IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
1. A. Pseudomonas
2. C.Varmus & bishop
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an
oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. J.
Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus demonstrated that
oncogenes were defective proto-oncogenes, found in many
organisms including humans.
3.B. Non receptor tyrosine kinase
Three major classes of non-receptor tyrosine kinases have
been identified: Src, Abl and Jak.
4.B. Inactivation ras
Ras is a G protein (specifically a small GTPase): a regulatory
GTP hydrolase that cycles between two conformations an
activated or inactivated form, respectively RAS-GTP and
RAS-GDP. It is activated by guanine exchange factors
(GEFs, eg. CDC25, SOS1 and SOS2, SDC25 in yeast),
which are themselves activated by mitogenic signals and
through feedback from Ras itself. A GEF usually heightens
the dissociation rate of the nucleotide while not changing
the association rate (effectively lower the affinity of the
nucleotide) thereby promoting its exchange. The cellular
concentration of GTP is much higher than that of GDP so the
exchange is usually GDP vs. GTP.
It is inactivated by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs, the
most frequently cited one being RasGAP), which increase the
rate of GTP hydrolysis, returning RAS to its GDP-bound
form, simultaneously releasing an inorganic phosphate
5.B. Thymus
6. D. Liver
Ito cells, also known as hepatic stellate cells or fat-storing
cells, are pericytes found in the perisinusoidal space (a small
area between the sinusoids and hepatocytes) of the liver
7. A. C2, C4 and C3 decreased
8. D. Cardiogenic shock
9.C. Lymphocyte
10. C. Haemophilus
Removal of the spleen is associated with an increased risk of
infections, more vulnerably Haemophilus influenzae type b
(Hib) other risk of infections are , meningococcal and
Escherichia coli infection. In particular, there is a risk of fatal
pneumococcal pneumonia 2.5 per cent of patients die of
pneumococcal pneumonia within five years of spleen
removal. Because of this, patients with splenectomies are
often advised to have a pneumococcal vaccine (with
revaccination every six years) as well as long term antibiotic
treatment
11. C. Superficial thrombophlebitis
12.C. Osteitis deformans
13. C.t (14;18)
14.A. Edema of alveolar walls and heart failure cells
15.C. Cytoskeleton
Neurofibromin 2 (NF2) is a cytoskeletal protein. In humans,
it is a tumor suppressor protein involved in
Neurofibromatosis type II.
Cytogenetic Location: 22q12.2
Molecular Location on chromosome 22: base pairs
28,329,564 to 28,424,586
16. D. Pleiotropism
Converse is genetic heterozygocity: Multiple mutation with
same trait.
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17. C. Anti SSA
18. A. Alpha-methyldopa
An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and
peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is
as an antihypertensive agent.
Methotrexate, alpha methyldopa, amiodarone can induce
liver diseases and even cirrhosis
19.D. Hepatitis B
20.C. Popliteal vein
Generally, most aneurysms of the venous system are
probably congenital and rarely have clinical significance.
Popliteal aneurysms are an exception of this rule and are
known to be a source of recurrent pulmonary emboli
21.A. Interstitial fatty infiltration
22.C. Gingivostomatitis
Gingivostomatitis is similar to cold sores which are caused
by the Herpes Simplex Virus 1. It is a combination of
gingivitis and stomatitis. Gingivostomatitis is caused by the
primary infection of the virus,
HSV1 is associated mainly with orofacial disease.
23. D.WT
24. A. Amyloidosis
Amyloid deposits can be identified histologically by Congo
red staining and viewing under polarized light where amyloid
deposits produce a distinctive 'apple green birefringence'.
25.C. p73
In 1997 with the discovery of the p73 gene, dubbed the "Big
Brother" of p53. Located on 1p36, this gene encodes a
protein similar to the p53 protein, its talents including cell
cycle arrest and apoptosis. Deletions of the gene locus for
p73 are common in a variety of tumors, including
neuroblastoma and colon and breast cancers.
26. A. Lipochrome
A term sometimes used to designate the wear-and-tear
pigments, e.g., lipofuscin, haemofuscin, ceroid. More
precisely, lipochrome's are yellow pigments that seem to be
identical to carotene and xanthophyll and are frequently
found in the serum, skin, adrenal cortex, corpus luteum, and
arteriosclerotic plaques, as well as in the liver, spleen, and
adipose tissue; lipochrome's do not stain with the ordinary
dyes for fat.
27. D. Cancer giant cell
In the cancer giant cell, the nucleus is hyperchromatic and is
very large in relation to the cell.
28. A. Carcinoid tumor
Definitive diagnosis of carcinoid tumors is based on
histologic features, immunostaining for secretory products
such as chromogranin, and ultrastructural identification of
neuroendocrine secretory
granules.
29.A. Carcinogenesis
Low dose radiationinduced cancer in humans
30. C. Fernandez reaction is read in 24/48 hours
The lepromin test is useful in determining the extent of host
immune reactivity to Mycobacterium leprae.
0.1 ml of lepromin, prepared from a crude extract of
1
IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
organisms, is injected intradermally. The reaction is read at
24/48 hours (Fernandez) or at 3 to 4 weeks (Mitsuda).
31. B. Staphylococcal food poisoning
Staphylococcal food poisoning is a gastrointestinal illness. It
is caused by eating foods contaminated with toxins produced
by Staphylococcus aureus As the germ multiplies in food, it
produces toxins that can cause illness. Staphylococcal toxins
are resistant to heat and cannot be destroyed by cooking.
Antibiotics are not useful in treating this illness. The toxin is
not affected by antibiotics. Patients with this illness are not
contagious. Toxins are not transmitted from one person to
another.
32. B. Candida albicans
Candida albicans is a diploid fungus (a form of yeast), which
is capable of mating but not of meiosis, and a causal agent of
opportunistic oral and genital infections in humans. Systemic
fungal infections (fungemias) have emerged as important
causes of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised
patients (e.g., AIDS, cancer chemotherapy, organ or bone
marrow transplantation).
33.C. Stromal proliferation
34.A. Interferon
35.A. Niemann-pick disease
Palisaded lamellar structure of lysosome, seen in electron
microscopy. Also seen in mucopolysaccharidoses.
36.C. Contamination of trauma or surgical site with
endogenous organisms
Actinomycosis may be seen in the tonsils, tongue, cheek or
lips where it is usually implanted by trauma. The organisms
that cause Actinomycosis are members of the families
Actinomycetaceae, Streptomycetaceae, and Actinoplanaceae.
The organisms are gram-positive, branching, nonspore-
forming bacilli. They are anaerobic or microaerophilic. They
are very difficult to grow in culture, and the culture-recovery
rate from active infection is only approximately 30%. The
organisms responsible for infection in man are thought to be
Actinomyces israelii, naeslundii, viscosus, and odontolyticus;
of these israelii is most common. Actinomyces bovis has not
been isolated in man, and is felt to be the organism
responsible for "lumpy jaw" in cattle.
37. C. Thromboembolism
38.C. Fragile x syndrome
Fragile X syndrome (also called Fragile X) is the most
common inherited form of mental retardation.It is a genetic
disorder caused by mutation of the FMR1 gene on the X
chromosome. Mutation at that site is found in 1 out of about
every 2000 males and 1 out of about every 259 females.
(Incidence of the disease itself is about 1 in every 4000
females.)Normally, the FMR1 gene contains between 6 and
55 repeats of the CGG codon (trinucleotide repeats). In
people with the fragile X syndrome, the FMR1 allele has
over 230 repeats of this codon
39. D. Type IV
Reversal reactions are a shift toward the tuberculoid pole
after the start of therapy, and they are type IV cell-mediated
allergic hypersensitivities.
40.D. Changes in amount of fluid
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The first category, alterations in normal blood flow, refers to
several situations. These include turbulence, stasis, mitral
stenosis, and varicose veins. The second category, injuries
and/or trauma to endothelium includes damage to the veins
arising from shear stress, hypertension. The last category,
alterations in the constitution of blood, has numerous
possible risk factors such as hyperviscosity, deficiency of
antithrombin III, nephrotic syndrome, changes after severe
trauma or burn, disseminated cancer, late pregnancy and
delivery, race, age, whether the patient is a smoker, and
obesity. All of these risk factors cause the situation called
hypercoagulability.
41.D. Mucous patches
42.B. Type II hypersensitivity reaction
Goodpastures syndrome (also known as Goodpastures
disease and anti-glomerular basement membrane disease)
is a rare condition characterised by rapid destruction of the
kidneys and haemorrhaging of the lungs. Although many
diseases can present with these symptoms, the name
Goodpastures syndrome is usually reserved for the
autoimmune disease produced when the patients immune
system attacks cells presenting the Goodpasture antigen (a
type II hypersensitivity reaction), which are found in the
kidney and lung, causing damage to these organs.
43. D.GP 120
44.B. Promyelocytic AML
DIC is a thrombotic disorder initiated by overwhelming
stimulation of the clotting system. In acute DIC, coagulation
is stimulated within the blood vessels at multiple locations
throughout the body
45. A. Aspergillosis
The diagnosis of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
(ABPA) usually is based on the presence of asthma,
peripheral blood eosinophilia, markedly elevated IgE levels,
immediate skin test reactivity to Aspergillus antigen, and
precipitating antibodies to Aspergillus species in the serum
46.B. CCR5, CXCR4
They are called as co-receptors and required for binding of
gp120 with CD4 receptors.
47. D. Intracytoplasmic microorganisms in the RE system
48.C. Cartilage
49. A. Bronchogenic carcinoma
50. C. Because of the great number of WBCs infections
are uncommon
Although WBC count is increased, they are functionally
abnormal, so infections are common.
51. A. Nuclear atypia
52.C. Neuroblastoma
Neuroblastoma is one of the rare human malignancies known
to demonstrate spontaneous regression from an
undifferentiated state to a completely benign cellular
appearance
53.C. Repletion of glycogen stores
54.A. Hamartoma
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IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
55.D. Type-IV
Type IV reaction induces granuloma formation
56.B. RER aggregate
Dhle bodies are light blue-gray, oval, basophilic, leukocyte
inclusions located in the peripheral cytoplasm of neutrophils.
They measure 1-3 m in diameter. Not much is known about
their formation, but are thought to be remnants of the RER-
rough endoplasmic reticulum.
57.B. Rapidly developing tuberculosis
Galloping consumption term refers to tuberculosis, or some
virulent strain of TB. Consumption was a common word for
tuberculosis many years ago (consuming the lung tissue).
Galloping refers to the speed at which the disease
progresses.
58.D. Emphysema
Direct causes of left-sided failure include the
following:Rheumatic heart disease,Chronic blockages of the
heart arteries ,Hypertension ,Aortic stenosis
59. A. Seen in papillary carcinoma of thyroid
Psammoma bodies are commonly seen in certain tumors such
as:
papillary thyroid carcinoma,papillary renal cell
carcinoma,serous papillary ovarian adenocarcinoma
(cystadenocarcinoma),endometrial
adenocarcinomas(Papillary serous carcinoma ~3%-4%)
meningioma,mesothelioma
60.A. Venules
61.C. Histoplasmosis
The histopathological picture in acute disseminated
histoplasmosis is different from that seen in the more chronic
disease, and in solitary pulmonary nodules ("coin lesion"). In
the first entity, the organisms are localized in histiocytes and
reticuloendothelial cells. The cells enlarge, but with no
evidence of inflammation. The intracellular budding yeasts
are approximately 3 m in diameter, similar to Leishmania
sp., but do not contain a kinetoplast. In addition, Leishmania
does not stain with the special stains used for fungi. Older
lesions show well-developed granulomata and have a central
area of caseation resembling tuberculosis. The solitary
pulmonary nodules are well organized and usually have a
circumferential rim of calcification accounting for their
visibility on chest X-ray. Fungi within these nodules are
usually dead. Histoplasma capsulatum yeast are found in the
center of the lesions.
62.D. Are arranged around the periphery
63. C. Mesangial deposits
Bergers disease or primary IgA nephropathy,
glomerulonephritis with IgA and IgG deposits and IgA .
Extensive mesangial IgA deposits (the characteristic
pathologic feature of Berger disease), may also occur in a
variety of multisystem, neoplastic and infectious diseases
mesangial nephropathy
64.B. Non-caseating granuloma
Hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary symptoms and skin
nodules and Non-caseating granulomas in skin biopsy are
features of Sarcoidosis. Caseating granulomas produced by
other diseases, especially tuberculosis
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65.B. BRCA 1 gene
A breast cancer (BRCA) gene test is a blood test to check for
specific changes (mutations) in genes that help control
normal cell growth. Finding changes in these genes, called
BRCA1 and BRCA2, can help determine your chance of
developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer. A BRCA gene
test does not test for cancer itself. This test is only done for
people with a strong family history of breast cancer or
ovarian cancer, and sometimes for those who already have
one of these diseases
66. D. Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative Necrosis is a type of accidental cell death
typically caused by ischemia or infarction.
It is characterised by the 'ghostly' appearance of cells under
light microscopy in the affected area of tissue. Like most
types of necrosis if enough labile cells are present around the
affected area regeneration can occur
67. B. Urinary retention
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) also known as
nodular hyperplasia, benign prostatic hypertrophy or
benign enlargement of the prostate (BEP) refers to the
increase in size of the prostate. To be accurate, the process is
one of hyperplasia rather than hypertrophy, but the
nomenclature is often interchangeable, even amongst
urologists. It is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic
stromal and epithelial cells, resulting in the formation of
large, fairly discrete nodules in the periurethral region of the
prostate. When sufficiently large, the nodules compress the
urethral canal to cause partial, or sometimes virtually
complete, obstruction of the urethra which interferes the
normal flow of urine. It leads to symptoms of urinary
hesitancy, frequent urination, increased risk of urinary tract
infections and urinary retention
68. A. St. Louis encephalitis
St. Louis encephalitis is a serious viral disease that is spread
by infected mosquitoes
69. B. Multiple myeloma
Multiple myeloma is an example for primary amyloidosis
Secondary amyloidosis (AA) develops along with a chronic
infectious or inflammatory disease, such as
tuberculosis,osteomyelitis or rheumatoid arthritis. People
with multiple myeloma(feature of primary amyloidosis) are
at increased risk for developing secondary amyloidosis
70.C. Budding ends of capillaries
71.A. Carcinoma
72. C. CREST syndrome
A subset of patients with scleroderma, a systemic
autoimmune disorder that causes fibrosis, can have several
associated conditions and symptoms that are collectively
known as CREST syndrome A subset of patients with
scleroderma, a systemic autoimmune disorder that causes
fibrosis, can have several associated conditions and
symptoms that are collectively known as CREST syndrome
Lab changes in CREST syndrome are similar to those seen in
patients with limited cutaneous scleroderma. The ANA test is
positive, showing a pattern of anticentromere antibodies.
73.D. Nephrosclerosis
Benign nephrosclerosis may naturally occur with age as a
result of years of mild high blood pressure (chronic
hypertension). Malignant nephrosclerosis is caused by severe
3
IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
high blood pressure that is not controlled. It can also be
caused by conditions such as chronic kidney failure,
glomerulonephritis, renal vasculitis, and renal vascular
hypertension
74.A. Adenoma
75. C. Typhoid
76. C. Both commonly occur in the oral cavity
basal cell carcinoma occur on skin
77. D. Detachment of ribosome from PER
78.B. Megalo blastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia is an anemia (of macrocytic
classification) which results from inhibition of DNA
synthesis in red blood cell production. It is often due to
deficiency of vitamin B12 and/or folic acid. It can be the
result of a lack of intrinsic factor (which lack interferes with
B12 absorption), causing pernicious anemia, or with other
antimetabolites which poison DNA production, such as
chemotherapeutic agents.
It is characterized by many large immature and dysfunctional
red blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow, and also
by hypersegmented or multisegmented neutrophils.
79. C. 11 and 13
80. B. Lung
Leukocyte extravasation occurs mainly in post-capillary
venules, where haemodynamic shear forces are minimized.
81. C. Lower specific gravity
82. D. Necrotic focus
83. A. Poisonous products from saprophytes, in blood
Blood poisoning caused by putrefactive bacteria or
Septicemia caused by a saprophytic organism; results from
eating putrified matter.
84. A. CD2
85. A. Hepatocytes
Labile cells are dividing all the time--always in the cell cycle.
Examples include cells in the digestive tract, skin, respiratory
tract, and stem cells in the bone marrow producing blood
cells.
86.D. Cicatrization and healing
87. B. Lipochrome
Lipochrome, aging pigment, derived from lipid peroxidation,
mainly seen in heart.
88. B. Langerhans cells
Langerhans' cells are dendritic cells abundant in epidermis,
containing large granules called Birbeck granules. They are
normally present in lymph nodes, and can be found in other
organs in the condition Histiocytosis.
89. D. All nucleated cells
90. C. Fever
Fever is one of the minor diagnostic criteria
Major diagnostic criteria-
Carditis,Polyarthritis,Chorea,Subcutaneous
nodules,Erythema marginatum
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Minor diagnostic criteria-Fever,Arthralgia,Prolonged PR
interval on electrocardiogram
Elevated acute-phase reactants (APRs), which are erythrocyte
sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein
91. C. Replacement of columnar cells by stratified
squamous epithelium
92. A. < 1012
Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content
and a specific gravity <1012. It has low nucleated cell counts
(less than 500 to 1000 /microlit) and the primary cell types
are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and
mesothelia cells.
93. A. Adult T-cell leukemia
94. C. 2:1
95.B. Superoxide dismutase
Superoxide dismutase
1.Reduces ishemia reperfusion injury
2. Protects against ishemic brain injury
3. Helps heal corneal ulcers
4. Reduces brain swelling after traumatic brain injury
5. Protects organs following burn injury
6. Speeds healing following burn injury
96. A. Carcinoma of the prostate gland
97.B. Defective phagocytosis
98. B. Macrophage
Anitschkow (or Anichkov cells are cells associated with, and
pathognomonic for, rheumatic heart disease.They are also
called caterpillar cells, as these cells have a large amount of
clear cytoplasm surrounding a rod-shaped nucleus that to
some resembles a caterpillar. Anitschkow cells are enlarged
macrophages found within granulomas (called Aschoff
bodies) associated with the disease. Larger Anitschkow cells
may coalesce to form multinucleated Aschoff giant
cells.Anitschkow cells were named after the Russian
pathologist Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Anitschkow
99. A. Measles
Multinucleated giant cells seen in the lymphoid tissues of
patients with measles.
100. D. ITP
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is the
condition of having a low platelet count (thrombocytopenia)
of no known cause (idiopathic). As most causes appear to be
related to antibodies against platelets, it is also known as
immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Although most cases
are asymptomatic, very low platelet counts can lead to a
bleeding diathesis and purpura. Bleeding time is prolonged
in ITP patients
101. A. Fibroblasts
102. B. 2 integrins
103. B. Sex linked recessive
104. A.Involves the death of large contiguous areas of
cells
Can involve single cells or clusters of cells.
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IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
105. A. Well differentiated
106.B. Brain
Autopsy studies have found lung cancer metastases in
virtually every organ system. Metastatic disease is found at
autopsy in over 50% of patients with epidermoid carcinoma,
80% of patients with adeno and large cell carcinoma and over
95% of patients with small cell cancer. Commonly
bronchogenic carcinoma metastasizes to brain with
neurologic deficits.
107.B. Invasive form develops in individuals with severe
impaired resistance
Invasive aspergillosis normally only occurs in severely
immune-compromised patients and has a high mortality rate
(25-90%). Invasive disease is most commonly seen in the
lungs, which is called pulmonary aspergillosis, but although
less common, dissemination of aspergillus to other tissues
including the central nervous system, sinuses, bone, heart,
kidney, eye, blood and skin have been reported disease
108. B. Micro vascular occlusion
Diffuse cerebral edema was the most common abnormality
seen in patients with cerebral malaria.
Cerebral edema is believed to be both vasogenic and
cytotoxic in origin. The cause of edema probably is an
increase in the intracerebral blood volume, which results
from sequestration of the parasitized erythrocytes and
compensatory vasodilatation, damage to cerebral capillary
endothelium, and cerebral microvascular occlusion
109. D. CPD A
Citrate-phosphate-dextrose-adenine; an anticoagulant used in
blood collection bags.
110.A. Lung
Lungs are the common sites for hydrated cysts but the
hydatid cyst in lungs never calcifies.
111. C. Microscopic polyangitis
112. D. Asbestosis
113. A. Hamartoma
A hamartoma is a focal malformation that resembles a
neoplasm in the tissue of its origin. This is not a malignant
tumor, and it grows at the same rate as the surrounding
tissues
114.C. Pseudomonas
Ecthyma gangrenosum is an infection of the skin typically
caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa that is a round or oval 1-
to 15-cm lesion with a halo of erythema and usually with a
necrotic center representing where the organism has invaded
blood vessels and produced hemorrhagic infarctions.
115. A. Clonal selection
116. C. white blood cells migration
The blood vessels are lined with the endothelium, a layer of
cells that tends to protect blood cell migration outside of the
cells. However, injury or trauma can cause white blood cells
to migrate across the endothelium. This process is called
diapedesis.
117. D. Acute liver failure
118. C. Autoimmune diseases are usually associated with
DR
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119. D. Hyperparathyroidism
The most frequent complication of hyperparathyroidism is
nephrolithiasis, which occurs in about 20% of patients .
Renal effects of the disease also include decreased
glomerular filtration rate. Hypercalciuria (>300 mg daily
calcium excretion) is observed in a significant subset (up to
30%) of patients.
120. C. Basophills
121. A. Legionella
Pontiac fever, an influenza-like illness characterized by fever,
headache, and muscle pain, represents a milder form of
Legionella infection
122. C.Macrophage
123. A. Staph. aureus
124. A. Large mononuclear phagocytes
125. D. Coralline thrombus
126. A. Neutofibromatosis
127.B. Ingestion of alcohol
Pain in involved lymph nodes immediately after the ingestion
of alcohol is a curious complaint that is nearly specific to
Hodgkins Disease
128. A. Urease
Helicobacter is a spiral shaped organism with flagella. It has
a potent multisubunit urease enzyme that enables it to survive
in acidic pH conditions and colonize the gastric environment
. H. pylori utilizes the enzyme urease to convert urea into
bicarbonate and ammonia to combat the low acidity of the
stomach. The mixing of the two extreme pH levels creates a
neutralized protective cloud around the H. pylori, allowing it
to survive in the stomach
129. C. Arch of the aorta
130.B. Dust from vegetable matter
Phytopneumoconiosis: A chronic fibrous reaction in the
lungs due to the inhalation of dust particles of vegetable
origin.
131.C. Microthrombi in arteriole
132.B. Prostate carcinoma with bone metastasis
133. C. Monckebergs sclerosis
Monckeberg's sclerosis is a disease of unknown aetiology
characterised by dystrophic calcification of the media of
arteries. This condition is usually seen in the major lower
limb arteries of elderly patients, and may also be seen in the
head, neck and pelvis, especially the uterine arteries. Stenosis
and atheroma may occur but the lumen usually remains
patent, leading to "pipe-stem" rigidity.
134. C. Cervical cancer
Both are squamous cell carcinoma and both start with
Carcinoma in situ
135. A. Patchy, inflammatory distribution
Pathology of bronchopneumonia Patchy distribution in and
around small airways,Dense acute inflammatory exudate of
PMNs, fibrin and blood in bronchi, bronchioles and adjacent
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IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
alveoli,FOCAL destruction of alveolar walls (you can see
normal parenchyma in other areas adjacent)
136. B. Coagulative necrosis
Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in hypoxic
environments (e.g. myocardial infarction, infarct of the
spleen). Cell outlines remain after cell death and can be
observed by light microscopy.It is characterizes by it its
tombstone form
137. D. Each of the above
Polycythemia is an acquired disorder of the bone marrow
that causes the overproduction of white blood cells, red blood
cells, and platelets.
138.C. Curling ulcer
Curling's ulcer is an acute peptic ulcer of the duodenum
resulting as a complication from severe burns when reduced
plasma volume leads to sloughing of the gastric mucosa. The
condition was first described in 1823 and named for a doctor,
Thomas Blizard Curling, who observed ten such patients in
1842.
139. C. Nuclear bindings protein
140. B. Basement membrane
141. D. Typhoid
142. D. Mucormycosis
Mucormycosis (also known as zygomycosis or
phycomycosis) is a serious infection of fungi, usually
affecting the face or oropharyngeal cavity. Occasionally,
when caused by Pythium or other similar fungi, the condition
may affect the gastrointestinal tract or the skin. It usually
begins in the nose and paranasal sinuses and is one of the
most rapidly spreading fungal infections in humans. The
most common fungi responsible for mucormycosis in humans
are Mucor and Rhizopus. It usually affects patients who are
immunocompromised. Some 50-75% of patients diagnosed
with mucormycosis are estimated to have underlying poorly
controlled diabetes mellitus and ketoacidosis.
143. A. Secreted by platelets
Thromboxane A2 is generated from prostaglandin H2 by
thromboxane-A synthase. It is also a major component of
blood clots. Aspirin irriversibly inhibits platelet
cyclooxygenase preventing the formation of prostaglandin
H2.
144. B. Forms surface pellicle
145.B. Left anterior descending artery
left anterior descending coronary artery, implicated in about
50% of cases of artherosclerosis thats why it is also known
as widows artery.
146. A. Elevated serum lipase
Serum Lipase is elevated with amylase in acute pancreatitis,
but the elevation of lipase is more prolonged
147. D. Upper respiratory infections due to hemolytic
streptococci
148. D. Media of Monckebergs degeneration
149. A. VWF
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Von Willebrand factor is not an enzyme and therefore has no
catalytic activity. Its primary function is binding to other
proteins, particularly Factor VIII and it is important in
platelet adhesion to wound sites.
150. A. Cause only small lesions where they enter the
body
151.A. Decrease basophilia
A feature of cells undergoing necrosis, or cell death caused
by irreversible cell damage. The sequential descriptive order
of events: Pyknosis, Karyorrhexis, Karyolysis.
Pyknosis: CONDENSATION of nuclear chromatin.
Basophilia increases, cell shrinks.
Karyorrhexis: FRAGMENTATION of nuclear chromatin.
Karyolysis: LYSIS via DNAase activity. Basophilia
decreases.
152. C. Impair collagen formation
153. D. Rhabdomyoma
A rhabdomyoma is a benign tumor of striated muscle.
Cardiac rhabdomyomas occur most frequently in infants and
young children and have an association with tuberous
sclerosis.
It is most commonly associated with the tongue and heart,
but can also occur in other locations.
The malignant form of rhabdomyoma is called
rhabdomyosarcoma.
154. A. Endothelial injury
155. C. Lipofuschin
156.C. Tongue
157. B. Breast carcinoma
158.D. All of the above
159. A. Respiratory tract
Psittacosis is an infectious disease in humans that has mild,
non-specific flu-like symptoms. Psittacosis refers to any
infection or disease caused by Chlamydia psittaci, one of
several microorganisms in the genus Chlamydia. This disease
can be transmitted from infected birds to humans. Parrot
disease, ornithosis, and chlamydiosis are other names for
psittacosis. Human can become infected with Chlamydia
psittaci by breathing in the organism when the urine,
respiratory secretion, or dried feces of infected birds is
aerosolized
160. C. Brilliant pink color
161.A. Accumulation of water intracellulary
162. C. 80-90%
163. A. HbA2
164.D. Cardiac muscle
165. D. Monocytes-Macrophages
166.A. Lead poisoning
167. B. Basal cell carcinoma
168. B. Tay-Sachs disease
All patients with Tay-Sachs disease have a "cherry-red" spot,
easily observable by a physician using an ophthalmoscope, in
the back of their eyes (the retina). This red spot is the area of
the retina which is accentuated because of gangliosides in the
surrounding retinal ganglion cells (which are neurons of the
central nervous system). The choroidal circulation is showing
through "red" in this region of the fovea where all of the
retinal ganglion cells are normally pushed aside to increase
visual acuity. Thus, the cherry-red spot is the only normal
part of the retina seen.
6
IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance)
169. D. 3 months a year for 2 years
170. A. Villous adenoma
Villous adenoma is a type of polyp that grows in the colon
and other places in the gastrointestinal tract and sometimes in
other parts of the body. These adenomas may become
malignant (cancerous)
171.A. Tuberculosis
Langhans giant cells are large cells found in granulomatous
conditions. They are formed by the fusion of epithelioid cells
(macrophages), and contain nuclei arranged in a horseshoe-
shaped pattern in the cell periphery. Their presence could
indicate tuberculosis or other mycobacterial infection
172. C.Acute ischaemia
173. B. T-cell
174. D. Lipofuscin
Lipofuscin is the name given to finely granular yellow
brown pigment granules composed of lipid-containing
residues of lysosomal digestion. It is considered one of the
aging or "wear and tear" pigments; found in the liver, kidney,
heart muscle, adrenals, nerve cells, and ganglion cells. It is
specifically arranged around the nucleus. "Liver spots"
commonly associated with aging are superficial dermal
lipofuscin deposits.
175. C. Bone marrow
176. B. An osteochondroma
An osteochondroma is a cartilage covered bony excrescence
(exostosis) that arises from a surface of a bone In adults, the
cartilage cap often contains flecks of calcification.
Osteochondromas arise from the surface of the bones contain
spongiosa and cortex that appear continuous with the parent
bone; this is particularly obvious in long bones
177.A. No basement membrane involvement
Carcinoma in situ is malignant epithelium that has not
penetrated the basement membrane,that is ,it is not invasive
cancer and cannot reached blood vessels or lymphatic which
lies beneath the basement membrane
178. B. Clindamycin
Hypersensitivity to clindamycin or any component of the
formulation or a prolonged therapy have major adverse effect
like pseudomembranous colitis; regional enteritis, ulcerative
colitis.
179. B. Blood viscosity
180. C. Mydriasis
A pancoast tumor, also pancoast tumour (UK) or superior
sulcus tumor, is a tumor of the pulmonary apex i.e. a type of
lung cancer defined primarily by its location situated at the
top end of either the right or left lung. Symptoms can include
miosis (constriction of the pupils), anhidrosis (lack of
sweating), ptosis (drooping of the eyelid), and in severe
cases, a complete Horner's syndrome.
181. B. Parathormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), or parathormone, is secreted
by the parathyroid glands as a polypeptide containing 84
amino acids. It acts to increase the concentration of calcium
(Ca2+) in the blood, whereas calcitonin (a hormone produced
by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland) acts
to decrease calcium concentration.
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PATHOLOGY WTS-MDS Answers 2008
182.B. Pulmonary emphysema
Pulmonary Emphysema is a chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD), It is often caused by exposure to toxic
chemicals or long-term exposure to tobacco smoke.
Emphysema is caused by loss of elasticity (increased
compliance) of the lung tissue, from destruction of structures
supporting the alveoli, and destruction of capillaries feeding
the alveoli. Thus the small airways collapse during
exhalation, although alveolar collapsibility has increased.
This impedes airflow and traps air in the lungs, as with other
obstructive lung diseases. Symptoms include shortness of
breath on exertion and later at rest, hyperventilation, and an
expanded chest.
183. C. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral is a progressive, usually fatal,
neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of
motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system
that control voluntary muscle movement. As a motor neuron
disease, the disorder causes muscle weakness and atrophy
throughout the body as both the upper and lower motor
neurons degenerate, ceasing to send messages to muscles.
184. D.Cardiac tamponade
Cardiac tamponade is the compression of the heart caused by
blood or fluid accumulation in the space between the
myocardium (the muscle of the heart) and the pericardium
(the outer covering sac of the heart).
The outer pericardium is made of fibrous tissue which does
not easily stretch, and so once fluid begins to enter the
pericardial space, pressure starts to increase.
If fluid continues to accumulate, then with each successive
diastolic period, less and less blood enters the ventricles, as
the increasing pressure presses on the heart and forces the
septum to bend into the left ventricle, leading to decreased
stroke volume. This causes obstructive shock to develop, and
if left untreated then cardiac arrest may occur A thrombus
formed on and attached to a diseased patch of endocardium,
not on a valve or on one side of a large blood vessel.
185.A. Mural thrombus
186. D. Diphtheria
187. B. Streptococcus viridans
The subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) is due to
streptococci of low virulence like Streptococcus viridans
Where as acute bacterial endocarditis (ABE) is a fulminant
illness over days to weeks, and is more likely due to
Staphylococcus aureus which has much greater virulence, or
disease-producing capacity and frequently causes metastatic
infection.
188.B. Mitochondria
189. C. Poliomyelitis
poliomyelitis is a disease of the anterior horn motor neurons
of the spinal cord and brain stem caused by poliovirus.
Flaccid asymmetric weakness and muscle atrophy are the
hallmarks of its clinical manifestations, due to loss of motor
neurons and denervation of their associated skeletal muscles.
190.D. All are true
191. C. Congenital heart disease
Kartagener's Syndrome is a chronic lung disease that occurs
when cilia are unable to move
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IDEAS (Institute for MD/MS/MDS Entrance) PATHOLOGY WTS-MDS Answers 2008
Kartagener's syndrome include -chronic rhinitis,recurrent or
chronic sinusitis,recurrent or chronic bronchitis
Bronchiectasis,and dextrocardia

192. B. Complement complex C5-9

193. D. Ischemia
Decubitus ulcer: A bed sore, a skin ulcer that comes from
lying in one position too long so that the circulation in the
skin is compromised by the pressure, particularly over a bony
prominence such as the sacrum (sacral decubitus) ulcer is
caused by ischemia of the underlying structures of the skin,
fat, and muscles as a result of the sustained and constant
pressure.

194. A. Bronchiectasis

195. C. Mumps
Orchitis is an inflammation of one or both of the testicles,
often caused by infection
It is usually a result of epididymitis, inflammation of the tube
that connects the vas deferens and the testicle.
The most common viral cause of orchitis is mumps.
Approximately 30% of patients who have mumps will
develop orchitis during the course of the illness.

196.C. Fibrinoid change

197. C. Damage to liver cells

Hepatic jaundice causes include acute hepatitis,
hepatotoxicity and alcoholic liver disease, whereby damage
to liver cell reduces the liver's ability to metabolise and
excrete bilirubin leading to a buildup in the blood

198. A. A long bone fracture

The most common sources of embolism are pelvic vein
thromboses or proximal leg deep venous thromboses (DVTs)
In other, rarer forms of pulmonary embolism, material other
than a blood clot is responsible; this may include fat or bone
(usually in association with significant trauma), air (often
when diving), clumped tumor cells, and amniotic fluid
(affecting mothers during childbirth).

199. A. Acute tubular necrosis

Any condition that causes a reduction in the amount of blood
being pumped by the heart may cause ATN.
Risks for acute tubular necrosis include injury or trauma with
resulting damage to the muscles, recent major surgery, blood
transfusion reaction, septic shock or other forms of shock,
and severe hypotension (low blood pressure) that lasts longer
than 30 minutes.

200. D. Antimitochondiral antibody-PBC

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