Course: Instrumentation
Table of Contents
3.5 Summary
3.6 Exercise
3.7 Glossary
3.8References
Learning Objectives-
The area under the graph of an even function f(x) from - to is double the area
from 0 to .
i.e
f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
0
Even function contains only even powers of x.
The product of two even functions is always even
i.e (even function)(even function) = even function
The sum of two even functions is even
i.e even function + even function = even function
L L
f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
L 0
L
a0 = f ( x)dx - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
0
nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos (
0
L
)dx ; n = 1,2. --------------------------- (2)
nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin(
0
L
)dx ; n = 1,2.. --------------------------- (3)
= 0
nx
f(x) = a0 a Cos
n 1
n
L
----------------------------- (4)
Fourier Series of an even function contains only cosine terms & hence called Fourier
Cosine Series.
= -f(x)
i.e f ( x)dx = 0
f ( x)dx =
L
0
a0 = 0
an = 0
nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2..----------------------------- (5)
Fourier Series of an odd function contains only Sine terms & hence called Fourier Sine
Series
f(x) = x2 ; -2 x 2
Solution Here 2L = 4
Therefore, L = 2
L
1
L 0
a0 = f ( x)dx
2
1 2
2 0
= x dx
1 x3 2 4
= [ ]0 =
2 3 3
Using equation (2),
nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos (
0
L
)dx
nx
2
x Cos (
2
= )dx
0
2
Sin(nx / 2) 2 Sin(nx / 2)
2
= [x ]0 - 2 x
2
dx
(n / 2) 0
(n / 2)
16
= Cosn
n 2 2
16(1) n
= [since Cosn = (-1)n]
n 2 2
Therefore, Fourier Series expansion of the given function is
nx
f(x) = a0 a Cos
n 1
n
L
4 16
(1) n nx
f(x) =
3 2
n 1 n
2
Cos (
2
)
3.3.1 Sine Half range Expansion A Fourier Series will be generated that
involves only sine terms. It is represented as :-
nx
f(x) = bn Sin( ) ------------------------------------- (7)
L
3.3.2 Cosine Half range Expansion A Fourier Series will be generated that
involves only cosine terms. It is represented as :-
nx
f(x) = a0 anCos ( ) ------------------------------------ (9)
L
nx
an = ; n is a positive integer --------------------------- (11)
L
Question Find Half range Fourier Sine Series if :-
f(t) = t2 0<t<3
bn = dx
= t2 dt
Integration by parts,
= [t2 .-Cos ] dt
3t 2 3
= {[ Cos ]0+ ) }dt
n
3t 2 3
= {[ Cos ]0 + [t ) - ) ] }dt
n
3t 2 3 3 3
= {[ Cos ]0 + [t ) ] 0- ) [-Cos ) ] 0}
n
By taking the limits,
54
= { Cosn + (Cosn 1)}
n3 3
When n is odd :-
18 72
bn = - [Using Cosn = -1]
n n3 3
When n is even :-
18
bn = - [Using Cosn = 1]
n
So, Fourier Sine Series is :-
1 4 t 18 2t 1 4
f(t) = 18( )Sin( ) Sin( ) 18( )Sin(t ) ...............
3
3 2 3 3 27 3
QuestionFind Fourier Sine Series for f(x) = 1 ; 0 x 2
SolutionHere, L= 2
bn = dx
nx
2
= Sin(
0
2
)dx
Cos (nx / 2) 2
=[ ]0
(n / 2)
2
= [1 Cosn ]
n
2
= [1 (1) n ]
n
= 0 ; n= even
4
; n = odd
n
So, Fourier Sine Series is :-
nx
f(x) = bn Sin( )
L
4 x 1 3x 1 5x
= [Sin ( ) Sin( ) Sin( ) ......]
n 2 3 2 5 2
Question Find Fourier Cosine Series for f(x) = 1- in 0 < x < L
L
a0 = f ( x)dx
0
L
x
= (1 L )dx
0
x2 L
= [x - ]0
2L
By taking the limits,
a0 =
nx
an = ( )
L
x nx
= ) ( )
L L
nx L nx L
L
x 1
= [ ) ( ) Sin( ) dx]
L L n 0 L L n
x nx L 1 L nx L
= [ ) + {(Cos )( )}]0L
L L n L n L n
x nx L 1 L2 nx L
= [ ) + ( Cos ) ]0
L L n L n
2 2
L
By taking the limits,
L L 1
= [ (1) n ( 2 2 )( )] [Cos n =
n
2 2
n L
2
an = [1 (1) n ]
n 22
nx
f(x) = a0 anCos
L
So, Fourier Cosine Series for f(x)is :-
1 2
1 (1) n nx
f(x)=
2 2
[
n 1 n 2
] Cos
L
f(x) = x2; 0 x 2
4 ;2x4
Solution Here L= 4
L
a0 = f ( x)dx
0
2 4
1
= [ x 2dx 4dx]
4 0 2
1 x3 2
= [( )0 (4 x) 42 ]
4 3
By taking the limits,
8
=
3
nx
an = ( )
L
nx nx
2 4
2
= [ x Cos ( )dx 4Cos (
2
)dx]
4 0 4 2
4
Integration by parts,
32 n 2 n
= [Cos ( ) ( )Sin( )]
n
2 2
2 n 2
So, Fourier Cosine Series for f(x)is :-
nx
f(x) = a0 anCos ( )
L
8 32 1 n 2 n nx
= 2 2 [Cos ( ) ( ) Sin( )]Cos ( )
3 n 1 n 2 n 2 4
Solution -
300 1.76 -0.87 -0.87 -1.53 -1.53 0.5 -0.5 0.88 -0.88
330 2 -0.5 -0.87 -1 -1.74 0.87 0.5 1.74 1
15.15 -3.75 -1.41 0.25 3.17
15 .15
a0 = = 1.26
12
0.25
a1 = 2 = 0.04
12
3.17
a2 = 2 = 0.52
12
3.75
b1 = 2 ( ) = -0.62
12
1.41
b2 = 2 ( ) = -0.23
12
So, Fourier Series of f(x) upto second harmonic is given by :-
25.22
a0= = 2.1015
12
3.353
a1 = 2 x = 0.559
12
3.115
a2 = 2 x = -0.519
12
9.209
b1 = 2 x = 1.535
12
0.547
b2 = 2 x = -0.091
12
So, Fourier Series of f(x) upto second harmonic is given by :-
3.5 Summary-
An even function is defined as a function which is symmetrical about y axis i.e it is a
mirror image. Fourier Series expansion of even function on [-L,L] is :-
L L
f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
L 0
nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.
nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.
= 0
An odd function is defined as a function which is symmetrical about the origin. Fourier
Series expansion of odd function on [-L,L] is :-
f ( x)dx =
L
0
a0 = 0
an = 0
nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.
nx
f(x) = bn Sin
L
nx
f(x) = a0 anCos
L
where a 0 =
nx
an = ; n is a positive integer
L
Harmonic Analysisis applicable when the function is not given by a formula but by a table
of corresponding values. The process of expanding the Fourier Series for a function given
by such values of the function is called Harmonic Analysis. It is a technique of finding the
harmonic elements of a given function.
3.6 Exercise -
Question 1 Find the Fourier Cosine Series of the following periodic function :-
f(x) = x2 ; 0x2
4 ; 2x4
8 32 1 n 2 n nx
Answer 2 2 [Cos ( ) ( ) Sin( )]Cos ( )
3 n1 n 2 n 2 4
Question 2 Find the Fourier Sine Series of the following periodic function :-
f(x) = t ;0<t
2
; <t
2 2
2 1 2 1
Answer ( 1)S int Sin2t ( )Sin3t ..............
2 9 3
Question 3 Express f(x) as a Fourier Seriesupto second harmonic.
Short Questions
Question 1How do you differentiate between even function & odd function?
Answer (c)
Answer (a)
Answer (b)
Answer (a)
(a) 0
(b) f ( x)dx
0
(c) 2 f ( x)dx
0
(d) None
Answer (c)
6) If f(x) is an odd function, then
f ( x)dx =
(a) 2 f ( x)dx
0
(b) 0
(c) f ( x)dx
0
(d) None
Answer (b)
3.7 Glossary
1) Even function It is defined as a function which is symmetric with respect to y
axis i.e it is a mirror image. A function is even if f(-x) = f(x)
3) Half Range Fourier Series - When Fourier Series is defined on an interval [0,L]
instead of [-L,L], then it is said to be half range Fourier Series.
3.8 References -
1) Advanced Engineering Mathematics,H.KDass,S.Chand and Company Ltd.