Quick Details

Condition:
New
Capacity:
450Kg/24H
Place of Origin:
Shanghai, China (Mainland)
Brand Name:
Bokni
Model Number:
BKN-1000B
Ice Shape:
Ice Block
Voltage:
220V / 50Hz
Power(W):
2100W
Dimension(L*W*H):
770*850*1700mm
Weight:
148kg
Certification:
CE
Warranty:
1 year
After-sales Service Provided:
Engineers available to service machinery overseas
Name:
2016 new ice maker/ cube ice maker/ ice making machine
Ice storage capacity:
330kg
compressor:
Copeland
cooling Type:
Air cooling or Water cooling

Ice cube, a chunk of frozen water in the shape of a cube

Ice Cube, American rapper, actor and film director
Ice Cube Curling Center, the curling venue at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, Russia
Ice Cubed, Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual
INTRODUCTION
Ice manufacturing has started in early this century.
Prior to these factories ice wasimported from the
mountains, at a very high financial cost, and did not last
too long dueto temperature. But these new factories
started producing three to four tons of ice per day. This
was enough to support the population more so than
ever before. Ice waspreserved over the warm summer
months by packing the ice in saw dust for
insulation.Instantly the ice business became big
business.Many entrepreneurs started investing money in
formulating mechanical refrigeration atan economical
cost. Interest in ice making equipment was at full
force in the
earlytwentieth century. Uncertainty of supplies, great
fluctuations in price and sanitationstandards made
natural ice obsolete to the artificial product. Ice making
equipment andrefrigeration processes spread throughout
the country. Ice making equipment becamecrucial for long
distance shipments of perishables.Ice preservation in the
home, though, was still not up to par at this point, but that
onlybenefited the manufacturers. Ice was not a cheap
product either. In fact it cost morethan many meats and
dairy products.Ice manufacturing caused a shift in many
familial practices. Household foods could bepreserved for
longer periods of time, Prior to refrigerators and
iceboxes basically allfoods had to be consumed on
the spot. Ice cream, cold beer and many other
foodproducts that needs to be chilled. The regular
availability of ice and iceboxes also
gavet h e m o t h e r o f t h e f a m i l y m o
r e l e e w a y i n c u l i n a r y p r a c t i c e
s .
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice

Ice
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about water ice. For the broader concept of "ices" as used in the planetary sciences,
see Volatiles. For other uses, see Ice (disambiguation).

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this
article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be
challenged and removed. (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this template
message)

Frozen water in the form of an ordinary household ice cube. The white zone in the center is the result of tiny air
bubbles.

Snowflakes by Wilson Bentley, 1902. Snow is ice that grows from water vapor in Earth's atmosphere, which is
why it usually displays crystal shapes.

Ice is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the presence of impurities such as particles of
soil or bubbles of air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-white color.
 In the Solar System, ice is abundant and occurs naturally from as close to the Sun as Mercury to as
far away as the Oort cloud objects. Beyond the Solar System, it occurs as interstellar ice. It is
abundant on Earth's surface particularly in the polar regions and above the snow line[1] and, as a
common form of precipitation and deposition, plays a key role in Earth's water cycle and climate. It
falls as snowflakes and hail or occurs as frost, icicles or ice spikes.
Ice molecules can exhibit seventeen or more different phases (packing geometries) that depend on
temperature and pressure. When water is cooled rapidly (quenching), up to three different types
of amorphous ice can form depending on the history of its pressure and temperature. When cooled
slowly correlated proton tunneling occurs below 20 K giving rise to macroscopic quantum
phenomena. Virtually all the ice on Earth's surface and in its atmosphere is of
a hexagonal crystalline structure denoted as ice Ih (spoken as "ice one h") with minute traces of
cubic ice denoted as ice Ic. The most common phase transition to ice Ih occurs when liquid water is
cooled below 0C (273.15K, 32F) at standard atmospheric pressure. It may also
be deposited directly by water vapor, as happens in the formation of frost. The transition from ice to
water is melting and from ice directly to water vapor is sublimation.
Ice is used in a variety of ways, including cooling, winter sports and ice sculpture.

Contents
[hide]

1Characteristics
o 1.1Slipperiness
2Natural formation
o 2.1On the oceans
o 2.2On land and structures
o 2.3On rivers and streams
o 2.4On lakes
o 2.5In the air
2.5.1Rime ice
2.5.2Ice pellets
2.5.3Hail
2.5.4Snowflakes
3Ablation
o 3.1Diamond dust
4Production
o 4.1Harvesting
o 4.2Present-day commercial production
5Uses
o 5.1Sports
o 5.2Other uses
6Ice and transportation
7Phases
8Other ices
9See also
10References
11External links

Characteristics
The three-dimensional crystal structure of H2O ice Ih (c) is composed of bases of H2O ice molecules (b) located
on lattice points within the two-dimensional hexagonal space lattice (a). The values for the HOH angle and
OH distance have come from Physics of Ice[2] with uncertainties of 1.5 and 0.005 , respectively. The white
box in (c) is the unit cell defined by Bernal and Fowler.[3]

As a naturally occurring crystalline inorganic solid with an ordered structure, ice fits the properties of
a mineral.[4] It possesses a regular crystalline structure based on the moleculeof water, which
consists of a single oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms, or HOH. However,
many of the physical properties of water and ice are controlled by the formation of hydrogen
bonds between adjacent oxygen and hydrogen atoms; while it is a weak bond, it is nonetheless
critical in controlling the structure of both water and ice.
An unusual property of ice frozen at atmospheric pressure is that the solid is approximately 8.3%
less dense than liquid water. The density of ice is 0.9167 g/cm3 at 0 C,[5] whereas water has a
density of 0.9998 g/cm at the same temperature. Liquid water is densest, essentially 1.00 g/cm, at
4 C and becomes less dense as the water molecules begin to form
the hexagonal crystals[6] of ice as the freezing point is reached. This is due to hydrogen bonding
dominating the intermolecular forces, which results in a packing of molecules less compact in the
solid. Density of ice increases slightly with decreasing temperature and has a value of 0.9340 g/cm
at 180 C (93 K).[7]
When water freezes, it increases in volume (about 9% for fresh water).[8] The effect of expansion
during freezing can be dramatic, and ice expansion is a basic cause of freeze-thawweathering of
rock in nature and damage to building foundations and roadways from frost heaving. It is also a
common cause of the flooding of houses when water pipes burst due to the pressure of expanding
water when it freezes.
The result of this process is that ice (in its most common form) floats on liquid water, which is an
important feature in Earth's biosphere. It has been argued that without this property, natural bodies
of water would freeze, in some cases permanently, from the bottom up,[9] resulting in a loss of
bottom-dependent animal and plant life in fresh and sea water. Sufficiently thin ice sheets allow light
to pass through while protecting the underside from short-term weather extremes such as wind chill.
This creates a sheltered environment for bacterial and algal colonies. When sea water freezes, the
ice is riddled with brine-filled channels which sustain sympagic organisms such as bacteria, algae,
copepods and annelids, which in turn provide food for animals such as krill and specialised fish like
the bald notothen, fed upon in turn by larger animals such as emperor penguins and minke
whales.[10]
When ice melts, it absorbs as much energy as it would take to heat an equivalent mass of water by
80 C. During the melting process, the temperature remains constant at 0 C. While melting, any
energy added breaks the hydrogen bonds between ice (water) molecules. Energy becomes
available to increase the thermal energy (temperature) only after enough hydrogen bonds are
broken that the ice can be considered liquid water. The amount of energy consumed in breaking
hydrogen bonds in the transition from ice to water is known as the heat of fusion.
As with water, ice absorbs light at the red end of the spectrum preferentially as the result of an
overtone of an oxygenhydrogen (OH) bond stretch. Compared with water, this absorption is
shifted toward slightly lower energies. Thus, ice appears blue, with a slightly greener tint than liquid
water. Since absorption is cumulative, the color effect intensifies with increasing thickness or if
internal reflections cause the light to take a longer path through the ice.[11]
Other colors can appear in the presence of light absorbing impurities, where the impurity is dictating
the color rather than the ice itself. For instance, icebergscontaining impurities (e.g., sediments,
algae, air bubbles) can appear brown, grey or green.[11]
Slipperiness

Frozen waterfall in southeast New York

Ice was originally thought to be slippery due to the pressure of an object coming into contact with the
ice, melting a thin layer of the ice and allowing the object to glide across the surface.[12] For example,
the blade of an ice skate, upon exerting pressure on the ice, would melt a thin layer, providing
lubrication between the ice and the blade. This explanation, called "pressure melting", originated in
the 19th century. It, however, did not account for skating on ice temperatures lower than 4.0 C,
which is often skated upon.
Another, equally old, explanation is that ice is slippery because ice molecules at the interface cannot
properly bond with the molecules of the mass of ice beneath (and thus are free to move like
molecules of liquid water). These molecules remain in a semi-liquid state, providing lubrication
regardless of pressure against the ice exerted by any object. However, the significance of this
hypothesis is disputed by experiments showing a high coefficient of friction for ice using atomic force
microscopy.[13]
In the 20th century, a further explanation, called "friction heating", was proposed, whereby friction of
the material is the cause of the ice layer melting. However, this theory does not sufficiently explain
why ice is slippery when standing still even at below-zero temperatures.[12]
More recently, a comprehensive theory of ice friction, which takes into account all the above-
mentioned friction mechanisms, has been presented.[14] This model allows quantitative estimation of
the friction coefficient of ice against various materials as a function of temperature and sliding speed.
In typical conditions related to winter sports and tires of a vehicle on ice, melting of a thin ice layer
due to the frictional heating is the primary reason for the slipperiness.

Natural formation
Feather ice on the plateau near Alta, Norway. The crystals form at temperatures below 30 C (22 F).

The term that collectively describes all of the parts of the Earth's surface where water is in frozen
form is the cryosphere. Ice is an important component of the global climate, particularly in regard to
the water cycle. Glaciers and snowpacks are an important storage mechanism for fresh water; over
time, they may sublimate or melt. Snowmelt is an important source of seasonal fresh water.
The World Meteorological Organization defines several kinds of ice depending on origin, size,
shape, influence and so on.[15] Clathrate hydrates are forms of ice that contain gas molecules trapped
within its crystal lattice.
On the oceans
Main article: Sea ice
Ice that is found at sea may be in the form of drift ice floating in the water, fast ice fixed to a
shoreline or anchor ice if attached to the sea bottom. Ice which calves (breaks off) from an ice
shelf or glacier may become an ice berg. Sea ice can be forced together by currents and winds to
form pressure ridges up to 12 metres (39 ft) tall. Navigation through areas of sea ice occurs in
openings called "polynyas" or "leads" or requires the use of a special ship called an "icebreaker".
On land and structures

Ice on deciduous tree after freezing rain

Ice on land ranges from the largest type called an "ice sheet" to smaller ice caps and ice fields to
glaciers and ice streams to the snow line and snow fields.
Aufeis is layered ice that forms in Arctic and subarctic stream valleys. Ice, frozen in the stream bed,
blocks normal groundwater discharge, and causes the local water table to rise, resulting in water
discharge on top of the frozen layer. This water then freezes, causing the water table to rise further
and repeat the cycle. The result is a stratified ice deposit, often several meters thick.
Freezing rain is a type of winter storm called an ice storm where rain falls and then freezes
producing a glaze of ice. Ice can also form icicles, similar to stalactites in appearance, or stalagmite-
like forms as water drips and re-freezes.
The term "ice dam" has three meanings (others discussed below). On structures, an ice dam is the
buildup of ice on a sloped roof which stops melt water from draining properly and can cause damage
from water leaks in buildings.
On rivers and streams

A small frozen rivulet

Ice which forms on moving water tends to be less uniform and stable than ice which forms on calm
water. Ice jams (sometimes called "ice dams"), when broken chunks of ice pile up, are the greatest
ice hazard on rivers. Ice jams can cause flooding, damage structures in or near the river, and
damage vessels on the river. Ice jams can cause some hydropower industrial facilities to completely
shut down. An ice dam is a blockage from the movement of a glacier which may produce
a proglacial lake. Heavy ice flows in rivers can also damage vessels and require the use of an
icebreaker to keep navigation possible.
Ice discs are circular formations of ice surrounded by water in a river.[16]
Pancake ice is a formation of ice generally created in areas with less calm conditions.
On lakes
Ice forms on calm water from the shores, a thin layer spreading across the surface, and then
downward. Ice on lakes is generally four types: Primary, secondary, superimposed and
agglomerate.[17][18] Primary ice forms first. Secondary ice forms below the primary ice in a direction
parallel to the direction of the heat flow. Superimposed ice forms on top of the ice surface from rain
or water which seeps up through cracks in the ice which often settles when loaded with snow.
Shelf ice occurs when floating pieces of ice are driven by the wind piling up on the windward shore.
Candle ice is a form of rotten ice that develops in columns perpendicular to the surface of a lake.
In the air

Ice formation on vehicle windshield

Rime ice
Rime is a type of ice formed on cold objects when drops of water crystallize on them. This can be
observed in foggy weather, when the temperature drops during the night. Soft rime contains a high
proportion of trapped air, making it appear white rather than transparent, and giving it a density
about one quarter of that of pure ice. Hard rime is comparatively dense.
Ice pellets
Main article: Ice pellets

An accumulation of ice pellets

Ice pellets are a form of precipitation consisting of small, translucent balls of ice. This form of
precipitation is also referred to as "sleet" by the United States National Weather
Service.[19] (In Commonwealth English "sleet" refers to a mixture of rain and snow). Ice pellets are
usually smaller than hailstones.[20] They often bounce when they hit the ground, and generally do not
freeze into a solid mass unless mixed with freezing rain. The METAR code for ice pellets is PL.[21]
Ice pellets form when a layer of above-freezing air is located between 1,500 and 3,000 metres
(4,900 and 9,800 ft) above the ground, with sub-freezing air both above and below it. This causes
the partial or complete melting of any snowflakes falling through the warm layer. As they fall back
into the sub-freezing layer closer to the surface, they re-freeze into ice pellets. However, if the sub-
freezing layer beneath the warm layer is too small, the precipitation will not have time to re-freeze,
and freezing rain will be the result at the surface. A temperature profile showing a warm layer above
the ground is most likely to be found in advance of a warm front during the cold season,[22] but can
occasionally be found behind a passing cold front.
Hail
Main article: Hail

A large hailstone, about 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter

Like other precipitation, hail forms in storm clouds when supercooled water droplets freeze on
contact with condensation nuclei, such as dust or dirt. The storm's updraft blows the hailstones to
the upper part of the cloud. The updraft dissipates and the hailstones fall down, back into the
updraft, and are lifted up again. Hail has a diameter of 5 millimetres (0.20 in) or
more.[23] Within METAR code, GR is used to indicate larger hail, of a diameter of at least 6.4
millimetres (0.25 in) and GS for smaller.[21] Stones just larger than golf ball-sized are one of the most
frequently reported hail sizes.[24] Hailstones can grow to 15 centimetres (6 in) and weigh more than
0.5 kilograms (1.1 lb).[25] In large hailstones, latent heat released by further freezing may melt the
outer shell of the hailstone. The hailstone then may undergo 'wet growth', where the liquid outer shell
collects other smaller hailstones.[26] The hailstone gains an ice layer and grows increasingly larger
with each ascent. Once a hailstone becomes too heavy to be supported by the storm's updraft, it
falls from the cloud.[27]
Hail forms in strong thunderstorm clouds, particularly those with intense updrafts, high liquid water
content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is
below freezing 0 C (32 F).[23] Hail-producing clouds are often identifiable by their green
coloration.[28][29] The growth rate is maximized at about 13 C (9 F), and becomes vanishingly small
much below 30 C (22 F) as supercooled water droplets become rare. For this reason, hail is
most common within continental interiors of the mid-latitudes, as hail formation is considerably more
likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of 11,000 feet (3,400 m).[30] Entrainment of dry air
into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting
evaporational cooling which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds giving hail a larger
volume to grow in. Accordingly, hail is actually less common in the tropics despite a much higher
frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends
to be warmer over a much greater depth. Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations.[31]
Snowflakes
Main article: Snowflake

Snowflake viewed in an optical microscope

Snow crystals form when tiny supercooled cloud droplets (about 10 m in diameter) freeze. These
droplets are able to remain liquid at temperatures lower than 18 C (255 K; 0 F), because to
freeze, a few molecules in the droplet need to get together by chance to form an arrangement similar
to that in an ice lattice; then the droplet freezes around this "nucleus." Experiments show that this
"homogeneous" nucleation of cloud droplets only occurs at temperatures lower than 35 C (238 K;
31 F).[32] In warmer clouds an aerosol particle or "ice nucleus" must be present in (or in contact
with) the droplet to act as a nucleus. Our understanding of what particles make efficient ice nuclei is
poor what we do know is they are very rare compared to that cloud condensation nuclei on which
liquid droplets form. Clays, desert dust and biological particles may be effective,[33] although to what
extent is unclear. Artificial nuclei are used in cloud seeding.[34] The droplet then grows by
condensation of water vapor onto the ice surfaces.

Ablation
Ice Melting on Lake Balaton

Main article: Ablation

Ablation of ice refers to both its melting and its dissolution.
In fresh ambient melting describes a phase transition from solid to liquid. To melt ice means
breaking the hydrogen bondsbetween the water molecules. The ordering of the molecules in the
solid breaks down to a less ordered state and the solid melts to become a liquid. This is achieved by
increasing the internal energy of the ice beyond the melting point. When ice melts it absorbs as
much energy as would be required to heat an equivalent amount of water by 80 C. While melting,
the temperature of the ice surface remains constant at 0 C. The velocity of the melting process
depends on the efficiency of the energy exchange process. An ice surface in fresh water melts solely
by free convection with a velocity that depends as (T - 4 C)4/3 on the water temperature, T, for
intermediate temperatures.[35]
In salty ambient conditions, dissolution rather than melting often causes the ablation of ice. E.g. the
temperature of the Arctic Ocean is generally below the melting point of ablating sea ice. The phase
transition from solid to liquid is achieved by mixing salt and water molecules, similar to the
dissolution of sugar in water, even though the water temperature is far below the melting point of the
sugar. Hence dissolution is rate limited by salt transport whereas melting can occur at much higher
rates that are characteristic for heat transport.[36]
Diamond dust
Main article: Diamond dust
So-called "diamond dust", also known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures
approaching 40 C (40 F) due to air with slightly higher moisture from aloft mixing with colder,
surface-based air.[37] The METAR identifier for diamond dust within international hourly weather
reports is IC.[21]

Production
Harvesting ice on Lake St. Clair in Michigan, c. 1905
B&W film of 1919 ice harvest at Pocono Manor in the Pocono Mountains

An ice manufacturing plant in East Midnapore, India

Ice is now mechanically produced on a large scale, but before refrigeration was developed ice was
harvested from natural sources for human use.
Harvesting
Main article: Ice cutting

Ice-harvesting exhibit at Maine State Museum in Augusta, Maine

Once harvested, ice was transported in wagons, such as this one, restored in 1965 and displayed at the Cole
Land Transportation Museumin Bangor, Maine.

Ice has long been valued as a means of cooling. In 400 BC Iran, Persian engineers had already
mastered the technique of storing ice in the middle of summer in the desert. The ice was brought in
during the winters from nearby mountains in bulk amounts, and stored in specially designed,
naturally cooled refrigerators, called yakhchal (meaning ice storage). This was a large underground
space (up to 5000 m) that had thick walls (at least two meters at the base) made of a special mortar
called sarooj, composed of sand, clay, egg whites, lime, goat hair, and ash in specific proportions,
and which was known to be resistant to heat transfer. This mixture was thought to be completely
water impenetrable. The space often had access to a qanat, and often contained a system
of windcatchers which could easily bring temperatures inside the space down to frigid levels on
summer days. The ice was used to chill treats for royalty.
There were thriving industries in 16th/17th century England whereby low-lying areas along
the Thames Estuary were flooded during the winter, and ice harvested in carts and stored inter-
seasonally in insulated wooden houses as a provision to an icehouse often located in large country
houses, and widely used to keep fish fresh when caught in distant waters. This was allegedly copied
by an Englishman who had seen the same activity in China. Ice was imported into England from
Norway on a considerable scale as early as 1823.[38]
In the United States, the first cargo of ice was sent from New York City to Charleston, South
Carolina in 1799,[38] and by the first half of the 19th century, ice harvesting had become big
business. Frederic Tudor, who became known as the "Ice King", worked on developing better
insulation products for the long distance shipment of ice, especially to the tropics; this became
known as the ice trade.
Trieste sent ice to Egypt, Corfu, and Zante; Switzerland sent it to France; and Germany sometimes
was supplied from Bavarian lakes.[38] The Hungarian Parliament building used ice harvested in the
winter from Lake Balaton for air conditioning.
Ice houses were used to store ice formed in the winter, to make ice available all year long, and
early refrigerators were known as iceboxes, because they had a block of ice in them. In many cities,
it was not unusual to have a regular ice delivery service during the summer. The advent of artificial
refrigeration technology has since made delivery of ice obsolete.
Ice is still harvested for ice and snow sculpture events. For example, a swing saw is used to get ice
for the Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival each year from the frozen surface of
the Songhua River.[39]
Present-day commercial production
Ice is now produced on an industrial scale, for uses including food storage and processing, chemical
manufacturing, concrete mixing and curing, and consumer or packaged ice.[40] Most
commercial icemakers produce three basic types of fragmentary ice: flake, tubular and plate, using a
variety of techniques.[40] Large batch ice makers can produce up to 75 tons of ice per day.[41]
Ice production is a large business; in 2002, there were 426 commercial ice-making companies in the
United States, with a combined value of shipments of $595,487,000.[42]
For small-scale ice production, many modern home refrigerators can also make ice with a built
in icemaker, which will typically make ice cubes or crushed ice. Stand-alone icemaker units that
make ice cubes are often called ice machines.

Uses
Sports

Ice sailing on the nin Small Lake

Main article: Ice sports
Ice also plays a central role in winter recreation and in many sports such as ice skating, tour
skating, ice hockey, bandy, ice fishing, ice climbing, curling, broomball and sled racing
on bobsled, luge and skeleton. Many of the different sports played on ice get international attention
every four years during the Winter Olympic Games.
A sort of sailboat on blades gives rise to ice yachting. Another sport is ice racing, where drivers must
speed on lake ice, while also controlling the skid of their vehicle (similar in some ways to dirt track
racing). The sport has even been modified for ice rinks.
Other uses

Ice cubes or crushed ice can be used to cool drinks. As the ice melts, it absorbs heat and keeps
the drink near 0 C (32 F).
Ice can be used to reduce swelling (by decreasing blood flow) and pain by pressing it against an
area of the body.[43]

Ice pier during 1983 cargo operations. McMurdo Station, Antarctica

Engineers used the formidable strength of pack ice when they constructed Antarctica's first
floating ice pier in 1973.[44]Such ice piers are used during cargo operations to load and offload
ships. Fleet operations personnel make the floating pier during the winter. They build upon
naturally occurring frozen seawater in McMurdo Sound until the dock reaches a depth of about
22 feet (6.7 m). Ice piers have a lifespan of three to five years.
Structures and ice sculptures are built out of large chunks of ice or by spraying water[45] The
structures are mostly ornamental (as in the case with ice castles), and not practical for long-term
habitation. Ice hotels exist on a seasonal basis in a few cold areas. Igloos are another example
of a temporary structure, made primarily from snow.
In cold climates, roads are regularly prepared on floating ice of lakes and archipelago areas.
Temporarily, even a railroad has been built on ice.[45]
During World War II, Project Habbakuk was an Allied programme which investigated the use
of pykrete (wood fibers mixed with ice) as a possible material for warships, especially aircraft
carriers, due to the ease with which a vessel immune to torpedoes, and a large deck, could be
constructed by ice. A small-scale prototype was built,[46] but the need for such a vessel in the war
was removed prior to building it in full-scale.
Ice can be used to start a fire by carving it into a lens which will focus sunlight onto kindling. A
fire will eventually start.[47]
Ice has even been used as the material for a variety of musical instruments, for example by
percussionist Terje Isungset.[48]
Ice was once used to cool refrigerators in the 19th century, called "iceboxes."
Ice can be used as part of an air conditioning system, using battery- or solar-powered fans to
blow hot air over the ice. This is especially useful during heat waveswhen power is out and
standard (electrically powered) air conditioners do not work.
Ice and transportation
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U.S. Coast Guard icebreakers near McMurdo Station, February 2002

Ice can also be an obstacle. For harbors near the poles, being ice-free is an important advantage.
Ideally, all year long. Examples are Murmansk (Russia), Petsamo (Russia, formerly Finland)
and Vard (Norway). Harbors which are not ice-free are opened up using icebreakers.

Ice forming on roads is a dangerous winter hazard. Black ice is very difficult to see, because it lacks
the expected frosty surface. Whenever there is freezing rain or snow which occurs at a temperature
near the melting point, it is common for ice to build up on the windows of vehicles. Driving safely
requires the removal of the ice build-up. Ice scrapers are tools designed to break the ice free and
clear the windows, though removing the ice can be a long and laborious process.
Far enough below the freezing point, a thin layer of ice crystals can form on the inside surface of
windows. This usually happens when a vehicle has been left alone after being driven for a while, but
can happen while driving, if the outside temperature is low enough. Moisture from the driver's breath
is the source of water for the crystals. It is troublesome to remove this form of ice, so people often
open their windows slightly when the vehicle is parked in order to let the moisture dissipate, and it is
now common for cars to have rear-window defrosters to solve the problem. A similar problem can
happen in homes, which is one reason why many colder regions require double-pane windows for
insulation.
When the outdoor temperature stays below freezing for extended periods, very thick layers of ice
can form on lakes and other bodies of water, although places with flowing water require much colder
temperatures. The ice can become thick enough to drive onto with automobiles and trucks. Doing
this safely requires a thickness of at least 30 cm (one foot).
For ships, ice presents two distinct hazards. Spray and freezing rain can produce an ice build-up on
the superstructure of a vessel sufficient to make it unstable, and to require it to be hacked off or
melted with steam hoses. And icebergs large masses of ice floating in water (typically created
when glaciers reach the sea) can be dangerous if struck by a ship when underway. Icebergs have
been responsible for the sinking of many ships, the most famous being the Titanic.

Ice formation on window glass of high altitude flying airplane

For aircraft, ice can cause a number of dangers. As an aircraft climbs, it passes through air layers of
different temperature and humidity, some of which may be conducive to ice formation. If ice forms on
the wings or control surfaces, this may adversely affect the flying qualities of the aircraft. During
the first non-stop flight across the Atlantic, the British aviators Captain John Alcock and
Lieutenant Arthur Whitten Brown encountered such icing conditions Brown left the cockpit and
climbed onto the wing several times to remove ice which was covering the engine air intakes of
the Vickers Vimy aircraft they were flying.
One vulnerability effected by icing that is associated with reciprocating internal combustion engines
is the carburetor. As air is sucked through the carburetor into the engine, the local air pressure is
lowered, which causes adiabatic cooling. Thus, in humid near-freezing conditions, the carburetor will
be colder, and tend to ice up. This will block the supply of air to the engine, and cause it to fail. For
this reason, aircraft reciprocating engines with carburetors are provided with carburetor air intake
heaters. The increasing use of fuel injectionwhich does not require carburetorshas made "carb
icing" less of an issue for reciprocating engines.
Jet engines do not experience carb icing, but recent evidence indicates that they can be slowed,
stopped, or damaged by internal icing in certain types of atmospheric conditions much more easily
than previously believed. In most cases, the engines can be quickly restarted and flights are not
endangered, but research continues to determine the exact conditions which produce this type of
icing, and find the best methods to prevent, or reverse it, in flight.