KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering (2017) 21(1):346-352 Structural Engineering

Copyright 2017 Korean Society of Civil Engineers

DOI 10.1007/s12205-016-0643-x pISSN 1226-7988, eISSN 1976-3808
www.springer.com/12205
TECHNICAL NOTE

Study on Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Upgrade with SIFCON

in Joint Core Under Reversed Cyclic Loading
S. Balaji* and G. S. Thirugnanam**
Received August 19, 2015/Revised December 31, 2015/Accepted February 23, 2016/Published Online April 15, 2016

Abstract

Beam-column joint is a key component of a Reinforced Concrete (RC) moment resisting frame and should be designed and
detailed properly, particularly when the frame is subjected to earthquake seismic forces. Failure of beam-column joints is governed
by bond and shear failure mechanism which are brittle in nature. Therefore, all international codes insist sufficient anchorage to
longitudinal bars and confinement of core concrete in resisting shear. In this paper, the behavior of exterior RC beam-column joints
with Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous Concrete (SIFCON) in the joint core under reversed cyclic loading is presented. Beam-column joints
made entirely with RC, Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) and SIFCON are also investigated for comparison. A total number of ten
specimens corresponding to five test series are cast and tested under reversed cyclic loading to study the load deformation behavior,
ductility associated parameters, ultimate load carrying capacity and failure characteristics. A nonlinear finite element model is also
developed using FEA software ANSYS to validate the experimental results such as load-deflection response and the corresponding
failure modes. From the test results, it is observed that the ultimate load carrying capacity, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation
capacity are improved to a greater extent for beam-column joints with SIFCON when compared with that of conventional RC beam-
column joints.
Keywords: SIFCON, joint core, beam-column joint, stiffness, ductility, energy dissipation

1. Introduction they normally have high steel ratio in compact geometrical

Beam-column joints in RC moment resisting frames are
typically considered the weakest link in a structural system (Park
and Paulay, 1975). Recent earthquakes have demonstrated that
the failure of beam-column joints may result in the complete
collapse of the structures. This may be due to poor design
practice and limited ductility of the joints. Unsafe design and
detailing within the joint region put at risk on the entire structure,
even if other structural members conform to the design requirements.
In RC buildings, portions of columns that are common to beams
and their intersections are called beam-column joints. Since their
constituent materials have limited strengths, the joints have
limited force carrying capacity (Rajaram et al., 2010). Under
lateral seismic loading, high shear forces are generated in the
joint core of the RC moment resisting frames. If the joint shear
forces are large, diagonal cracking occurs followed by the
crushing of concrete in joint core and there by the joints are
severely damaged (Sharma et al., 2011). Repairing of damaged
joints is a challenging task and least successful one so that
damages must be avoided (Rajagopal and Prabavathy, 2015).
Joints are the challenging regions to study and to build because
dimensions (Haach et al., 2014).
The failure of beam-column joints may also occur due to the
non-ductile performance of reinforced moment resisting frames
(Ghobarah and Said, 2001). The ability of a structure to deform
beyond its elastic range is referred to as ductility. The higher the
ductility factor of a structure, the lower the recommended design
forces for that structure (Wood, 2000). Therefore, it becomes
necessary to develop a more ductile material that can be used in
the beam-column joints so that the seismic behavior of the
structure can be enhanced.
Researchers have indicated that the shear strength of beam-
column joints can be improved with enlarged joint area (Pimanmasa
and Chaimahawan, 2010). Pauletta et al. (2015) has proposed a
new model to determine the shear strength of exterior RC beam-
column joints. Masi et al. (2013) have examined the behavior of
external RC beam-column joints through experimental tests and
numerical simulations. Gonzalez and Moriconi (2014) have
appraised the influence of recycled concrete aggregates on the
behavior of beam-column joints. Saravanan and Kumaran (2011)
investigated the joint shear strength of the exterior beam-column
joints reinforced internally with Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer

*Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai, Erode - 638052, Tamil Nadu, India (Corresponding Author, E-
mail: er.sbalaji@yahoo.co.in)
**Professor and Head, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Institute of Road and Transport Technology, Erode - 638316, Tamil Nadu, India (E-mail: gst_irtt@yahoo.co.in)

346
 Study on Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Upgrade with SIFCON in Joint Core Under Reversed Cyclic Loading

(GFRP). Table 1. Details of Cast Specimens

One of the promising approaches to improve the behavior of S.No Description Designation
beam-column joints is to use fibre reinforced concrete (Shannag 01 RC beam-column joint RC
et al., 2005; Ganesan et al., 2014; Abbas et al., 2014; Campione, 02 FRC beam-column joint FRC
2015). However, the volume fraction of fibres in conventional 03 SIFCON beam-column joint SIFCON
FRC is limited to 2%. This limited volume of fibres will not RC beam-column joint with
04 SF-RC
SIFCON in joint core
improve the strength of the concrete though it increases the
RC beam-column joint with
toughness of concrete. In order to increase the strength of 05
FRC in joint core
FRC-RC
concrete, a higher volume of fibres should be used (Elnono et al.,
2009). Slurry Infiltrated Fibrous Concrete (SIFCON), an exceedingly
improved version of conventional fibre reinforced concrete, is a
unique high performance concrete with its unique properties in
the areas of both strength and ductility. SIFCON is similar to
FRC in the sense that it has discrete interlocking fibres that lend
significant tensile properties to the composite matrix. In two
aspects, however, it is different from normal FRC. In FRC, the
fibre content usually varies from 1% to 3% by volume, whereas
in SIFCON the fibre content varies from 4% to 20% (Josifek and
Lankard, 1987; Sharma et al., 2008). The process of making
SIFCON is also different because of the high fibre content.
SIFCON is cast using a preplacing technique in which steel
Fig. 1. RC beam-column Joints with SIFCON in Joint Core
fibres are placed in the mould to its full capacity and infiltrated
with cement based slurry (Thirugnanam et al., 2001).
Farnam et al., (2010) have reviewed that SIFCON has distinctive
triaxial compression characteristics. Wu et al. (2010) have inferred
that perforated SIFCON block is a pioneering compression
yielding structural material. Abdollahi et al. (2012) have reported
that SIFCON can be used as a confinement for strengthening the
concrete cylinders. Rao et al. (2010) have commended the
behavior of SIFCON slabs under impact loading and evaluated
its performance with conventional RC and FRC slabs. Naaman
(1992) has pinpointed some of the essential properties of
SIFCON like compressive, tensile, bending and shear strength,
ductility, toughness, durability, stiffness and energy dissipation Fig. 2. Reinforcement Details for Beam-column Joints
capacity under monotonic and cyclic loads.
The main objective of the present study is to provide a better
understanding on the behavior of RC beam-column joints with joints. The mix proportion is obtained based on the guidelines
SIFCON in joint core under reverse cyclic loading with respect given in the Indian standard specification (IS:10262, 1982).
to strength, stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capacity. A Fibre reinforced concrete is obtained by simply adding 1.5%
non-linear finite element model is also developed using FEA volume fraction of round crimped steel fibres in the conventional
software ANSYS to validate the experimental results such as concrete. For SIFCON, the fibre volume fraction is kept as 9%.
load-deflection response and the corresponding failure modes. Round crimped fibres are used to cast the specimens. Cement,
Micro-silica, Fly ash and Quartz powder are used for making
2. Experimental Program cement slurry with the mix proportion 1:0.1:0.5:0.5. Water-
binder ratio is about 0.45. Superplasticizer at a dosage of 1.5%
2.1 Materials and Mix Proportion (by weight of cement) is added to increase the flowability of the
A total number of ten specimens corresponding to five test cement based slurry so as to facilitate easy infiltration of cement
series are cast and tested. The details of cast specimens are slurry into the prepacked fibre bed. Initially the fibers are placed
shown in Table 1. Out of ten specimens, two are cast with in the mould to its full capacity and then the cement based slurry
SIFCON in the joint core of the conventional RC beam-column is made to infiltrate in to the mould.
joints (Fig. 1). The specimens are detailed as per the Indian code
IS 13920 (1993) recommendations. The overall dimensions and 2.2 Test Setup and Testing Procedure
the details of reinforcement are shown in the Fig. 2. M30 grade A detailed test setup for forward loading and reverse loading is
concrete is used to cast the conventional RC beam-column shown in Fig. 3. The specimens are tested in column vertical

Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2017 347

 S. Balaji and G. S. Thirugnanam

Fig. 5. Load-deflection Response of RC Specimens with SIFCON

in Joint Core
Fig. 3. Test Setup for Beam-column Joints

position and are centered accurately using a plumb bob to avoid

eccentricity. Mild steel plate is placed on the top of the column
above which 50 T hydraulic jack is fixed. It is used for applying
axial load on the column prior to the application of load on beam,
which in turn avoids the movement of the specimen during
testing. Once the required column axial load level is reached, the
flow valve in the jack is locked to maintain the load till the
specimen fails. A screw jack of 40 T capacity is used to apply the
load at the tip of the beam. The load is increased and decreased Fig. 6. Load-deflection Response Envelopes of Hystersis Curves
up to the specified loading for each load cycle. For forward
cyclic loading, the jack and the proving ring are placed on the top
face of the beam and the dial gauge is placed at the bottom face
of the beam to measure the downward deflection at the free end
of the beam. Whereas for reverse cyclic loading, the jack and the
proving ring are placed at the bottom face of the beam and the
dial gauge is placed on the top face of the beam to measure the
upward deflection at the free end of the beam. The load cycles
are continued till the final failure of the specimen.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Loading and Load Deflection Behaviour
A typical load sequence curve for SIFCON beam-column joint
specimen is shown in Fig. 4. For beam-column joints with
SIFCON in joint core, the maximum load observed is 51 kN in
forward and 48 kN in reverse and the ultimate deflection is
recorded as 31.47 mm. For RC specimen the maximum load
Fig. 4. Typical Load Sequence Curve for SIFCON Beam-column
Joint
Fig. 7. Comparison of Ultimate Load
observed is 39 kN in forward and 36 kN in reverse respectively
and the ultimate deflection is recorded as 24.25 mm. The load-
deflection response of RC beam-column joint with SIFCON in
joint core is shown in Fig. 5. The hysteretic behavior of the load-
deflection curve clearly exhibits the Bauschinger effect which is
clearly observed as pinching in the load-deflection curve. The
load-deflection response envelopes of hysteresis curves for all
the specimens is shown in Fig. 6. The comparison of ultimate
load for various beam-column joints is shown in Fig. 7. The
figure clearly shows the contribution made by the addition of
steel fibres in increasing the ultimate load. The increase in
ultimate load of FRC beam-column joints may be due to the
effect of fibre bridging action. While the micro-cracks develop
in the matrix, fibres intercept the cracks and prevent them from
propagating in the same direction. Hence the cracks have to take
a deviated path, which requires more energy for further propagation,
thus resulting in higher load carrying capacity (Ganesan et al.,
2007). The increase in ultimate load of SIFCON beam-column

348 KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering

 Study on Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Upgrade with SIFCON in Joint Core Under Reversed Cyclic Loading
Fig. 8. Variation of Stiffness Degradation with Load Cycles
joints may be due to the effect of fibre interlock. The fibres in
SIFCON are subjected to mechanical interlock in addition to the
usual bond with the matrix. The cement matrix in SIFCON helps
in transferring the forces between fibres and acts as a medium to
keep the fibres interlocked.
3.2 Stiffness Characteristics
The slope of the tangent drawn at 75% of the maximum load in
each cycle is measured as stiffness for that load cycle (Balaji and
Thirugnanam, 2014). It is observed that there is a general
degradation in the stiffness of all the specimens with an increase
in the load cycles. Cracks have been developed sequentially
causing degradation in stiffness with respect to the load cycles.
The variation of stiffness degradation with load cycles is shown
in Fig. 8.
3.3 Ductility Characteristics
The ductility factor is the ratio of maximum deflection at any
load level to the first yield deflection. The first yield deflection is
obtained from the cyclic load-deflection diagram, assuming bi-
linear behavior. This is an important parameter to be considered
for an earthquake resistant structure, as it gives information
regarding overall ductility of the structure. The variation of
ductility factor with load cycles is shown in Fig. 9. The addition
of steel fibers increases the load carrying capacity and
consequently the peak load and the corresponding deflection also
increases. This indicated that the deformation capacity (i.e.
ductility) of the beam-column joint increases with the addition of
steel fibers.
Fig. 9. Variation of Cumulative Ductility Factor with Load Cycles
Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2017
Fig. 10. Variation of Cumulative Energy Dissipation Capacity with
Load Cycles
3.4 Energy Dissipation Capacity
The area under the load deflection curve represents the energy
dissipation capacity of the specimen. The variation of cumulative
energy dissipation capacity with load cycles is shown in Fig. 10.
It can be observed that the beam-column joints with steel fibers
has not only carried higher loads, but also attained greater
deflections till ultimate stage. This may be due to the incorporation
of high volume fraction of fibers which lead to crack arresting
and crack bridge mechanism in the matrix. As a result, the
energy dissipation capacity of beam-column joints with SIFCON
in joint core is found to be high compared with conventional
beam-column joints.
3.5 Behavior and Mode of Failure
SIFCON beam-column joints and RC beam-column joints
with SIFCON in joint core suffer less damage compared to
conventional RC and FRC specimens. This is mainly due to the
presence of fibres, which interlock the cracks by bridging the
gap. Further, the formation of cracks does not take place at the
early stages of loading as in the case of conventional RC and
FRC specimens. Initially, the cracks are formed only at the
Fig. 11. Failure Patterns of Tested Specimens
349
 S. Balaji and G. S. Thirugnanam
junction of the SIFCON and concrete interface. However, further
increase in the load results in the formation of numerous cracks.
For all specimens, the failure has occurred in the beam portion of
the beam-column joint as shown in Fig. 11. SIFCON beam-
column joints and specimens with SIFCON in joint core have
withstood a number of load cycles before the final collapse
thereby exhibiting good ductile behavior.
4. Numerical Analysis
A non-linear finite element analysis has been carried out using
ANSYS 12 software. The load-deflection response and the
corresponding failure modes are predicted for conventional RC
beam-column joints and RC beam-column joints with SIFCON
in joint core.
4.1 Modeling and Meshing
Solid65 element is used to model the concrete. Link8 element
is used to model the steel reinforcement. The uniaxial stress-
strain curve suggested by Wolanski (2004) is used to model the
non-linear behavior of concrete. The beam and column portions
are created as separate volumes and are then combined as a
single unit. Steel reinforcements are created (using Link8
elements) through the nodes obtained by the meshing of concrete
volumes. The steel reinforcements are modeled using a discrete
modeling approach in concrete. Equal meshing results in
increased number of elements which require more run time and
memory capacity for analysis. In the present study, therefore, an
unequal meshing is done to increase the efficiency of the model.
The parameters such as spacing ratio and the number of elements
required along a particular dimension are used to create the
unequal meshing (Saravanan and Kumaran, 2011).
4.2 Loading and Boundary Conditions
The model should have proper constrains to get a unique
solution. The support condition for the beam-column joint model
is shown in Fig. 12. The load is applied on the beam at a distance
of 420 mm from the face of the column. Since the beam is
meshed with 5 nodes across its cross section, the total load is
distributed equally among these nodes. The loading condition
adopted for the model is shown in Fig. 13.
Fig. 12. Support Condition Adopted for the Model
350
Fig. 13. Loading Condition Adopted for the Model
Wolanski (2004) has included steel cushion at the loading
points in order to avoid stress concentration at that point.
However, Vasudevan and Kothandaraman (2011) have suggested
that the use of steel cushion at the loading point is not required
for predicting the general load-deflection behavior. Hence in this
investigation, the models are analyzed without steel cushion at
the loading points.
4.3 Analysis
A non-linear static analysis is done for the study. The Newton-
Raphson method of analysis is adopted to compute the non-linear
response of the beam-column joint model. The convergence criteria
followed by Wolanski (2004) are adopted for this numerical
investigation.
4.4 Load Deflection Behavior
The load-deflection response from numerical investigation is
shown in Fig. 14. The ultimate load carried by the model is taken
as the load at which the solution could not converge and the
analysis is terminated. The ultimate load carrying capacity of
conventional and SIFCON in joint core specimens are found to
be 38.5 kN and 49 kN respectively. In general, it is observed that
the predicted load-deflection response of the conventional RC
beam-column joints and RC beam-column joints with SIFCON
in joint core agrees well with the experimental values.
4.5 Behavior and Failure Pattern
The formation and propagation of cracks (shown in Fig. 15)
predicted from the numerical analysis are similar to the one
observed in the experimental investigation. The failure mechanism
Fig. 14. Load-deflection Response from Numerical Investigation
KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering
 Study on Exterior RC Beam-Column Joints Upgrade with SIFCON in Joint Core Under Reversed Cyclic Loading
Fig. 15. Crack Pattern of SF-RC Beam-column Joint
Fig. 16. Failure Mechanism of SF-RC Beam-column Joint
of the beam-column joint specimen with SIFCON in joint core is
shown in Fig. 16. From the figure, it can be observed that the
predicted failure pattern of the specimen compares well with the
experimental results.
5. Conclusions
1. The use of fibrous concrete in conventional RC beam-col-
umn joints results in a significant improvement in first crack
load. This is mainly due to the presence of fibres, which
interlock the cracks by bridging the gap.
2. Although the increase in load carrying capacity of RC beam-
column joints with SIFCON in joint core is marginal when
compared to FRC beam-column joints, the ductility and
energy dissipation capacity is found to be reasonably high
when compared to FRC beam-column joints.
3. Multiple cracking mechanism of SIFCON is clearly exhib-
ited in the load-deflection response and there-by SIFCON
beam-column joints demonstrate higher ductility and energy
absorption capacity.
4. If SIFCON is limited only to the joint core, the ductility is
found to be reduced to 50% than that of a full SIFCON
beam-column joints.
5. SIFCON beam-column joints and RC beam-column joints
with SIFCON in joint core suffer less damage compared to
conventional RC and FRC specimens.
6. The predicted load deflection curve from numerical model-
ing seems to be close to the experimental result.
7. The influence of steel fibers in importing the seismic perfor-
Vol. 21, No. 1 / January 2017
mance of the structure under cyclic loading is clearly exhib-
ited from the results of the above experimental investigation.
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