Anda di halaman 1dari 18

Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range

Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

Course: Instrumentation

Subject: Engineering Mathematics

Lesson: Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half


Range Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

Lesson Developer: Ms.Shweta Dua

College/Dept: Bhaskaracharya College of Applied


Sciences
University of Delhi

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

Table of Contents

Chapter 3: Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range


Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

3.1 Fourier Series for even functions

3.1.1 Properties of even function

3.1.2 Expansion of even function

3.2Fourier Series for odd functions

3.2.1 Properties of odd function

3.2.2 Expansion of odd function

3.3 Half range Expansion

3.3.1 Sine Half range Expansion

3.3.2 Cosine Half range Expansion

3.4 Harmonic Analysis

3.5 Summary

3.6 Exercise

3.7 Glossary

3.8References

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

Learning Objectives-

After going through this chapter, you will be able to :-

Explain the Fourier Series for even and odd functions


Know the half range expansion
Discuss the harmonic analysis

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
In the previous two chapters, we have studied the Fourier Series, its three classes,
properties, convergence and Fourier Series for functions having any period. Now we
study the Fourier Series for even and odd functions, half range expansions and harmonic
analysis.

3.1 Fourier Series for even functions-


A function f(x) is an even function if :-

f(-x)=f(x) for all x.

e.g- x2n is an even function if :-

f(-x) = (-x)2n = [(-x)2]n = x2n = f(x)

3.1.1 Properties of even functions -


The graph of even function is symmetrical about y axis.

The area under the graph of an even function f(x) from - to is double the area
from 0 to .

i.e

f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
0
Even function contains only even powers of x.
The product of two even functions is always even
i.e (even function)(even function) = even function
The sum of two even functions is even
i.e even function + even function = even function

3.1.2 Expansion of an even function


If f(x) is an even function on [-L,L], then :-

L L

f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
L 0

Fourier Coefficients are :-

L
a0 = f ( x)dx - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (1)
0

nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos (
0
L
)dx ; n = 1,2. --------------------------- (2)

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin(
0
L
)dx ; n = 1,2.. --------------------------- (3)

= 0

Fourier Series is given by :-


nx
f(x) = a0 a Cos
n 1
n
L
----------------------------- (4)

Fourier Series of an even function contains only cosine terms & hence called Fourier
Cosine Series.

3.2 Fourier Series for odd functions -


Afunction f(x) is odd function if :-

f(-x) = -f(x) for all x


2n+1
e.g x is an odd function if :-
2n+1
f(-x) = (-x)
2n+1 2n+1
= (-1) .x
2n+1
=-x

= -f(x)

3.2.1 Properties of odd function -


The graph of odd function is symmetrical about the origin.

Odd function contains only odd powers of x.


The area under the graph of an odd function f(x) from - to + is zero


i.e f ( x)dx = 0

Sum of two odd functions is always odd

i.e odd function + odd function = odd function

The product of two odd functions is even

i.e (odd function)(odd function) = even function

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
The product of an odd function and even function is odd

i.e (odd function)(even function) = odd function

3.2.2 Expansion of an odd function


If f(x) is an odd function on [-L,L], then :-

f ( x)dx =
L
0

Fourier Coefficients are :-

a0 = 0

an = 0

nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2..----------------------------- (5)

Fourier Series is given by :-



nx
f(x) = b Sin
n 1
n
L
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (6)

Fourier Series of an odd function contains only Sine terms & hence called Fourier Sine
Series

Question Obtain the Fourier Series expansion of the following function

f(x) = x2 ; -2 x 2

Solution Here 2L = 4

Therefore, L = 2

Since the given function is an even function

Using equation (1),

L
1
L 0
a0 = f ( x)dx

2
1 2
2 0
= x dx

1 x3 2 4
= [ ]0 =
2 3 3
Using equation (2),

nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos (
0
L
)dx

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

nx
2

x Cos (
2
= )dx
0
2

Using integration by parts,

Sin(nx / 2) 2 Sin(nx / 2)
2
= [x ]0 - 2 x
2
dx
(n / 2) 0
(n / 2)

4 Cos (nx / 2) Sin(nx / 2) 2


= [ x ]0
n (n / 2) (n / 2) 2

16
= Cosn
n 2 2

16(1) n
= [since Cosn = (-1)n]
n 2 2
Therefore, Fourier Series expansion of the given function is

nx
f(x) = a0 a Cos
n 1
n
L

4 16
(1) n nx
f(x) =
3 2

n 1 n
2
Cos (
2
)

3.3 Half range Expansions -


When Fourier Series is defined on an interval [0,L] instead of [-L,L], then it is said to be
half range Fourier Series.

It can be divided into two types :-

3.3.1 Sine Half range Expansion A Fourier Series will be generated that
involves only sine terms. It is represented as :-

nx
f(x) = bn Sin( ) ------------------------------------- (7)
L

where bn = dx ; n is a positive integer -------------------------------(8)

3.3.2 Cosine Half range Expansion A Fourier Series will be generated that
involves only cosine terms. It is represented as :-

nx
f(x) = a0 anCos ( ) ------------------------------------ (9)
L

where a 0 = ----------------------------------------- (10)

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

nx
an = ; n is a positive integer --------------------------- (11)
L
Question Find Half range Fourier Sine Series if :-

f(t) = t2 0<t<3

Solution Using equation (8)

bn = dx

= t2 dt

Integration by parts,

= [t2 .-Cos ] dt

3t 2 3
= {[ Cos ]0+ ) }dt
n

3t 2 3
= {[ Cos ]0 + [t ) - ) ] }dt
n

3t 2 3 3 3
= {[ Cos ]0 + [t ) ] 0- ) [-Cos ) ] 0}
n
By taking the limits,

54
= { Cosn + (Cosn 1)}
n3 3
When n is odd :-

18 72
bn = - [Using Cosn = -1]
n n3 3
When n is even :-

18
bn = - [Using Cosn = 1]
n
So, Fourier Sine Series is :-

1 4 t 18 2t 1 4
f(t) = 18( )Sin( ) Sin( ) 18( )Sin(t ) ...............
3
3 2 3 3 27 3
QuestionFind Fourier Sine Series for f(x) = 1 ; 0 x 2

SolutionHere, L= 2

Using equation (8)

bn = dx

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

nx
2
= Sin(
0
2
)dx

Cos (nx / 2) 2
=[ ]0
(n / 2)

By taking the limits,

2
= [1 Cosn ]
n
2
= [1 (1) n ]
n
= 0 ; n= even

4
; n = odd
n
So, Fourier Sine Series is :-

nx
f(x) = bn Sin( )
L
4 x 1 3x 1 5x
= [Sin ( ) Sin( ) Sin( ) ......]
n 2 3 2 5 2
Question Find Fourier Cosine Series for f(x) = 1- in 0 < x < L

Solution Using equation (10),

L
a0 = f ( x)dx
0

L
x
= (1 L )dx
0

x2 L
= [x - ]0
2L
By taking the limits,

a0 =

nx
an = ( )
L

x nx
= ) ( )
L L

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
Integration by parts,

nx L nx L
L
x 1
= [ ) ( ) Sin( ) dx]
L L n 0 L L n

x nx L 1 L nx L
= [ ) + {(Cos )( )}]0L
L L n L n L n

x nx L 1 L2 nx L
= [ ) + ( Cos ) ]0
L L n L n
2 2
L
By taking the limits,

L L 1
= [ (1) n ( 2 2 )( )] [Cos n =
n
2 2
n L
2
an = [1 (1) n ]
n 22

Using equation (9),

nx
f(x) = a0 anCos
L
So, Fourier Cosine Series for f(x)is :-

1 2
1 (1) n nx
f(x)=
2 2
[
n 1 n 2
] Cos
L

Question Find Fourier Cosine Series of the following function-

f(x) = x2; 0 x 2

4 ;2x4

Solution Here L= 4

Using equation (10)

L
a0 = f ( x)dx
0

2 4
1
= [ x 2dx 4dx]
4 0 2

1 x3 2
= [( )0 (4 x) 42 ]
4 3
By taking the limits,

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

8
=
3

nx
an = ( )
L

nx nx
2 4
2
= [ x Cos ( )dx 4Cos (
2
)dx]
4 0 4 2
4

Integration by parts,

1 2 Sin (nx / 4) 2xCos (nx / 4) 2Sin (nx / 4) 2 Sin (nx / 4) 4


= [{x }0 4{ }2
2 (n / 4) (n / 4) 2
(n / 4) 3
(n / 4)

1 4Sin(n / 2) 4Cos (n / 2) 2Sin(n / 2) 4Sin(n / 2)


= [ ]
2 (n / 4) (n / 4) 2 (n / 4)3 (n / 4)

32 n 2 n
= [Cos ( ) ( )Sin( )]
n
2 2
2 n 2
So, Fourier Cosine Series for f(x)is :-

nx
f(x) = a0 anCos ( )
L

8 32 1 n 2 n nx
= 2 2 [Cos ( ) ( ) Sin( )]Cos ( )
3 n 1 n 2 n 2 4

3.4 Harmonic Analysis-


It is applicable when the function is not given by a formula but by a table of
corresponding values. The process of expanding the Fourier Series for a function given
by such values of the function is called Harmonic Analysis.

It is a technique of finding the harmonic elements of a given function.

Fourier Coefficients are given by :-

a0= Mean value of f(x)

an = 2[Mean value of f(x)Cosnx]

bn = 2[Mean value of f(x)Sinnx]

Fourier Series of f(x) is given by :-

f(x) = a0 + Cos x + Cos 2x + + Cos nx ++ Sin x + Sin 2x +..+


Sin nx +.

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
Question In a machine, displacement f(x) of a point is given for a certain angle x. Find
the Fourier Seriesupto second harmonic.

x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


f(x) 1.8 1.1 0.3 0.16 0.5 1.3 2.16 1.25 1.3 1.52 1.76 2

Solution -

x f(x) Sinx Sin2x f(x)Sinx f(x)Sin2x Cosx Cos2x f(x)Cosx f(x)Cos2x


0 1.8 0 0 0 0 1 1 1.8 1.8
30 1.1 0.5 0.87 0.55 0.95 0.87 0.5 0.95 0.55
60 0.3 0.87 0.87 0.26 0.26 0.5 -0.5 0.15 -0.15
90 0.16 1 0 0.16 0 0 -1 0 -0.16
120 0.5 0.87 -0.87 0.43 -0.43 -0.5 -0.5 -0.25 -0.25
150 1.3 0.5 -0.87 0.65 -1.13 -0.87 0.5 -1.13 0.65
180 2.16 0 0 0 0 -1 1 -2.16 2.16
210 1.25 -0.5 0.87 -0.62 1.08 -0.87 0.5 -1.08 0.62
240 1.3 -0.87 0.87 -1.13 1.13 -0.5 -0.5 -0.65 -0.65
270 1.52 -1 0 -1.52 0 0 -1 0 -1.52

300 1.76 -0.87 -0.87 -1.53 -1.53 0.5 -0.5 0.88 -0.88
330 2 -0.5 -0.87 -1 -1.74 0.87 0.5 1.74 1
15.15 -3.75 -1.41 0.25 3.17

15 .15
a0 = = 1.26
12

0.25
a1 = 2 = 0.04
12
3.17
a2 = 2 = 0.52
12
3.75
b1 = 2 ( ) = -0.62
12
1.41
b2 = 2 ( ) = -0.23
12
So, Fourier Series of f(x) upto second harmonic is given by :-

f(x) = a0 + Cos x + Cos 2x + Sin x + Sin 2x

= 1.26 + 0.04Cosx + 0.52Cos2x - 0.62Sinx - 0.23Sin2x

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
QuestionFind the harmonics a0, a1, a2, b1, b2 of the Fourier Series expansion of the
following tabulated function

x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


f(x) 2.34 3.01 3.69 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64
Solution

x f(x) Sinx Sin2x f(x)Sinx f(x)Sin2x Cosx Cos2x f(x)Cosx f(x)Cosx


0 2.34 0 0 0 0 1 1 2.34 2.34
30 3.01 0.5 0.87 1.50 2.61 0.87 0.5 2.61 1.5
60 3.69 0.87 0.87 3.21 3.21 0.5 -0.5 1.84 -1.84
90 4.15 1 0 4.15 0 0 -1 0 -4.15
120 3.69 0.87 -0.87 3.21 -3.21 -0.5 -0.5 -1.84 -1.84
150 2.20 0.5 -0.87 1.10 -1.91 -0.87 0.5 -1.91 1.1
180 0.83 0 0 0 0 -1 1 -0.83 0.83
210 0.51 -0.5 0.87 -0.25 0.44 -0.87 0.5 -0.44 0.25
240 0.88 -0.87 0.87 -0.76 0.76 -0.5 -0.5 -0.44 -0.44
270 1.09 -1 0 -1.09 0 0 -1 0 -1.09
300 1.19 -0.87 -0.87 -1.03 -1.03 0.5 -0.5 0.59 -0.59
330 1.64 -0.5 -0.87 -0.82 -1.42 0.87 0.5 1.42 0.82
25.22 9.209 -0.547 3.353 -3.115

25.22
a0= = 2.1015
12
3.353
a1 = 2 x = 0.559
12
3.115
a2 = 2 x = -0.519
12
9.209
b1 = 2 x = 1.535
12
0.547
b2 = 2 x = -0.091
12
So, Fourier Series of f(x) upto second harmonic is given by :-

f(x) = a0 + Cos x + Cos 2x + Sin x + Sin 2x

= 2.1015 + 0.559Cosx 0.519Cos2x + 1.535Sinx-0.091Sin2x

3.5 Summary-
An even function is defined as a function which is symmetrical about y axis i.e it is a
mirror image. Fourier Series expansion of even function on [-L,L] is :-

L L

f ( x)dx = 2 f ( x)dx
L 0

Fourier Coefficients are given by:-

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
L
a0 = f ( x)dx
0

nx
L
an = f ( x)Cos
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.

nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.

= 0

Fourier Series is given by :-



nx
f(x) = a0 a Cos
n 1
n
L

An odd function is defined as a function which is symmetrical about the origin. Fourier
Series expansion of odd function on [-L,L] is :-

f ( x)dx =
L
0

Fourier Coefficients are :-

a0 = 0

an = 0

nx
L
bn = f ( x)Sin
0
L
dx ; n = 1,2.

Fourier Series is given by :-



nx
f(x) = b Sin
n 1
n
L

Half rangeFourier SeriesExpansionis defined on an interval [0,L].

Sine Half range Expansionis represented as :-

nx
f(x) = bn Sin
L

where bn = dx ; n is a positive integer

Cosine Half range Expansionis represented as :-

nx
f(x) = a0 anCos
L

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

where a 0 =

nx
an = ; n is a positive integer
L
Harmonic Analysisis applicable when the function is not given by a formula but by a table
of corresponding values. The process of expanding the Fourier Series for a function given
by such values of the function is called Harmonic Analysis. It is a technique of finding the
harmonic elements of a given function.

Fourier Coefficients are given by :-

a0 = Mean value of f(x)

an = 2[Mean value of f(x)Cosnx]

bn = 2[Mean value of f(x)Sinnx]

Fourier Series of f(x) is given by :-

f(x) = a0 + Cos x + Cos 2x + + Cos nx ++ Sin x + Sin 2x +..+


Sin nx +.

3.6 Exercise -
Question 1 Find the Fourier Cosine Series of the following periodic function :-

f(x) = x2 ; 0x2

4 ; 2x4

8 32 1 n 2 n nx
Answer 2 2 [Cos ( ) ( ) Sin( )]Cos ( )
3 n1 n 2 n 2 4

Question 2 Find the Fourier Sine Series of the following periodic function :-


f(x) = t ;0<t
2

; <t
2 2
2 1 2 1
Answer ( 1)S int Sin2t ( )Sin3t ..............
2 9 3
Question 3 Express f(x) as a Fourier Seriesupto second harmonic.

x 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270 300 330


f(x) 2.34 3.01 3.69 4.15 3.69 2.20 0.83 0.51 0.88 1.09 1.19 1.64

Answer 2.105 + 0.559Cosx 0.519Cos2x + 1.535Sinx - 0.091Sin2x

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

Short Questions
Question 1How do you differentiate between even function & odd function?

Question 2What is a half range expansion ? What are its types ?

Question 3What do you understand by harmonic analysis ?

Multiple Choice Questions


1) An even function satisfies

(a) x(t) = -x(t)

(b) x(t) = x(t-T/2)

(c) x(t) = x(-t)

(d) x(t) = x(t+T/2)

Answer (c)

2) An odd function satisfies

(a) x(-t) = -x(t)

(b) x(t) = x(t-T/2)

(c) x(t) = x(t+T/2)

(d) x(t) = -x(-t)

Answer (a)

3) Even function x Even function

(a) Odd function

(b) Even function

(c) Can be even or odd

(d) Neither even nor odd

Answer (b)

4) Odd function + Odd function

(a) Odd function

(b) Even function

(c) Neither even nor odd

(d) Can be even or odd

Answer (a)

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis

5) If f(x) is an even function, then f ( x)dx =

(a) 0


(b) f ( x)dx
0


(c) 2 f ( x)dx
0

(d) None

Answer (c)


6) If f(x) is an odd function, then

f ( x)dx =

(a) 2 f ( x)dx
0

(b) 0


(c) f ( x)dx
0

(d) None

Answer (b)

3.7 Glossary
1) Even function It is defined as a function which is symmetric with respect to y
axis i.e it is a mirror image. A function is even if f(-x) = f(x)

2) Harmonic Analysis- It is the process of expanding the Fourier Series for a


function given by a table of corresponding values of the function.

3) Half Range Fourier Series - When Fourier Series is defined on an interval [0,L]
instead of [-L,L], then it is said to be half range Fourier Series.

4) Odd function - It is defined as a function which has rotational symmetry with


respect to the origin, i.e its graph remains unchanged after rotation of
180 degrees about the origin.

3.8 References -
1) Advanced Engineering Mathematics,H.KDass,S.Chand and Company Ltd.

2) Higher Engineering Mathematics,B.VRamana,TataMcGraw Hill Education Pvt. Ltd.

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi


Fourier Series: Even and Odd Functions, Half Range
Expansions and Harmonic Analysis
3) Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Erwin Kreyszig, Wiley India Edition.

4)Advanced Engineering Mathematics, RK Jain and SRK Iyengar, Narosa Publishing


House

Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi

Anda mungkin juga menyukai