CpE 311MICROPROCESSOR SYSTEMS LABORATORY

Week of September 9, 2017

Lab #2
Introduction to the Oscilloscope and SBC
Fall2017
Introduction:

In this laboratory, the purpose is to learn the capabilities and operations of the
oscilloscope. For this, three experiments or exercises are undertaken so that first we can
learn more about the oscilloscope operations and working and then devise some circuits
to understand its applications. First experiment helps to acquire this understanding.
Second experiment a toggle switch circuit is prepared so that this circuit can present its
output over the oscilloscope. In this manner, the application of oscilloscopes would be
understood. The third experiment is related to an exercise which is designed to help us
understand the working of the Single Board Computer (Intel D2000).

Part 1: Oscilloscopes
Introduction
In this experiment, the basic operation of oscilloscope is understood. As we are aware,
that oscilloscope is electronic equipment, which can display signal voltage like a 2d
graph. This tool will be used to debug the circuits so we undertake this experiment.
Below figure shows an oscilloscope showing a 2d graph:

Figure 1: Oscilloscope 2d graph

In the graph the vertical (Y) axis displays the signal voltage and time is represented by
(X) axis. The graph will show the signal variation with time. The graph has various
sections. The sections represent voltage level in the time period. Each vertical
component represents 20V and horizontal component represents 10 ns.

An oscilloscope is shown below, from the image taken from the lab:
Figure 2: Oscilloscope

As shown, there are various knobs and controls which help us to configure some setting.
For example, we can set the scale of the x & y axes. There is this dial labeled
VOLTS/DIV, which can be used to change the scale of the y-axis and SEC/DIV can
be used to change the scale of X axis.
 Figure 3: Oscilloscope Controls: VOLTS/DIV and SEC/DIV can be seen

Experiment
Following steps are undertaken
1) First the oscilloscope is powered on including the function generator.
2) Output of function generator connected to the Channel One input of
oscilloscope using the BNC-to-BNC cable.
3) The dial control volts/div set to 2 volts per division and sec/div to 250
4) Then the RUN/STOP button is pressed to put it on the active Ready state
5) Then the MEASURE button is pressed

At this stage, the oscilloscope is ready to for the input signal. Now the signal is generated
using function generator and a 120 Hz Sinusoidal wave is selected. This is achieved by
following steps:

1) Function generator is set by pressing the button, which sets output signal to
sinusoidal wave.
 2) On the RANGE (Hz) settings area 100 button is pressed
3) Then FREQUENCY dial is set to 1.2.
4) Then AMPLITUDE knob is turned to about 50%
5) The scale of y-axis & x-axis ae again adjusted to get the clear graphs as desired of
the oscilloscope as necessary to answer the questions below. Note: The
oscilloscope will only be able to output measurements of frequency and period
when at least a full period of a signal is displayed on screen. So, for example, if
one only sees a sinusoidal signal that is from 0 to , then the oscilloscope will
likely display a ? for the measurement of the frequency. The same goes for
peak-to-peak voltage. If the volts/div is not set correctly and the user is not able
to see the full amplitude of the signal, then there will likely be a ? displayed for
the peak-to-peak voltage metric.

Questions:

1) What is the period of the signal displayed on the screen?

Answer: The period of the signal displayed on the screen is about 3.2 divisions
and one division is 2.5 ms. So period is 8.48 ms

2) Does the period observed on the oscilloscope match the period set by the function
generator? Note: F=1/T, where F is the frequency and T is the period.
Answer: Yes it matches as Frequency F = 120 and 1/120= 0.833 =8.33 ms.
However, it is not an exact match as there are always some human errors and
calibration errors.

3) What is the peak to peak voltage of the signal found on the screen?
Answer: The peak to peak voltage found is 10.2 V as displayed in the
oscilloscope.

4) Take a picture of this screen on your phone for the lab report.
Answer: the picture is shown below:
The same experiment is repeated, for 2 more time for 15kHz Square wave and
60kHz Triangular wave.

Results
First we display the results from the sinusoidal waveform:

Figure: 120 Hz Sinusoidal wave

The results for the waveform for 15kHz Square wave and 60kHz Triangular wave are
shown below:

Figure: Square wave form

Figure: Triangular Wave form

Part 2: Toggle Switches

Introduction
In this part toggle switch circuit is made and the output of switch is seen through the
oscilloscope. Below figure shows the circuit diagram for connecting the switch.

Figure: A Toggle switch

The results will be noted when the switch is toggled, as we put the oscilloscope in
special configuration. For this we will use the trigger function. We set up the
trigger level.

Experiment:

1) We go to the trigger menu button and set the trigger function to edge analysis,
slope as rising.
 2) Auto mode is set and ensured that the toggle switch shows zero. When button is
not pressed, oscilloscope shows 5 V.
3) Oscilloscope is set to ready mode through the run/stop button and coupling option
is set to DC.
4) The volts/div set to 2 volts and sec/div to 250 us.
5) Trigger level adjusted to 4 volt
6) Then the switch is toggled from 0 to 5 volts and acquired signal is analyzed.

Questions:

1) What response is shown on the scope? Include a picture of the output in your
report. If you are unable to obtain a picture, then include a sketch instead.
Answer: The picture is shown below:

Thus we see the 0 and 5 or toggle wave form.

2) What is different between this signal and the square wave signal seen in Exercise
1?
Answer: There is difference from the square waveform as we find that this is like
a step and not a complete square as it represents a toggle from 0 to 5.

3) What characteristic of a toggle switch causes the distortion seen when toggling
the switch? Once you have determined the cause of the distortion, briefly explain
this phenomenon in your report.
Answer: distortion can be caused by the retained charge when switching from 0 to
5V. This is due the transient charge which is retained and causes the distortion
while switching.
Results
The results are the waveform as observed from the oscilloscope:

Part 3: The SBC

Introduction
This part gives an opportunity to learn more on Single Board Computer (Intel D2000).
We are told that the SBC is going to be used extensively in this semester.

Questions:

1) What is the clock speed of the CPU?

Answer: The clock speed of the CPU is 32 MHz clock speed.

2) How many analog inputs and analog outputs does the D2000 have, and how many
bits of resolution is the A/D converter? If you need to sample analog values at
50,000 times second, will the D2000 be able to meet that requirement? Explain.
 Answer: The SDC can take 19 single-ended analog inputs to 1 analog output.
Maximum achievable sampling rate = (adc clock frequency) / (selres + 2).
If adc clock frequency = 32 MHz, selres = 6 + 2, so we have 32,000,000/8 =
4,000,000.
So it can accept analog values at 50,000 times second

3) How many digital GPIO lines are provided? At 3.3V (IOVDD), how much
current can each line sink/source?
Answer: There are 40 pins in the Intel D2000 SBC. Out of these there are 25 pins
which can be configured in the GPIO mode. So 6 pins are for digital. It can source
~1.1 mA at 5 MSPS
which means at 3.3V (IOVDD).

4) Is there a hardware reset button? Where is it on the D2000?

Answer There is a hard reset button and this can be achieved by GPIO 30 RST_N.

5) How many GPIO multiplexing functions are available? Which ones is typically
used for GPIO?
Answer: There are 25 pins so as many multiplexing functions are available. 19
pins are typically used for GPIO

Conclusion
Overall, the lab was very useful. It was very useful lab as lot of new things was
introduced. We get to know on the operations of the Oscilloscope and also how the basic
circuits like Toggle switch are made and how these can be connected to the Oscilloscope.
I am very thankful for this opportunity as there was lot of support and guidance available
to help us learn the new concepts. The learning on the SBC was also very useful as it will
help us in the next set of experiments in this semester.