One16in31.31 16=15
One8in15.15 8=7
One4in7.7 4=3
One2in3.3 2=1
One1in1.
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2. IntroductiontoARP
Example:MikeisacomputerandwantstosendthisIPpackettoanothercomputeronhisbroadcast
domain.
Hecan'tsendanIPpacketbyitself.HeneedstheMACaddressoftheothercomputersohecanmakean
Ethernetframeandsenditout.
Theproblemisheknowstheothercomputer'sIPaddressbutnottheMACaddress.
SoheneedstogothroughaprocesscalledARP.
ARPingisabroadcastthatsendsoutontoanetworkthatsaysIknowyourIPaddress...Ifyouhavethis
IPaddresspleaserespondback.
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ComputerswithIPaddresses.
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DoyouhavetokeepARPingeverytimeyouwanttocommunicatewithanothercomputer?No:)
BecausecomputerskeepalistofalltheARPaddressesandMACaddresses.YoucanactuallydoanARP
commandinWindowstoseethecacheofwhatyourcomputerhaskepttrackof!
Command:arpa =showmewhat'sstored(inrelationtoARP)
Resultofarpacommand:
ItshowsalistofcomputersonMike'slocalareanetwork.Thesewillbestoredforafewminutes.
Takeaway: IfyouwanttoseeyourARPcache,youhavetousethearpacommand.It'swhatyour
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computeruseswhenithastheIPaddressbutitneedstoknowtheMACaddress.
3. SubnetMasks
Inthisepisode,Mikeintroducestheconceptofsubnetmasks,whichareusedtodetermineifapacketis
comingfrominsideoroutsideanetwork.
From<https://hub.totalsem.com/content/2257#path=2257,2292,2295>
Networkwith4computerspluggedtogetherbyaswitchinthecenter.Alsohasarouter(redtriangle).
TherouteralsohasanIPaddress.TherouterhasanadditionalIPaddressthathelpsitgooutintothebig
internet.
HowdoweARPwhenwewanttotalktosomeoneoutinthe"biginternet"(notinourLAN)?
Weneedsomethingbuiltintoeverynetworkthatidentifiesitasitsownlocalareanetworkandalsoa
mechanismthatallowsanindividualcomputertodetermineifitismakingalocalcalloralongdistance
call(wherebyitneedstogothroughthedefaultgateway/routerouttotheinternet).
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TheNetworkIDhastobeidenticalforeverycomputeronthesamenetwork:
allofthecomputersonMike'snetworkhaveanIPof232.25.208.x
TheHostID changesforeverycomputer.
TheSubnetMaskisastringofonesfollowedbyacertainnumberofzeros:
Everywherethereisaone,thenumbershavetostaythesame.Anywherethere'sazeroyoucanchange
thevalues.Sointhisparticularcase,thesubnetmaskis255.255.255.0.Computersdon'tusedotted
decimalnotation.
255.255.255.0=11111111.11111111.11111111.0
Cannotuse0or255fortheHostID.
Newsubnetmask:
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Whatiscommonlydoneistocountthenumberofonesinasubnetmaskanduseaslashand#ofones
nexttoit.
255.255.0.0/16(the"/16"indicatesthereare16onesinthesubnetmask)
Withthiskindofsubnet,onlythefirsttwodigitshavetobethesameforallcomputersonthenetwork.
SoourNetworkIDcouldbeanythingfrom232.25.1.1to232.25.255.254.Thinkhowmanydifferent
computerswecouldhaveonthisnetwork!
Usuallythesubnetmaskgetssmallerforhugenetworks,andlongerforsmallnetworks.
Smallernetworksoftenhaveasubnetmaskof255.255.255.0/24
Thisgivesyouexactly254hosts(youcan'tuse0or255).
Allthecomputersinthesamenetworkneedtohavethesamenumberswhere"255"isinthesubnet
mask.i.e.255.255.0.0for192.168.1.1meansallcomputershavetohave192.168.x.xintheirIPaddress.
WheredothesenumbersexistonaMac,Linux,andWindowsmachine?
Mac:
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(Router=DefaultGateway)
Windows:
Linux:
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Example#1:
Thesubnetmask(255.255.255.0/24)allowstheroutertodetermineifitisalocalorlongdistancecall.
Anywherethereisa1thenumbershavetobethesame.Anywherethereisa0theycanbedifferent.
Localcomputeris232.25.208.22
HewantstotalktoacomputerwiththeIPaddress232.25.208.9
Thefirstthreeoctetsarethesame,thereforeIknowitisalocalcall.ARPoutontothenetworkandget
theMACaddressofwhoIwanttotalktoandthereitgoes!
Example#2:
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OneofthevaluesontheNetworkIDsideisdifferent!
232.25.208.22
232.52.208.9
Since25and52aredifferent,thismeansitisalongdistancecall!Soyouhavetosendtheinfooutvia
thedefaultgatewaybecauseitisn'tlocal.
YouhavetotypeintheDefaultGatewaywhenyousetasystemup.That'showacomputerknowshow
tomakealongdistancecall/communicationoutsideyournetwork.
Weknow:
1. You'regoingtohavetohaveanIPaddress
2. You'regoingtohavetohaveasubnetmask(soyourcomputerknowsifthedestinationisonthe
localnetworkoraremotenetwork)
3. You'vegoingtohavetohaveadefaultgateway(soyoucanforwardtraffictoremotenetworks)
4. ClassfulAddressing
EverysinglecomputerontheinternethastohavearealIPaddress.
TherehastobeanorganizationthatlooksatallthepossibleIPaddressesandstartspassingthemout.
ThatgroupiscalledtheIANA:
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TheykeeptrackofalltheIPaddressesoutthereandpassthemouttofolkswhoneedthem.Thisisa
worldwidejob.TheypassoutchunksofIPaddressestotheRIRs.
Thereare5differentRIRsbrokenupgeographically.
UsuallytheRIRspassoutbigchunksofIPaddressestoInternetServiceProviders.
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Howdoweorganizeallofthis?
Basedonyourneeds,gotoyourISPandtellthemhowmanycomputersyouneedIPaddressesfor.This
iswhatweuseClassLicensesfor.
ClassA:example14.0.0.0/8(16.7millionIPaddresses!)usuallypassedouttosomeonelikeComcast
withlotsofcustomers.
ClassB:example130.22.0.0/16(65,534IPaddresses)
*YoucanalwaystellaClassA,B,orCsimplybymemorizingthefirstnumberintheoctet!:
ClassA:0126
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ClassB:128191
ClassC:192223
Youwouldgetyourclasslicenseandyouwouldapplyittoyournetwork.
ClassBaddressexample:
WHYSUBNET?
Mostcompaniesdon'twanttotakeallofthecomputersandplugthemintooneswitch.
Tofixthisproblem,subnettingdividesNetworkIDsintotwoormorenetworks.
We'regoingtotaketheoneClassBaddressandchopitup.Here'show:
Changethe/16intoawholebunchof/24networksthisishowyousubnet!
Forexample:160.25.1.0/24
Canhavefrom160.25.0.0allthewayto160.25.255.0
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Somerepresentationsofallthedifferentsubnetshecanhave.
WitharealIPaddressthatyouputonacomputer,youcan'tendina0or255.Subnets,though,can
havea0or255.
Inthisexample,hegot256NetworkIDsbutheonlyneeded4.ThatwasabigproblemwithClassful
Subnettingandareasonwhysomethingnewcameup.
Pretendwearebacktoouroriginalconcept:
Whatifhedidsomethinglikethis?!?!:
Thesubnetmaskisstillonly1sand0s!
Wecanactuallymakesubnetsthatarenotbasedonthedots!
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5. SubnettingwithCIDR
Howtosubnetinbinary.
Weneedamoregranularwaytotakeonesubnetandchopitupintolittlersubnets.Wedothatthrough
ClasslessInterDomainRouting(CIDR).It'sbeenaroundsincethemid1990s.
TheIPaddress160.25.208.1
Thosedotsdon'texist.
Forexample,aphonenumberof(281)5551212
Thetelephonenumberlookslikethistoyourphone:2815551212
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ToseeanIPaddressinthewaythatacomputerreallyseesityouneedtoconvertittobinary:
(thisis160.25.208.1)
SubnettingismostcommonlydonebyISPs.TheyhaveoneClassCaddressandhavecustomerswho
needtheirownNetworkIDs.ISPcantakeaClassCandchopitup.
ClassCaddress:
Heturneda/24intoa/25:
Ifwekeepthat0,nowwehaveasubnetthatgoesfrom208.25.160.1126:
Ifwechangethat0toa1,wehaveasubnetthatgoesfrom208.25.160.129254:
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Sobymovingmysubnetoveronebitfroma/24toa/25I'vetakenoneClassCaddressandmadeitinto
2subnets.Thismakesfor126hostson2differentnetworks.
Moveitovertwobitstoa/26andyouget:
Nowwehave4differentcombinationsofNetworkIDsinhere:
00
01
10
11
Inessence,we'vetaken1subnetandbrokenitupinto4subnets.
Thefirstsubnetis208.25.160.162(00000001 00111110)
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Thesecondsubnetis208.25.160.65126(01000001 01111110)
Thethirdsubnetis208.25.160.129190(10000001 10111110):
Thefourthsubnetis208.25.160.193254(11000001 11111110):
Atthispointhehasonlysubnettedtwice.
Themoreyousubnetsomething,thelesshostsyouhave
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/26is642=62hostspersubnet
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6. MoreCIDRSubnettingPractice
TheIPaddressesthatyougetfromyourISPistypicallydynamicIPaddresses.
SubnettingallowsustotakeStaticIPaddressesandassignthemtocomputersthatneedtobeseenon
theinternet.
Example#1:
I'mstartingupagameservercompany.Ihave4servers.Theseserversneed4staticIPaddressesonthe
internet.TheyneedtheirownNetworkID.HegoestotheComcastwebsiteandseesapagethatlooks
likethis:
Whattheyarebasicallysayingistheywillgiveme1StaticIPaddress(/30),5StaticIPaddresses(/29),or
13StaticIPaddresses(/28).
Rememberthatyoualwaysneed1staticIPaddressforyourRouter.Sointhiscase,Comcastiskeeping
oneoftheIPsfortheirupstreamrouter,andisofferingyoutheother5IPaddessesessentially.
Let'smemorizethenumberofhostsyougetforeach/
Standard/24subnet:
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/24=24onesfollowedby8zeroes=254Hosts(2^8 2=254)
/25=25onesfollowedby7zeroes=126Hosts(2^7 2=126)
/26=26onesfollowedby6zeroes=62Hosts(2^6 2=62)
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/27=27onesfollowedby5zeroes=30Hosts(2^5 2=30)
/28=28onesfollowedby4zeroes=14Hosts(2^4 2=14)
/29=29onesfollowedby3zeroes=6Hosts(2^3 2=6)
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/30=30onesfollowedby2zeroes=2Hosts(2^2 2=2)
/31=31onesfollowedby1zero=0Hosts(2^1 2=0)soyoureallycan'tdoa/31
SoifIknowIonlyneed4computers,I'llgowitha/29becausethatgivesme6Hostaddresses.
Inthisvideowearedoing/24through/31butyoucandothingslikea/10and/11.Juststartwiththis
andgetcomfortablewithitfirst.
Example#2:
Heneeds8IPaddresses.Here'stheletterhegetsback:
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Whenyougetinfolikethis,writedowntheSubnetMaskandtheNetworkIDsuppliedtoyoufromthe
ISP.
SubnetMask
NetworkID
TheNetworkIDhastoendwithazero.
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Cangofrom81 94attheend:
TheISPsaysthat199.44.6.81isgoingtobehisGatewayRouterbecausetheyholdontothatbecause
that'showallofhiscomputersaregoingtoconnect.
7. DynamicandStaticIPAddressing
EverycomputeronyourIPnetworkhastohave3things:
1. IPAddress
2. SubnetMask
3. DefaultGateway
Thisinfohastobeputintheresomehow:staticordynamic.
WindowspeopleusethetermDHCP:
LinuxpeopletendtousethetermBOOTP:
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Thesetermsareprettymuchinterchangeable.Whatismeansisthat,whenyourcomputerbootsupin
themorningitdoesnothaveanyIPinformation.WhatitneedsisaDHCPserver.
Example:networkononeBroadcastDomain(huggingoffofthesameswitch):
DHCPmanifestsmosttimesasaserver:
ButmosthomeroutersalsohaveDHCPservercapability:
YourindividualcomputersneedtobeDHCPclients:
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WhenyoufirstbootyourcomputerupitsendsoutabroadcastcalledaDHCPDiscover(atthispoint
yourcomputerdoesnthaveanIPaddressoranyIPsettingsatall):
ItsendsoutabroadcasttotheMACaddressofallFs:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF
DHCPserversaredesignedtorespondtothesebroadcasts.Itwillsendunicasttrafficback.
Whentheservergetsit,itknowsthecomputer'sMACaddress.Sotheserversendsbackaunicasttraffic
calledaDHCPOffer.TheDHCPOfferhaseverythingthecomputerneeds:IPaddress,subnetmask,and
defaultgateway.
Whenthecomputerhearsthat,itsendsbackaDHCPRequestbacktotheDHCPserver.Thisbasically
tellstheDHCPServerthatthecomputerisgoingtotaketheinfoitgavehimanduseit.
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OncetheDHCPserverhearsthat,itsendsbackaDHCPacknowledgewhichmeansOKwe'regonnadoit.
Oncethistakesplace,theserverstorestheinformationandkeepstrackofallthedifferentclientsthat
areusingDHCP.
Takeaway: You'vegottahaveaDHCPserver!
EachbroadcastdomainmusthaveonlyoneDHCPserver.SinceDHCPserversaremeanttorespondto
broadcasts,ifyouhavetworunningandrespondingthatwouldbeabadthing!
DHCPservershavetobewithinthebroadcastdomain.Youcan'thaveaDHCPserveroutsideofyour
networkthatyournetworkrespondsto.SotheDHCPserverhastobeapartofyourownnetwork.
Forsecurityreasons,Mikeconfiguredhisnetworksothatyouhavetoplugintotherouterorserverto
configurethenetwork.Youcan'tconfigureitoverwireless.
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1. Gotoacommandpromptandtypeinipconfig
2.
3. ThisshowshisdefaultGateway,SubnetMask,andIPaddress:
4.
5. InWindows8:ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>ChangeAdapterSettings>rightclick
onthenetworkconnection/switch>Properties>PropertiesofIPv4>noticeitsays"ObtainanIP
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addressautomatically"and"ObtainDNSserveraddressautomatically."Mostcomputershave
DHCPturnedonautomatically.
6.
7. Next,heclearedthescreenbygoingtothecommandpromptandtypingincls
8. Thenhetypedinipconfig/all
9.
10. OnaLinuxorMacyoucantypeinifconfigandgetthesameresults
11.
12. Yougetmoreinfothanjusttypinginipconfig
13.
14. YoucanseethattheDHCPServerandtheDefaultGatewaybothhavetheIPaddressof
192.168.15.1.Thisishisrouter!Andlikemosthomeroutersyoucanaccessitbyopeningupaweb
browser.Openupawebbrowser,typeintheIPaddress,andthisishowyouconfiguremosthome
routers.Mosthomeroutershaveawebinterface.
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15.
16. Hereheisinsidetherouteritself:
17.
18. HegoestoSetup>LAN
19.
20. WhenhesetthisrouterupitdidhaveadefaultIPaddressof192.168.1.1buthechangeditto
192.168.15.1andhechangedthesubnetmasktoa/24.
21. UnderServerSettings(DHCP)youprettymuchjustenableordisableDHCP.Earlierhesaidthat
yourDHCPserverhastobeinyourbroadcastdomain.Here'stheonewaytogetaroundthat:use
DHCPRelay.YoucanhaveaDHCPServerfaraway,andaslongasyouknowit'sIPaddress,your
routerwillactasaDHCPRelay.WheneverithearsaDHCPRequestitwillforwardittothatDHCP
ServerbasedonwhateverIPaddressyoutypeinthere.
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22.
23.
24. YourDHCPserverhastohaveachunkofIPaddressestopassout.Alotoftimesyouwanttousea
biggernumberastheStartingIPaddress(i.e.192.168.15.100)becauseyoumighthaveagateway
(.1),server(.3),etc.usingthelowernumbers.
25.
26. Hehas"Maximum#ofDHCPUsers"setto5asasecuritymeasure.Hedoesn'tneedittopassout
toomanyDHCPnumbers.
27. CansettheClientLeaseTime.
28. StaticDNS:therouterusesComcastasitsStaticDNSaddresses.
ToreleaseyourIPaddress,openacommandpromptandtypeipconfig/release
LetsyourcomputerreleaseitsIPaddress(makesureyouhaveyourwifiturnedoffifyoudon'twantitto
grabanIPaddressfromwifi)
Toreconnect,typeinipconfig/renew
Nowyoucanseethateverythingisreconnected:
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Windows2012ServerDHCPServer(comeswithWindows12Server)
Let'stakealookatwhatamoreseriousDHCPserverlookslike(inWindows2012Serverratherthana
homerouter).
First,youhavetosetupaScope.
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RightclickonIPv4>NewScope>gothroughSetupWizard
NametheScope
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PutinyourStartIPaddressandEndIPaddress
ConfiguretheSubnet(inthisexampleitis/24withaSubnetMaskthatautopopulatesaccordingly
255.255.255.0)
CansetupExclusionsandDelay.ForexamplecoulddoaStartIPaddressof192.168.15.102andEndIP
addressof192.168.15.102soifIhadsomeoneat192.168.15.102itwouldn'tpassthatout.You
shouldn'treallyneedexclusions.Usuallythisshowsthatyouhaven'thaditsetupproperlybecauseyou
didn'thaveabroadenoughrangethatnoonewouldstompon.
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Leasedurationisdefaultof8days.
Ifyou'reinacoffeeshoporsomethingyouprobablywanttosetitforjustacoupleofhoursorelseyou
wouldquicklyrunoutofDHCPaddressessincepeopledon'tdisconnectthatoften/soon.
Nowyouconfigureoptions.Youcandoallkindsofstuff.ThisiswhereyouputintheDefaultGateway.
You'vegottadothatone!
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NowyoucanputDNSinformationin.Forexample,ifwewantedeveryonewhojoinedtobecomea
memberofspecial.totalsem.comyoucoulddothathere.OrIcouldjustmakelifeeasyandjustadda
coupleofDNSservershere:
Itdiscoveredthathemadeupthataddress.
ThenextsectiononWINSserversisveryobsolete.
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Nowwe'veactivatedandturnedthescopeonanditwillstartworking.
InordertomakeDHCPwork,you'regoingtoneedaServer(ahomerouter,ortheDHCPServerwithin
WindowsServer)andClient.
LinuxandMacsbothhavetheirownDHCPservers.Everybody'sgottheirownversion.
THEIMPORTANTTHINGISTHATIN1BROADCASTDOMAINYOUSHOULDONLYHAVE1DHCPSERVER
RUNNING! (inmostnetworks,unlessyou'redoingsomethingweird)
OncethatDHCPserverisrunning,itwillhavetosetupapoolofIPaddressestopassout,it'sgoingto
havetogiveaSubnetMask,aDefaultGateway,andusuallyaDNSservertoyouaswell.Toaccessthat
DHCPserverfromtheclientsideisjustplugin!Onceyoupluginyourcomputershouldautomatically
obtainIPinformation.YoucanverifythatbytypinginipconfiginWindows(ifconfiginLinux/Mac)and
actuallyseethatyou'vegotthosesettings.
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8. RogueDHCPServers
DHCPisalmostneveranissueonceyougetitsetupproperly.
WhathappenswhenDHCPgetsugly.
AlmostallDHCPproblemsmanifestinthesameway:whenyouopenupawebbrowser,sinceyoudon't
havealegitIPaddress,ordefaultgateway,orDNSyou'renotgoingtobeabletogetontheinternet.
WhenyougotoacommandpromptandtypeinipconfigyouseethatyournetworkcardhasanIPv4
addressstartingwith169.254
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Inthiscase:169.254.226.210
It'salsoa/16SubnetMask:255.255.0.0
Whatyou'relookingatisAPIPA.It'sbuiltintoallofyourDHCPclientsandisdesignedasafallbackifyou
can'tfindaDHCPserver.
Ifyougeta169.254addressthatistellingyourightawaythatyourclientcannotconnecttoaDHCP
server.
Ifyourunintothisissue,thefirstthingtoassumeisthatyourclientisn'tpluggedinright.Areyou
pluggedintoyourswitch?IsyourswitchpluggedintotheDHCPserver?
Ifyouarepluggedinandeverything'slookinggood,youassumethereisaproblemwiththeDHCPserver
itself.Inthatcaseyou'regoinghavetoknowtheDHCPserver.
Network+assumes:
1. ADHCPservershouldexistonyourbroadcastdomainsomeplace.
2. TheDHCPservershouldbeproperlyconfigured.Doesithaveapoolofaddressestopassout?
DoesithavealltheIPinformationsetupproperly?Isitupandrunning?
Twopotentialproblems:
1. IfallofthecomputersonyourbroadcastdomainloseDHCPserviceandspitupanAPIPAaddress
(169.254)thelasttwovaluesarespunupautomaticallyforeachclient.IfyouloseyourDHCP
servertheclientscanstillsharefoldersandsuch,buttheycan'tgetontheinternet.
2. RogueDHCPserver.KnowthenetworkIDofyourownnetwork!!Hisis192.168.15.0/24.Whenhe
didipconfiginacommandprompthesawthattheIPv4Addressis192.168.44.101.What's
happeninghereprobablyisIhave2DHCPservers!Oneisthelegitimateoneandoneisn't.Ifyou
have2DHCPserversgoingsimultaneouslytheywillfight.Itisparticularlynotoriousinwireless
routers.
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3.
ThesearethebigbaseproblemsyouwillrunintoontheNetwork+.
KnowwhatyourNetworkIDis!!
9. SpecialIPAddresses
APIPA:arealways169.254.0.0/16 addresses.ItistellingyouthatyouhaveaDHCPclientthatcannot
connecttoaDHCPserver.
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Loopback:is127.0.0.1/8 traditionallyitwasusedwiththepingprogramtoverifythatyournetwork
card'sinworkingorder.That'swhatNetwork+saysanyway.Mostnetworkcardsactuallydothis
internallysoitdoesn'treallyprovethatyournetworkcardis/isn'tworking.
PrivateIPaddresses:computerscanaccesstheinternetfromaPrivateIPaddressbutyoucan'taccessa
computerfromaprivateIPaddress.
Thereare3setsofaddressesthatarecommonlyusedasPrivateIPaddresses:
1. 10.0.0.0/8
2. 172.16.0.0/16
3. 192.168.0.0/24
CommonPrivateIPaddresses:
Details:
Anyaddressthatstartswitha10!10.anything isgoingtobeaprivateIPaddress.
ClassBs:172.16to172.31=172.31privateIPaddresses
ClassC:192.168(youhavetopickthethirdandfourthvalues).Verypopularforthosewhosetup
homeroutersystems.
***MakesureyoucanrecognizeallthesedifferentPrivateIPaddresses!
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TotalSimulations
BinaryCalculator
SetastaticIPaddressonanewcompanyserver.TheIPwasprovidedinbinaryformatratherthan
decimaloctet:
LaunchtheWindowsCalculator:Start>calculator
ChangetypebyclickingView>Programmer
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Choosethe"Bin"(binary)radiobuttonandtypeinthe10110110
Clickthe"Dec"(decimal)radiobuttonanditconvertsitto182
Thecalculatordropsleading0s
StaticIP
ChangeaNICtouseastaticIPaddress.
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RatherthanusingDHCPforallIPaddresses,theyuseastaticIPaddressonthe"HoundDog"server.
Start>ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>Changeadaptersettings>rightclickonNICthat
attachesthecomputertothenetwork(LocalAreaConnection)>clickonIPv4>Properties>Usethe
followingIPaddress(typeitin):
TheHoundDogservernowhasapermanentIPaddress!
AlternateIPConfiguration
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Start>ControlPanel>NetworkandSharingCenter>ChangeAdapterSettings>RightclickLocalArea
Connection>Properties>InternetProtocolVersion4(TCP/IPv4)>Propertiesbutton>
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UDPPacket
UseWiresharktoexamineaUDPpacket.
Thereare4fieldsinaUDPpacket:SourcePort,DestinationPort,Length,Checksum
SourcePort:C2f1=49905
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Sotheprogrambeingaskedtosenddataoutviathesourcecomputerhasbeenassignedanethereal
number49905forthissession.
Thedestinationportis5094(decimal)=13e6(hex)
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15(hex)=21(decimal)
0xmeanshex
Checksum:0x74a8
TPCPacket
ViewTCPdataonpacketsusingWireshark.
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LinuxCaseSensitivity
UnderstandtheeffectsofcasesensitivecommandsinLinux.
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$help
Helpcommandresults:
$pwdcommandtellsthePresentWorkingDirectory
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Simulationdirectory:
Thereareonly2switchesavailableforpwd:LandP
Gottabecasesensitivewithyourswitches!pisdifferentthanP
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lsreportssomeofthecontentsofthedirectorybutnotall
lshelpgivesusalistoflscommands
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lsacommandshowsallthedirectories,eventhehiddenones
lsAcommandshowsalmostallofthedirectories.Thecasemakesallthedifferenceinaterminal
command!
Ifconfig
HowtousetheterminalinUbuntu.
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WewilluseOracleVMVirtualBoxtorunUbuntu
StaticIPinLinux
DHCPSetup
DHCPClientSetup
VerifyNetworkConnection
Network+ Page 63
What'stheMAC?
SubnettingChallenge
Network+ Page 64