STRUCTURE

& WRITTEN EXPRESSION

TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
SECTION TWO: STRUCTURE

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR

15 QUESTIONS;
A. STRUCTURE SENTENCE
COMPLETION

25
MINUTES
B. WRITTEN 25 QUESTIONS;
EXPRESSION ERROR
IDENTIFICATION
 CONTEXT

FORMAL WRITTEN ENGLISH

In this period, the company developing nuclear

technology. company is

John, Jack and me will go to the theater together

tonight. I
SCOPE & SEQUENCE
> NOUN
> PARTS OF A SENTENCE
SENTENCE > SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT
STRUCTURE
> INVERTED STRUCTURE
> VERB
> SUFFIXATION
WORD FORM
STRUCTURE > COMPARATIVE & SUPERLATIVE
& > CONJUNCTION
WRITTEN COMPOUND > PARALLEL STRUCTURE
EXPRESSION & COMPLEX
SENTENCE > SUBORDINATE CLAUSES
> REDUCED CLAUSE (VERBAL)
> PRONOUN
CORRECT > PREPOSITION
USAGE > WORD CHOICE
> ARTICLE
C.1 NOUN (P. 96)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
 FIND OUT THE NOUNS
1. The participant sent a forms from the post office.

2. Many candle have been used since prehistoric era.

3. The test was supervised by some supervisor.

4. The articles of the professor depicted some exciting story.

5. The stories become a favorite for many childs.

Nouns are words refer to people, places, things, or names.

Nouns are usually used as Subject, Object, or Object of
Preposition
 IDENTIFY THE ERROR
form from the post office.
1. The participant sent a forms

2. Many candles
candle have been used since prehistoric era.

3. The test was supervised by some supervisors.

supervisor.
stories.
4. The articles of the professor depicted some exciting story.
children
5. The stories become a favorite for many childs.

Identify the correct form of noun, should it be singular or

plural. Pay attention to the occurrence of Quantifiers.
IRREGULAR PLURAL NOUNS (P. 96)
SINGULAR & PLURAL (P. 96-97)
NOUN

COUNT NONCOUNT

SINGULAR PLURAL > Much

> Little/A little
> A/An > Both > Amount
> Every/Each > Many
> Few/A few
>Another > Several Singular Quantifier <> Singular Noun
Plural Quantifier <> Plural Noun
Noncount Quantifier <> Noncount Noun
Relative Quantifier <> Plural/Noncount
Noun
 The error can be in the form of noun or the
EXAMPLES: quantifier used.

Through aquaculture, or fish farming, more than

A B
year
500 million tons of fish are produced each years.
C D
many
The legal system has much safeguards to protect
A
the right of a defendant to an impartial jury.
B C D
 The error can be in the form of noun or the
EXAMPLES: quantifier used.

In a persons lifetime, the brain can store 100 trillion

A B
information
pieces of informations.
C D

teeth
A couple of tooths in the back of some child mouths
A B C
need to be capped.
D
COMPOUND NOUNS (P. 98)
Compound = Mix Noun + Noun
(Adj.)

Examples: College Students, War Zone, etc.

Noun used as adjective is not usually in plural forms,

though it has plural meaning.
Example:
a ten-watt light bulb.
NUMBERS (P. 99)
Number + Hundred
Thousand
Million Singular
Trillion
etc.

Hundreds, Thousands,
Plural
Millions, Trillions, etc.
EXAMPLE:

The five hundred pages book written by the first

A B page
secretary of the state is stored in the museum.
C D
SUMMARY
C. 3 PARTS OF A SENTENCE
(P. 116)
TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
 PARTS OF A SENTENCE (P. 117)
With the London publication of her book,
adverb
she spread her fame on both sides of the Atlantic.
subject verb object adverb

Identify the element(s) missing in

the sentence. It is frequently
dealing with subject and/or
verb.
 Identify the element(s) missing in the
EXAMPLES: sentence. It is frequently dealing with
subject or verb.

(subject)
1. With the London publication of her book, .
spread her fame on both sides of the Atlantic.

A. she has been C. she

B. has her D. her
has
2. The agreement it has been taken when the first war
A B C
in American Revolution took place.
D
SENTENCE (P. 116)
Simple Sentence Identify the number of subjects and
She wrote a book. verbs in a sentence. If there are
more than one subject and verb, a
conjunction is required.
Compound Sentence
She wrote a book and she published it.

Complex Sentence
She became famous because she wrote a book.
 Identify the number of subjects and verbs,
EXAMPLES: as well as of conjunctions, in the sentence.

. Biloxi received its name from a Sioux word

with the meaning of first people.
A. The city of C. After the city of
B. It is in the city of D. When the city has

. sucked groundwater, some parts of the city

begin to sink as much as ten inches annually.
A. Pumps C. As pumps have
B. Pumps have D. With pumps
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 118)

The young emperor chick . in front of one of

its parents for its protection from cold.
A. stands C. it stands
B. stand D. when standing

Make sure that subject and verb are in

agreement.
Singular Subject + Singular Verb
Plural Subject + Plural Verb
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 118)

Certain Prepositional Phrases

Among her works is To the Kings Most Excellent Health.

Expressions with one, each, any+, some+, every+

Everyone was amazed by her poems.

Introductory it

It was her poems that amazed everyone.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 119)

and, both and

Both her mother and father were proud.

Several, Both, Many, and Few.

Many were amazed by her talent.

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (P. 119)

A number of Plural; The number of Singular

A number of people were at the reading.

The number of people at the banquet was amazing.

Expressions with none, no, all, some, most,

half, any, or majority.

All of her poems were good.

All of her work was good.
SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT (119)
Expressions with either or, neither nor,
not only but also

Not only her mistress but also the literary circles

were proud of her.

Not only the literary circles but also her mistress

was proud of her.
 Make sure that the subject and the verb are
Examples: in agreement.

One problem with all languages . they are

full of irregularities.
A. when C. is that
B. so D. are when

More than half of the children in the 1.356-member

A B C
deserve
district deserves reduced-price of free lunches.
D
INTRODUCTORY IT (P. 121)
That the book became popular was in 1920s.
It was in 1920s that the book became popular.

To financially manage yourself is necessary.

It is necessary to financially manage yourself.

To establish the peace treaty lasted two years.

It lasted two years to establish the peace treaty.
INVERTED STRUCTURE: THERE (P. 121)

There + to be + Subject

There are many books.

V S
There is a book.
V S
SUMMARY