M. J. WHITE
1. ML p L M p ,
6. (ML p L ( -
p D
PriorMthen( proceeded
p to show that the reason 6 is ve rifie d b y
his ma
M t rix method
but is not an S4.3 theorem is that the ma t rix
method
p does) n
) o t a llo w f o r the p o ssib ility th a t t ime mig h t be
dense) but the axioms o f S4.3, in effect, leave open the question
of the
D density o r discreteness o f time. K rip ke and Bu ll F1.1 (in -
dependently)
p se ttle d the issue o f th e axiomatization o f D b y
showing
. th a t S4.3 axiomatizes t h e Diod orea n mo d a litie s (i n
the sense me re ly of possibility as presentness-or-futurity) if the
assumption o f discrete t ime i s n o t made, wh ile S4.3 p lu s 6
axiomatize the Diodorean modalities i f such an assumption is
madei.e., a xio ma tize D o r ju s t those theses ve rif ia b le b y
Prior's ma t rix method (
5
). (
in 5t h e lat t er's re v ie w o f Tim e a n d Mo d a lit y i n t h e Philos ophic al Rev iew,
67 )(1958), p p . 401-404. Th e equiv alenc e o f 2 a n d 3 wa s p ro v e d b y P r io r
in Pg K l, K 2 a n d Relat ed M o d a l Systems, No t r e Da me J o u rn a l o f Fo rma l
Logic,
r 5:4 (October, 1964), pp. 299-304.
(')
i M o r e c omplete accounts o f t h e v arious systems bet ween S4 a n d S5,
together
o wit h f urt her bibliographic al information, can be found in P rior [131,
pp.r 23-31, a n d Hughes a n d Cres s well [61, pp. 260-267. Th e relat ions among
ther v arious modal systems between S4 and S5 are s pelled out in Soboc ins k i
[151.
e
p
o
r
t
s
i
n
[
1
3
480 M . J. W HI TE
7. Fp D LFp.
Definitions:
Dl. Fp
D2. M p p F p
D3. L p p Gp
Axioms:
A l. G(p q ) ( G p D Gq)
A2. Gp p [ o r p F p )
ORIGEN, Cont ra Ceis um 4. 12, 4. 68, and 5. 20. A ls o Lactantios, Div inae
Ins titutiones 7. 23.
A N S5 DI O DO RE A N M O DA L SYSTEM 4 8 3
7'. Fp F p GFp.
then,
1. Fp Ass.
2. Fp D GFFp A4 (Fpip), A x i
3. GFFp 1, 2, D
4. FFp D Fp A3,
E A xI
5. G(FFp D Fp) 4, GI
6. G(FFp D Pp) D (GFFp D GFp) A l (FFpip, Fp/q), A x I
7. CIFFp D GFp 5, 6, D
8. CFI) E3, 7, DE
9. Fp G F p 1
10 ,1-9, D
. 8I
TheF question arises a s t o th e re la tio n o , f th e 'p u re mo d a l'
p
fragment o f D' t o tra d itio n a l mo d a l systems. Since o u r postu-
latesDf o r circu la r t ime insure th a t th e a n te rio rity-p o ste rio rity
relation
F among times (t < t') is reflexive, tra n sitive , and sym-
metrical,
p the relation ( t t ' if f t < t' V t = t ' ) also posses-
ses these
G characteristics. I t is t h e la t t e r re la tio n , o f course,
that Fserves as the 'accessibility relation' in semantically in te r-
preting
p 'L' and 'M' in a Diodorean modal logic. Since the acces-
sib ility re la tio n among possible wo rld s i n th e possible-world
interpretation o f the L e wis S5 syste m is also re fle xive , t ra n -
(IS) See P rio r [13], pp. 176-178, f o r alt ernat iv e ax iomatiz ations o f c irc ular
time.
484 M . J. W HI TE
The proof of the latter thesis in D' is rather lengthy but simple:
1. p F p Ass.
12. p Ass.
3. p F p A2, A x i
4. F p 2, 3, D
5. F p D GFFp E
A 4(Fpip), A xI
6. G F F p 4, 5, DE
7-10. G F p [as in steps 5-8 of previous proof]
11. F p Ass.
12. p F p 11, V I
13. F p D p V Fp 11-12, D I
14. G ( F p D p V Fp) 13, GI
15. G ( F p D p V Fp) D A l (Fpip, p V Fp/q),
(GFp D G(p V Fp)) A xI
16. G F p D G(p V Fp) 14, 15, DE
(
define
1 G as H, o r bot h as L, and use k nown postulates f o r S5. ([13], p. 64.)
4
)
P
r
i
o
r
n
o
t
A N S5 DI O DO RE A N M O DA L SYSTEM 4 8 5
9. Pp D MFp
are theorems of the system, the fo llo win g formulae are not:
10. p D Lp
*11. p
POSTSCRIPT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
S(
and-permanent-futurity
e 1 , pos s ibilit y as pres entnes s -or-futurity a n d o f L e m-
mon's
m 3 542 modific ation o f this model in P rior [13], pp. 27-28.
a )
n C
t f
i .
c t
a h
l e
Cd
o i
n s
A N S5 DI O DO RE A N M O DA L SYSTEM 4 8 7