MEANING OF AUTOMATION

The dictionary defines automation as the technique of making an apparatus, a process, or a

system operate automatically.

We define automation as "the creation and application of technology to monitor and control
the production and delivery of products and services.

Using our definition, the automation profession includes everyone involved in the creation
and application of technology to monitor and control the production and delivery of products
and services; and the automation professional is any individual involved in the creation and
application of technology to monitor and control the product.

Think about the cell phone and computer you use every day to do your job. Think about the
car you drive to take to work. Think about the food you eat; water you drink; clothes you
wear; and appliances you use to store, prepare, and clean them. Think about the television
you watch, video games you play, or music system you listen to. Think about the buildings
you visit. Think about any modern convenience or necessity. Just about anything you can
think of is the result of complex processes. Without talented individuals to design, build,
improve, and maintain these processes, these technological advances would never have
occurredand future innovations would be impossible. Without automation professionals, our
world and our future would be very differention and delivery of products and services.

Automation refers to the use of computers and other automated machinery for the execution
of business-related tasks. Automated machinery may range from simple sensing devices to
robots and other sophisticated equipment. Automation of operations may encompass the
automation of a single operation or the automation of an entire factory.

There are many different reasons to automate. Increased productivity is normally the major
reason for many companies desiring a competitive advantage. Automation also offers low
operational variability. Variability is directly related to quality and productivity. Other
reasons to automate include the presence of a hazardous working environment and the high
cost of human labor. Some businesses automate processes in order to reduce production time,
increase manufacturing flexibility, reduce costs, eliminate human error, or make up for a
labor shortage. Decisions associated with automation are usually concerned with some or all
of these economic and social considerations.
For small business owners, weighing the pros and cons of automation can be a daunting task.
But consultants contend that it is an issue that should not be put off. "We are creating a new
ball game," wrote Perry Pascarella in Industry Week. "Failure to take a strategic look at
where the organization wants to go and then capitalizing on the new technologies available
will hand death-dealing advantages to competitorstraditional and unexpected ones."
 TYPES OF AUTOMATION

Although automation can play a major role in increasing productivity and reducing costs in
service industriesas in the example of a retail store that installs bar code scanners in its
checkout lanesautomation is most prevalent in manufacturing industries. In recent years,
the manufacturing field has witnessed the development of major automation alternatives.
Some of these types of automation include:

Information technology (IT)

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Numerically controlled (NC) equipment

Robots

Flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)

Computer integrated manufacturing (CIM)

 Objectives of automation

Automation systems are widely used in many industrial jobs, from spray painting to welding
to carrying heavy equipment. Industrial robots can produce high-quality goods for the
consumers, generate a higher return on investment for the investors, and bring the safety to
the workplace.

Produce high-quality goods for the consumers

Unlike human, industrial robots do not experience fatigue and inaccuracies. Instead they can
produce high-quality goods at a very fast pace once configured properly. For example, robots
can manufacture goods with a precision not found in even the most skilled human workers.
As a result, companies like Apple can offer consumers high-quality goods at cheap prices.

Generates a high ROI for the investors

Industrial automation systems usually incur a hefty initial investment, but they save
manufacturers substantial amounts of money in the long run. A robot is able to produce goods
24 hours a day except scheduled maintenance. The robots are made from materials that are
easy to find and easy to fix. Its much easier to program a robot than to train a human worker.

Bring safety to the workplace

While industrial robots have replaced human workers for many repetitive tasks, they can also
perform tasks in dangerous conditions to improve the safety in the workplace as well. With
improved safety, there will be less accidents and fewer healthcare concerns.

Automation systems dont threaten the job opportunities for human workers; instead they
open the doors for human workers to be trained to do more interesting, creative and safe jobs.
The increased use of industrial robots will lead to fewer jobs for humans in an industrial
setting, but more jobs in service, healthcare, education, and the entertainment industries. The
repetitive jobs in factories will be dominated by the industrial robots, but the jobs that require
creativity will be enjoyed more by humans.
 IMPORTANCE OF AUTOMATION

Given the right tools, automating computer operations can be surprisingly easy and can reap
major benefits. Understanding these benefitsand some obstacleswill help you develop
support for an operations automation project. A recent study by a leading trade journal asked
the question, What do you see as the most important benefits of an automated or unattended
computer center? The primary benefits of operations automation cited most often were cost
reduction, productivity, availability, reliability, and performance (see the figure below).

Every business faces global pressure to increase their profitability. One approach is to reduce
costs. But, reducing the capabilities of the computer center negatively impacts the entire
company.

Productivity

As an organizations technology demands grow, productivity becomes a bigger concern.

Typically, as other business areas were given tools to increase their productivity and
effectiveness, IT operations took a back seat. The proliferation of desktop productivity
software has created substantial gains in the office and HR environments. But, instead of
alleviating workload for the IT professionals in the back room, the spread of PCs has meant
more tasks to be accomplished.

As people use computers more, they place greater demands on the system. More users are
generating more jobs, and printed output has increased despite efforts to reduce printed
reports. In spite of the trend to online transaction-oriented and client/server systems, batch
workloads continue to grow. Production batch jobs still consume the majority of CPU time,
and in large shops, jobs are constantly being added.

Automated operations can resolve these issues in several ways.

Availability

Companies are continually more reliant on their computers. Day-to-day business is routinely
conducted with online systems: order entry, reservations, assembly instructions, shipping
ordersthe list goes on. If the computer is not available, the business suffers.

Years ago, it was considered acceptable to have the computer unavailable for a few hours.
Today, with the high volume of cloud computing, the outage of key systems can cost millions
of dollars in lost revenue and tarnish a companys reputation.

High availability is clearly one of IT managements primary goals. Here too, automated
operations can help. A disk drive may crash, but the situation becomes serious when there is
not an adequate backup or worse, the tape cannot be found. A key advantage to automation
is the ability to automate your save and recovery systems to ensure protection from the
potential disaster of disk loss, or inadvertent damage to system objects from human error.

In a networked environment, centralized management also makes sense. Remote resources

can solve business issues while a single operator at a central console observes critical
functions throughout the network. Continuous monitoring with a low CPU and
communications overhead makes it easier to spot vital network performance trends.

Reliability

Productivity is an obvious benefit of automation. However, reliability is the real gem that
sparkles with automation. It is the cornerstone of any good IT operations department and
without it you have confusion, chaos, and unhappy users. IT operations requires two opposed
skill sets: On one hand, an operations person needs highly technical skills, such as the ability
to understand the complexities of an operating system and to analyze and solve problems as
they arise. On the other hand, this same person has to be content pushing buttons and loading
paper.

Lets face it, off-shift operations include some of the most boring, repetitive, and error-
prone tasks of an IT organization. But, when you remove the human factor, you eliminate
most batch processing errors.

Automated operations ensure that jobs are not forgotten or run out of sequence, that
prerequisite jobs are completed successfully, that the input data is correct, and that any
special processing is performed.

All these types of errors occur in single-location organizations. Now, imagine a network of
multiple systems, geographically dispersed that include multiple operating systems,
communications issues, integrated local area network processing, and attached PCs. The
chance for errors rises exponentially. The only way to make this type of environment work is
automated operations.

Software can handle complex tasks dynamically and intelligently, based on predefined
parameters. Yet, critical company functions such as releasing jobs, performing backups, and
ensuring communications, are normally performed by entry-level individuals within the IT
organization. The benefit of an automated system is that these functions are reliably executed
by the automation software, relieving operations personnel from hours of tedious, boring and
manual tasks.

Performance

Every company would like to have their enterprise perform like a thoroughbred. In reality, it
is more likely to be overburdened with work. Even though advancements in computers make
them faster and less expensive every year, the demands on them always catch up and
eventually exceed the level of capability that a companys computer infrastructure possesses.
That leaves a lot of companies wanting to improve their system performance.

Two options to improve performance are to upgrade hardware or purchase a newer system
both expensive choices. Its also possible to tune a system for better performance, but this
takes a highly skilled person who is not normally available 24 hours a day. And, once a
system is tuned for a specific workload, if the workload changes, the settings are no longer
optimum.

People and machines educating each other

Artificial (i.e. machine) intelligence will play a more prominent role in learning
environments shared by people and computers.

The challenges include human-machine communication and the ability of computers to

interact with people using natural (spoken and written) language, images, animation or
perhaps video.

Some learning systems may be more effective with intelligent computers working along
with people to offer real-time support and predictive analytics.

People and computers will literally need to educate each other, and the emerging
collaborations and interactions will be unprecedented.

Adapting to new logistics on the job

Supply managers must have the foresight to recognize that employees who fear new
technologies may be resistant to adopting or investing in them. Thus, communication about
job stability as well as training programs can help C-suite personnel integrate new
technologies into employees work functions and assist supply managers in overcoming that
resistance.

In addition, conversations throughout the organization about how new technologies will
increase both employee and organization efficiency and productivity and how that benefits
employees can assist in overcoming employee anxiety.

By helping employees embrace a holistic view of the organization and its evolution,
employees gain a vantage point from which they can review an organizations entire logistics
network. (Comments excerpted from Inside Supply Management)
 Obstacles in Achieving Automated Operations
Operations automation results in higher productivity, reliability, availability, and increased
performance and can reduce operating costs. Moving to lights-out operations yields a good
return on investment.

The benefits of automated systems can be a powerful motive for increasing service to your
end users. However, its not an easy task. There are many pitfalls and many obstacles to
overcome.

People always find excuses not to do something. A recent survey of IT operators asked why
they hadnt automated their systems. Answers ranged from the expected to the uninformed.
The common answers were no money, no time, or no staff. Some sample responses:

We do not have the budget and are not familiar with the automation options available in the
market.
Too little time and numerous issues that we would need to address.
Not necessaryI am in the process of writing my own code.

Of the companies surveyed, 43% have identified and placed operations automation projects
on their calendar. That means that 57% of these companies have not recognized the potential
advantages of automation.

Cost

Generally speaking, the obstacles to operation automation fall into two categories: cost and
people. Two of the most common benefits are availability and reliability. Both of these
factors are convincing arguments to proceed with automation projects, and normally
supersede the need to cost-justify them. However, as projects advance, additional cost factors
come into play. Additional investment in things such as automated tape librarians or
automatic cartridge loaders, additional software, and messaging services may be required.

The companies that implement automated systems early often see positive bottom line results
from their efforts. However, cost savings are not the primary reason to automate computer
operations. The focus should be on improving service to the end users. As the quality of this
service improves with automation software, the costs associated with it also improve.
In-house automation solutions are often successful at first, but the scope is usually too
narrow. Systems often fail because of the maintenance and enhancements required to
maintain and expand the automation process. And, in-house automation solutions are
expensive and typically are low priority in the IT department. This is why most internally
developed automation efforts stall after achieving limited success. Many companies that have
gone down this path eventually turn to off-the-shelf automation software.

People

Some personnel issues have surfaced as automation becomes reality. Many system operators
view automation as a direct threat to their livelihood. Not having a strategy for handling staff
concerns and managing staff participation is one of the easiest ways to fail at implementing
automation. Computer operators who feel their jobs are in jeopardy can always find ways to
defeat the testing, evaluation, and implementation of new automation software. Plus,
operation supervisors see staff reduction as a direct threat to their position and status.

No company wants to have a reputation for firing employees, or to have an environment of

low morale and trepidation. However, some companies are changing so quickly today that
attrition alone is not a viable solution.

The answer is to modify the role of the computer operator. Give your operations personnel
new responsibilities, such as operations analyst, networking technician, or PC administrator.
As the old positions are no longer needed, the new technology gives rise to new and greater
responsibilities. Companies need to realize this and maximize the talent they already have.
 Scope of automation

Automation is changing how we live

Similarly, automation holds the prospect of transforming future society. Even now,
and even in a society like ours, where technology hasnt permeated to every level of
our day-to-day existence as it may have in more industrialised societies, theres been a
sea change in how we work.
Whether its hailing cabs with a tap on your smartphone, or getting your bank account
statements without ever visiting the bank, or ordering food, automation and
computerisation have given us a new way of doing things. But dont let the above
examples fool you into thinking that the benefits of automation accrue only to the
globalised youth. On the other hand, these cut across age, gender, ethnicity and
geographical barriers to make life better for everyone.

New tech has benefited everyone

Just think about how essential government schemes, subsidies and projects are in
many urban and rural parts of our nation. From creating employment, to ensuring
access to proper medical care, to easy redressal of civic complaints, automation is
making all this possible. The government departments are increasingly interlinked,
rural banking has gone hi-tech, and social benefits are directly transferred to those in
need. The credit goes to the vision of our planners and their use of technology.
As these changes build up, the momentum and new technologies become more
affordable and widespread, greater change lies for us. And slowly, well see
automation creep into every aspect of our lives.

Short-term inequality may go up

As said earlier, we cannot dismiss the fear of automation leading to a greater income
inequality as mere scaremongering. It will be sensible to acknowledge it. In the past,
technological improvements have led to job losses in the short term. But the way out
is not to be stuck in the past or to abandon the intrinsic human drive for constant
improvement. It is in fact to prepare for the societal and economic changes that
automation will introduce.
 Logically thinking, this effect shouldnt be restricted to the IT sector. It may also take
place in other sectors too, with varying levels of magnitude. Whether manufacturing,
service or retail, low-skilled positions will certainly be lost as the adoption of new
tech and automation grows. Some sectors and positions can expect to be unaffected
(or face minimal disruption), but others may witness a large shift.
This may lead to a short-term effect on income inequality. At the same time, by being
adequately prepared for these changes, we can ensure that not only peoples lives are
not disrupted, but this new technological revolution propels us towards a prosperous
and equitable society.

New tech creates new opportunities

Automation might take away some jobs, but it will also create many more. As new
technologies are introduced, and we change our way of doing business, new positions
will open up and new skillsets will be in demand. We employers, employees and
policy makers must plan for this on a war footing. India has shown in the past that it
can leap forward into a new era without going through all the intermediate steps youd
expect our mobile and services revolution are ample proof of this.
If we plan this well, we could usher in tremendous growth built around new
technology. It is therefore essential that we focus on new skills that will be relevant in
a highly automated future. As job creators, we have to help our employees pick up
new skills, as employees we have to look towards the future and see if were
adequately prepared, and as policy makers, we have to see whether we have laid the
groundwork for this transformation.

Support jobs will grow as well

Automation might shift the focus on economic growth towards high-skill jobs, but as
income levels rise, new low-skill opportunities will also come up. Retail businesses
will shift online, manufacturing will become reliant on robots, and IT services will
change to a tech-intensive, big-data future. But these changes will also create new
jobs low and medium skilled.

This does not mean we abandon our focus on skills growth or condemn many of our
fellow citizens to a low-income life. We must ensure every citizen gets to look at the
 coming day with confidence that he or she is on the path to a higher income level,
with the attendant higher quality of life. Skilling and education have to be given
adequate attention, no matter what, as they are the best ways of ensuring an equitable,
fair, and prosperous future for every citizen.

Automation in health care

With 33% of people which are more than 60 years old in 2050, Healthcare systems, centred
on the dependent persons, represent an important challenge for the future. Healthcare systems
are very complex to understand and manage. In order to improve their behaviour it is
necessary to study and propose new policies and novel management approaches.

The TC on Automation in Health Care Management (AHM) promotes the application of

theoretical and technological automation approaches in healthcare, communication and
information processing, allocation and management of technical, human and financial
resources.

Automation in education

In a 2016 study on the automation of library systems in schools, Indian researchers Ipsita
Panda, Jhasketa Hota, and Karan Singh, suggest that the education field is already
experiencing, and will continue to feel, the impacts of emerging automation platforms. The
authors argue that, in the current world economy, many education institutions have [already]
automated most of their teaching learning process.[Automation can and should] be used in
education to improve administration efficiency and to enhance teaching and learning.

While automation technologies are becoming a significant and meaningful part of our daily
lives and the impact of automation is even reaching into education systems, much of the
future role of automation in education is still unknown, especially at its starting point:
primary and secondary education.

This level of uncertainty raises some important questions: What changes will automation
bring to these education spheres, and how will the next generation of school-aged children
adapt to the rise and spread of this technology? To answer these questions, well examine
some potential concerns as well as benefits that accompany the implementation of automation
technologies, like RPA, within the realm of education.
 ADVANTAGES OF AUTOMATION : AT WORK

A SOLUTION TO THE LABOR SHORTAGE

Automation mitigates the effects of labor shortages. In the skilled trades, this pro is
especially powerful because we are dealing with a deficit of skilled workers able to
perform the roles required in our factories, plants, and sites.

INCREASED WORKER SAFETY

If your transfer your workforce from active, hands-on positions, to supervisory roles, youve
increased the overall safety. This is a pretty major selling point for automation, with large
organizations likeOSHA that have such a strong say in the skilled trades.

IMPROVED PRODUCT QUALITY, ACCURACY, REPEATABILITY, AND LESS

HUMAN ERROR

Experts argue that when a machine is programmed to perform a repeated task, the accuracy
and repeatability of the work is much greater than work of human hands. The potential
for human error is greatly decreased.

HIGHER VOLUME OF PRODUCTION

Automated equipment is capable of producing much larger production volumes than a

largely human workforce.
 Advantages of automation : in personal life

Time savings

AI will save companies considerable time by doing tasks and collecting data as well as
providing decisions based on that data much faster than human beings can do. It seems quite
possible that AI has the capability of doing so much more than we can on many levels. Its an
exciting time to watch the changes that AI brings.

Personalized medicine

One of the top benefits will be the emergence of personalized medicine. Rather than a one-
size-fits-all approach, doctors will be able to tailor treatment on an individual basis and
prescribe the right treatments and procedures based on your medical history. As far as living
up to hype, yes definitely. Though as with many new technologies its more of a question
of when rather than if.

Improved quality of life

With each wave of technology advancement, the quality of life for the world overall has
increased. With AI, we will have better personalized healthcare, more efficient energy use,
enhanced food production capabilities, improved jobs with less mundane work, and more.
People will lead longer and more high quality lives.

A day when most people no longer have to work

I believe it will be more like the science fiction movies, where we will maintain and work
with the machines that do the work. However, these jobs will come with a level of prestige,
as most people will probably live off a government sponsored socialism system. With AI and
automation replacing so many jobs in the next 20 years, we will have to change social
systems in order to adapt.

Helping struggling communities and nations

While AI is critical for self-driving cars, the military, commerce, AI-driven SEO and gaming,
its poised to make the most human impact in medicine and human behavior. Imagine the UN
leveraging neural networks and deep learning to discover what helps some communities
thrive and others fall behind. Those lessons can then be leveraged into community builders,
city planners, grants and projects.

More Product Variety

Automationwill help drive down costs while increasing the quality of many products. A
population of machines will be able to pick up new recipes for creation much quicker than
their human counterparts. The ability to quickly create new products at scale will create more
product variety for the end user, though the initial new product is a result of human creativity.

A Few Will Be Making the Ethical Choices for Many

Consumers are gaining access to automation, simplifying everyday tasks. This is great.
However, there are ethical and moral questions. Automation is making choices usually
reserved for individuals. Now, a small group of people will be writing the rules behind these
moral and ethical choices. Who are these writers?Automationwill be great but disruptive, and
at times, disruptive in very negative ways.

AutomationWill Drive Productivity But Increase the Income

Technologies such as artificial intelligence, closed loop function and automation everywhere
are becoming more reliable thanks to innovative big data technologies and statistical models.
These increase productivity and reliability by reducing human intervention. However,
lessening the need for human engagement means a reduction of jobs. It will
increase technology-oriented jobs, but will reduce manual job
 EXAMPLES OF AUTOMATION

The Henn-na Restaurant in southern Japan has a buffet-style restaurant with a robot chef. Its
specialty is the okonomiyaki, a savoury Japanese pancake, which the robot flips to order.

According toa recent visitor, the robot "coats a griddle with oil, mixes batter and with two
spatulas nimbly flips the pancakes, before finishing them with mayonnaise and dried green
seaweed. The robot doesn't drop a single pancake.

Its not the first robotic restaurant: over in Singapore, the Rong Heng Seafood Restaurant
uses two robotic waitresses to deliver orders. However, Henn-na goes one step further,
because its the first to use robots to actually cook the food.

A robotic hotel

The restaurant is part of the Robotic Kingdom, itself part of a sprawling theme park, and also
features the worlds first hotel to be primarily staffed by robots.

The Henn-na Hotel claims it has discovered the ultimate in efficiency. Humanoid robots,
which look like humans and are proficient in many languages, take care of check in. Others
deliver luggage to your room, while a huge white robotic arm takes care of storing bags. A
little nightstand robot helps you turn the lights out.
But robots arent the only cutting-edge technology in use at the hotel keys have been
dispensed with in favour of doors that open using facial recognition.

Until recently, guests had to make do with a caf that offered an assortment of vending
machines offering both hot or cold food and drinks.

Robot manufacturining

The auto industry is booming like never before. Already this year over 13 million cars have
rolled off the lines in factories all over the United States. That number doesn't even include
the millions of cars created around the world. How are manufacturers able to keep up with
the demand of car buyers wanted new models every few years? The answer is simple: robot
automation.

Automated robotic systems can be used to perform all kinds of automotive tasks on vehicle
frames, fenders and underbodies, as well as other parts of the vehicle during production.
While changing a line to work on a different car model used to be tedious and slowed
production, automated robots today can be reset without having to be reprogrammed each
time -- without stopping the line, which increases versatility and productivity for
manufacturers.
GOOGLE

For building and investing in robots that will truly change the world. Googles driverless
autonomous cars have logged 500,000 miles to datewithout incident. Last year, it acquired
Boston Dynamics, maker of the walking, running, and jumping robots, as well as Schaft, a
Tokyo-based startup that uses liquid-cooled electronic motors to power five-foot-tall
humanoid automatons. Add to that its recent acquisition of smart appliance maker Nest, and
Google has proven it is more poised than any other company to advance the art of intelligent
machines.

LIQUID ROBOTICS

For using the sun and the sea to power a fleet of ocean observers. Liquid Robotics had
already cornered the market it essentially invented: self-steering robots that patrol the seas,
monitoring everything from vessel traffic to marine life. The Wave Glider SV3, launched last
year, pushes the state of the art in self-guided sensors further. Its the first oceangoing bot to
propel itself using both solar cells and wave energy, with an onboard electric motor that can
fight through currents and weather conditions, and an operational range in the tens of
thousands of miles.
 Automation boon or bane?

Boon Automation

Reduction in production time having a machine that is automated definitely speeds

up the production time since no thinking is needed by the machine, there is better
repeatability, and less human error.
Increase in accuracy and repeatability when an automated machine is programmed
to perform a task over and over again, the accuracy and repeatability compared to an
employee is far greater.
Less human error no one is perfect, and we are all prone to making mistakes. Which
is why a machine that performs repeated tasks is less likely to make mistakes than an
employee.
Less employee costs by adding automated machines to an operation, means less
employees are needed to get the job done. It also indicates less safety issues, which
leads to financial savings. With having less employees, there are numerous costs that
are diminished or reduced such as payroll, benefits, sick days, etcetera.
Increased safety having automated machines means having less employees who
perform tasks that can be dangerous and prone to injury, which can make the work
environment safer.
Higher volume production investing in automated equipment creates a valuable
resource for large production volumes, which in turn, will increase profitability.

Bane Automation

Less versatility by having a machine that can perform a certain task limits to the
flexibility and variety of tasks that an employee could do.
More pollution different types of machines operate using motor which may require
gases or chemicals in order to operate. This can cause an increase in pollution in the
workplace.
Large initial investment automated machines can be one of the most costly
operating costs for a company. With automated machines running anywhere between
thousands and millions of dollars depending on the type and degree of automation.
Increase in unemployment by increasing the amount of automation, there are less
employees required causing high unemployment rates.
 Unpredictable costs there can be several unpredictable costs that may exceed the
actual cost saved by the automation itself. Some of these costs could include research
and development costs of automating a process, preventative maintenance costs, and
the cost of training employees to operate automated machines.

While automation has become a resource for remaining competitive in the manufacturing
industry, there are definitely some factors to be considered in order to be competitive and to
get a return on the investment. Depending on the operations, automation may or may not be a
good fit. If it is a small operation with low production quantities, the initial investment of
purchasing an automated machine would not be economical. On the other hand, if the
operation has a larger facility with many employees on the shop floor two fabricate medium
to large runs, automated machines would be better suited.
 CONCLUSION

A higher quality of life is the real target of all economic activity. Higher incomes, more free
time to devote to family and personal dreams, greater safety (economic and physical) and
greater satisfaction with life these are the factors that have spurred technological innovation
since mankind discovered fire and made the first stone tools.

Today, automation promises to continue this legacy well into the future. Services such as
education and healthcare, which become more affordable and accessible due to the new
systemic improvements introduced by automation, will change how we live from the
wealthiest to the poorest. Greater efficiency across industries will lead to more economic
activity, higher governmental revenue, a more effective social net, and new opportunities that
allow the youth to take responsibility for their future. The time saved on day-to-day tasks will
provide an intangible (and massive) benefit of a happier society. That is the true promise of
automation and it would be unwise to risk this by not planning for a world that is inevitable.
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http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/small/A-
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https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2016/05/27/eleven-ways-automation-
will-change-our-lives/#635d1ba12436
http://www.richardgraves.com/STEM/GTT%20introduction/1%201-4-
A%20WhatIsTechnology.pdf
https://www.jstor.org/stable/3516272?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automation
https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/robot-chef-makes-pancakes-japan-
hennna
SNAP SHOTS