ENGLISH GRAMMAR GUIDE

Connectors show logical relationships between clauses in a sentence, between sentences within a paragraph, or even
between paragraphs. They may convey different ideas such as addition, contrast, concession, time, reason, result, etc.

We bought the food She both dances and They are short of He didnt discuss the Shed never manage to
and they supplied the sings. food. In addition, they matter with her. More- work 8 hours a day as a
drinks. need doctors and medical over, he didnt contact secretary. Besides, she
Shes fluent in French. supplies. her after the meeting. cant type.
Addition/ The place was not only She also speaks a little
Exemplifi- cold, but also damp. In addition to missing Besides being away It is possible to
Italian.
cation his children, Tom misses from home, hes having combine Computer Science
- He not only brought with other subjects, for
She speaks a little his wife. trouble in school, not to
food and drinks, but example/ for instance
Italian too. mention feeling lonely all
he also brought a pile Physics.
Furthermore, they the time.
of presents for the
She speaks a little need water, clothes and
children. Wildflowers such as
Italian as well. toiletries.
orchids and primroses are
becoming very rare.
Is it a boy or a girl? You can have either - You can either come I neither smoke nor
Alternativ tea or coffee. drink.
with me now or walk home.
e
It was raining, but/ Although / Though/ In spite of being one He isnt getting good The job wasnt very
yet/ and yet Ann went out Even though it was of the best students in grades. In spite of this, interesting, but on the
without an umbrella. raining, Ann went out her class, Ann doesnt like he is still trying to other hand it was well
Contrast/ without an umbrella. Maths. improve. paid.
It was raining;
Concession
however, / nevertheless,/ Despite / In spite of In spite of the fact While / Whereas Culture shock is a
nonetheless, / even so, the rain, Ann went out that / Despite the fact some languages have 30 universal experience. Deep
Ann went out without an without an umbrella. that he still has a fever, or more different vowel depression, in contrast, is
umbrella. he has decided to go to sounds, others have 5 or not.
school. less.
 He went to see his
advisor, for/because he was
worried about his grades.
Reason/ Because/ Since/ As he He found it difficult His advisor told him He was feeling much
Result/ was worried about his
grades, he went to see his
Purpose
advisor.
He went to see his
advisor because of his
depression.
Due to / Owing to He was worried about As a result of his He sat down to rest.
the bad weather, the his grades. Accordingly,
match was cancelled. he went to see his advisor.
to concentrate due to that culture shock is
being depressed. universal. He consequently
felt much better about
He was depressed, his depression. As a
so he went to see his result, he decided not to
advisor. go home earlier.
Therefore, he cancelled
his plane reservation.
advice, he realized that
he should be patient. He got up early in
order to have time to
pack.
better now. Thus, he had
no excuse to go home Hes going to leave
earlier. now, so as not to/ in
order not to be late.
Hes stayed there for
six months so that he
could improve his English.

After I left school. I
went to America.
I went to America after
Time/ leaving school.
Sequence Im going to do my
exams and afterwards Im
going to study medicine.
Ill call in and see First, take the
you for a few minutes underground to West-
during the afternoon. minster Station. Then
walk up Parliament Street
He hasnt phoned until/ till you get to
since he went to Berlin. Downing Street. Next go
to number 10. Smile at the
She got a terrible policeman before you ring
cold last month. Since
the bell.
then she has always
carried an umbrella.
When the Prime He soon became
Minister opens the door, depressed and homesick.
hand him this parcel.
Finally, dont wait for an I stay with Monica
answer. whenever I go to London.
As soon as he arrived
at the airport, he took a
taxi and went home.

The advisor told him to
keep busy or else he would
become more depressed.
Condition I asked whether/ if she
had any letters for me.
Ill be back tomorrow
unless theres a plane strike.
His advisor told him In that case, ask the Supposing he is not at He didnt want to go
to get a lot of exercise policeman to deliver the home, what should I do? home early He would
provided/ providing/ if parcel. feel that he had failed.
he could do that without My parents lent me Under such
neglecting his studies. You can stay with us as the money. Otherwise, circumstances, he might
long as/ so long as you I couldnt have afforded even feel worse than he
Ill give you the day share the expenses. the trip. had in America.
off on condition that
you work on Saturday

Sources: Grammar Dimensions 3, Stephen H. Thewlis, H&H; Practical English Usage,

Michael Swan, OUP; Intermediate English Practice , Michael Vince, Heinemann
morning.