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O.D. = Do
Circumferential stress is the largest
stress present in any pressurized
wall = t
piping system. It is this factor that End closurecemented
determines the pressure that a section on cap or mechanical joint
of pipe can withstand. The relationship Fig. 1
of stress, pressure and pipe dimensions Long-Term Strength Test per ASTM D-1598.
is described by the ISO Equation
shown above. Pipe test specimen per ASTM D-1598
for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe
Long-Term Strength Under Long-Term Hydrostatic Pressure
To determine the long-term strength of 10
9 20 seconds 8500 PSI
thermoplastic pipe, lengths of pipe are LOG STRESS (PSI X 1000)
8
7
6
capped at both ends (see Fig.1) and 5
LTS = 4790
HDB 4000 PSI
Envelope of
subjected to various internal pressures, 4 experimental points
LTS = 3830
to produce circumferential stresses that 3
HDS = HDB X 0.5
will produce failure in from 10 to 2
= 2000 PSI
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U.S. Europe
(inch) (metric)
1.4
Table 2
Sample Comparison of PVC Pipe
U.S. Water Pressure Nominal OD Wall Thickness
Class Ratings in psi size inches Approx. weight
@ 23C inches inches lbs./ft.
Threaded Unthreaded
850 1
/2 .840 .109 .159
400 2 2.375 .154 .684
Schedule 40
320 4 4.500 .237 1.985
280 6 6.625 .280 3.458
420 850 1
/2 .840 .147 .203
200 400 2 2.375 .218 .932
Schedule 80
160 320 4 4.500 .337 2.730
140 280 6 6.625 .432 5.207
160 1
/2 .840 .062 .099
160 2 2.375 .091 .421
SDR 26 160 4 4.500 .173 1.502
160 6 6.625 .255 3.167
200 1
/2 .840 .062 .099
200 2 2.375 .113 .513
SDR 21 200 4 4.500 .214 1.823
200 6 6.625 .316 3.887
Europe @ 20C
145 1
/2 .787 .059 .092
145 2 2.480 .118 .570
10 bar 145 4 4.331 .209 1.750
145 6 6.299 .303 4.340
232 1
/2 .787 .059 .092
16 bar 232 2 2.480 .185 .867
232 4 4.331 .322 2.621
232 6 6.299 .468 5.490
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ASTM D648
Taber Abrasion Tester
(Barasion Ring CS-10, Load 1 kg) 66 psi 264 psi Melt Point
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The tensile strength of a material is The driving force for gases and vapors
calculated by dividing the maximum penetrating and/or diffusing through
load applied to a material prior to its plastics is basically the difference in
breaking, divided by the original cross- concentrations between the environ-
sectional area of the piece. Thus, as ments inside and outside of the plastic
opposed to toughness which is a barrier. The mathematic equations
measure of the energy required to known as Fick's First and Second Laws
break a material, tensile strength is a of Diffusion enable certain parameters
measure of the stress required to to be identified for individual plastics.
deform the material prior to breakage. These are known as diffusion coeffi-
Stress is defined as the force applied cients, solubility coefficients, and perme-
over the area on which it operates. ability coefficients. Measurements must
Tensile strength alone must not be be made to finally determine equations
used to determine the ability of a which may be used to calculate the
plastic to resist deformation and thicknesses required for protective
maintain form stability, and other barriers, etc. Whereas permeation is a
mechanical characteristics such as major consideration in dealing with thin
elasticity, ductility, creep resistance, films, thick sections of 1/8 inch (3mm)
hardness, and toughness should be or more generally eliminate any perme-
used to determine the optimal plastic. ation situation unless one is dealing
If the chemical structure of plastics is with media detection levels of 1 ppm or
analyzed, it may be seen that those lower.
plastics which have atom types with
the highest likelihood of intermolecular
bonding, indeed do show to be the Comparative Resistance pf Plastics to
highest in tensile strength. In many Permeation* of Gases
applications, the lower tensile strength
of a plastic is offset by adding extra Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen Helium Carbon
thickness and mass to the part being Dioxide
designed. SYGEF 2 10 4 25 8
PP 25 180 10 200 100
HPDE 30 - 40 22 18 20 200
PVC 3 10 1 16 16
Tensile Strength of Plastics *Permeability through sheet thickness of 1 mm film in
@ 73F (25C) @ Break cm3 / m2 x24h x 1bar
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F F H H Cl H
C C C C C C
CPVC
F F H Cl H Cl
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H H C H H H F F
H C C C C
H H F F
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F F
C C C
F Cl
1.16
F F F F
C C C C
F F F F C F F F F F F
F C C C C C
F F F O F
Rf
(Rf=CnF2n+1)
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*ABS = Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
CA = Cellulose acetate
*PC
*PCTFE
= Polycarbonate
= Polychlorotrifluoroethylene
1
CAB = Cellulose acetate butyrate PDAP = Polydiallyl phthalate
CAP = Cellulose acetate propionate PEC = Chlorinated polyethylene
CF = Cresol - formaldehyde PETP = Polyethylene terephthalate
CMC = Carboxymethyl cellulose *PF = Phenol-formaldehyde
CN = Cellulose nitrate PIB = Polyisobutylene
*CPVC = Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride PMMA = Polymethyl methacrylate
*CR = Chloroprene rubber *POM = Polyoxymethylene (Kematal *)
(Neoprene) *PP = Polypropylene
CS = Casein PS = Polystryne
*CSM = Chlorine sulphonyl polyethylene *PTFE = Polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon)
(Hypalon) PUR = Polyurethane
EC = Ethyl cellulose PVAC = Polyvinyl acetate
ECTFE = Ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene PVAL = Polyvinyl alcohol
(Halar **) PVB = Polyvinyl butyral
*EP = Epoxide, epoxy *PVC = Polyvinyl chloride
*EPDM = Ethylene propylene rubber PVCA = Polyvinyl chloride acetate
FEP = Perfluorethylenepropylene PVDF = Polyvinylidene fluoride
*FPM = Fluorine rubber (Viton) PVF = Polyvinyl fluoride
*HDPE = High-density polyethylene PVFM = Polyvinyl formal
HP = Laminated paper PVK = Polyvinyl carbazol
*IIR = Isobutene isoprene (butyl) rubber SAN = Styrene-acrylonitrile
MF = Melamine formaldehyde SB = Styrene-butadiene
*NBR = Nitrile (butadiene) rubber SI = Silicone
*NR = Natural rubber UF = Urea-formaldehyde
PFA = Perfluoroalkoxy resin UP = Unsaturated polyester
*PA = Polyamide
*PB = Polybutylene
* used in pipeline construction Du Ponts registered trade name * I.C.I.s registered trade name
** Ausimonts registered trade name
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PVC
CPVC
HDPE
PP
SYGEF
Note: range of application possibilities depends upon temperature, pressure, time and material stability
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Temperature in C
Kp / cm2 = 14.22 psi
(Kp = kilogram of force)
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Temperature in C
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Stress in kp/cm2
1.24
Excessive stress
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These curves are subject to change due to new standards not yet released. Please contact the factory
(800) 854-4090 for up-to-date information.
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(See the Beta Polypropylene Section or contact the factory for specifications on pigmented Beta PP-H
homopolymer) 1
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Experience has shown that, according For these reasons, George Fischer
to the type of installation, the safety subjects PVC fittings rated for NP 10
factors are quite closely calculated. pressures to more stringent testing.
Apart from working conditions and The diagram below shows the safety
careful installation, operational safety ratings in relation to the permissible
depends upon the wall thickness of the working pressure NP 10 and NP 16.
pipe used and the quality of the
product.
Minimum service time under pressure at 20C l hour 1000 hours 50 years
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Du Ponts registered trade name
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Advantage Advantages
can be disassembled pipe used is less expensive
internationally standardized and in
Disadvantages common usage
Heavy wall thickness required optimal connection for type of material
expensive installation pull-out resistant connection
thread cutting required large selection pf fittings and valves
connection for type of material not available
optimal can be used within the entire spectrum
PVC is notch sensitive of application for PVC material
sensitive to torsional and longitudinal pressure resistant up to burst pressure
loads good chemical resistance
leak tightness and chemical resistance no thread cutting
are not optimal
sensitive to high working pressure and Disadvantages
pressure fluctuations joining instructions must be followeed
allowing for expansion and carefully
contraction is difficult connection cannot be disassembled
and leaky joints are difficult to repair
Advantages Advantages
can be disassembled less pipe wall thickness required
optimal connection for PVDF material
Disadvantages pull-out resistant connection
heavy wall thickness required pressure resistant beyond burst
expensive installation pressure of pipe
thread cutting required excellent chemical resistance
limited usage large surface contact between pipe
sensitive to torsional and longitudinal and fitting
loads
leak tightness and chemical resistance Disadvantages
are not optimal joining instructions must be followeed
sensitive to high working pressure and carefully
pressure fluctuations connection cannot be disassembled
consideration of expansion and and leaky joints are difficult to repair
contraction is difficult
potential cold flow stress cracking
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